path: root/templates/man7/charsets.7.pot

# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-06-01 05:44+0200\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "charsets"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-unstable opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "2024-05-02"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: archlinux debian-unstable
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.8"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "NAME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "charsets - character set standards and internationalization"
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "DESCRIPTION"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This manual page gives an overview on different character set standards and "
"how they were used on Linux before Unicode became ubiquitous.  Some of this "
"information is still helpful for people working with legacy systems and "
"documents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Standards discussed include such as ASCII, GB 2312, ISO/IEC\\ 8859, JIS, "
"KOI8-R, KS, and Unicode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The primary emphasis is on character sets that were actually used by locale "
"character sets, not the myriad others that could be found in data from other "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ASCII"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange) is the original 7-"
"bit character set, originally designed for American English.  Also known as "
"US-ASCII.  It is currently described by the ISO/IEC\\ 646:1991 IRV "
"(International Reference Version) standard."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Various ASCII variants replacing the dollar sign with other currency symbols "
"and replacing punctuation with non-English alphabetic characters to cover "
"German, French, Spanish, and others in 7 bits emerged.  All are deprecated; "
"glibc does not support locales whose character sets are not true supersets "
"of ASCII."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"As Unicode, when using UTF-8, is ASCII-compatible, plain ASCII text still "
"renders properly on modern UTF-8 using systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"ISO/IEC\\ 8859 is a series of 15 8-bit character sets, all of which have "
"ASCII in their low (7-bit) half, invisible control characters in positions "
"128 to 159, and 96 fixed-width graphics in positions 160\\[en]255."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Of these, the most important is ISO/IEC\\ 8859-1 (\"Latin Alphabet No. 1\" / "
"Latin-1).  It was widely adopted and supported by different systems, and is "
"gradually being replaced with Unicode.  The ISO/IEC\\ 8859-1 characters are "
"also the first 256 characters of Unicode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Console support for the other ISO/IEC\\ 8859 character sets is available "
"under Linux through user-mode utilities (such as B<setfont>(8))  that modify "
"keyboard bindings and the EGA graphics table and employ the \"user mapping\" "
"font table in the console driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Here are brief descriptions of each character set:"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-1 (Latin-1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-1 covers many European languages such as Albanian, Basque, Danish, "
"English, Faroese, Galician, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, "
"Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.  The lack of the ligatures Dutch IJ/ij, "
"French œ, and „German“ quotation marks was considered tolerable."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-2 (Latin-2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-2 supports many Latin-written Central and East European languages such "
"as Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, and "
"Slovene.  Replacing Romanian ș/ț with ş/ţ was considered tolerable."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-3 (Latin-3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-3 was designed to cover of Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish, but ISO/"
"IEC\\ 8859-9 later superseded it for Turkish."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-4 (Latin-4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-4 introduced letters for North European languages such as Estonian, "
"Latvian, and Lithuanian, but was superseded by ISO/IEC\\ 8859-10 and ISO/"
"IEC\\ 8859-13."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Cyrillic letters supporting Bulgarian, Byelorussian, Macedonian, Russian, "
"Serbian, and (almost completely) Ukrainian.  It was never widely used, see "
"the discussion of KOI8-R/KOI8-U below."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Was created for Arabic.  The ISO/IEC\\ 8859-6 glyph table is a fixed font of "
"separate letter forms, but a proper display engine should combine these "
"using the proper initial, medial, and final forms."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-7"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "Was created for Modern Greek in 1987, updated in 2003."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Supports Modern Hebrew without niqud (punctuation signs).  Niqud and full-"
"fledged Biblical Hebrew were outside the scope of this character set."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-9 (Latin-5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This is a variant of Latin-1 that replaces Icelandic letters with Turkish "
"ones."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-10 (Latin-6)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-6 added the Inuit (Greenlandic) and Sami (Lappish) letters that were "
"missing in Latin-4 to cover the entire Nordic area."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-11"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Supports the Thai alphabet and is nearly identical to the TIS-620 standard."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-12"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "This character set does not exist."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-13 (Latin-7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Supports the Baltic Rim languages; in particular, it includes Latvian "
"characters not found in Latin-4."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-14 (Latin-8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This is the Celtic character set, covering Old Irish, Manx, Gaelic, Welsh, "
"Cornish, and Breton."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-15 (Latin-9)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Latin-9 is similar to the widely used Latin-1 but replaces some less common "
"symbols with the Euro sign and French and Finnish letters that were missing "
"in Latin-1."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 8859-16 (Latin-10)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"This character set covers many Southeast European languages, and most "
"importantly supports Romanian more completely than Latin-2."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "KOI8-R / KOI8-U"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"KOI8-R is a non-ISO character set popular in Russia before Unicode.  The "
"lower half is ASCII; the upper is a Cyrillic character set somewhat better "
"designed than ISO/IEC\\ 8859-5.  KOI8-U, based on KOI8-R, has better support "
"for Ukrainian.  Neither of these sets are ISO/IEC\\ 2022 compatible, unlike "
"the ISO/IEC\\ 8859 series."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Console support for KOI8-R is available under Linux through user-mode "
"utilities that modify keyboard bindings and the EGA graphics table, and "
"employ the \"user mapping\" font table in the console driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "GB 2312"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"GB 2312 is a mainland Chinese national standard character set used to "
"express simplified Chinese.  Just like JIS X 0208, characters are mapped "
"into a 94x94 two-byte matrix used to construct EUC-CN.  EUC-CN is the most "
"important encoding for Linux and includes ASCII and GB 2312.  Note that EUC-"
"CN is often called as GB, GB 2312, or CN-GB."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Big5"
msgstr ""

#.  Thanks to Tomohiro KUBOTA for the following sections about
#.  national standards.
#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Big5 was a popular character set in Taiwan to express traditional Chinese.  "
"(Big5 is both a character set and an encoding.)  It is a superset of ASCII.  "
"Non-ASCII characters are expressed in two bytes.  Bytes 0xa1\\[en]0xfe are "
"used as leading bytes for two-byte characters.  Big5 and its extension were "
"widely used in Taiwan and Hong Kong.  It is not ISO/IEC\\ 2022 compliant."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "JIS X 0208"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"JIS X 0208 is a Japanese national standard character set.  Though there are "
"some more Japanese national standard character sets (like JIS X 0201, JIS X "
"0212, and JIS X 0213), this is the most important one.  Characters are "
"mapped into a 94x94 two-byte matrix, whose each byte is in the range "
"0x21\\[en]0x7e.  Note that JIS X 0208 is a character set, not an encoding.  "
"This means that JIS X 0208 itself is not used for expressing text data.  JIS "
"X 0208 is used as a component to construct encodings such as EUC-JP, "
"Shift_JIS, and ISO/IEC\\ 2022-JP.  EUC-JP is the most important encoding for "
"Linux and includes ASCII and JIS X 0208.  In EUC-JP, JIS X 0208 characters "
"are expressed in two bytes, each of which is the JIS X 0208 code plus 0x80."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "KS X 1001"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"KS X 1001 is a Korean national standard character set.  Just as JIS X 0208, "
"characters are mapped into a 94x94 two-byte matrix.  KS X 1001 is used like "
"JIS X 0208, as a component to construct encodings such as EUC-KR, Johab, and "
"ISO/IEC\\ 2022-KR.  EUC-KR is the most important encoding for Linux and "
"includes ASCII and KS X 1001.  KS C 5601 is an older name for KS X 1001."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO/IEC\\ 2022 and ISO/IEC\\ 4873"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"The ISO/IEC\\ 2022 and ISO/IEC\\ 4873 standards describe a font-control "
"model based on VT100 practice.  This model is (partially) supported by the "
"Linux kernel and by B<xterm>(1).  Several ISO/IEC\\ 2022-based character "
"encodings have been defined, especially for Japanese."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"There are 4 graphic character sets, called G0, G1, G2, and G3, and one of "
"them is the current character set for codes with high bit zero (initially "
"G0), and one of them is the current character set for codes with high bit "
"one (initially G1).  Each graphic character set has 94 or 96 characters, and "
"is essentially a 7-bit character set.  It uses codes either 040\\[en]0177 "
"(041\\[en]0176) or 0240\\[en]0377 (0241\\[en]0376).  G0 always has size 94 "
"and uses codes 041\\[en]0176."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Switching between character sets is done using the shift functions "
"B<\\[ha]N> (SO or LS1), B<\\[ha]O> (SI or LS0), ESC n (LS2), ESC o (LS3), "
"ESC N (SS2), ESC O (SS3), ESC \\[ti] (LS1R), ESC } (LS2R), ESC | (LS3R).  "
"The function LSI<n> makes character set GI<n> the current one for codes with "
"high bit zero.  The function LSI<n>R makes character set GI<n> the current "
"one for codes with high bit one.  The function SSI<n> makes character set "
"GI<n> (I<n>=2 or 3)  the current one for the next character only (regardless "
"of the value of its high order bit)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A 94-character set is designated as GI<n> character set by an escape "
"sequence ESC ( xx (for G0), ESC ) xx (for G1), ESC * xx (for G2), ESC + xx "
"(for G3), where xx is a symbol or a pair of symbols found in the ISO/IEC\\ "
"2375 International Register of Coded Character Sets.  For example, ESC ( @ "
"selects the ISO/IEC\\ 646 character set as G0, ESC ( A selects the UK "
"standard character set (with pound instead of number sign), ESC ( B selects "
"ASCII (with dollar instead of currency sign), ESC ( M selects a character "
"set for African languages, ESC ( ! A selects the Cuban character set, and so "
"on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A 96-character set is designated as GI<n> character set by an escape "
"sequence ESC - xx (for G1), ESC . xx (for G2)  or ESC / xx (for G3).  For "
"example, ESC - G selects the Hebrew alphabet as G1."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A multibyte character set is designated as GI<n> character set by an escape "
"sequence ESC $ xx or ESC $ ( xx (for G0), ESC $ ) xx (for G1), ESC $ * xx "
"(for G2), ESC $ + xx (for G3).  For example, ESC $ ( C selects the Korean "
"character set for G0.  The Japanese character set selected by ESC $ B has a "
"more recent version selected by ESC & @ ESC $ B."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"ISO/IEC\\ 4873 stipulates a narrower use of character sets, where G0 is "
"fixed (always ASCII), so that G1, G2, and G3 can be invoked only for codes "
"with the high order bit set.  In particular, B<\\[ha]N> and B<\\[ha]O> are "
"not used anymore, ESC ( xx can be used only with xx=B, and ESC ) xx, ESC * "
"xx, ESC + xx are equivalent to ESC - xx, ESC . xx, ESC / xx, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "TIS-620"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"TIS-620 is a Thai national standard character set and a superset of ASCII.  "
"In the same fashion as the ISO/IEC\\ 8859 series, Thai characters are mapped "
"into 0xa1\\[en]0xfe."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Unicode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) is a standard which aims to unambiguously represent "
"every character in every human language.  Unicode's structure permits 20.1 "
"bits to encode every character.  Since most computers don't include 20.1-bit "
"integers, Unicode is usually encoded as 32-bit integers internally and "
"either a series of 16-bit integers (UTF-16) (needing two 16-bit integers "
"only when encoding certain rare characters) or a series of 8-bit bytes "
"(UTF-8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Linux represents Unicode using the 8-bit Unicode Transformation Format "
"(UTF-8).  UTF-8 is a variable length encoding of Unicode.  It uses 1 byte to "
"code 7 bits, 2 bytes for 11 bits, 3 bytes for 16 bits, 4 bytes for 21 bits, "
"5 bytes for 26 bits, 6 bytes for 31 bits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Let 0,1,x stand for a zero, one, or arbitrary bit.  A byte 0xxxxxxx stands "
"for the Unicode 00000000 0xxxxxxx which codes the same symbol as the ASCII "
"0xxxxxxx.  Thus, ASCII goes unchanged into UTF-8, and people using only "
"ASCII do not notice any change: not in code, and not in file size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"A byte 110xxxxx is the start of a 2-byte code, and 110xxxxx 10yyyyyy is "
"assembled into 00000xxx xxyyyyyy.  A byte 1110xxxx is the start of a 3-byte "
"code, and 1110xxxx 10yyyyyy 10zzzzzz is assembled into xxxxyyyy yyzzzzzz.  "
"(When UTF-8 is used to code the 31-bit ISO/IEC 10646 then this progression "
"continues up to 6-byte codes.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"For most texts in ISO/IEC\\ 8859 character sets, this means that the "
"characters outside of ASCII are now coded with two bytes.  This tends to "
"expand ordinary text files by only one or two percent.  For Russian or Greek "
"texts, this expands ordinary text files by 100%, since text in those "
"languages is mostly outside of ASCII.  For Japanese users this means that "
"the 16-bit codes now in common use will take three bytes.  While there are "
"algorithmic conversions from some character sets (especially ISO/IEC\\ "
"8859-1) to Unicode, general conversion requires carrying around conversion "
"tables, which can be quite large for 16-bit codes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Note that UTF-8 is self-synchronizing: 10xxxxxx is a tail, any other byte is "
"the head of a code.  Note that the only way ASCII bytes occur in a UTF-8 "
"stream, is as themselves.  In particular, there are no embedded NULs "
"(\\[aq]\\e0\\[aq]) or \\[aq]/\\[aq]s that form part of some larger code."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Since ASCII, and, in particular, NUL and \\[aq]/\\[aq], are unchanged, the "
"kernel does not notice that UTF-8 is being used.  It does not care at all "
"what the bytes it is handling stand for."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid ""
"Rendering of Unicode data streams is typically handled through \"subfont\" "
"tables which map a subset of Unicode to glyphs.  Internally the kernel uses "
"Unicode to describe the subfont loaded in video RAM.  This means that in the "
"Linux console in UTF-8 mode, one can use a character set with 512 different "
"symbols.  This is not enough for Japanese, Chinese, and Korean, but it is "
"enough for most other purposes."
msgstr ""

#. type: SH
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "SEE ALSO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide
#: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed
msgid "B<iconv>(1), B<ascii>(7), B<iso_8859-1>(7), B<unicode>(7), B<utf-8>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: debian-bookworm
#, no-wrap
msgid "2023-02-05"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: debian-bookworm
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.03"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Standards discussed include such as ASCII, GB 2312, ISO 8859, JIS, KOI8-R, "
"KS, and Unicode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange) is the original 7-"
"bit character set, originally designed for American English.  Also known as "
"US-ASCII.  It is currently described by the ISO 646:1991 IRV (International "
"Reference Version) standard."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO 8859"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"ISO 8859 is a series of 15 8-bit character sets, all of which have ASCII in "
"their low (7-bit) half, invisible control characters in positions 128 to "
"159, and 96 fixed-width graphics in positions 160\\[en]255."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Of these, the most important is ISO 8859-1 (\"Latin Alphabet No. 1\" / "
"Latin-1).  It was widely adopted and supported by different systems, and is "
"gradually being replaced with Unicode.  The ISO 8859-1 characters are also "
"the first 256 characters of Unicode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Console support for the other 8859 character sets is available under Linux "
"through user-mode utilities (such as B<setfont>(8))  that modify keyboard "
"bindings and the EGA graphics table and employ the \"user mapping\" font "
"table in the console driver."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-1 (Latin-1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid ""
"Latin-1 covers many European languages such as Albanian, Basque, Danish, "
"English, Faroese, Galician, Icelandic, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, "
"Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish.  The lack of the ligatures Dutch IJ/ij, "
"French œ, and old-style „German“ quotation marks was considered tolerable."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-2 (Latin-2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-3 (Latin-3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Latin-3 was designed to cover of Esperanto, Maltese, and Turkish, but 8859-9 "
"later superseded it for Turkish."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-4 (Latin-4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Latin-4 introduced letters for North European languages such as Estonian, "
"Latvian, and Lithuanian, but was superseded by 8859-10 and 8859-13."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-5"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Was created for Arabic.  The 8859-6 glyph table is a fixed font of separate "
"letter forms, but a proper display engine should combine these using the "
"proper initial, medial, and final forms."
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-7"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-8"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-9 (Latin-5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-10 (Latin-6)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-11"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-12"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-13 (Latin-7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-14 (Latin-8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-15 (Latin-9)"
msgstr ""

#. type: TP
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "8859-16 (Latin-10)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"KOI8-R is a non-ISO character set popular in Russia before Unicode.  The "
"lower half is ASCII; the upper is a Cyrillic character set somewhat better "
"designed than ISO 8859-5.  KOI8-U, based on KOI8-R, has better support for "
"Ukrainian.  Neither of these sets are ISO-2022 compatible, unlike the ISO "
"8859 series."
msgstr ""

#.  Thanks to Tomohiro KUBOTA for the following sections about
#.  national standards.
#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"Big5 was a popular character set in Taiwan to express traditional Chinese.  "
"(Big5 is both a character set and an encoding.)  It is a superset of ASCII.  "
"Non-ASCII characters are expressed in two bytes.  Bytes 0xa1\\[en]0xfe are "
"used as leading bytes for two-byte characters.  Big5 and its extension were "
"widely used in Taiwan and Hong Kong.  It is not ISO 2022 compliant."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"JIS X 0208 is a Japanese national standard character set.  Though there are "
"some more Japanese national standard character sets (like JIS X 0201, JIS X "
"0212, and JIS X 0213), this is the most important one.  Characters are "
"mapped into a 94x94 two-byte matrix, whose each byte is in the range "
"0x21\\[en]0x7e.  Note that JIS X 0208 is a character set, not an encoding.  "
"This means that JIS X 0208 itself is not used for expressing text data.  JIS "
"X 0208 is used as a component to construct encodings such as EUC-JP, "
"Shift_JIS, and ISO-2022-JP.  EUC-JP is the most important encoding for Linux "
"and includes ASCII and JIS X 0208.  In EUC-JP, JIS X 0208 characters are "
"expressed in two bytes, each of which is the JIS X 0208 code plus 0x80."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"KS X 1001 is a Korean national standard character set.  Just as JIS X 0208, "
"characters are mapped into a 94x94 two-byte matrix.  KS X 1001 is used like "
"JIS X 0208, as a component to construct encodings such as EUC-KR, Johab, and "
"ISO-2022-KR.  EUC-KR is the most important encoding for Linux and includes "
"ASCII and KS X 1001.  KS C 5601 is an older name for KS X 1001."
msgstr ""

#. type: SS
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "ISO 2022 and ISO 4873"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"The ISO 2022 and 4873 standards describe a font-control model based on VT100 "
"practice.  This model is (partially) supported by the Linux kernel and by "
"B<xterm>(1).  Several ISO 2022-based character encodings have been defined, "
"especially for Japanese."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"A 94-character set is designated as GI<n> character set by an escape "
"sequence ESC ( xx (for G0), ESC ) xx (for G1), ESC * xx (for G2), ESC + xx "
"(for G3), where xx is a symbol or a pair of symbols found in the ISO 2375 "
"International Register of Coded Character Sets.  For example, ESC ( @ "
"selects the ISO 646 character set as G0, ESC ( A selects the UK standard "
"character set (with pound instead of number sign), ESC ( B selects ASCII "
"(with dollar instead of currency sign), ESC ( M selects a character set for "
"African languages, ESC ( ! A selects the Cuban character set, and so on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"ISO 4873 stipulates a narrower use of character sets, where G0 is fixed "
"(always ASCII), so that G1, G2, and G3 can be invoked only for codes with "
"the high order bit set.  In particular, B<\\[ha]N> and B<\\[ha]O> are not "
"used anymore, ESC ( xx can be used only with xx=B, and ESC ) xx, ESC * xx, "
"ESC + xx are equivalent to ESC - xx, ESC . xx, ESC / xx, respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"TIS-620 is a Thai national standard character set and a superset of ASCII.  "
"In the same fashion as the ISO 8859 series, Thai characters are mapped into "
"0xa1\\[en]0xfe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid ""
"Unicode (ISO 10646) is a standard which aims to unambiguously represent "
"every character in every human language.  Unicode's structure permits 20.1 "
"bits to encode every character.  Since most computers don't include 20.1-bit "
"integers, Unicode is usually encoded as 32-bit integers internally and "
"either a series of 16-bit integers (UTF-16) (needing two 16-bit integers "
"only when encoding certain rare characters) or a series of 8-bit bytes "
"(UTF-8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm
msgid ""
"A byte 110xxxxx is the start of a 2-byte code, and 110xxxxx 10yyyyyy is "
"assembled into 00000xxx xxyyyyyy.  A byte 1110xxxx is the start of a 3-byte "
"code, and 1110xxxx 10yyyyyy 10zzzzzz is assembled into xxxxyyyy yyzzzzzz.  "
"(When UTF-8 is used to code the 31-bit ISO 10646 then this progression "
"continues up to 6-byte codes.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6
msgid ""
"For most texts in ISO 8859 character sets, this means that the characters "
"outside of ASCII are now coded with two bytes.  This tends to expand "
"ordinary text files by only one or two percent.  For Russian or Greek texts, "
"this expands ordinary text files by 100%, since text in those languages is "
"mostly outside of ASCII.  For Japanese users this means that the 16-bit "
"codes now in common use will take three bytes.  While there are algorithmic "
"conversions from some character sets (especially ISO 8859-1) to Unicode, "
"general conversion requires carrying around conversion tables, which can be "
"quite large for 16-bit codes."
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron
#, no-wrap
msgid "2024-01-28"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-40 mageia-cauldron
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.06"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: fedora-rawhide
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.7"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "2023-03-12"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-leap-15-6
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages 6.04"
msgstr ""

#. type: TH
#: opensuse-tumbleweed
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
msgstr ""