'\" t
.\" This page is generated by m4 from tmac/groff_man.7.man.in.
.TH groff_man 7 "4 October 2023" "groff 1.23.0"
.SH Name
groff_man \- compose manual pages with GNU
.I roff
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.\" Legal Terms
.\" ====================================================================
.\"
.\" Copyright (C) 1999-2018, 2020-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
.\" this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
.\" the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of
.\" a permission notice identical to this one.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
.\" manual into another language, under the above conditions for
.\" modified versions, except that this permission notice may be
.\" included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation
.\" instead of in the original English.
.
.
.\" Save and disable compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11).
.do nr *groff_groff_man_7_man_C \n[.cp]
.cp 0
.
.\" Define fallback for groff 1.23's MR macro if the system lacks it.
.nr do-fallback 0
.if !\n(.f           .nr do-fallback 1 \" mandoc
.if  \n(.g .if !d MR .nr do-fallback 1 \" older groff
.if !\n(.g           .nr do-fallback 1 \" non-groff *roff
.if \n[do-fallback]  \{\
.  de MR
.    ie \\n(.$=1 \
.      I \%\\$1
.    el \
.      IR \%\\$1 (\\$2)\\$3
.  .
.\}
.rr do-fallback
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SH Synopsis
.\" ====================================================================
.
.SY "groff \-man"
.RI [ option\~ .\|.\|.\&]
.RI [ file\~ .\|.\|.]
.
.SY "groff \-m man"
.RI [ option\~ .\|.\|.\&]
.RI [ file\~ .\|.\|.]
.YS
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SH Description
.\" ====================================================================
.
The GNU implementation of the
.I man
macro package is part of the
.I groff
document formatting system.
.
It is used to produce manual pages
.\" We use an unbreakable space \~ here to keep the phrase intact for
.\" its introduction; in subsequent discussion, that is not important.
(\(lqman\~pages\(rq)
like the one you are reading.
.
.
.P
This document presents the macros thematically;
for those needing only a quick reference,
the following table lists them alphabetically,
with cross references to appropriate subsections below.
.
.
.P
Man page authors and maintainers who are not already experienced
.I groff
users should consult
.MR groff_man_style 7 ,
an expanded version of this document,
for additional explanations and advice.
.
It covers only those concepts required for man page document
maintenance,
and not the full breadth of the
.I groff
typesetting system.
.
.
.P
.TS
l l l.
Macro	Meaning	Subsection
.T&
lB l l.
_
\&.B	Bold	Font style macros
\&.BI	Bold, italic alternating	Font style macros
\&.BR	Bold, roman alternating	Font style macros
\&.EE	Example end	Document structure macros
\&.EX	Example begin	Document structure macros
\&.I	Italic	Font style macros
\&.IB	Italic, bold alternating	Font style macros
\&.IP	Indented paragraph	Paragraphing macros
\&.IR	Italic, roman alternating	Font style macros
\&.LP	Begin paragraph	Paragraphing macros
\&.ME	Mail-to end	Hyperlink macros
\&.MR	Man page cross reference	Hyperlink macros
\&.MT	Mail-to start	Hyperlink macros
\&.P	Begin paragraph	Paragraphing macros
\&.PP	Begin paragraph	Paragraphing macros
\&.RB	Roman, bold alternating	Font style macros
\&.RE	Relative inset end	Document structure macros
\&.RI	Roman, italic alternating	Font style macros
\&.RS	Relative inset start	Document structure macros
\&.SB	Small bold	Font style macros
\&.SH	Section heading	Document structure macros
\&.SM	Small	Font style macros
\&.SS	Subsection heading	Document structure macros
\&.SY	Synopsis start	Command synopsis macros
\&.TH	Title heading	Document structure macros
\&.TP	Tagged paragraph	Paragraphing macros
\&.TQ	Supplemental paragraph tag	Paragraphing macros
\&.UE	URI end	Hyperlink macros
\&.UR	URI start	Hyperlink macros
\&.YS	Synopsis end	Command synopsis macros
.TE
.
.
.P
We discuss other macros
.RB ( .AT ,
.BR .DT ,
.BR .HP ,
.BR .OP ,
.BR .PD ,
and
.BR .UC )
in subsection \(lqDeprecated features\(rq below.
.
.
.P
Throughout Unix documentation,
a manual entry is referred to simply as a \(lqman page\(rq,
regardless of its length,
without gendered implication,
and irrespective of the macro package selected for its composition.
.
.
.br
.ne 6v
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Macro reference preliminaries"
.\" ====================================================================
.
A tagged paragraph describes each macro.
.
We present coupled pairs together,
as with
.B .EX
and
.BR .EE .
.
.
.br
.ne 2v
.P
An empty macro argument can be specified with a pair of double-quotes
(""),
but the
.I man
package is designed such that this should seldom be necessary.
.
Most macro arguments will be formatted as text in the output;
exceptions are noted.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Document structure macros"
.\" ====================================================================
.
Document structure macros organize a man page's content.
.
All of them break the output line.
.
.B .TH
(title heading)
identifies the document as a man page and configures the page headers
and footers.
.
Section headings
.RB ( .SH ),
one of which is mandatory and many of which are conventionally expected,
facilitate location of material by the reader and aid the man page
writer to discuss all essential aspects of the topic.
.
Subsection headings
.RB ( .SS )
are optional and permit sections that grow long to develop in a
controlled way.
.
Many technical discussions benefit from examples;
lengthy ones,
especially those reflecting multiple lines of input to or output from
the system,
are usefully bracketed by
.B .EX
and
.BR .EE .
.
When none of the foregoing meets a structural demand,
use
.BR .RS / .RE
to inset a region within a (sub)section.
.
.
.TP
.BI .TH " topic section"\c
.RI " [" footer-middle ]\c
.RI " [" footer-inside ]\c
.RI " [" header-middle ]
Determine the contents of the page header and footer.
.
The subject of the man page is
.I topic
and the section of the manual to which it belongs is
.I section.
.
See
.MR man 1
or
.MR intro 1
for the manual sectioning applicable to your system.
.
.I topic
and
.I section
are positioned together at the left and right in the header
(with
.I section
in parentheses immediately appended to
.IR topic ).
.
.I footer-middle
is centered in the footer.
.
The arrangement of the rest of the footer depends on whether
double-sided layout is enabled with the option
.BR \-rD1 .
.
When disabled (the default),
.I footer-inside
is positioned at the bottom left.
.
Otherwise,
.I footer-inside
appears at the bottom left on recto (odd-numbered) pages,
and at the bottom right on verso (even-numbered) pages.
.
The outside footer is the page number,
except in the continuous-rendering mode enabled by the option
.BR \-rcR=1 ,
in which case it is the
.I topic
and
.I section,
as in the header.
.
.I header-middle
is centered in the header.
.
If
.I section
is an integer between 1 and\~9 (inclusive),
there is no need to specify
.I header-middle;
.I an.tmac
will supply text for it.
.
The macro package may also abbreviate
.I topic
and
.I footer-inside
with ellipses
if they would overrun the space available in the header and footer,
respectively.
.
For HTML output,
headers and footers are suppressed.
.
.
.IP
Additionally,
this macro breaks the page,
resetting the number to\~1
(unless the
.B \-rC1
option is given).
.
This feature is intended only for formatting multiple
.I man
documents in sequence.
.
.
.IP
A valid
.I man
document calls
.B .TH
once,
early in the file,
prior to any other macro calls.
.
.
.TP
.BR .SH " ["\c
.IR heading-text ]
Set
.I heading-text
as a section heading.
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line
.\", which can be formatted with a macro, \" true but discouraged
becomes
.I heading-text.
.
The left margin is reset to zero to set the heading text in bold
(or the font specified by the string
.BR HF ),
and,
on typesetting devices,
slightly larger than the base type size.
.
If the heading font
.B \[rs]*[HF]
is bold,
use of an italic style in
.I heading-text
is mapped to the bold-italic style if available in the font family.
.
The inset level is reset to 1,
setting the left margin to the value of the
.B IN \" TODO: future: BP or BI register ("base paragraph indentation")
register.
.
Text after
.I heading-text
is set as an ordinary paragraph
.RB ( .P ).
.
.
.IP
The content of
.I heading-text
and ordering of sections follows a set of common practices,
as has much of the layout of material within sections.
.
For example,
a section called \(lqName\(rq or \(lqNAME\(rq must exist,
must be the first section after the
.B .TH
call,
and must contain only text of the form
.RS \" Invisibly move left margin to current .IP indentation.
.RS \" Now indent further, visibly.
.IR topic [\c
.BI , " another-topic"\c
.RB "].\|.\|.\& \e\- "\c
.I summary-description
.RE \" Move left margin back to .IP indentation.
for a man page to be properly indexed.
.
See
.MR groff_man_style 7
for suggestions and
.MR man 7
for the conventions prevailing on your system.
.RE \" Move left margin back to standard position.
.
.
.TP
.BR .SS " ["\c
.IR subheading-text ]
Set
.I subheading-text
as a subsection heading indented between a section heading and an
ordinary paragraph
.RB ( .P ).
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line
.\", which can be formatted with a macro, \" true but discouraged
becomes
.I subheading-text.
.
The left margin is reset to the value of the
.B SN
register to set the heading text in bold
(or the font specified by the string
.BR HF ).
.
If the heading font
.B \[rs]*[HF]
is bold,
use of an italic style in
.I subheading-text
is mapped to the bold-italic style if available in the font family.
.
The inset level is reset to 1,
setting the left margin to the value of the
.B IN \" TODO: future: BP or BI register ("base paragraph indentation")
register.
.
Text after
.I subheading-text
is set as an ordinary paragraph
.RB ( .P ).
.
.
.TP
.B .EX
.TQ
.B .EE
Begin and end example.
.
After
.BR .EX ,
filling is disabled and a constant-width (monospaced) font is selected.
.
Calling
.B .EE
enables filling and restores the previous font.
.
.
.IP
.\" Also see subsection "History" below...
These macros are extensions introduced in Ninth Edition Research Unix.
.
Systems running that
.IR troff , \" AT&T Research Unix
or those from
Documenter's Workbench,
Heirloom Doctools,
or Plan\~9
.I troff
support them.
.\" Solaris 10 troff does not support .EX/.EE.  Neatroff doesn't ship
.\" (m)an macros.
.
To be certain your page will be portable to systems that do not,
copy their definitions from the
.I \%an\-ext.tmac
file of a
.I groff
installation.
.
.
.TP
.BR .RS " ["\c
.IR inset-amount ]
Start a new relative inset level.
.
The position of the left margin is saved,
then moved right by
.I inset-amount,
if specified,
and by the amount of the
.B IN
register otherwise.
.
Calls to
.B .RS
can be nested;
each increments by\~1
the inset level used by
.BR .RE .
.
The level prior to any
.B .RS
calls is\~1.
.
.
.TP
.BR .RE " ["\c
.IR level ]
End a relative inset.
.
The left margin corresponding to inset level
.I level
is restored.
.
If no argument is given,
the inset level is reduced by\~1.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Paragraphing macros"
.\" ====================================================================
.
An ordinary paragraph
.RB ( .P )
is set without a first-line indentation at the current left margin.
.
In man pages and other technical literature,
definition lists are frequently encountered;
these can be set as \(lqtagged paragraphs\(rq,
which have one
.RB ( .TP )
or more
.RB ( .TQ )
leading tags followed by a paragraph that has an additional indentation.
.
The indented paragraph
.RB ( .IP )
macro is useful to continue the indented content of a narrative started
with
.BR .TP ,
or to present an itemized or ordered list.
.
All of these macros break the output line.
.
If another paragraph macro has occurred since the previous
.B .SH
or
.BR .SS ,
they
(except for
.BR .TQ )
follow the break with a default amount of vertical space,
which can be changed by the deprecated
.B .PD
macro;
see subsection \(lqHorizontal and vertical spacing\(rq below.
.
They also reset the type size and font style to defaults
.RB ( .TQ
again excepted);
see subsection \(lqFont style macros\(rq below.
.
.
.br
.ne 4v
.TP
.B .P
.TQ
.B .LP
.TQ
.B .PP
Begin a new paragraph;
these macros are synonymous.
.
The indentation is reset to the default value;
the left margin,
as affected by
.B .RS
and
.BR .RE ,
is not.
.
.
.TP
.BR .TP " ["\c
.IR indentation ]
Set a paragraph with a leading tag,
and the remainder of the paragraph indented.
.
A one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line,
which can be formatted with a macro,
becomes the tag,
which is placed at the current left margin.
.
The tag can be extended with the
.B \(rsc
escape sequence.
.
Subsequent text is indented by
.I indentation,
if specified,
and by the amount of the
.B IN
register otherwise.
.
If the tag is not as wide as the indentation,
the paragraph starts on the same line as the tag,
at the applicable indentation,
and continues on the following lines.
.
Otherwise,
the descriptive part of the paragraph begins on the line following the
tag.
.
.
.TP
.B .TQ
Set an additional tag for a paragraph tagged with
.BR .TP .
.
An input trap is planted as with
.BR .TP .
.
.
.IP
This macro is a GNU extension not defined on systems running
AT&T,
Plan\~9,
or
Solaris
.IR troff ;
see
.I \%an\-ext.tmac
in section \(lqFiles\(rq below.
.
.
.TP
.BR .IP " ["\c
.IR tag "] "\c
.RI [ indentation ]
Set an indented paragraph with an optional tag.
.
The
.I tag
and
.I indentation
arguments,
if present,
are handled as with
.BR .TP ,
with the exception that the
.I tag
argument to
.B .IP
cannot include a macro call.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Command synopsis macros"
.\" ====================================================================
.
.B .SY
and
.B .YS
aid you to construct a command synopsis that has the classical Unix
appearance.
.
They break the output line.
.
.\" TODO: Determine whether this (is still? was ever?) true.
.\" Furthermore,
.\" some tools are able to interpret these macros semantically and treat
.\" them appropriately for localization and/or presentation.
.
.
.P
These macros are GNU extensions not defined on systems running
AT&T,
Plan\~9,
or
Solaris
.IR troff ;
see
.I \%an\-ext.tmac
in section \(lqFiles\(rq below.
.
.
.TP
.BI .SY " command"
Begin synopsis.
.
A new paragraph begins at the left margin
unless
.B .SY
has already been called without a corresponding
.BR .YS ,
in which case only a break is performed.
.
Adjustment and automatic hyphenation are disabled.
.
.I command
is set in bold.
.
If a break is required,
lines after the first are indented by the width of
.I command
plus a space.
.
.
.TP
.B .YS
End synopsis.
.
Indentation,
adjustment,
and hyphenation
are restored to their previous states.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Hyperlink macros"
.\" ====================================================================
.
Man page cross references
are best presented with
.BR .MR .
.
Text may be hyperlinked to email addresses with
.BR .MT / .ME
or other URIs with
.BR .UR / .UE .
.
Hyperlinked text is supported on HTML
.\", PDF,
and terminal output devices;
terminals and pager programs must support ECMA-48 OSC\~8 escape
sequences
(see
.MR grotty 1 ).
.
When device support is unavailable or disabled with the
.B U
register
(see section \[lq]Options\[rq] below),
.B .MT
and
.B .UR
URIs are rendered between angle brackets after the linked text.
.
.
.P
.BR .MT ,
.BR .ME ,
.BR .UR ,
and
.B .UE
are GNU extensions not defined on systems running
AT&T,
Plan\~9,
or
Solaris
.IR troff ; \" Solaris
see
.I \%an\-ext.tmac
in section \(lqFiles\(rq below.
.
Plan\~9 from User Space's
.I troff \" plan9port
implements
.BR .MR .
.
.
.P
The arguments to
.BR .MR ,
.BR .MT ,
and
.B .UR
should be prepared for typesetting since they can appear in the
output.
.
Use special character escape sequences to encode Unicode basic Latin
characters where necessary,
particularly the hyphen-minus.
The formatter removes
.B \e:
escape sequences from hyperlinks when supplying device control commands
to output drivers.
.
.
.TP
.BI .MR "\~topic manual-section"\c
.RI \~[ trailing-text ]
.IR (since\~ groff \~1.23) \" TODO: remove note once novelty dies down
Set a man page cross reference as
\[lq]\c
.IB topic ( manual-section )\c
\[rq].
.
If
.I trailing-text
(typically punctuation)
is specified,
it follows the closing parenthesis without intervening space.
.
Hyphenation is disabled while the cross reference is set.
.
.I topic
is set in the font specified by the
.B MF
string.
.
The cross reference hyperlinks to a URI of the form
.RB \[lq] man:\c
.IR topic ( manual-section )\[rq].
.
.
.TP
.BI .MT " address"
.TQ
.BR .ME " ["\c
.IR trailing-text ]
Identify
.I address
as an RFC 6068
.I addr-spec
for a \(lqmailto:\(rq URI with the text between the two macro
calls as the link text.
.
An argument to
.B .ME
is placed after the link text without intervening space.
.
.I address
may not be visible in the rendered document if hyperlinks are enabled
and supported by the output driver.
.
If they are not,
.I address
is set in angle brackets after the link text and before
.I trailing-text.
.
If hyperlinking is enabled but there is no link text,
.I address
is formatted and hyperlinked
.I without
angle brackets.
.
.
.TP
.BI .UR " uri"
.TQ
.BR .UE " ["\c
.IR trailing-text ]
Identify
.I uri
as an RFC 3986 URI hyperlink with the text between the two macro calls
as the link text.
.
An argument to
.B .UE
is placed after the link text without intervening space.
.
.I uri
may not be visible in the rendered document if hyperlinks are enabled
and supported by the output driver.
.
If they are not,
.I uri
is set in angle brackets after the link text and before
.I trailing-text.
.
If hyperlinking is enabled but there is no link text,
.I uri
is formatted and hyperlinked
.I without
angle brackets.
.
.
.P
The hyperlinking of
.B .TP
paragraph tags with
.BR .UR / .UE
and
.BR .MT / .ME
is not yet supported;
if attempted,
the hyperlink will be typeset at the beginning of the indented paragraph
even on hyperlink-supporting devices.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Font style macros"
.\" ====================================================================
.
The
.I man
macro package is limited in its font styling options,
offering only
.BR bold \~( .B ),
.I italic\c
.RB \~( .I ),
and roman.
.
Italic text is usually set underscored instead on terminal devices.
.
The
.B .SM
and
.B .SB
macros set text in roman or bold,
respectively,
at a smaller type size;
these differ visually from regular-sized roman or bold text only on
typesetting devices.
.
It is often necessary to set text in different styles without
intervening space.
.
The macros
.BR .BI ,
.BR .BR ,
.BR .IB ,
.BR .IR ,
.BR .RB ,
and
.BR .RI ,
where \(lqB\(rq,
\(lqI\(rq,
and \(lqR\(rq indicate bold,
italic,
and roman,
respectively,
set their odd- and even-numbered arguments in alternating styles,
with no space separating them.
.
.
.br
.ne 2v
.P
The default type size and family for typesetting devices is 10-point
Times,
except on the
.B \%X75\-12
and
.B \%X100\-12
devices where the type size is 12 points.
.
The default style is roman.
.
.
.TP
.BR .B \~[\c
.IR text ]
Set
.I text
in bold.
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line,
which can be further formatted with a macro,
is set in bold.
.
.
.TP
.BR .I \~[\c
.IR text ]
Set
.I text
in an italic or oblique face.
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line,
which can be further formatted with a macro,
is set in an italic or oblique face.
.
.
.TP
.BR .SM \~[\c
.IR text ]
Set
.I text
one point smaller than the default type size on typesetting devices.
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line,
which can be further formatted with a macro,
is set smaller.
.
.
.TP
.BR .SB \~[\c
.IR text ]
Set
.I text
in bold and
(on typesetting devices)
one point smaller than the default type size.
.
If no argument is given,
a one-line input trap is planted;
text on the next line,
which can be further formatted with a macro,
is set smaller and in bold.
.
This macro is an extension introduced in SunOS\~4.0.
.
.
.P
Unlike the above font style macros,
the font style alternation macros below set no input traps;
they must be given arguments to have effect.
.
Italic corrections are applied as appropriate.
.
.
.
.TP
.BI .BI " bold-text italic-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in bold and italics,
alternately.
.
.
.TP
.BI .BR " bold-text roman-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in bold and roman,
alternately.
.
.
.TP
.BI .IB " italic-text bold-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in italics and bold,
alternately.
.
.
.TP
.BI .IR " italic-text roman-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in italics and roman,
alternately.
.
.
.TP
.BI .RB " roman-text bold-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in roman and bold,
alternately.
.
.
.TP
.BI .RI " roman-text italic-text "\c
\&.\|.\|.\&
Set each argument in roman and italics,
alternately.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Horizontal and vertical spacing"
.\" ====================================================================
.
The
.I indentation
argument accepted by
.BR .IP ,
.BR .TP ,
and the deprecated
.B .HP
is a number plus an optional scaling unit,
as is
.BR .RS 's
.IR inset-amount .
.
If no scaling unit is given,
the
.I man
package assumes \(lqn\(rq.
.
An indentation specified in a call to
.BR .IP ,
.BR .TP ,
or the deprecated
.B .HP
persists until
(1) another of these macros is called with an
.I indentation
argument,
or
(2)
.BR .SH ,
.BR .SS ,
or
.B .P
or its synonyms is called;
these clear the indentation entirely.
.
.
.P
The left margin used by ordinary paragraphs set with
.B .P
(and its synonyms)
not within an
.BR .RS / .RE
relative inset
.\" TODO: future: BP or BI register ("base paragraph indentation")
is 7.2n for typesetting devices
and 7n for terminal devices
(but see the
.B \-rIN
option).
.
Headers,
footers
(both set with
.BR .TH ),
and section headings
.RB ( .SH )
are set at the page offset
(see
.MR groff 7 )
and subsection headings
.RB ( .SS )
indented from it by 3n
(but see the
.B \-rSN
option).
.
.\" XXX: This is not true, but they do handle it badly.
.\" HTML output devices ignore indentation.
.
.
.P
Several macros insert vertical space:
.BR .SH ,
.BR .SS ,
.BR .TP ,
.B .P
(and its synonyms),
.BR .IP ,
and the deprecated
.BR .HP .
.
The default inter-section and inter-paragraph spacing is
is 1v for terminal devices
and 0.4v for typesetting devices.
.
(The deprecated macro
.B .PD
can change this vertical spacing,
but its use is discouraged.)
.
Between
.B .EX
and
.B .EE
calls,
the inter-paragraph spacing is 1v regardless of output
device.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS Registers
.\" ====================================================================
.
Registers are described in section \(lqOptions\(rq below.
.
They can be set not only on the command line but in the site
.I man.local
file as well;
see section \(lqFiles\(rq below.
.
.
.br
.ne 7v
.\" ====================================================================
.SS Strings
.\" ====================================================================
.
The following strings are defined for use in man pages.
.
None of these is necessary in a contemporary man page;
see
.MR groff_man_style 7 .
.
Others are supported for configuration of rendering parameters;
see section \(lqOptions\(rq below.
.
.
.TP
.B \e*R
interpolates a special character escape sequence for the \(lqregistered
sign\(rq glyph,
.BR \e(rg ,
if available,
and \(lq(Reg.)\(rq otherwise.
.
.
.
.TP
.B \e*S
interpolates an escape sequence setting the type size to the document
default.
.
.
.TP
.B \e*(lq
.TQ
.B \e*(rq
interpolate special character escape sequences for left and right
double-quotation marks,
.B \e(lq
and
.BR \e(rq ,
respectively.
.
.
.TP
.B \e*(Tm
interpolates a special character escape sequence for the \(lqtrade mark
sign\(rq glyph,
.BR \e(tm ,
if available,
and \(lq(TM)\(rq otherwise.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS Hooks
.\" ====================================================================
.
Two macros,
both GNU extensions,\" from groff 1.19
are called internally by the
.I groff man
package to format page headers and footers and can be redefined by the
administrator in a site's
.I man.local
file
(see section \(lqFiles\(rq below).
.
The presentation of
.B .TH
above describes the default headers and footers.
.
Because these macros are hooks for
.I groff man
internals,
man pages have no reason to call them.
.
Such hook definitions will likely consist of \[lq].sp\[rq] and
\[lq].tl\[rq] requests.
.
They must also increase the page length with \[lq].pl\[rq] requests in
continuous rendering mode;
.B .PT
furthermore has the responsibility of emitting a PDF bookmark after
writing the first page header in a document.
.
Consult the existing implementations in
.I an.tmac
when drafting replacements.
.
.
.TP
.B .BT
Set the page footer text
(\(lqbottom trap\(rq).
.
.
.TP
.B .PT
Set the page header text
(\(lqpage trap\(rq).
.
.
.P
To remove a page header or footer entirely,
define the appropriate macro as empty rather than deleting it.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS "Deprecated features"
.\" ====================================================================
.
Use of the following in man pages for public distribution is
discouraged.
.
.
.TP
.BR .AT " ["\c
.IR system " [" release ]]
Alter the footer for use with legacy AT&T man pages,
overriding any definition of the
.I footer-inside
argument to
.BR .TH .
.
This macro exists only to render man pages from historical systems.
.
.
.IP
.I system
can be any of the following.
.
.
.RS \" Invisibly move left margin to current .IP indentation.
.RS \" Now indent further, visibly.
.TP
3
7th edition
.I (default)
.
.
.TP
4
System III
.
.
.TP
5
System V
.RE \" Move left margin back to .IP indentation.
.RE \" Move left margin back to standard position.
.
.
.IP
The optional
.I release
argument specifies the release number,
as in \(lqSystem\~V Release\~3\(rq.
.
.
.TP
.B .DT
Reset tab stops to the default
(every 0.5i).
.
.IP
Use of this presentation-oriented macro is deprecated.
.
It translates poorly to HTML,
under which exact space control and tabulation are not readily
available.
.
Thus,
information or distinctions that you use tab stops to express are likely
to be lost.
.
If you feel tempted to change the tab stops such that calling this macro
later is desirable to restore them,
you should probably be composing a table using
.MR \%tbl 1
instead.
.
.
.TP
.BR .HP " ["\c
.IR indentation ]
Set up a paragraph with a hanging left indentation.
.
The
.I indentation
argument,
if present,
is handled as with
.BR .TP .
.
.
.IP
Use of this presentation-oriented macro is deprecated.
.
A hanging indentation cannot be expressed naturally under HTML,
and
.RI non- roff -based
man page interpreters may treat
.B .HP
as an ordinary paragraph.
.
Thus,
information or distinctions you mean to express with indentation may be
lost.
.
.
.TP
.BI .OP " option-name"\/\c
.RI " [" option-argument ]
Indicate an optional command parameter called
.IR option-name ,
which is set in bold.
.
If the option takes an argument,
specify
.I option-argument
using a noun,
abbreviation,
or hyphenated noun phrase.
.
If present,
.I option-argument
is preceded by a space and set in italics.
.
Square brackets in roman surround both arguments.
.
.
.IP
Use of this quasi-semantic macro,
.\" https://github.com/n-t-roff/DWB3.3/blob/master/macros/man/an.sr#L37
an extension originating in Documenter's Workbench
.IR troff ,\" DWB
is deprecated.
.
It cannot easily be used to annotate options that take optional
arguments or options whose arguments have internal structure
(such as a mixture of literal and variable components).
.
One could work around these limitations with font selection escape
sequences,
but it is preferable to use font style alternation macros,
which afford greater flexibility.
.
.
.TP
.BR .PD " ["\c
.IR vertical-space ]
Define the vertical space between paragraphs or (sub)sections.
.
The optional argument
.I vertical-space
specifies the amount;
the default scaling unit is \(lqv\(rq.
.
Without an argument,
the spacing is reset to its default value;
see subsection \(lqHorizontal and vertical spacing\(rq above.
.
.
.IP
Use of this presentation-oriented macro is deprecated.
.
It translates poorly to HTML,
under which exact control of inter-paragraph spacing is not readily
available.
.
Thus,
information or distinctions that you use
.B .PD
to express are likely to be lost.
.
.
.TP
.BR .UC " ["\c
.IR version ]
Alter the footer for use with legacy BSD man pages,
overriding any definition of the
.I footer-inside
argument to
.BR .TH .
.
This macro exists only to render man pages from historical systems.
.
.
.IP
.I version
can be any of the following.
.
.
.RS \" Invisibly move left margin to current .IP indentation.
.RS \" Now indent further, visibly.
.TP
3
3rd Berkeley Distribution
.I (default)
.
.
.TP
4
4th Berkeley Distribution
.
.
.TP
5
4.2 Berkeley Distribution
.
.
.TP
6
4.3 Berkeley Distribution
.
.
.TP
7
4.4 Berkeley Distribution
.RE \" Move left margin back to .IP indentation.
.RE \" Move left margin back to standard position.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SS History
.\" ====================================================================
.
.MT m.douglas.mcilroy@dartmouth.edu
M.\& Douglas McIlroy
.ME
designed,
implemented,
and documented the AT&T
.I man
macros
for
Unix Version\~7 (1979) and employed them
to edit the first volume of its
.IR "Programmer's Manual" ,
a compilation of all man pages supplied by the system.
.
That
.I man
supported the macros listed in this page not described as extensions,
except
.B .P
.\" .SS was implemented in tmac.an but not documented in man(7).
and the deprecated
.B .AT
and
.BR .UC .
.
The only strings defined were
.B R
and
.BR S ;
no registers were documented.
.
.
.P
.B .UC
appeared in 3BSD (1980).
.
.\" per https://archive.org/details/\
.\" bitsavers_attunixSysalRelease3Jun80_33886798
Unix System\~III (1980) introduced
.B .P
.\" ...and de-documented .LP...
and exposed the registers
.B IN
and
.BR LL ,
.\" ...as well as \n[PD], which we implement but don't expose.
which had been internal to Seventh Edition Unix
.IR man .
.
.\" This inference is based on RCS idents of "PWB Manual Entry Macros"
.\" from various forms of "an.src" distributed with System III (an.src
.\" 1.35, dated 5/6/80, lacks the Tm string), Research Unix Version 10
.\" (1.36, dated 11/11/80, has it), Ultrix 3.1 (1.37, dated 12/19/80,
.\" retains it) and "pdp11v" (also 1.37).  One source (S. S. Pirzada)
.\" says PWB 2.0 was released in June 1979.  I found no record of later
.\" releases and cannot account for the discrepancy (field updates?).
.\" -- GBR
PWB/UNIX 2.0 (1980) added the
.B Tm
string.
.
4BSD (1980) added
.\" undocumented .VS and .VE macros to mark regions with 12-point box
.\" rules (\[br]) as margin characters, as well as...
.B lq
and
.B rq
strings.
.
.\" The SunOS inferences here and below are based on inspection of SunOS
.\" 2.0 (May 1985), 3.2 (September 1986), 3.5 (January 1988), and 4.0
.\" (December 1988) tape archives (only).
SunOS\~2.0 (1985) recognized
.BR C ,
.BR D ,
.BR P ,
and
.B X
registers.
.
4.3BSD (1986) added
.\" undocumented .DS and .DE macros for "displays", which are .RS/.RE
.\" wrappers with filling disabled and vertical space of 1v before and
.\" .5v after, as well as...
.B .AT
and
.BR .P .
.
.\" Per Doug McIlroy in
.\" <https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2019-07/msg00038.html>...
Ninth Edition Research Unix (1986) introduced
.B .EX
and
.BR .EE .
.
SunOS\~4.0 (1988) added
.BR .SB .
.
.
.P
The foregoing features were what James Clark implemented in early
versions of
.IR groff .
.
.
Later,
.I groff
1.20 (2009) originated
.BR .SY / .YS ,
.BR .TQ ,
.BR .MT / .ME ,
and
.BR .UR / .UE .
.\" ...along with implementations of OP, EX, and EE.
.
Plan\~9 from User Space's
.I troff \" plan9port
introduced
.B .MR
in 2020.
.\" https://github.com/9fans/plan9port/commit/\
.\"  977b25a76ae8263e53fb4eb1abfc395769f23e3d
.\"  d32deab17bfffa5bffc5fab3e6577558e40888c5
.\"  36cd4c58c1346375b98f517fb8568be5bb47618d
.
.
.br
.ne 4v
.\" ====================================================================
.SH Options
.\" ====================================================================
.
The following
.I groff
options set registers
(with
.BR \-r )
and strings
(with
.BR \-d )
recognized and used by the
.I man
macro package.
.
To ensure rendering consistent with output device capabilities and
reader preferences,
man pages should never manipulate them.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-dAD= adjustment-mode
Set line adjustment to
.I adjustment-mode,
which is typically
.RB \[lq] b \[rq]
for adjustment to both margins
(the default),
or
.RB \[lq] l \[rq]
for left alignment
(ragged right margin).
.
Any valid argument to
.IR groff 's
\[lq].ad\[rq] request may be used.
.
See
.MR groff 7
for less-common choices.
.
.
.TP
.B \-rcR=1
Enable continuous rendering.
.
Output is not paginated;
instead,
one
(potentially very long)
page is produced.
.
This is the default for terminal and HTML devices.
.
Use
.B \-rcR=0
to disable it on terminal devices;
on HTML devices,
it cannot be disabled.
.
.
.TP
.B \-rC1
Number output pages consecutively,
in strictly increasing sequence,
rather than resetting the page number to\~1
(or the value of register
.BR P )
with each new
.I man
document.
.
.
.TP
.B \-rCS=1
Set section headings
(the argument(s) to
.BR .SH )
in full capitals.
.
This transformation is off by default because it discards case
distinction information.
.
.
.TP
.B \-rCT=1
Set the man page topic
(the first argument to
.BR .TH )
in full capitals in headers and footers.
.
This transformation is off by default because it discards case
distinction information.
.
.
.TP
.B \-rD1
Enable double-sided layout,
formatting footers for even and odd pages differently;
see the description of
.B .TH
in subsection \(lqDocument structure macros\(rq above.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rFT= footer-distance
Set distance of the footer relative to the bottom of the page to
.I footer-distance;
this amount is always negative.
.
At one half-inch above this location,
the page text is broken before writing the footer.
.
Ignored if continuous rendering is enabled.
.
The default is \-0.5i.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-dHF= heading-font
Set the font used for section and subsection headings;
the default is
.RB \(lq B \(rq
(bold style of the default family).
.
Any valid argument to
.IR groff 's
\[lq].ft\[rq] request may be used.
.
See
.MR groff 7 .
.
.
.TP
.B \-rHY=0
Disable automatic hyphenation.
.
Normally,
it is enabled\~(1).
.
The hyphenation mode is determined by the
.I groff
locale;
see section \[lq]Localization\[lq] of
.MR groff 7 .
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rIN= standard-indentation
Set the amount of indentation used for ordinary paragraphs
.RB ( .P
and its synonyms)
and the default indentation amount used by
.BR .IP ,
.BR .RS ,
.BR .TP ,
.\" .TQ inherits its indentation from the preceding .TP.
and the deprecated
.BR .HP .
.
See subsection \(lqHorizontal and vertical spacing\(rq above for the
default.
.
For
terminal devices,
.I standard-indentation
should always be an integer multiple of unit \(lqn\(rq to get consistent
indentation.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rLL= line-length
Set line length;
the default is 78n for terminal devices
and 6.5i for typesetting devices.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rLT= title-length
Set the line length for titles.
.
By default,
it is set to the line length
(see
.B \-rLL
above).
.
.
.TP
.BI \-dMF= man-page-topic-font
Set the font used for man page topics named in
.B .TH
and
.B .MR
calls;
the default is
.RB \(lq I \(rq
(italic style of the default family).
.
Any valid argument to
.IR groff 's
\[lq].ft\[rq] request may be used.
.
If the
.B MF
string ends in \[lq]I\[rq],
it is assumed to be an oblique typeface,
and italic corrections are applied before and after man page topics.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rP n
Start enumeration of pages at
.IR n .
.
The default is\~1.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rS type-size
Use
.I type-size
for the document's body text;
acceptable values are 10,
11,
or 12 points.
.
See subsection \(lqFont style macros\(rq above for the default.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rSN= subsection-indentation
Set indentation of subsection headings to
.I subsection-indentation.
.
See subsection \(lqHorizontal and vertical spacing\(rq above for the
default.
.
.
.br
.ne 4v
.TP
.B \-rU1
Enable generation of URI hyperlinks in the
.I grohtml
and
.I grotty
output drivers.
.
.I grohtml
enables them by default;
.I grotty
does not,
pending more widespread pager support for OSC\~8 escape sequences.
.
Use
.B \-rU0
to disable hyperlinks;
this will make the arguments to
.B MT
and
.B UR
calls visible in the document text produced by link-capable drivers.
.
.
.TP
.BI \-rX p
Number successors of
.RI page\~ p
as
.IR p a,
.IR p b,
.IR p c,
and so forth.
.
The register tracking the suffixed page letter uses format \(lqa\(rq
(see the \(lq.af\(rq request in
.MR groff 7 ).
.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SH Files
.\" ====================================================================
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:an\:.tmac
Most
.I man
macros are defined in this file.
.
It also loads extensions from
.I \%an\-ext.tmac
(see below).
.
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:\%andoc\:.tmac
This brief
.I groff
program detects whether the
.I man
or
.I mdoc
macro package is being used by a document and loads the correct macro
definitions,
taking advantage of the fact that pages using them must call
.B .TH
or
.BR .Dd ,
respectively,
before any other macros.
.
A
.I man
program or user typing,
for example,
.RB \[lq] "groff \-mandoc page.1" \[rq],
need not know which package the file
.I page.1
uses.
.
Multiple man pages,
in either format,
can be handled;
.I \%andoc
reloads each macro package as necessary.
.
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:\%an\-ext\:.tmac
Except for
.BR .SB ,
definitions of macros described above as extensions
are contained in this file;
in some cases,
they are simpler versions of definitions appearing in
.IR an.tmac ,
and are ignored if the formatter is GNU
.IR troff .\" GNU
.
They are written to be compatible with AT&T
.I troff \" AT&T
and permissively licensed\(emnot copylefted.
.
To reduce the risk of name space collisions,
string and register names begin only with
.RB \[lq] m \[rq] .
.
We encourage man page authors
who are concerned about portability to legacy Unix systems
to copy these definitions into their pages,
and maintainers of
.I troff \" generic
implementations or work-alike systems that format man pages
to re-use them.
.
.
.IP
The definitions for these macros are read after a page calls
.BR .TH ,
so they will replace any macros of the same names preceding it in your
file.
.
If you use your own implementations of these macros,
they must be defined after
.B .TH
is called to have any effect.
.
Furthermore,
it is wise to define such page-local macros
(if at all)
after the \(lqName\(rq section to accommodate timid
.I makewhatis
or
.I mandb
implementations that may give up their scan for indexing material early.
.
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:man\:.tmac
This is a wrapper that loads
.IR an.tmac .
.
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:\%mandoc\:.tmac
This is a wrapper that loads
.IR \%andoc.tmac .
.
.
.TP
.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%site\-tmac/\:\%man\:\%.local
Put site-local changes and customizations into this file.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SH Authors
.\" ====================================================================
.
The initial GNU implementation of the
.I man
macro package was written by James Clark. \" by 1.01
.
Later,
.MT wl@\:gnu\:.org
Werner Lemberg
.ME
supplied the
.BR S , \" 1.16
.BR LT , \" 1.18
and
.B cR \" 1.17
registers,
the last a 4.3BSD-Reno
.IR mdoc (7)
feature.
.\" "Assume nroff on crt's [sic] only if cR==1"
.\" https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl
.\"   ?file=4.3BSD-Reno/share/tmac/tmac.doc
.
.MT kollar@\:alltel\:.net
Larry Kollar
.ME
added the
.BR FT ,
.BR HY ,
and
.B SN
registers;
the
.B HF
string;
and the
.B PT
and
.B BT
macros.
.
.MT g.branden\:.robinson@\:gmail\:.com
G.\& Branden Robinson
.ME
implemented the
.B AD
and
.B MF
strings;
.BR CS ,
.BR CT ,
and
.B U
registers;
and the
.B MR
macro. \" all 1.23
.
.
Except for
.BR .SB , \" Clark, as noted above
the extension macros were written by
Lemberg,
.MT esr@\:thyrsus\:.com
Eric S.\& Raymond
.ME ,
and
Robinson. \" 1.23: MR
.
.
.br
.ne 3v
.P
This document was originally written for the Debian GNU/Linux system by
.MT sgk@\:debian\:.org
Susan G.\& Kleinmann
.ME .
.
It was corrected and updated by Lemberg and Robinson.
.
The extension macros were documented by Raymond and Robinson.
.
.
.\" ====================================================================
.SH "See also"
.\" ====================================================================
.
.MR \%tbl 1 ,
.MR \%eqn 1 ,
and
.MR \%refer 1
are preprocessors used with man pages.
.
.MR man 1
describes the man page librarian on your system.
.
.MR groff_mdoc 7
details the
.I groff
version of the BSD-originated alternative macro package for man pages.
.
.
.P
.MR groff_man_style 7 ,
.MR groff 7 ,
.MR groff_char 7 ,
.MR man 7
.
.
.\" Restore compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11).
.cp \n[*groff_groff_man_7_man_C]
.do rr *groff_groff_man_7_man_C
.
.
.\" Local Variables:
.\" fill-column: 72
.\" mode: nroff
.\" End:
.\" vim: set filetype=groff textwidth=72: