.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-4-Clause-UC
.\"
.\"	@(#)hash.3	8.6 (Berkeley) 8/18/94
.\"
.TH hash 3 2022-12-04 "Linux man-pages 6.04"
.UC 7
.SH NAME
hash \- hash database access method
.SH LIBRARY
Standard C library
.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.ft B
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <db.h>
.ft R
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.IR "Note well" :
This page documents interfaces provided up until glibc 2.1.
Since glibc 2.2, glibc no longer provides these interfaces.
Probably, you are looking for the APIs provided by the
.I libdb
library instead.
.PP
The routine
.BR dbopen (3)
is the library interface to database files.
One of the supported file formats is hash files.
The general description of the database access methods is in
.BR dbopen (3),
this manual page describes only the hash-specific information.
.PP
The hash data structure is an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme.
.PP
The access-method-specific data structure provided to
.BR dbopen (3)
is defined in the
.I <db.h>
include file as follows:
.PP
.in +4n
.EX
typedef struct {
    unsigned int       bsize;
    unsigned int       ffactor;
    unsigned int       nelem;
    unsigned int       cachesize;
    uint32_t         (*hash)(const void *, size_t);
    int         lorder;
} HASHINFO;
.EE
.in
.PP
The elements of this structure are as follows:
.TP 10
.I bsize
defines the hash table bucket size, and is, by default, 256 bytes.
It may be preferable to increase the page size for disk-resident tables
and tables with large data items.
.TP
.I ffactor
indicates a desired density within the hash table.
It is an approximation of the number of keys allowed to accumulate in any
one bucket, determining when the hash table grows or shrinks.
The default value is 8.
.TP
.I nelem
is an estimate of the final size of the hash table.
If not set or set too low, hash tables will expand gracefully as keys
are entered, although a slight performance degradation may be noticed.
The default value is 1.
.TP
.I cachesize
is the suggested maximum size, in bytes, of the memory cache.
This value is
.IR "only advisory" ,
and the access method will allocate more memory rather than fail.
.TP
.I hash
is a user-defined hash function.
Since no hash function performs equally well on all possible data, the
user may find that the built-in hash function does poorly on a particular
data set.
A user-specified hash functions must take two arguments (a pointer to a byte
string and a length) and return a 32-bit quantity to be used as the hash
value.
.TP
.I lorder
is the byte order for integers in the stored database metadata.
The number should represent the order as an integer; for example,
big endian order would be the number 4,321.
If
.I lorder
is 0 (no order is specified), the current host order is used.
If the file already exists, the specified value is ignored and the
value specified when the tree was created is used.
.PP
If the file already exists (and the
.B O_TRUNC
flag is not specified), the
values specified for
.IR bsize ,
.IR ffactor ,
.IR lorder ,
and
.I nelem
are
ignored and the values specified when the tree was created are used.
.PP
If a hash function is specified,
.I hash_open
attempts to determine if the hash function specified is the same as
the one with which the database was created, and fails if it is not.
.PP
Backward-compatible interfaces to the routines described in
.BR dbm (3),
and
.BR ndbm (3)
are provided, however these interfaces are not compatible with
previous file formats.
.SH ERRORS
The
.I hash
access method routines may fail and set
.I errno
for any of the errors specified for the library routine
.BR dbopen (3).
.SH BUGS
Only big and little endian byte order are supported.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR btree (3),
.BR dbopen (3),
.BR mpool (3),
.BR recno (3)
.PP
.IR "Dynamic Hash Tables" ,
Per-Ake Larson, Communications of the ACM, April 1988.
.PP
.IR "A New Hash Package for UNIX" ,
Margo Seltzer, USENIX Proceedings, Winter 1991.