path: root/templates/man2/mmap.2.pot

# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-06-01 06:03+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "mmap"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-unstable opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "2024-05-02"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-unstable
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.8"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "NAME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "mmap, munmap - map or unmap files or devices into memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "LIBRARY"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Standard C library (I<libc>, I<-lc>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "SYNOPSIS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<void *mmap(void >I<addr>B<[.>I<length>B<], size_t >I<length>B<, int >I<prot>B<, int >I<flags>B<,>\n"
"B<           int >I<fd>B<, off_t >I<offset>B<);>\n"
"B<int munmap(void >I<addr>B<[.>I<length>B<], size_t >I<length>B<);>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "See NOTES for information on feature test macro requirements."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "DESCRIPTION"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"B<mmap>()  creates a new mapping in the virtual address space of the calling "
"process.  The starting address for the new mapping is specified in I<addr>.  "
"The I<length> argument specifies the length of the mapping (which must be "
"greater than 0)."
msgstr ""

#.  Before Linux 2.6.24, the address was rounded up to the next page
#.  boundary; since Linux 2.6.24, it is rounded down!
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"If I<addr> is NULL, then the kernel chooses the (page-aligned) address at "
"which to create the mapping; this is the most portable method of creating a "
"new mapping.  If I<addr> is not NULL, then the kernel takes it as a hint "
"about where to place the mapping; on Linux, the kernel will pick a nearby "
"page boundary (but always above or equal to the value specified by I</proc/"
"sys/vm/mmap_min_addr>)  and attempt to create the mapping there.  If another "
"mapping already exists there, the kernel picks a new address that may or may "
"not depend on the hint.  The address of the new mapping is returned as the "
"result of the call."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The contents of a file mapping (as opposed to an anonymous mapping; see "
"B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> below), are initialized using I<length> bytes starting at "
"offset I<offset> in the file (or other object) referred to by the file "
"descriptor I<fd>.  I<offset> must be a multiple of the page size as returned "
"by I<sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE)>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"After the B<mmap>()  call has returned, the file descriptor, I<fd>, can be "
"closed immediately without invalidating the mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The I<prot> argument describes the desired memory protection of the mapping "
"(and must not conflict with the open mode of the file).  It is either "
"B<PROT_NONE> or the bitwise OR of one or more of the following flags:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PROT_EXEC>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Pages may be executed."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PROT_READ>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Pages may be read."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PROT_WRITE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Pages may be written."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<PROT_NONE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Pages may not be accessed."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "The flags argument"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The I<flags> argument determines whether updates to the mapping are visible "
"to other processes mapping the same region, and whether updates are carried "
"through to the underlying file.  This behavior is determined by including "
"exactly one of the following values in I<flags>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_SHARED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Share this mapping.  Updates to the mapping are visible to other processes "
"mapping the same region, and (in the case of file-backed mappings)  are "
"carried through to the underlying file.  (To precisely control when updates "
"are carried through to the underlying file requires the use of B<msync>(2).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE> (since Linux 4.15)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag provides the same behavior as B<MAP_SHARED> except that "
"B<MAP_SHARED> mappings ignore unknown flags in I<flags>.  By contrast, when "
"creating a mapping using B<MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE>, the kernel verifies all "
"passed flags are known and fails the mapping with the error B<EOPNOTSUPP> "
"for unknown flags.  This mapping type is also required to be able to use "
"some mapping flags (e.g., B<MAP_SYNC>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_PRIVATE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Create a private copy-on-write mapping.  Updates to the mapping are not "
"visible to other processes mapping the same file, and are not carried "
"through to the underlying file.  It is unspecified whether changes made to "
"the file after the B<mmap>()  call are visible in the mapped region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Both B<MAP_SHARED> and B<MAP_PRIVATE> are described in POSIX.1-2001 and "
"POSIX.1-2008.  B<MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE> is a Linux extension."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"In addition, zero or more of the following values can be ORed in I<flags>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_32BIT> (since Linux 2.4.20, 2.6)"
msgstr ""

#.  See http://lwn.net/Articles/294642 "Tangled up in threads", 19 Aug 08
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Put the mapping into the first 2 Gigabytes of the process address space.  "
"This flag is supported only on x86-64, for 64-bit programs.  It was added to "
"allow thread stacks to be allocated somewhere in the first 2\\ GB of memory, "
"so as to improve context-switch performance on some early 64-bit "
"processors.  Modern x86-64 processors no longer have this performance "
"problem, so use of this flag is not required on those systems.  The "
"B<MAP_32BIT> flag is ignored when B<MAP_FIXED> is set."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_ANON>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Synonym for B<MAP_ANONYMOUS>; provided for compatibility with other "
"implementations."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_ANONYMOUS>"
msgstr ""

#.  See the pgoff overflow check in do_mmap().
#.  See the offset check in sys_mmap in arch/x86/kernel/sys_x86_64.c.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The mapping is not backed by any file; its contents are initialized to "
"zero.  The I<fd> argument is ignored; however, some implementations require "
"I<fd> to be -1 if B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> (or B<MAP_ANON>)  is specified, and "
"portable applications should ensure this.  The I<offset> argument should be "
"zero.  Support for B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> in conjunction with B<MAP_SHARED> was "
"added in Linux 2.4."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_DENYWRITE>"
msgstr ""

#.  Introduced in 1.1.36, removed in 1.3.24.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag is ignored.  (Long ago\\[em]Linux 2.0 and earlier\\[em]it signaled "
"that attempts to write to the underlying file should fail with B<ETXTBSY>.  "
"But this was a source of denial-of-service attacks.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_EXECUTABLE>"
msgstr ""

#.  Introduced in 1.1.38, removed in 1.3.24. Flag tested in proc_follow_link.
#.  (Long ago, it signaled that the underlying file is an executable.
#.  However, that information was not really used anywhere.)
#.  Linus talked about DOS related to MAP_EXECUTABLE, but he was thinking of
#.  MAP_DENYWRITE?
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "This flag is ignored."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_FILE>"
msgstr ""

#.  On some systems, this was required as the opposite of
#.  MAP_ANONYMOUS -- mtk, 1 May 2007
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Compatibility flag.  Ignored."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_FIXED>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Don't interpret I<addr> as a hint: place the mapping at exactly that "
"address.  I<addr> must be suitably aligned: for most architectures a "
"multiple of the page size is sufficient; however, some architectures may "
"impose additional restrictions.  If the memory region specified by I<addr> "
"and I<length> overlaps pages of any existing mapping(s), then the overlapped "
"part of the existing mapping(s) will be discarded.  If the specified address "
"cannot be used, B<mmap>()  will fail."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Software that aspires to be portable should use the B<MAP_FIXED> flag with "
"care, keeping in mind that the exact layout of a process's memory mappings "
"is allowed to change significantly between Linux versions, C library "
"versions, and operating system releases.  I<Carefully read the discussion of "
"this flag in NOTES!>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE> (since Linux 4.17)"
msgstr ""

#.  commit a4ff8e8620d3f4f50ac4b41e8067b7d395056843
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag provides behavior that is similar to B<MAP_FIXED> with respect to "
"the I<addr> enforcement, but differs in that B<MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE> never "
"clobbers a preexisting mapped range.  If the requested range would collide "
"with an existing mapping, then this call fails with the error B<EEXIST.> "
"This flag can therefore be used as a way to atomically (with respect to "
"other threads) attempt to map an address range: one thread will succeed; all "
"others will report failure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Note that older kernels which do not recognize the B<MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE> "
"flag will typically (upon detecting a collision with a preexisting mapping)  "
"fall back to a \\[lq]non-B<MAP_FIXED>\\[rq] type of behavior: they will "
"return an address that is different from the requested address.  Therefore, "
"backward-compatible software should check the returned address against the "
"requested address."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_GROWSDOWN>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag is used for stacks.  It indicates to the kernel virtual memory "
"system that the mapping should extend downward in memory.  The return "
"address is one page lower than the memory area that is actually created in "
"the process's virtual address space.  Touching an address in the \"guard\" "
"page below the mapping will cause the mapping to grow by a page.  This "
"growth can be repeated until the mapping grows to within a page of the high "
"end of the next lower mapping, at which point touching the \"guard\" page "
"will result in a B<SIGSEGV> signal."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_HUGETLB> (since Linux 2.6.32)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Allocate the mapping using \"huge\" pages.  See the Linux kernel source file "
"I<Documentation/admin-guide/mm/hugetlbpage.rst> for further information, as "
"well as NOTES, below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_HUGE_2MB>"
msgstr ""

#. type: TQ
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_HUGE_1GB> (since Linux 3.8)"
msgstr ""

#.  See https://lwn.net/Articles/533499/
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Used in conjunction with B<MAP_HUGETLB> to select alternative hugetlb page "
"sizes (respectively, 2\\ MB and 1\\ GB)  on systems that support multiple "
"hugetlb page sizes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"More generally, the desired huge page size can be configured by encoding the "
"base-2 logarithm of the desired page size in the six bits at the offset "
"B<MAP_HUGE_SHIFT>.  (A value of zero in this bit field provides the default "
"huge page size; the default huge page size can be discovered via the "
"I<Hugepagesize> field exposed by I</proc/meminfo>.)  Thus, the above two "
"constants are defined as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define MAP_HUGE_2MB    (21 E<lt>E<lt> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)\n"
"#define MAP_HUGE_1GB    (30 E<lt>E<lt> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The range of huge page sizes that are supported by the system can be "
"discovered by listing the subdirectories in I</sys/kernel/mm/hugepages>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_LOCKED> (since Linux 2.5.37)"
msgstr ""

#.  If set, the mapped pages will not be swapped out.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Mark the mapped region to be locked in the same way as B<mlock>(2).  This "
"implementation will try to populate (prefault) the whole range but the "
"B<mmap>()  call doesn't fail with B<ENOMEM> if this fails.  Therefore major "
"faults might happen later on.  So the semantic is not as strong as "
"B<mlock>(2).  One should use B<mmap>()  plus B<mlock>(2)  when major faults "
"are not acceptable after the initialization of the mapping.  The "
"B<MAP_LOCKED> flag is ignored in older kernels."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_NONBLOCK> (since Linux 2.5.46)"
msgstr ""

#.  commit 54cb8821de07f2ffcd28c380ce9b93d5784b40d7
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag is meaningful only in conjunction with B<MAP_POPULATE>.  Don't "
"perform read-ahead: create page tables entries only for pages that are "
"already present in RAM.  Since Linux 2.6.23, this flag causes "
"B<MAP_POPULATE> to do nothing.  One day, the combination of B<MAP_POPULATE> "
"and B<MAP_NONBLOCK> may be reimplemented."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_NORESERVE>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Do not reserve swap space for this mapping.  When swap space is reserved, "
"one has the guarantee that it is possible to modify the mapping.  When swap "
"space is not reserved one might get B<SIGSEGV> upon a write if no physical "
"memory is available.  See also the discussion of the file I</proc/sys/vm/"
"overcommit_memory> in B<proc>(5).  Before Linux 2.6, this flag had effect "
"only for private writable mappings."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_POPULATE> (since Linux 2.5.46)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Populate (prefault) page tables for a mapping.  For a file mapping, this "
"causes read-ahead on the file.  This will help to reduce blocking on page "
"faults later.  The B<mmap>()  call doesn't fail if the mapping cannot be "
"populated (for example, due to limitations on the number of mapped huge "
"pages when using B<MAP_HUGETLB>).  Support for B<MAP_POPULATE> in "
"conjunction with private mappings was added in Linux 2.6.23."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_STACK> (since Linux 2.6.27)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Allocate the mapping at an address suitable for a process or thread stack."
msgstr ""

#.  See http://lwn.net/Articles/294642 "Tangled up in threads", 19 Aug 08
#.  commit cd98a04a59e2f94fa64d5bf1e26498d27427d5e7
#.  http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/720412
#.  "pthread_create() slow for many threads; also time to revisit 64b
#.   context switch optimization?"
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag is currently a no-op on Linux.  However, by employing this flag, "
"applications can ensure that they transparently obtain support if the flag "
"is implemented in the future.  Thus, it is used in the glibc threading "
"implementation to allow for the fact that some architectures may (later) "
"require special treatment for stack allocations.  A further reason to employ "
"this flag is portability: B<MAP_STACK> exists (and has an effect) on some "
"other systems (e.g., some of the BSDs)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_SYNC> (since Linux 4.15)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This flag is available only with the B<MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE> mapping type; "
"mappings of type B<MAP_SHARED> will silently ignore this flag.  This flag is "
"supported only for files supporting DAX (direct mapping of persistent "
"memory).  For other files, creating a mapping with this flag results in an "
"B<EOPNOTSUPP> error."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Shared file mappings with this flag provide the guarantee that while some "
"memory is mapped writable in the address space of the process, it will be "
"visible in the same file at the same offset even after the system crashes or "
"is rebooted.  In conjunction with the use of appropriate CPU instructions, "
"this provides users of such mappings with a more efficient way of making "
"data modifications persistent."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_UNINITIALIZED> (since Linux 2.6.33)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Don't clear anonymous pages.  This flag is intended to improve performance "
"on embedded devices.  This flag is honored only if the kernel was configured "
"with the B<CONFIG_MMAP_ALLOW_UNINITIALIZED> option.  Because of the security "
"implications, that option is normally enabled only on embedded devices (i."
"e., devices where one has complete control of the contents of user memory)."
msgstr ""

#.  FIXME . for later review when Issue 8 is one day released...
#.  POSIX may add MAP_ANON in the future
#.  http://austingroupbugs.net/tag_view_page.php?tag_id=8
#.  http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=850
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Of the above flags, only B<MAP_FIXED> is specified in POSIX.1-2001 and "
"POSIX.1-2008.  However, most systems also support B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> (or its "
"synonym B<MAP_ANON>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "munmap()"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The B<munmap>()  system call deletes the mappings for the specified address "
"range, and causes further references to addresses within the range to "
"generate invalid memory references.  The region is also automatically "
"unmapped when the process is terminated.  On the other hand, closing the "
"file descriptor does not unmap the region."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The address I<addr> must be a multiple of the page size (but I<length> need "
"not be).  All pages containing a part of the indicated range are unmapped, "
"and subsequent references to these pages will generate B<SIGSEGV>.  It is "
"not an error if the indicated range does not contain any mapped pages."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "RETURN VALUE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On success, B<mmap>()  returns a pointer to the mapped area.  On error, the "
"value B<MAP_FAILED> (that is, I<(void\\ *)\\ -1>)  is returned, and I<errno> "
"is set to indicate the error."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On success, B<munmap>()  returns 0.  On failure, it returns -1, and I<errno> "
"is set to indicate the error (probably to B<EINVAL>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ERRORS"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EACCES>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A file descriptor refers to a non-regular file.  Or a file mapping was "
"requested, but I<fd> is not open for reading.  Or B<MAP_SHARED> was "
"requested and B<PROT_WRITE> is set, but I<fd> is not open in read/write "
"(B<O_RDWR>)  mode.  Or B<PROT_WRITE> is set, but the file is append-only."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EAGAIN>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The file has been locked, or too much memory has been locked (see "
"B<setrlimit>(2))."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EBADF>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"I<fd> is not a valid file descriptor (and B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> was not set)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EEXIST>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"B<MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE> was specified in I<flags>, and the range covered by "
"I<addr> and I<length> clashes with an existing mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EINVAL>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"We don't like I<addr>, I<length>, or I<offset> (e.g., they are too large, or "
"not aligned on a page boundary)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "(since Linux 2.6.12)  I<length> was 0."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"I<flags> contained none of B<MAP_PRIVATE>, B<MAP_SHARED>, or "
"B<MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENFILE>"
msgstr ""

#.  This is for shared anonymous segments
#.  [2.6.7] shmem_zero_setup()-->shmem_file_setup()-->get_empty_filp()
#.  .TP
#.  .B ENOEXEC
#.  A file could not be mapped for reading.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENODEV>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The underlying filesystem of the specified file does not support memory "
"mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ENOMEM>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "No memory is available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The process's maximum number of mappings would have been exceeded.  This "
"error can also occur for B<munmap>(), when unmapping a region in the middle "
"of an existing mapping, since this results in two smaller mappings on either "
"side of the region being unmapped."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"(since Linux 4.7)  The process's B<RLIMIT_DATA> limit, described in "
"B<getrlimit>(2), would have been exceeded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"We don't like I<addr>, because it exceeds the virtual address space of the "
"CPU."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EOVERFLOW>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On 32-bit architecture together with the large file extension (i.e., using "
"64-bit I<off_t>): the number of pages used for I<length> plus number of "
"pages used for I<offset> would overflow I<unsigned long> (32 bits)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<EPERM>"
msgstr ""

#.  (Since Linux 2.4.25 / Linux 2.6.0.)
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The I<prot> argument asks for B<PROT_EXEC> but the mapped area belongs to a "
"file on a filesystem that was mounted no-exec."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "The operation was prevented by a file seal; see B<fcntl>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The B<MAP_HUGETLB> flag was specified, but the caller was not privileged "
"(did not have the B<CAP_IPC_LOCK> capability)  and is not a member of the "
"I<sysctl_hugetlb_shm_group> group; see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/"
"sysctl_hugetlb_shm_group> in B<proc_sys>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<ETXTBSY>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"B<MAP_DENYWRITE> was set but the object specified by I<fd> is open for "
"writing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Use of a mapped region can result in these signals:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<SIGSEGV>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Attempted write into a region mapped as read-only."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<SIGBUS>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Attempted access to a page of the buffer that lies beyond the end of the "
"mapped file.  For an explanation of the treatment of the bytes in the page "
"that corresponds to the end of a mapped file that is not a multiple of the "
"page size, see NOTES."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ATTRIBUTES"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see B<attributes>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Attribute"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Value"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ".na\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ".nh\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"B<mmap>(),\n"
"B<munmap>()"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Thread safety"
msgstr ""

#. type: tbl table
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "MT-Safe"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "VERSIONS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On some hardware architectures (e.g., i386), B<PROT_WRITE> implies "
"B<PROT_READ>.  It is architecture dependent whether B<PROT_READ> implies "
"B<PROT_EXEC> or not.  Portable programs should always set B<PROT_EXEC> if "
"they intend to execute code in the new mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The portable way to create a mapping is to specify I<addr> as 0 (NULL), and "
"omit B<MAP_FIXED> from I<flags>.  In this case, the system chooses the "
"address for the mapping; the address is chosen so as not to conflict with "
"any existing mapping, and will not be 0.  If the B<MAP_FIXED> flag is "
"specified, and I<addr> is 0 (NULL), then the mapped address will be 0 (NULL)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Certain I<flags> constants are defined only if suitable feature test macros "
"are defined (possibly by default): B<_DEFAULT_SOURCE> with glibc 2.19 or "
"later; or B<_BSD_SOURCE> or B<_SVID_SOURCE> in glibc 2.19 and earlier.  "
"(Employing B<_GNU_SOURCE> also suffices, and requiring that macro "
"specifically would have been more logical, since these flags are all Linux-"
"specific.)  The relevant flags are: B<MAP_32BIT>, B<MAP_ANONYMOUS> (and the "
"synonym B<MAP_ANON>), B<MAP_DENYWRITE>, B<MAP_EXECUTABLE>, B<MAP_FILE>, "
"B<MAP_GROWSDOWN>, B<MAP_HUGETLB>, B<MAP_LOCKED>, B<MAP_NONBLOCK>, "
"B<MAP_NORESERVE>, B<MAP_POPULATE>, and B<MAP_STACK>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "C library/kernel differences"
msgstr ""

#.  Since around glibc 2.1/2.2, depending on the platform.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This page describes the interface provided by the glibc B<mmap>()  wrapper "
"function.  Originally, this function invoked a system call of the same "
"name.  Since Linux 2.4, that system call has been superseded by B<mmap2>(2), "
"and nowadays the glibc B<mmap>()  wrapper function invokes B<mmap2>(2)  with "
"a suitably adjusted value for I<offset>."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "STANDARDS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "POSIX.1-2008."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "HISTORY"
msgstr ""

#.  SVr4 documents additional error codes ENXIO and ENODEV.
#.  SUSv2 documents additional error codes EMFILE and EOVERFLOW.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "POSIX.1-2001, SVr4, 4.4BSD."
msgstr ""

#.  POSIX.1-2001: It shall be defined to -1 or 0 or 200112L.
#.  -1: unavailable, 0: ask using sysconf().
#.  glibc defines it to 1.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On POSIX systems on which B<mmap>(), B<msync>(2), and B<munmap>()  are "
"available, B<_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES> is defined in I<E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>> to a "
"value greater than 0.  (See also B<sysconf>(3).)"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "NOTES"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Memory mapped by B<mmap>()  is preserved across B<fork>(2), with the same "
"attributes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A file is mapped in multiples of the page size.  For a file that is not a "
"multiple of the page size, the remaining bytes in the partial page at the "
"end of the mapping are zeroed when mapped, and modifications to that region "
"are not written out to the file.  The effect of changing the size of the "
"underlying file of a mapping on the pages that correspond to added or "
"removed regions of the file is unspecified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"An application can determine which pages of a mapping are currently resident "
"in the buffer/page cache using B<mincore>(2)."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Using MAP_FIXED safely"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The only safe use for B<MAP_FIXED> is where the address range specified by "
"I<addr> and I<length> was previously reserved using another mapping; "
"otherwise, the use of B<MAP_FIXED> is hazardous because it forcibly removes "
"preexisting mappings, making it easy for a multithreaded process to corrupt "
"its own address space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For example, suppose that thread A looks through I</proc/>pidI</maps> in "
"order to locate an unused address range that it can map using B<MAP_FIXED>, "
"while thread B simultaneously acquires part or all of that same address "
"range.  When thread A subsequently employs B<mmap(MAP_FIXED)>, it will "
"effectively clobber the mapping that thread B created.  In this scenario, "
"thread B need not create a mapping directly; simply making a library call "
"that, internally, uses B<dlopen>(3)  to load some other shared library, will "
"suffice.  The B<dlopen>(3)  call will map the library into the process's "
"address space.  Furthermore, almost any library call may be implemented in a "
"way that adds memory mappings to the address space, either with this "
"technique, or by simply allocating memory.  Examples include B<brk>(2), "
"B<malloc>(3), B<pthread_create>(3), and the PAM libraries E<.UR http://www."
"linux-pam.org> E<.UE .>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Since Linux 4.17, a multithreaded program can use the B<MAP_FIXED_NOREPLACE> "
"flag to avoid the hazard described above when attempting to create a mapping "
"at a fixed address that has not been reserved by a preexisting mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Timestamps changes for file-backed mappings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For file-backed mappings, the I<st_atime> field for the mapped file may be "
"updated at any time between the B<mmap>()  and the corresponding unmapping; "
"the first reference to a mapped page will update the field if it has not "
"been already."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The I<st_ctime> and I<st_mtime> field for a file mapped with B<PROT_WRITE> "
"and B<MAP_SHARED> will be updated after a write to the mapped region, and "
"before a subsequent B<msync>(2)  with the B<MS_SYNC> or B<MS_ASYNC> flag, if "
"one occurs."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Huge page (Huge TLB) mappings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For mappings that employ huge pages, the requirements for the arguments of "
"B<mmap>()  and B<munmap>()  differ somewhat from the requirements for "
"mappings that use the native system page size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For B<mmap>(), I<offset> must be a multiple of the underlying huge page "
"size.  The system automatically aligns I<length> to be a multiple of the "
"underlying huge page size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For B<munmap>(), I<addr>, and I<length> must both be a multiple of the "
"underlying huge page size."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "BUGS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"On Linux, there are no guarantees like those suggested above under "
"B<MAP_NORESERVE>.  By default, any process can be killed at any moment when "
"the system runs out of memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Before Linux 2.6.7, the B<MAP_POPULATE> flag has effect only if I<prot> is "
"specified as B<PROT_NONE>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"SUSv3 specifies that B<mmap>()  should fail if I<length> is 0.  However, "
"before Linux 2.6.12, B<mmap>()  succeeded in this case: no mapping was "
"created and the call returned I<addr>.  Since Linux 2.6.12, B<mmap>()  fails "
"with the error B<EINVAL> for this case."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"POSIX specifies that the system shall always zero fill any partial page at "
"the end of the object and that system will never write any modification of "
"the object beyond its end.  On Linux, when you write data to such partial "
"page after the end of the object, the data stays in the page cache even "
"after the file is closed and unmapped and even though the data is never "
"written to the file itself, subsequent mappings may see the modified "
"content.  In some cases, this could be fixed by calling B<msync>(2)  before "
"the unmap takes place; however, this doesn't work on B<tmpfs>(5)  (for "
"example, when using the POSIX shared memory interface documented in "
"B<shm_overview>(7))."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "EXAMPLES"
msgstr ""

#.  FIXME . Add an example here that uses an anonymous shared region for
#.  IPC between parent and child.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The following program prints part of the file specified in its first command-"
"line argument to standard output.  The range of bytes to be printed is "
"specified via offset and length values in the second and third command-line "
"arguments.  The program creates a memory mapping of the required pages of "
"the file and then uses B<write>(2)  to output the desired bytes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Program source"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/types.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
"\\&\n"
"#define handle_error(msg) \\e\n"
"    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)\n"
"\\&\n"
"int\n"
"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
"{\n"
"    int          fd;\n"
"    char         *addr;\n"
"    off_t        offset, pa_offset;\n"
"    size_t       length;\n"
"    ssize_t      s;\n"
"    struct stat  sb;\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (argc E<lt> 3 || argc E<gt> 4) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"%s file offset [length]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);\n"
"    if (fd == -1)\n"
"        handle_error(\"open\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1)           /* To obtain file size */\n"
"        handle_error(\"fstat\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    offset = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
"    pa_offset = offset & \\[ti](sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);\n"
"        /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (offset E<gt>= sb.st_size) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"offset is past end of file\\en\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (argc == 4) {\n"
"        length = atoi(argv[3]);\n"
"        if (offset + length E<gt> sb.st_size)\n"
"            length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"                /* Can\\[aq]t display bytes past end of file */\n"
"\\&\n"
"    } else {    /* No length arg ==E<gt> display to end of file */\n"
"        length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,\n"
"                MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);\n"
"    if (addr == MAP_FAILED)\n"
"        handle_error(\"mmap\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);\n"
"    if (s != length) {\n"
"        if (s == -1)\n"
"            handle_error(\"write\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"partial write\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);\n"
"    close(fd);\n"
"\\&\n"
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#.  SRC END
#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "SEE ALSO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"B<ftruncate>(2), B<getpagesize>(2), B<memfd_create>(2), B<mincore>(2), "
"B<mlock>(2), B<mmap2>(2), B<mprotect>(2), B<mremap>(2), B<msync>(2), "
"B<remap_file_pages>(2), B<setrlimit>(2), B<shmat>(2), B<userfaultfd>(2), "
"B<shm_open>(3), B<shm_overview>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The descriptions of the following files in B<proc>(5): I</proc/>pidI</maps>, "
"I</proc/>pidI</map_files>, and I</proc/>pidI</smaps>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "B.O. Gallmeister, POSIX.4, O'Reilly, pp. 128\\[en]129 and 389\\[en]391."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: debian-bookworm
#, no-wrap
msgid "2023-02-05"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: debian-bookworm
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.03"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "B<MAP_HUGE_2MB>, B<MAP_HUGE_1GB> (since Linux 3.8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"The B<MAP_HUGETLB> flag was specified, but the caller was not privileged "
"(did not have the B<CAP_IPC_LOCK> capability)  and is not a member of the "
"I<sysctl_hugetlb_shm_group> group; see the description of I</proc/sys/vm/"
"sysctl_hugetlb_shm_group> in"
msgstr ""

#.  SVr4 documents additional error codes ENXIO and ENODEV.
#.  SUSv2 documents additional error codes EMFILE and EOVERFLOW.
#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid "POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4, 4.4BSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid ""
"For example, suppose that thread A looks through I</proc/E<lt>pidE<gt>/maps> "
"in order to locate an unused address range that it can map using "
"B<MAP_FIXED>, while thread B simultaneously acquires part or all of that "
"same address range.  When thread A subsequently employs B<mmap(MAP_FIXED)>, "
"it will effectively clobber the mapping that thread B created.  In this "
"scenario, thread B need not create a mapping directly; simply making a "
"library call that, internally, uses B<dlopen>(3)  to load some other shared "
"library, will suffice.  The B<dlopen>(3)  call will map the library into the "
"process's address space.  Furthermore, almost any library call may be "
"implemented in a way that adds memory mappings to the address space, either "
"with this technique, or by simply allocating memory.  Examples include "
"B<brk>(2), B<malloc>(3), B<pthread_create>(3), and the PAM libraries E<.UR "
"http://www.linux-pam.org> E<.UE .>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#define handle_error(msg) \\e\n"
"    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"int\n"
"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
"{\n"
"    int          fd;\n"
"    char         *addr;\n"
"    off_t        offset, pa_offset;\n"
"    size_t       length;\n"
"    ssize_t      s;\n"
"    struct stat  sb;\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    if (argc E<lt> 3 || argc E<gt> 4) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"%s file offset [length]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);\n"
"    if (fd == -1)\n"
"        handle_error(\"open\");\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1)           /* To obtain file size */\n"
"        handle_error(\"fstat\");\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    offset = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
"    pa_offset = offset & \\[ti](sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);\n"
"        /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    if (offset E<gt>= sb.st_size) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"offset is past end of file\\en\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    if (argc == 4) {\n"
"        length = atoi(argv[3]);\n"
"        if (offset + length E<gt> sb.st_size)\n"
"            length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"                /* Can\\[aq]t display bytes past end of file */\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    } else {    /* No length arg ==E<gt> display to end of file */\n"
"        length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"    }\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,\n"
"                MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);\n"
"    if (addr == MAP_FAILED)\n"
"        handle_error(\"mmap\");\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);\n"
"    if (s != length) {\n"
"        if (s == -1)\n"
"            handle_error(\"write\");\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"        fprintf(stderr, \"partial write\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);\n"
"    close(fd);\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid ""
"The descriptions of the following files in B<proc>(5): I</proc/[pid]/maps>, "
"I</proc/[pid]/map_files>, and I</proc/[pid]/smaps>."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#, no-wrap
msgid "2023-10-31"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-40 mageia-cauldron
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.06"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"#include E<lt>fcntl.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdio.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>stdlib.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/mman.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>sys/stat.hE<gt>\n"
"#include E<lt>unistd.hE<gt>\n"
"\\&\n"
"#define handle_error(msg) \\e\n"
"    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)\n"
"\\&\n"
"int\n"
"main(int argc, char *argv[])\n"
"{\n"
"    int          fd;\n"
"    char         *addr;\n"
"    off_t        offset, pa_offset;\n"
"    size_t       length;\n"
"    ssize_t      s;\n"
"    struct stat  sb;\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (argc E<lt> 3 || argc E<gt> 4) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"%s file offset [length]\\en\", argv[0]);\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);\n"
"    if (fd == -1)\n"
"        handle_error(\"open\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1)           /* To obtain file size */\n"
"        handle_error(\"fstat\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    offset = atoi(argv[2]);\n"
"    pa_offset = offset & \\[ti](sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE) - 1);\n"
"        /* offset for mmap() must be page aligned */\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (offset E<gt>= sb.st_size) {\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"offset is past end of file\\en\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    if (argc == 4) {\n"
"        length = atoi(argv[3]);\n"
"        if (offset + length E<gt> sb.st_size)\n"
"            length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"                /* Can\\[aq]t display bytes past end of file */\n"
"\\&\n"
"    } else {    /* No length arg ==E<gt> display to end of file */\n"
"        length = sb.st_size - offset;\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    addr = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ,\n"
"                MAP_PRIVATE, fd, pa_offset);\n"
"    if (addr == MAP_FAILED)\n"
"        handle_error(\"mmap\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"    s = write(STDOUT_FILENO, addr + offset - pa_offset, length);\n"
"    if (s != length) {\n"
"        if (s == -1)\n"
"            handle_error(\"write\");\n"
"\\&\n"
"        fprintf(stderr, \"partial write\");\n"
"        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);\n"
"    }\n"
"\\&\n"
"    munmap(addr, length + offset - pa_offset);\n"
"    close(fd);\n"
"\\&\n"
"    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);\n"
"}\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-rawhide
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.7"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "2023-04-03"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.04"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
msgstr ""