.\" Copyright (C) 2005 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.TH pipe 7 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.06"
.SH NAME
pipe \- overview of pipes and FIFOs
.SH DESCRIPTION
Pipes and FIFOs (also known as named pipes)
provide a unidirectional interprocess communication channel.
A pipe has a
.I read end
and a
.IR "write end" .
Data written to the write end of a pipe can be read
from the read end of the pipe.
.P
A pipe is created using
.BR pipe (2),
which creates a new pipe and returns two file descriptors,
one referring to the read end of the pipe,
the other referring to the write end.
Pipes can be used to create a communication channel between related
processes; see
.BR pipe (2)
for an example.
.P
A FIFO (short for First In First Out) has a name within the filesystem
(created using
.BR mkfifo (3)),
and is opened using
.BR open (2).
Any process may open a FIFO, assuming the file permissions allow it.
The read end is opened using the
.B O_RDONLY
flag; the write end is opened using the
.B O_WRONLY
flag.
See
.BR fifo (7)
for further details.
.IR Note :
although FIFOs have a pathname in the filesystem,
I/O on FIFOs does not involve operations on the underlying device
(if there is one).
.SS I/O on pipes and FIFOs
The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which
they are created and opened.
Once these tasks have been accomplished,
I/O on pipes and FIFOs has exactly the same semantics.
.P
If a process attempts to read from an empty pipe, then
.BR read (2)
will block until data is available.
If a process attempts to write to a full pipe (see below), then
.BR write (2)
blocks until sufficient data has been read from the pipe
to allow the write to complete.
.P
Nonblocking I/O is possible by using the
.BR fcntl (2)
.B F_SETFL
operation to enable the
.B O_NONBLOCK
open file status flag or by opening a
.BR fifo (7)
with
.BR O_NONBLOCK .
If any process has the pipe open for writing, reads fail with
.BR EAGAIN ;
otherwise\[em]with no potential writers\[em]reads succeed and return empty.
.P
The communication channel provided by a pipe is a
.IR "byte stream" :
there is no concept of message boundaries.
.P
If all file descriptors referring to the write end of a pipe
have been closed, then an attempt to
.BR read (2)
from the pipe will see end-of-file
.RB ( read (2)
will return 0).
If all file descriptors referring to the read end of a pipe
have been closed, then a
.BR write (2)
will cause a
.B SIGPIPE
signal to be generated for the calling process.
If the calling process is ignoring this signal, then
.BR write (2)
fails with the error
.BR EPIPE .
An application that uses
.BR pipe (2)
and
.BR fork (2)
should use suitable
.BR close (2)
calls to close unnecessary duplicate file descriptors;
this ensures that end-of-file and
.BR SIGPIPE / EPIPE
are delivered when appropriate.
.P
It is not possible to apply
.BR lseek (2)
to a pipe.
.SS Pipe capacity
A pipe has a limited capacity.
If the pipe is full, then a
.BR write (2)
will block or fail, depending on whether the
.B O_NONBLOCK
flag is set (see below).
Different implementations have different limits for the pipe capacity.
Applications should not rely on a particular capacity:
an application should be designed so that a reading process consumes data
as soon as it is available,
so that a writing process does not remain blocked.
.P
Before Linux 2.6.11, the capacity of a pipe was the same as
the system page size (e.g., 4096 bytes on i386).
Since Linux 2.6.11, the pipe capacity is 16 pages
(i.e., 65,536 bytes in a system with a page size of 4096 bytes).
Since Linux 2.6.35, the default pipe capacity is 16 pages,
but the capacity can be queried and set using the
.BR fcntl (2)
.B F_GETPIPE_SZ
and
.B F_SETPIPE_SZ
operations.
See
.BR fcntl (2)
for more information.
.P
The following
.BR ioctl (2)
operation, which can be applied to a file descriptor
that refers to either end of a pipe,
places a count of the number of unread bytes in the pipe in the
.I int
buffer pointed to by the final argument of the call:
.P
.in +4n
.EX
ioctl(fd, FIONREAD, &nbytes);
.EE
.in
.P
The
.B FIONREAD
operation is not specified in any standard,
but is provided on many implementations.
.\"
.SS /proc files
On Linux, the following files control how much memory can be used for pipes:
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/pipe\-max\-pages " (only in Linux 2.6.34)"
.\" commit b492e95be0ae672922f4734acf3f5d35c30be948
An upper limit, in pages, on the capacity that an unprivileged user
(one without the
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
capability)
can set for a pipe.
.IP
The default value for this limit is 16 times the default pipe capacity
(see above); the lower limit is two pages.
.IP
This interface was removed in Linux 2.6.35, in favor of
.IR /proc/sys/fs/pipe\-max\-size .
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/pipe\-max\-size " (since Linux 2.6.35)"
.\" commit ff9da691c0498ff81fdd014e7a0731dab2337dac
The maximum size (in bytes) of individual pipes that can be set
.\" This limit is not checked on pipe creation, where the capacity is
.\" always PIPE_DEF_BUFS, regardless of pipe-max-size
by users without the
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
capability.
The value assigned to this file may be rounded upward,
to reflect the value actually employed for a convenient implementation.
To determine the rounded-up value,
display the contents of this file after assigning a value to it.
.IP
The default value for this file is 1048576 (1\ MiB).
The minimum value that can be assigned to this file is the system page size.
Attempts to set a limit less than the page size cause
.BR write (2)
to fail with the error
.BR EINVAL .
.IP
Since Linux 4.9,
.\" commit 086e774a57fba4695f14383c0818994c0b31da7c
the value on this file also acts as a ceiling on the default capacity
of a new pipe or newly opened FIFO.
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/pipe\-user\-pages\-hard " (since Linux 4.5)"
.\" commit 759c01142a5d0f364a462346168a56de28a80f52
The hard limit on the total size (in pages) of all pipes created or set by
a single unprivileged user (i.e., one with neither the
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
nor the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability).
So long as the total number of pages allocated to pipe buffers
for this user is at this limit,
attempts to create new pipes will be denied,
and attempts to increase a pipe's capacity will be denied.
.IP
When the value of this limit is zero (which is the default),
no hard limit is applied.
.\" The default was chosen to avoid breaking existing applications that
.\" make intensive use of pipes (e.g., for splicing).
.TP
.IR /proc/sys/fs/pipe\-user\-pages\-soft " (since Linux 4.5)"
.\" commit 759c01142a5d0f364a462346168a56de28a80f52
The soft limit on the total size (in pages) of all pipes created or set by
a single unprivileged user (i.e., one with neither the
.B CAP_SYS_RESOURCE
nor the
.B CAP_SYS_ADMIN
capability).
So long as the total number of pages allocated to pipe buffers
for this user is at this limit,
individual pipes created by a user will be limited to one page,
and attempts to increase a pipe's capacity will be denied.
.IP
When the value of this limit is zero, no soft limit is applied.
The default value for this file is 16384,
which permits creating up to 1024 pipes with the default capacity.
.P
Before Linux 4.9, some bugs affected the handling of the
.I pipe\-user\-pages\-soft
and
.I pipe\-user\-pages\-hard
limits; see BUGS.
.\"
.SS PIPE_BUF
POSIX.1 says that writes of less than
.B PIPE_BUF
bytes must be atomic: the output data is written to the pipe as a
contiguous sequence.
Writes of more than
.B PIPE_BUF
bytes may be nonatomic: the kernel may interleave the data
with data written by other processes.
POSIX.1 requires
.B PIPE_BUF
to be at least 512 bytes.
(On Linux,
.B PIPE_BUF
is 4096 bytes.)
The precise semantics depend on whether the file descriptor is nonblocking
.RB ( O_NONBLOCK ),
whether there are multiple writers to the pipe, and on
.IR n ,
the number of bytes to be written:
.TP
\fBO_NONBLOCK\fP disabled, \fIn\fP <= \fBPIPE_BUF\fP
All
.I n
bytes are written atomically;
.BR write (2)
may block if there is not room for
.I n
bytes to be written immediately
.TP
\fBO_NONBLOCK\fP enabled, \fIn\fP <= \fBPIPE_BUF\fP
If there is room to write
.I n
bytes to the pipe, then
.BR write (2)
succeeds immediately, writing all
.I n
bytes; otherwise
.BR write (2)
fails, with
.I errno
set to
.BR EAGAIN .
.TP
\fBO_NONBLOCK\fP disabled, \fIn\fP > \fBPIPE_BUF\fP
The write is nonatomic: the data given to
.BR write (2)
may be interleaved with
.BR write (2)s
by other process;
the
.BR write (2)
blocks until
.I n
bytes have been written.
.TP
\fBO_NONBLOCK\fP enabled, \fIn\fP > \fBPIPE_BUF\fP
If the pipe is full, then
.BR write (2)
fails, with
.I errno
set to
.BR EAGAIN .
Otherwise, from 1 to
.I n
bytes may be written (i.e., a "partial write" may occur;
the caller should check the return value from
.BR write (2)
to see how many bytes were actually written),
and these bytes may be interleaved with writes by other processes.
.SS Open file status flags
The only open file status flags that can be meaningfully applied to
a pipe or FIFO are
.B O_NONBLOCK
and
.BR O_ASYNC .
.P
Setting the
.B O_ASYNC
flag for the read end of a pipe causes a signal
.RB ( SIGIO
by default) to be generated when new input becomes available on the pipe.
The target for delivery of signals must be set using the
.BR fcntl (2)
.B F_SETOWN
command.
On Linux,
.B O_ASYNC
is supported for pipes and FIFOs only since Linux 2.6.
.SS Portability notes
On some systems (but not Linux), pipes are bidirectional:
data can be transmitted in both directions between the pipe ends.
POSIX.1 requires only unidirectional pipes.
Portable applications should avoid reliance on
bidirectional pipe semantics.
.SS BUGS
Before Linux 4.9, some bugs affected the handling of the
.I pipe\-user\-pages\-soft
and
.I pipe\-user\-pages\-hard
limits when using the
.BR fcntl (2)
.B F_SETPIPE_SZ
operation to change a pipe's capacity:
.\" These bugs where remedied by a series of patches, in particular,
.\" commit b0b91d18e2e97b741b294af9333824ecc3fadfd8 and
.\" commit a005ca0e6813e1d796a7422a7e31d8b8d6555df1
.IP (a) 5
When increasing the pipe capacity, the checks against the soft and
hard limits were made against existing consumption,
and excluded the memory required for the increased pipe capacity.
The new increase in pipe capacity could then push the total
memory used by the user for pipes (possibly far) over a limit.
(This could also trigger the problem described next.)
.IP
Starting with Linux 4.9,
the limit checking includes the memory required for the new pipe capacity.
.IP (b)
The limit checks were performed even when the new pipe capacity was
less than the existing pipe capacity.
This could lead to problems if a user set a large pipe capacity,
and then the limits were lowered, with the result that the user could
no longer decrease the pipe capacity.
.IP
Starting with Linux 4.9, checks against the limits
are performed only when increasing a pipe's capacity;
an unprivileged user can always decrease a pipe's capacity.
.IP (c)
The accounting and checking against the limits were done as follows:
.RS
.IP (1) 5
.PD 0
Test whether the user has exceeded the limit.
.IP (2)
Make the new pipe buffer allocation.
.IP (3)
Account new allocation against the limits.
.PD
.RE
.IP
This was racey.
Multiple processes could pass point (1) simultaneously,
and then allocate pipe buffers that were accounted for only in step (3),
with the result that the user's pipe buffer
allocation could be pushed over the limit.
.IP
Starting with Linux 4.9,
the accounting step is performed before doing the allocation,
and the operation fails if the limit would be exceeded.
.P
Before Linux 4.9, bugs similar to points (a) and (c) could also occur
when the kernel allocated memory for a new pipe buffer;
that is, when calling
.BR pipe (2)
and when opening a previously unopened FIFO.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR mkfifo (1),
.BR dup (2),
.BR fcntl (2),
.BR open (2),
.BR pipe (2),
.BR poll (2),
.BR select (2),
.BR socketpair (2),
.BR splice (2),
.BR stat (2),
.BR tee (2),
.BR vmsplice (2),
.BR mkfifo (3),
.BR epoll (7),
.BR fifo (7)