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.\"***************************************************************************
.\" Copyright 2019-2023,2024 Thomas E. Dickey *
.\" Copyright 2001-2015,2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc. *
.\" *
.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a *
.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the *
.\" "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including *
.\" without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, *
.\" distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell *
.\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is *
.\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: *
.\" *
.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included *
.\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. *
.\" *
.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS *
.\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF *
.\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. *
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, *
.\" DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR *
.\" OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR *
.\" THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. *
.\" *
.\" Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright *
.\" holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the *
.\" sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written *
.\" authorization. *
.\"***************************************************************************
.\"
.\" $Id: curs_getcchar.3x,v 1.45 2024/03/16 15:35:01 tom Exp $
.TH curs_getcchar 3X 2024-03-16 "ncurses 6.4" "Library calls"
.de bP
.ie n .IP \(bu 4
.el .IP \(bu 2
..
.SH NAME
\fB\%getcchar\fP,
\fB\%setcchar\fP \-
convert between a wide-character string and a \fIcurses\fR complex character string
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
\fB#include <curses.h>
.PP
\fBint getcchar(
.B " const cchar_t *\fIwcval\fP,"
.B " wchar_t *\fIwch\fP,"
.B " attr_t *\fIattrs\fP,"
.B " short *\fIcolor_pair\fP,"
.B " void *\fIopts\fP );"
.PP
.B "int setcchar("
.B " cchar_t *\fIwcval\fP,"
.B " const wchar_t *\fIwch\fP,"
.B " const attr_t \fIattrs\fP,"
.B " short \fIcolor_pair\fP,"
.B " const void *\fIopts\fP );"
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS getcchar
The \fBgetcchar\fP function gets a wide-character string
and rendition from a \fBcchar_t\fP argument.
When \fIwch\fP is not a null pointer,
the \fBgetcchar\fP function does the following:
.bP
Extracts information from a \fBcchar_t\fP value \fIwcval\fP
.bP
Stores the character attributes in the location pointed to by \fIattrs\fP
.bP
Stores the color pair in the location pointed to by \fIcolor_pair\fP
.bP
Stores the wide-character string,
characters referenced by \fIwcval\fP, into the array pointed to by \fIwch\fP.
.PP
When
\fIwch\fP
is a null pointer, the
\fBgetcchar\fP
function does the following:
.bP
Obtains the number of wide characters pointed to by \fIwcval\fP
.bP
Does not change the data referenced by
\fIattrs\fP
or
\fIcolor_pair\fP
.SS setcchar
The \fBsetcchar\fP function initializes the location pointed to by \fIwcval\fP
by using:
.bP
The character attributes in
\fIattrs\fP
.bP
The color pair in
\fIcolor_pair\fP
.bP
The wide-character string pointed to by \fIwch\fP.
The string must be L'\e0' terminated,
contain at most one spacing character,
which must be the first.
.IP
Up to \fBCCHARW_MAX\fP\-1 non-spacing characters may follow.
Additional non-spacing characters are ignored.
.IP
The string may contain a single control character instead.
In that case, no non-spacing characters are allowed.
.SH RETURN VALUE
When \fIwch\fP is a null pointer,
\fBgetcchar\fP returns the number of wide characters referenced by
\fIwcval\fP,
including one for a trailing null.
.PP
When \fIwch\fP is not a null pointer,
\fBgetcchar\fP returns \fBOK\fP upon successful completion,
and \fBERR\fP otherwise.
.PP
Upon successful completion, \fBsetcchar\fP returns \fBOK\fP.
Otherwise, it returns \fBERR\fP.
.SH NOTES
The \fIwcval\fP argument may be a value generated by a call to
\fBsetcchar\fP or by a function that has a \fBcchar_t\fP output argument.
If \fIwcval\fP is constructed by any other means, the effect is unspecified.
.SH EXTENSIONS
X/Open Curses documents the \fIopts\fP argument as reserved for future use,
saying that it must be null.
This implementation
uses that parameter in ABI 6 for the functions which have a color pair
parameter to support extended color pairs:
.bP
For functions which modify the color, e.g., \fBsetcchar\fP,
if \fIopts\fP is set it is treated as a pointer to \fBint\fP,
and used to set the color pair instead of the \fBshort\fP pair parameter.
.bP
For functions which retrieve the color, e.g., \fBgetcchar\fP,
if \fIopts\fP is set it is treated as a pointer to \fBint\fP,
and used to retrieve the color pair as an \fBint\fP value,
in addition retrieving it via the standard pointer to \fBshort\fP parameter.
.SH PORTABILITY
The \fBCCHARW_MAX\fP symbol is specific to \fI\%ncurses\fP.
X/Open Curses does not provide details for the layout of the \fBcchar_t\fP
structure.
It tells what data are stored in it:
.bP
a spacing character (\fBwchar_t\fP, i.e., 32-bits).
.bP
non-spacing characters (again, \fBwchar_t\fP's).
.bP
attributes (at least 16 bits, inferred from the various ACS- and WACS-flags).
.bP
color pair (at least 16 bits, inferred from the \fBunsigned short\fP type).
.PP
The non-spacing characters are optional,
in the sense that zero or more may be stored in a \fBcchar_t\fP.
XOpen/Curses specifies a limit:
.RS 4
.PP
Implementations may limit the number of non-spacing characters that can be
associated with a spacing character, provided any limit is at least 5.
.RE
.PP
The Unix implementations at the time follow that limit:
.bP
AIX\ 4 and OSF1\ 4 use the same declaration with an array of 5 non-spacing
characters \fIz\fP and a single spacing character \fIc\fP.
.bP
HP-UX\ 10 uses an opaque structure with 28 bytes,
which is large enough for the 6 \fBwchar_t\fP values.
.bP
Solaris \fIxpg4\fP curses uses a single array of 6 \fBwchar_t\fP values.
.PP
This implementation's \fBcchar_t\fP was defined in 1995
using \fB5\fP for the total of spacing and non-spacing characters
(\fBCCHARW_MAX\fP).
That was probably due to a misreading of the AIX\ 4 header files,
because the X/Open Curses document was not generally available at that time.
Later (in 2002), this detail was overlooked when beginning to implement
the functions using the structure.
.PP
In practice, even four non-spacing characters may seem enough.
X/Open Curses documents possible uses for non-spacing characters,
including using them for ligatures between characters
(a feature apparently not supported by any curses implementation).
Unicode does not limit the (analogous) number of combining characters,
so some applications may be affected.
.SH SEE ALSO
\fB\%curses\fP(3X),
\fB\%curs_attr\fP(3X),
\fB\%curs_color\fP(3X),
\fB\%wcwidth\fP(3)
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