'\" t
.\" Copyright 1995 Jim Van Zandt <jrv@vanzandt.mv.com>
.\" and Copyright 2008, Linux Foundation, written by Michael Kerrisk
.\"     <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.\" Modified 2002-07-27 Walter Harms
.\" 	(walter.harms@informatik.uni-oldenburg.de)
.\"
.TH expm1 3 2023-03-30 "Linux man-pages 6.04"
.SH NAME
expm1, expm1f, expm1l \- exponential minus 1
.SH LIBRARY
Math library
.RI ( libm ", " \-lm )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <math.h>
.PP
.BI "double expm1(double " x );
.BI "float expm1f(float " x );
.BI "long double expm1l(long double " x );
.PP
.fi
.RS -4
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
.RE
.PP
.BR expm1 ():
.nf
    _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
        || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500
.\"    || _XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED
        || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
        || /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
.fi
.PP
.BR expm1f (),
.BR expm1l ():
.nf
    _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
        || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
        || /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
These functions return a value equivalent to
.PP
.nf
    exp(x) \- 1
.fi
.PP
The result is computed in a way that is accurate even if the value of
.I x
is near
zero\[em]a case where
.I "exp(x) \- 1"
would be inaccurate due to
subtraction of two numbers that are nearly equal.
.SH RETURN VALUE
On success, these functions return
.IR "exp(x)\ \-\ 1" .
.PP
If
.I x
is a NaN,
a NaN is returned.
.PP
If
.I x
is +0 (\-0),
+0 (\-0) is returned.
.PP
If
.I x
is positive infinity, positive infinity is returned.
.PP
If
.I x
is negative infinity, \-1 is returned.
.PP
If the result overflows, a range error occurs,
and the functions return
.RB \- HUGE_VAL ,
.RB \- HUGE_VALF ,
or
.RB \- HUGE_VALL ,
respectively.
.SH ERRORS
See
.BR math_error (7)
for information on how to determine whether an error has occurred
when calling these functions.
.PP
The following errors can occur:
.TP
Range error, overflow
.I errno
is set to
.B ERANGE
(but see BUGS).
An overflow floating-point exception
.RB ( FE_OVERFLOW )
is raised.
.\"
.\" POSIX.1 specifies an optional range error (underflow) if
.\" x is subnormal.  glibc does not implement this.
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.ad l
.nh
.TS
allbox;
lbx lb lb
l l l.
Interface	Attribute	Value
T{
.BR expm1 (),
.BR expm1f (),
.BR expm1l ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe
.TE
.hy
.ad
.sp 1
.SH STANDARDS
C11, POSIX.1-2008.
.SH HISTORY
C99, POSIX.1-2001.
BSD.
.SH BUGS
Before glibc 2.17,
.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6778
on certain architectures (e.g., x86, but not x86_64)
.BR expm1 ()
raised a bogus underflow floating-point exception
for some large negative
.I x
values (where the function result approaches \-1).
.PP
Before approximately glibc 2.11,
.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6814
.\" e.g., expm1(1e5) through expm1(1.00199970127e5),
.\" but not expm1(1.00199970128e5) and beyond.
.BR expm1 ()
raised a bogus invalid floating-point exception in addition to the expected
overflow exception, and returned a NaN instead of positive infinity,
for some large positive
.I x
values.
.PP
Before glibc 2.11,
.\" It looks like the fix was in glibc 2.11, or possibly glibc 2.12.
.\" I have no test system for glibc 2.11, but glibc 2.12 passes.
.\" From the source (sysdeps/i386/fpu/s_expm1.S) it looks
.\" like the changes were in glibc 2.11.
the glibc implementation did not set
.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6788
.I errno
to
.B ERANGE
when a range error occurred.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR exp (3),
.BR log (3),
.BR log1p (3)