1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
|
'\" et
.TH stdarg.h "0P" 2017 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
.\"
.SH PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
.\"
.SH NAME
stdarg.h
\(em handle variable argument list
.SH SYNOPSIS
.LP
.nf
#include <stdarg.h>
.P
void va_start(va_list \fIap\fP, \fIargN\fP);
void va_copy(va_list \fIdest\fP, va_list \fIsrc\fP);
\fItype\fP va_arg(va_list \fIap\fP, \fItype\fP);
void va_end(va_list \fIap\fP);
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the
ISO\ C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the
ISO\ C standard is unintentional. This volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017 defers to the ISO\ C standard.
.P
The
.IR <stdarg.h>
header shall contain a set of macros which allows portable functions
that accept variable argument lists to be written. Functions that have
variable argument lists (such as
\fIprintf\fR())
but do not use these macros are inherently non-portable, as different
systems use different argument-passing conventions.
.P
The
.IR <stdarg.h>
header shall define the
.BR va_list
type for variables used to traverse the list.
.P
The
\fIva_start\fR()
macro is invoked to initialize
.IR ap
to the beginning of the list before any calls to
\fIva_arg\fR().
.P
The
\fIva_copy\fR()
macro initializes
.IR dest
as a copy of
.IR src ,
as if the
\fIva_start\fR()
macro had been applied to
.IR dest
followed by the same sequence of uses of the
\fIva_arg\fR()
macro as had previously been used to reach the present state of
.IR src .
Neither the
\fIva_copy\fR()
nor
\fIva_start\fR()
macro shall be invoked to reinitialize
.IR dest
without an intervening invocation of the
\fIva_end\fR()
macro for the same
.IR dest .
.P
The object
.IR ap
may be passed as an argument to another function; if that function
invokes the
\fIva_arg\fR()
macro with parameter
.IR ap ,
the value of
.IR ap
in the calling function is unspecified and shall be passed to the
\fIva_end\fR()
macro prior to any further reference to
.IR ap .
The parameter
.IR argN
is the identifier of the rightmost parameter in the variable parameter
list in the function definition (the one just before the .\|.\|.). If
the parameter
.IR argN
is declared with the
.BR register
storage class, with a function type or array type, or with a type that
is not compatible with the type that results after application of the
default argument promotions, the behavior is undefined.
.P
The
\fIva_arg\fR()
macro shall return the next argument in the list pointed to by
.IR ap .
Each invocation of
\fIva_arg\fR()
modifies
.IR ap
so that the values of successive arguments are returned in turn. The
.IR type
parameter shall be a type name specified such that the type of a
pointer to an object that has the specified type can be obtained simply
by postfixing a
.BR '*'
to type. If there is no actual next argument, or if
.IR type
is not compatible with the type of the actual next argument (as
promoted according to the default argument promotions), the behavior is
undefined, except for the following cases:
.IP " *" 4
One type is a signed integer type, the other type is the corresponding
unsigned integer type, and the value is representable in both types.
.IP " *" 4
One type is a pointer to
.BR void
and the other is a pointer to a character type.
.IP " *" 4
Both types are pointers.
.P
Different types can be mixed, but it is up to the routine to
know what type of argument is expected.
.P
The
\fIva_end\fR()
macro is used to clean up; it invalidates
.IR ap
for use (unless
\fIva_start\fR()
or
\fIva_copy\fR()
is invoked again).
.P
Each invocation of the
\fIva_start\fR()
and
\fIva_copy\fR()
macros shall be matched by a corresponding invocation of the
\fIva_end\fR()
macro in the same function.
.P
Multiple traversals, each bracketed by
\fIva_start\fR()
\&.\|.\|.
\fIva_end\fR(),
are possible.
.LP
.IR "The following sections are informative."
.SH "EXAMPLES"
This example is a possible implementation of
\fIexecl\fR():
.sp
.RS 4
.nf
#include <stdarg.h>
.P
#define MAXARGS 31
.P
/*
* execl is called by
* execl(file, arg1, arg2, ..., (char *)(0));
*/
int execl(const char *file, const char *args, ...)
{
va_list ap;
char *array[MAXARGS +1];
int argno = 0;
.P
va_start(ap, args);
while (args != 0 && argno < MAXARGS)
{
array[argno++] = args;
args = va_arg(ap, const char *);
}
array[argno] = (char *) 0;
va_end(ap);
return execv(file, array);
}
.fi
.P
.RE
.SH "APPLICATION USAGE"
It is up to the calling routine to communicate to the called routine
how many arguments there are, since it is not always possible for the
called routine to determine this in any other way. For example,
\fIexecl\fR()
is passed a null pointer to signal the end of the list. The
\fIprintf\fR()
function can tell how many arguments are there by the
.IR format
argument.
.SH RATIONALE
None.
.SH "FUTURE DIRECTIONS"
None.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
.IR "\fIexec\fR\^",
.IR "\fIfprintf\fR\^(\|)"
.\"
.SH COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition,
Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.
In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
.PP
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear
in this page are most likely
to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to
man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
|
