1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
|
'\" t
.TH "BOOTUP" "7" "" "systemd 256~rc3" "bootup"
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * Define some portability stuff
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * set default formatting
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" disable hyphenation
.nh
.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
.ad l
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "NAME"
bootup \- System bootup process
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
A number of different components are involved in the boot of a Linux system\&. Immediately after power\-up, the system firmware will do minimal hardware initialization, and hand control over to a boot loader (e\&.g\&.
\fBsystemd-boot\fR(7)
or
\m[blue]\fBGRUB\fR\m[]\&\s-2\u[1]\d\s+2) stored on a persistent storage device\&. This boot loader will then invoke an OS kernel from disk (or the network)\&. On systems using EFI or other types of firmware, this firmware may also load the kernel directly\&.
.PP
The kernel (optionally) mounts an in\-memory file system, which looks for the root file system\&. Nowadays this is implemented as an "initramfs" \(em a compressed CPIO archive that the kernel extracts into a tmpfs\&. In the past normal file systems using an in\-memory block device (ramdisk) were used, and the name "initrd" is still used to describe both concepts\&. It\*(Aqs the boot loader or the firmware that loads both the kernel and initrd/initramfs images into memory, but the kernel which interprets it as a file system\&.
\fBsystemd\fR(1)
may be used to manage services in the initrd, similarly to the real system\&.
.PP
After the root file system is found and mounted, the initrd hands over control to the host\*(Aqs system manager (such as
\fBsystemd\fR(1)) stored in the root file system, which is then responsible for probing all remaining hardware, mounting all necessary file systems and spawning all configured services\&.
.PP
On shutdown, the system manager stops all services, unmounts all file systems (detaching the storage technologies backing them), and then (optionally) jumps back into the initrd code which unmounts/detaches the root file system and the storage it resides on\&. As a last step, the system is powered down\&.
.PP
Additional information about the system boot process may be found in
\fBboot\fR(7)\&.
.SH "SYSTEM MANAGER BOOTUP"
.PP
At boot, the system manager on the OS image is responsible for initializing the required file systems, services and drivers that are necessary for operation of the system\&. On
\fBsystemd\fR(1)
systems, this process is split up in various discrete steps which are exposed as target units\&. (See
\fBsystemd.target\fR(5)
for detailed information about target units\&.) The boot\-up process is highly parallelized so that the order in which specific target units are reached is not deterministic, but still adheres to a limited amount of ordering structure\&.
.PP
When systemd starts up the system, it will activate all units that are dependencies of
default\&.target
(as well as recursively all dependencies of these dependencies)\&. Usually,
default\&.target
is simply an alias of
graphical\&.target
or
multi\-user\&.target, depending on whether the system is configured for a graphical UI or only for a text console\&. To enforce minimal ordering between the units pulled in, a number of well\-known target units are available, as listed on
\fBsystemd.special\fR(7)\&.
.PP
The following chart is a structural overview of these well\-known units and their position in the boot\-up logic\&. The arrows describe which units are pulled in and ordered before which other units\&. Units near the top are started before units nearer to the bottom of the chart\&.
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
cryptsetup\-pre\&.target veritysetup\-pre\&.target
|
(various low\-level v
API VFS mounts: (various cryptsetup/veritysetup devices\&.\&.\&.)
mqueue, configfs, | |
debugfs, \&.\&.\&.) v |
| cryptsetup\&.target |
| (various swap | | remote\-fs\-pre\&.target
| devices\&.\&.\&.) | | | |
| | | | | v
| v local\-fs\-pre\&.target | | | (network file systems)
| swap\&.target | | v v |
| | v | remote\-cryptsetup\&.target |
| | (various low\-level (various mounts and | remote\-veritysetup\&.target |
| | services: udevd, fsck services\&.\&.\&.) | | |
| | tmpfiles, random | | | remote\-fs\&.target
| | seed, sysctl, \&.\&.\&.) v | | |
| | | local\-fs\&.target | | _____________/
| | | | | |/
\e____|______|_______________ ______|___________/ |
\e / |
v |
sysinit\&.target |
| |
______________________/|\e_____________________ |
/ | | | \e |
| | | | | |
v v | v | |
(various (various | (various | |
timers\&.\&.\&.) paths\&.\&.\&.) | sockets\&.\&.\&.) | |
| | | | | |
v v | v | |
timers\&.target paths\&.target | sockets\&.target | |
| | | | v |
v \e_______ | _____/ rescue\&.service |
\e|/ | |
v v |
basic\&.target \fIrescue\&.target\fR |
| |
________v____________________ |
/ | \e |
| | | |
v v v |
display\- (various system (various system |
manager\&.service services services) |
| required for | |
| graphical UIs) v v
| | \fImulti\-user\&.target\fR
emergency\&.service | | |
| \e_____________ | _____________/
v \e|/
\fIemergency\&.target\fR v
\fIgraphical\&.target\fR
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
Target units that are commonly used as boot targets are
\fIemphasized\fR\&. These units are good choices as goal targets, for example by passing them to the
\fIsystemd\&.unit=\fR
kernel command line option (see
\fBsystemd\fR(1)) or by symlinking
default\&.target
to them\&.
.PP
timers\&.target
is pulled\-in by
basic\&.target
asynchronously\&. This allows timers units to depend on services which become only available later in boot\&.
.SH "USER MANAGER STARTUP"
.PP
The system manager starts the
user@\fIuid\fR\&.service
unit for each user, which launches a separate unprivileged instance of
\fBsystemd\fR
for each user \(em the user manager\&. Similarly to the system manager, the user manager starts units which are pulled in by
default\&.target\&. The following chart is a structural overview of the well\-known user units\&. For non\-graphical sessions,
default\&.target
is used\&. Whenever the user logs into a graphical session, the login manager will start the
graphical\-session\&.target
target that is used to pull in units required for the graphical session\&. A number of targets (shown on the right side) are started when specific hardware is available to the user\&.
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
(various (various (various
timers\&.\&.\&.) paths\&.\&.\&.) sockets\&.\&.\&.) (sound devices)
| | | |
v v v v
timers\&.target paths\&.target sockets\&.target sound\&.target
| | |
\e______________ _|_________________/ (bluetooth devices)
\e / |
V v
basic\&.target bluetooth\&.target
|
__________/ \e_______ (smartcard devices)
/ \e |
| | v
| v smartcard\&.target
v graphical\-session\-pre\&.target
(various user services) | (printers)
| v |
| (services for the graphical session) v
| | printer\&.target
v v
\fIdefault\&.target\fR graphical\-session\&.target
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.SH "BOOTUP IN THE INITRD"
.PP
Systemd can be used in the initrd as well\&. It detects the initrd environment by checking for the
/etc/initrd\-release
file\&. The default target in the initrd is
initrd\&.target\&. The bootup process is identical to the system manager bootup until the target
basic\&.target\&. After that, systemd executes the special target
initrd\&.target\&. Before any file systems are mounted, the manager will determine whether the system shall resume from hibernation or proceed with normal boot\&. This is accomplished by
systemd\-hibernate\-resume\&.service
which must be finished before
local\-fs\-pre\&.target, so no filesystems can be mounted before the check is complete\&. When the root device becomes available,
initrd\-root\-device\&.target
is reached\&. If the root device can be mounted at
/sysroot, the
sysroot\&.mount
unit becomes active and
initrd\-root\-fs\&.target
is reached\&. The service
initrd\-parse\-etc\&.service
scans
/sysroot/etc/fstab
for a possible
/usr/
mount point and additional entries marked with the
\fIx\-initrd\&.mount\fR
option\&. All entries found are mounted below
/sysroot, and
initrd\-fs\&.target
is reached\&. The service
initrd\-cleanup\&.service
isolates to the
initrd\-switch\-root\&.target, where cleanup services can run\&. As the very last step, the
initrd\-switch\-root\&.service
is activated, which will cause the system to switch its root to
/sysroot\&.
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
: (beginning identical to above)
:
v
basic\&.target
| emergency\&.service
______________________/| |
/ | v
| initrd\-root\-device\&.target \fIemergency\&.target\fR
| |
| v
| sysroot\&.mount
| |
| v
| initrd\-root\-fs\&.target
| |
| v
v initrd\-parse\-etc\&.service
(custom initrd |
services\&.\&.\&.) v
| (sysroot\-usr\&.mount and
| various mounts marked
| with fstab option
| x\-initrd\&.mount\&.\&.\&.)
| |
| v
| initrd\-fs\&.target
\e______________________ |
\e|
v
initrd\&.target
|
v
initrd\-cleanup\&.service
isolates to
initrd\-switch\-root\&.target
|
v
______________________/|
/ v
| initrd\-udevadm\-cleanup\-db\&.service
v |
(custom initrd |
services\&.\&.\&.) |
\e______________________ |
\e|
v
initrd\-switch\-root\&.target
|
v
initrd\-switch\-root\&.service
|
v
Transition to Host OS
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.SH "SYSTEM MANAGER SHUTDOWN"
.PP
System shutdown with systemd also consists of various target units with some minimal ordering structure applied:
.sp
.if n \{\
.RS 4
.\}
.nf
(conflicts with (conflicts with
all system all file system
services) mounts, swaps,
| cryptsetup/
| veritysetup
| devices, \&.\&.\&.)
| |
v v
shutdown\&.target umount\&.target
| |
\e_______ ______/
\e /
v
(various low\-level
services)
|
v
final\&.target
|
___________________________/ \e_________________________________
/ | | | \e
| | | | |
v | | | |
systemd\-reboot\&.service | | | |
| v | | |
| systemd\-poweroff\&.service | | |
v | v | |
\fIreboot\&.target\fR | systemd\-halt\&.service | |
v | v |
\fIpoweroff\&.target\fR | systemd\-kexec\&.service |
v | |
\fIhalt\&.target\fR | systemd\-soft\-reboot\&.service
v |
\fIkexec\&.target\fR |
v
\fIsoft\-reboot\&.target\fR
.fi
.if n \{\
.RE
.\}
.PP
Commonly used system shutdown targets are
\fIemphasized\fR\&.
.PP
Note that
\fBsystemd-halt.service\fR(8),
systemd\-reboot\&.service,
systemd\-poweroff\&.service
and
systemd\-kexec\&.service
will transition the system and server manager (PID 1) into the second phase of system shutdown (implemented in the
systemd\-shutdown
binary), which will unmount any remaining file systems, kill any remaining processes and release any other remaining resources, in a simple and robust fashion, without taking any service or unit concept into account anymore\&. At that point, regular applications and resources are generally terminated and released already, the second phase hence operates only as safety net for everything that couldn\*(Aqt be stopped or released for some reason during the primary, unit\-based shutdown phase described above\&.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.PP
\fBsystemd\fR(1), \fBboot\fR(7), \fBsystemd.special\fR(7), \fBsystemd.target\fR(5), \fBsystemd-halt.service\fR(8), \fBsystemd-soft-reboot.service\fR(8)
.SH "NOTES"
.IP " 1." 4
GRUB
.RS 4
\%https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/
.RE
|
