.\" Copyright (c) 2015 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
.\"
.\"
.TH nptl 7 2023-02-05 "Linux man-pages 6.04"
.SH NAME
nptl \- Native POSIX Threads Library
.SH DESCRIPTION
NPTL (Native POSIX Threads Library)
is the GNU C library POSIX threads implementation that is used on modern
Linux systems.
.\"
.SS NPTL and signals
NPTL makes internal use of the first two real-time signals
(signal numbers 32 and 33).
One of these signals is used to support thread cancelation and POSIX timers
(see
.BR timer_create (2));
the other is used as part of a mechanism that ensures all threads in
a process always have the same UIDs and GIDs, as required by POSIX.
These signals cannot be used in applications.
.PP
To prevent accidental use of these signals in applications,
which might interfere with the operation of the NPTL implementation,
various glibc library functions and system call wrapper functions
attempt to hide these signals from applications,
as follows:
.IP \[bu] 3
.B SIGRTMIN
is defined with the value 34 (rather than 32).
.IP \[bu]
The
.BR sigwaitinfo (2),
.BR sigtimedwait (2),
and
.BR sigwait (3)
interfaces silently ignore requests to wait for these two signals
if they are specified in the signal set argument of these calls.
.IP \[bu]
The
.BR sigprocmask (2)
and
.BR pthread_sigmask (3)
interfaces silently ignore attempts to block these two signals.
.IP \[bu]
The
.BR sigaction (2),
.BR pthread_kill (3),
and
.BR pthread_sigqueue (3)
interfaces fail with the error
.B EINVAL
(indicating an invalid signal number) if these signals are specified.
.IP \[bu]
.BR sigfillset (3)
does not include these two signals when it creates a full signal set.
.\"
.SS NPTL and process credential changes
At the Linux kernel level,
credentials (user and group IDs) are a per-thread attribute.
However, POSIX requires that all of the POSIX threads in a process
have the same credentials.
To accommodate this requirement,
the NPTL implementation wraps all of the system calls that
change process credentials with functions that,
in addition to invoking the underlying system call,
arrange for all other threads in the process to also change their credentials.
.PP
The implementation of each of these system calls involves the use of
a real-time signal that is sent (using
.BR tgkill (2))
to each of the other threads that must change its credentials.
Before sending these signals, the thread that is changing credentials
saves the new credential(s) and records the system call being employed
in a global buffer.
A signal handler in the receiving thread(s) fetches this information and
then uses the same system call to change its credentials.
.PP
Wrapper functions employing this technique are provided for
.BR setgid (2),
.BR setuid (2),
.BR setegid (2),
.BR seteuid (2),
.BR setregid (2),
.BR setreuid (2),
.BR setresgid (2),
.BR setresuid (2),
and
.BR setgroups (2).
.\" FIXME .
.\" Maybe say something about vfork() not being serialized wrt set*id() APIs?
.\" https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14749
.SH STANDARDS
For details of the conformance of NPTL to the POSIX standard, see
.BR pthreads (7).
.SH NOTES
POSIX says
.\" See POSIX.1-2008 specification of pthread_mutexattr_init()
that any thread in any process with access to the memory
containing a process-shared
.RB ( PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED )
mutex can operate on that mutex.
However, on 64-bit x86 systems, the mutex definition for x86-64
is incompatible with the mutex definition for i386,
.\" See sysdeps/x86/bits/pthreadtypes.h
meaning that 32-bit and 64-bit binaries can't share mutexes on x86-64 systems.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR credentials (7),
.BR pthreads (7),
.BR signal (7),
.BR standards (7)