'\" t
.\" Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (david@prism.demon.co.uk)
.\" and (C) Copyright 2015 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.\" References consulted:
.\"     Linux libc source code
.\"     Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)
.\"     386BSD man pages
.\" Modified 1993-07-25 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
.\" Modified 2004-10-31 by aeb
.\"
.TH resolver 3 2023-03-30 "Linux man-pages 6.04"
.SH NAME
res_ninit, res_nquery, res_nsearch, res_nquerydomain, res_nmkquery, res_nsend,
res_nclose,
res_init, res_query, res_search, res_querydomain, res_mkquery, res_send,
dn_comp, dn_expand \-
resolver routines
.SH LIBRARY
Resolver library
.RI ( libresolv ", " \-lresolv )
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B #include <netinet/in.h>
.B #include <arpa/nameser.h>
.B #include <resolv.h>
.PP
.B struct __res_state;
.B typedef struct __res_state *res_state;
.PP
.BI "int res_ninit(res_state " statep );
.PP
.BI "void res_nclose(res_state " statep );
.PP
.BI "int res_nquery(res_state " statep ,
.BI "           const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.PP
.BI "int res_nsearch(res_state " statep ,
.BI "           const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.PP
.BI "int res_nquerydomain(res_state " statep ,
.BI "           const char *" name ", const char *" domain ,
.BI "           int " class ", int " type ", unsigned char " answer [. anslen ],
.BI "           int " anslen );
.PP
.BI "int res_nmkquery(res_state " statep ,
.BI "           int " op ", const char *" dname ", int " class ,
.BI "           int " type ", const unsigned char " data [. datalen "], \
int " datalen ,
.BI "           const unsigned char *" newrr ,
.BI "           unsigned char " buf [. buflen "], int " buflen );
.PP
.BI "int res_nsend(res_state " statep ,
.BI "           const unsigned char " msg [. msglen "], int " msglen ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.PP
.BI "int dn_comp(const char *" exp_dn ", unsigned char " comp_dn [. length ],
.BI "           int " length ", unsigned char **" dnptrs ,
.BI "           unsigned char **" lastdnptr );
.PP
.BI "int dn_expand(const unsigned char *" msg ,
.BI "           const unsigned char *" eomorig ,
.BI "           const unsigned char *" comp_dn ", char " exp_dn [. length ],
.BI "           int " length );
.PP
.B [[deprecated]] extern struct __res_state _res;
.PP
.B [[deprecated]] int res_init(void);
.PP
.B [[deprecated]]
.BI "int res_query(const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.PP
.B [[deprecated]]
.BI "int res_search(const char *" dname ", int " class ", int " type ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.PP
.B [[deprecated]]
.BI "int res_querydomain(const char *" name ", const char *" domain ,
.BI "           int " class ", int " type ", unsigned char " answer [. anslen ],
.BI "           int " anslen );
.PP
.B [[deprecated]]
.BI "int res_mkquery(int " op ", const char *" dname ", int " class ,
.BI "           int " type ", const unsigned char " data [. datalen "], \
int " datalen ,
.BI "           const unsigned char *" newrr ,
.BI "           unsigned char " buf [. buflen "], int " buflen );
.PP
.B [[deprecated]]
.BI "int res_send(const unsigned char " msg [. msglen "], int " msglen ,
.BI "           unsigned char " answer [. anslen "], int " anslen );
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B Note:
This page is incomplete (various resolver functions provided by glibc
are not described) and likely out of date.
.PP
The functions described below make queries to and interpret
the responses from Internet domain name servers.
.PP
The API consists of a set of more modern, reentrant functions
and an older set of nonreentrant functions that have been superseded.
The traditional resolver interfaces such as
.BR res_init ()
and
.BR res_query ()
use some static (global) state stored in the
.I _res
structure, rendering these functions non-thread-safe.
BIND 8.2 introduced a set of new interfaces
.BR res_ninit (),
.BR res_nquery (),
and so on, which take a
.I res_state
as their first argument, so you can use a per-thread resolver state.
.PP
The
.BR res_ninit ()
and
.BR res_init ()
functions read the configuration files (see
.BR resolv.conf (5))
to get the default domain name and name
server address(es).
If no server is given, the local host is tried.
If no domain is given, that associated with the local host is used.
It can be overridden with the environment variable
.BR LOCALDOMAIN .
.BR res_ninit ()
or
.BR res_init ()
is normally executed by the first call to one of the
other functions.
Every call to
.BR res_ninit ()
requires a corresponding call to
.BR res_nclose ()
to free memory allocated by
.BR res_ninit ()
and subsequent calls to
.BR res_nquery ().
.PP
The
.BR res_nquery ()
and
.BR res_query ()
functions query the name server for the
fully qualified domain name \fIname\fP of specified \fItype\fP and
\fIclass\fP.
The reply is left in the buffer \fIanswer\fP of length
\fIanslen\fP supplied by the caller.
.PP
The
.BR res_nsearch ()
and
.BR res_search ()
functions make a query and waits for the response like
.BR res_nquery ()
and
.BR res_query (),
but in addition they implement the default and search
rules controlled by
.B RES_DEFNAMES
and
.B RES_DNSRCH
(see description of
\fI_res\fP options below).
.PP
The
.BR res_nquerydomain ()
and
.BR res_querydomain ()
functions make a query using
.BR res_nquery ()/ res_query ()
on the concatenation of \fIname\fP and \fIdomain\fP.
.PP
The following functions are lower-level routines used by
.BR res_nquery ()/ res_query ().
.PP
The
.BR res_nmkquery ()
and
.BR res_mkquery ()
functions construct a query message in \fIbuf\fP
of length \fIbuflen\fP for the domain name \fIdname\fP.
The query type
\fIop\fP is one of the following (typically
.BR QUERY ):
.TP
.B QUERY
Standard query.
.TP
.B IQUERY
Inverse query.
This option was removed in glibc 2.26,
.\" commit e4e794841e3140875f2aa86b90e2ada3d61e1244
since it has not been supported by DNS servers for a very long time.
.TP
.B NS_NOTIFY_OP
Notify secondary of SOA (Start of Authority) change.
.PP
\fInewrr\fP is currently unused.
.PP
The
.BR res_nsend ()
and
.BR res_send ()
function send a preformatted query given in
\fImsg\fP of length \fImsglen\fP and returns the answer in \fIanswer\fP
which is of length \fIanslen\fP.
They will call
.BR res_ninit ()/ res_init ()
if it has not already been called.
.PP
The
.BR dn_comp ()
function compresses the domain name \fIexp_dn\fP
and stores it in the buffer \fIcomp_dn\fP of length \fIlength\fP.
The compression uses an array of pointers \fIdnptrs\fP to previously
compressed names in the current message.
The first pointer points
to the beginning of the message and the list ends with NULL.
The limit of the array is specified by \fIlastdnptr\fP.
If \fIdnptr\fP is NULL, domain names are not compressed.
If \fIlastdnptr\fP is NULL, the list
of labels is not updated.
.PP
The
.BR dn_expand ()
function expands the compressed domain name
\fIcomp_dn\fP to a full domain name, which is placed in the buffer
\fIexp_dn\fP of size \fIlength\fP.
The compressed name is contained
in a query or reply message, and \fImsg\fP points to the beginning of
the message.
.PP
The resolver routines use configuration and state information
contained in a
.I __res_state
structure (either passed as the
.I statep
argument, or in the global variable
.IR _res ,
in the case of the older nonreentrant functions).
The only field of this structure that is normally manipulated by the
user is the
.I options
field.
This field can contain the bitwise "OR"
of the following options:
.TP
.B RES_INIT
True if
.BR res_ninit ()
or
.BR res_init ()
has been called.
.TP
.B RES_DEBUG
Print debugging messages.
This option is available only if glibc was built with debugging enabled,
.\" See resolv/README.
.\" Support for RES_DEBUG was made conditional in glibc 2.2.
which is not the default.
.TP
.BR RES_AAONLY " (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)"
Accept authoritative answers only.
.BR res_send ()
continues until
it finds an authoritative answer or returns an error.
This option was present but unimplemented until glibc 2.24;
since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.
.TP
.B RES_USEVC
Use TCP connections for queries rather than UDP datagrams.
.TP
.BR RES_PRIMARY " (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)"
Query primary domain name server only.
This option was present but unimplemented until glibc 2.24;
since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.
.TP
.B RES_IGNTC
Ignore truncation errors.
Don't retry with TCP.
.TP
.B RES_RECURSE
Set the recursion desired bit in queries.
Recursion is carried out
by the domain name server, not by
.BR res_send ().
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_DEFNAMES
If set,
.BR res_search ()
will append the default domain name to
single component names\[em]that is, those that do not contain a dot.
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_STAYOPEN
Used with
.B RES_USEVC
to keep the TCP connection open between queries.
.TP
.B RES_DNSRCH
If set,
.BR res_search ()
will search for hostnames in the current
domain and in parent domains.
This option is used by
.BR gethostbyname (3).
[Enabled by default].
.TP
.B RES_INSECURE1
Accept a response from a wrong server.
This can be used to detect potential security hazards,
but you need to compile glibc with debugging enabled and use
.B RES_DEBUG
option (for debug purpose only).
.TP
.B RES_INSECURE2
Accept a response which contains a wrong query.
This can be used to detect potential security hazards,
but you need to compile glibc with debugging enabled and use
.B RES_DEBUG
option (for debug purpose only).
.TP
.B RES_NOALIASES
Disable usage of
.B HOSTALIASES
environment variable.
.TP
.B RES_USE_INET6
Try an AAAA query before an A query inside the
.BR gethostbyname (3)
function, and map IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form" if no AAAA records
are found but an A record set exists.
Since glibc 2.25, this option is deprecated,
and its usage produces a warning;
applications should use
.BR getaddrinfo (3),
rather than
.BR gethostbyname (3).
.TP
.B RES_ROTATE
Causes round-robin selection of name servers from among those listed.
This has the effect of spreading the query load among all listed servers,
rather than having all clients try the first listed server first every
time.
.TP
.BR RES_NOCHECKNAME " (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)"
Disable the modern BIND checking of incoming hostnames and mail names
for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII,
or control characters.
This option was present until glibc 2.24;
since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.
.TP
.BR RES_KEEPTSIG " (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)"
Do not strip TSIG records.
This option was present but unimplemented until glibc 2.24;
since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.
.TP
.BR RES_BLAST " (unimplemented; deprecated in glibc 2.25)"
Send each query simultaneously and recursively to all servers.
This option was present but unimplemented until glibc 2.24;
since glibc 2.25, it is deprecated, and its usage produces a warning.
.TP
.BR RES_USEBSTRING " (glibc 2.3.4 to glibc 2.24)"
Make reverse IPv6 lookups using the bit-label format described in RFC 2673;
if this option is not set (which is the default), then nibble format is used.
This option was removed in glibc 2.25,
since it relied on a backward-incompatible
DNS extension that was never deployed on the Internet.
.TP
.BR RES_NOIP6DOTINT " (glibc 2.24 and earlier)"
Use
.I ip6.arpa
zone in IPv6 reverse lookup instead of
.IR ip6.int ,
which is deprecated since glibc 2.3.4.
This option is present up to and including glibc 2.24,
where it is enabled by default.
In glibc 2.25, this option was removed.
.TP
.BR RES_USE_EDNS0 " (since glibc 2.6)"
Enables support for the DNS extensions (EDNS0) described in RFC 2671.
.TP
.BR RES_SNGLKUP " (since glibc 2.10)"
By default, glibc performs IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in parallel
since glibc 2.9.
Some appliance DNS servers cannot handle these queries properly
and make the requests time out.
This option disables the behavior and makes glibc
perform the IPv6 and IPv4 requests sequentially
(at the cost of some slowdown of the resolving process).
.TP
.B RES_SNGLKUPREOP
When
.B RES_SNGLKUP
option is enabled, opens a new socket for the each request.
.TP
.B RES_USE_DNSSEC
Use DNSSEC with OK bit in OPT record.
This option implies
.BR RES_USE_EDNS0 .
.TP
.B RES_NOTLDQUERY
Do not look up unqualified name as a top-level domain (TLD).
.TP
.B RES_DEFAULT
Default option which implies:
.BR RES_RECURSE ,
.BR RES_DEFNAMES ,
.BR RES_DNSRCH ,
and
.BR RES_NOIP6DOTINT .
.\"
.SH RETURN VALUE
The
.BR res_ninit ()
and
.BR res_init ()
functions return 0 on success, or \-1 if an error
occurs.
.PP
The
.BR res_nquery (),
.BR res_query (),
.BR res_nsearch (),
.BR res_search (),
.BR res_nquerydomain (),
.BR res_querydomain (),
.BR res_nmkquery (),
.BR res_mkquery (),
.BR res_nsend (),
and
.BR res_send ()
functions return the length
of the response, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.PP
The
.BR dn_comp ()
and
.BR dn_expand ()
functions return the length
of the compressed name, or \-1 if an error occurs.
.PP
In the case of an error return from
.BR res_nquery (),
.BR res_query (),
.BR res_nsearch (),
.BR res_search (),
.BR res_nquerydomain (),
or
.BR res_querydomain (),
the global variable
.I h_errno
(see
.BR gethostbyname (3))
can be consulted to determine the cause of the error.
.SH FILES
.TP
.I /etc/resolv.conf
resolver configuration file
.TP
.I /etc/host.conf
resolver configuration file
.SH ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
.BR attributes (7).
.ad l
.nh
.TS
allbox;
lbx lb lb
l l l.
Interface	Attribute	Value
T{
.BR res_ninit (),
.BR res_nclose (),
.BR res_nquery (),
.BR res_nsearch (),
.BR res_nquerydomain (),
.BR res_nsend ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe locale
T{
.BR res_nmkquery (),
.BR dn_comp (),
.BR dn_expand ()
T}	Thread safety	MT-Safe
.TE
.hy
.ad
.sp 1
.SH STANDARDS
None.
.SH HISTORY
4.3BSD.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR gethostbyname (3),
.BR resolv.conf (5),
.BR resolver (5),
.BR hostname (7),
.BR named (8)
.PP
The GNU C library source file
.IR resolv/README .