'\" t
.\" Copyright (c) 2006, 2014, Michael Kerrisk
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.TH fexecve 3 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.06"
.SH NAME
fexecve \- execute program specified via file descriptor
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <unistd.h>
.P
.BI "int fexecve(int " fd ", char *const " argv "[], char *const " envp []);
.fi
.P
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.P
.BR fexecve ():
.nf
    Since glibc 2.10:
        _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200809L
    Before glibc 2.10:
        _GNU_SOURCE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.BR fexecve ()
performs the same task as
.BR execve (2),
with the difference that the file to be executed
is specified via a file descriptor,
.IR fd ,
rather than via a pathname.
The file descriptor
.I fd
must be opened read-only
.RB ( O_RDONLY )
or with the
.B O_PATH
flag
and the caller must have permission to execute the file that it refers to.
.SH RETURN VALUE
A successful call to
.BR fexecve ()
never returns.
On error, the function does return, with a result value of \-1, and
.I errno
is set to indicate the error.
.SH ERRORS
Errors are as for
.BR execve (2),
with the following additions:
.TP
.B EINVAL
.I fd
is not a valid file descriptor, or
.I argv
is NULL, or
.I envp
is NULL.
.TP
.B ENOENT
The close-on-exec flag is set on
.IR fd ,
and
.I fd
refers to a script.
See BUGS.
.TP
.B ENOSYS
The kernel does not provide the
.BR execveat (2)
system call, and the
.I /proc
filesystem could not be accessed.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.TS
allbox;
lbx lb lb
l l l.
Interface	Attribute	Value
T{
.na
.nh
.BR fexecve ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe
.TE
.SH STANDARDS
POSIX.1-2008.
.SH HISTORY
glibc 2.3.2.
.P
On Linux with glibc versions 2.26 and earlier,
.BR fexecve ()
is implemented using the
.BR proc (5)
filesystem, so
.I /proc
needs to be mounted and available at the time of the call.
Since glibc 2.27,
.\" glibc commit 43ffc53a352a67672210c9dd4959f6c6b7407e60
if the underlying kernel supports the
.BR execveat (2)
system call, then
.BR fexecve ()
is implemented using that system call, with the benefit that
.I /proc
does not need to be mounted.
.SH NOTES
The idea behind
.BR fexecve ()
is to allow the caller to verify (checksum) the contents of
an executable before executing it.
Simply opening the file, checksumming the contents, and then doing an
.BR execve (2)
would not suffice, since, between the two steps, the filename,
or a directory prefix of the pathname, could have been exchanged
(by, for example, modifying the target of a symbolic link).
.BR fexecve ()
does not mitigate the problem that the
.I contents
of a file could be changed between the checksumming and the call to
.BR fexecve ();
for that, the solution is to ensure that the permissions on the file
prevent it from being modified by malicious users.
.P
The natural idiom when using
.BR fexecve ()
is to set the close-on-exec flag on
.IR fd ,
so that the file descriptor does not leak through to the program
that is executed.
This approach is natural for two reasons.
First, it prevents file descriptors being consumed unnecessarily.
(The executed program normally has no need of a file descriptor
that refers to the program itself.)
Second, if
.BR fexecve ()
is used recursively,
employing the close-on-exec flag prevents the file descriptor exhaustion
that would result from the fact that each step in the recursion would
cause one more file descriptor to be passed to the new program.
(But see BUGS.)
.SH BUGS
If
.I fd
refers to a script (i.e., it is an executable text file that names
a script interpreter with a first line that begins with the characters
.IR #! )
and the close-on-exec flag has been set for
.IR fd ,
then
.BR fexecve ()
fails with the error
.BR ENOENT .
This error occurs because,
by the time the script interpreter is executed,
.I fd
has already been closed because of the close-on-exec flag.
Thus, the close-on-exec flag can't be set on
.I fd
if it refers to a script, leading to the problems described in NOTES.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR execve (2),
.BR execveat (2)