diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man/man1')
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/getent.1 | 387 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/iconv.1 | 204 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/intro.1 | 305 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/ldd.1 | 180 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/locale.1 | 208 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/localedef.1 | 415 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/memusage.1 | 262 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/memusagestat.1 | 73 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/mtrace.1 | 47 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/pldd.1 | 105 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/sprof.1 | 282 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | man/man1/time.1 | 329 |
12 files changed, 2797 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/man/man1/getent.1 b/man/man1/getent.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98032ea --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/getent.1 @@ -0,0 +1,387 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2011, Mark R. Bannister <cambridge@users.sourceforge.net> +.\" Copyright (c) 2015, Robin H. Johnson <robbat2@gentoo.org> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.\" +.TH getent 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +getent \- get entries from Name Service Switch libraries +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.B getent [\fIoption\fP]... \fIdatabase\fP \fIkey\fP... +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B getent +command displays entries from databases supported by the +Name Service Switch libraries, +which are configured in +.IR /etc/nsswitch.conf . +If one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, +then only the entries that match the supplied keys will be displayed. +Otherwise, if no +.I key +is provided, all entries will be displayed (unless the database does not +support enumeration). +.P +The +.I database +may be any of those supported by the GNU C Library, listed below: +.TP +.B ahosts +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR sethostent (3), +.BR gethostent (3), +and +.BR endhostent (3) +to enumerate the hosts database. +This is identical to using +.BR hosts (5). +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR getaddrinfo (3) +with the address family +.BR AF_UNSPEC , +enumerating each socket address structure returned. +.TP +.B ahostsv4 +Same as +.BR ahosts , +but use the address family +.BR AF_INET . +.TP +.B ahostsv6 +Same as +.BR ahosts , +but use the address family +.BR AF_INET6 . +The call to +.BR getaddrinfo (3) +in this case includes the +.B AI_V4MAPPED +flag. +.TP +.B aliases +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setaliasent (3), +.BR getaliasent (3), +and +.BR endaliasent (3) +to enumerate the aliases database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR getaliasbyname (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B ethers +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR ether_aton (3) +and +.BR ether_hostton (3) +until a result is obtained, and display the result. +Enumeration is not supported on +.BR ethers , +so a +.I key +must be provided. +.TP +.B group +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setgrent (3), +.BR getgrent (3), +and +.BR endgrent (3) +to enumerate the group database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getgrgid (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getgrnam (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B gshadow +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setsgent (3), +.BR getsgent (3), +and +.BR endsgent (3) +to enumerate the gshadow database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR getsgnam (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B hosts +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR sethostent (3), +.BR gethostent (3), +and +.BR endhostent (3) +to enumerate the hosts database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +to +.BR gethostbyaddr (3) +or +.BR gethostbyname2 (3), +depending on whether a call to +.BR inet_pton (3) +indicates that the +.I key +is an IPv6 or IPv4 address or not, and display the result. +.TP +.B initgroups +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR getgrouplist (3) +and display the result. +Enumeration is not supported on +.BR initgroups , +so a +.I key +must be provided. +.TP +.B netgroup +When one +.I key +is provided, pass the +.I key +to +.BR setnetgrent (3) +and, using +.BR getnetgrent (3) +display the resulting string triple +.RI ( hostname ", " username ", " domainname ). +Alternatively, three +.I keys +may be provided, which are interpreted as the +.IR hostname , +.IR username , +and +.I domainname +to match to a netgroup name via +.BR innetgr (3). +Enumeration is not supported on +.BR netgroup , +so either one or three +.I keys +must be provided. +.TP +.B networks +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setnetent (3), +.BR getnetent (3), +and +.BR endnetent (3) +to enumerate the networks database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getnetbyaddr (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getnetbyname (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B passwd +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setpwent (3), +.BR getpwent (3), +and +.BR endpwent (3) +to enumerate the passwd database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getpwuid (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getpwnam (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B protocols +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setprotoent (3), +.BR getprotoent (3), +and +.BR endprotoent (3) +to enumerate the protocols database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getprotobynumber (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getprotobyname (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B rpc +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setrpcent (3), +.BR getrpcent (3), +and +.BR endrpcent (3) +to enumerate the rpc database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getrpcbynumber (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getrpcbyname (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B services +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setservent (3), +.BR getservent (3), +and +.BR endservent (3) +to enumerate the services database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each numeric +.I key +to +.BR getservbynumber (3) +and each nonnumeric +.I key +to +.BR getservbyname (3) +and display the result. +.TP +.B shadow +When no +.I key +is provided, use +.BR setspent (3), +.BR getspent (3), +and +.BR endspent (3) +to enumerate the shadow database. +When one or more +.I key +arguments are provided, pass each +.I key +in succession to +.BR getspnam (3) +and display the result. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI \-\-service\~ service +.TQ +.BI \-s\~ service +.\" commit 9d0881aa76b399e6a025c5cf44bebe2ae0efa8af (glibc) +Override all databases with the specified service. +(Since glibc 2.2.5.) +.TP +.BI \-\-service\~ database : service +.TQ +.BI \-s\~ database : service +.\" commit b4f6f4be85d32b9c03361c38376e36f08100e3e8 (glibc) +Override only specified databases with the specified service. +The option may be used multiple times, +but only the last service for each database will be used. +(Since glibc 2.4.) +.TP +.B \-\-no\-idn +.TQ +.B \-i +.\" commit a160f8d808cf8020b13bd0ef4a9eaf3c11f964ad (glibc) +Disables IDN encoding in lookups for +.BR ahosts / getaddrinfo (3) +(Since glibc-2.13.) +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Print a usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Print a short usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Print the version number, license, and disclaimer of warranty for +.BR getent . +.SH EXIT STATUS +One of the following exit values can be returned by +.BR getent : +.TP +.B 0 +Command completed successfully. +.TP +.B 1 +Missing arguments, or +.I database +unknown. +.TP +.B 2 +One or more supplied +.I key +could not be found in the +.IR database . +.TP +.B 3 +Enumeration not supported on this +.IR database . +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR nsswitch.conf (5) diff --git a/man/man1/iconv.1 b/man/man1/iconv.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15c5471 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/iconv.1 @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Marko Myllynen <myllynen@redhat.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.\" +.TH iconv 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +iconv \- convert text from one character encoding to another +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B iconv +.RI [ options ] +.RI "[\-f " from-encoding "]" +.RI "[\-t " to-encoding "]" +.RI [ inputfile ]... +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B iconv +program reads in text in one encoding and outputs the text in another +encoding. +If no input files are given, or if it is given as a dash (\-), +.B iconv +reads from standard input. +If no output file is given, +.B iconv +writes to standard output. +.P +If no +.I from-encoding +is given, the default is derived +from the current locale's character encoding. +If no +.I to-encoding +is given, the default is derived +from the current locale's character +encoding. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI \-\-from\-code= from-encoding +.TQ +.BI \-f\~ from-encoding +Use +.I from-encoding +for input characters. +.TP +.BI \-\-to\-code= to-encoding +.TQ +.BI \-t\~ to-encoding +Use +.I to-encoding +for output characters. +.IP +If the string +.B //IGNORE +is appended to +.IR to-encoding , +characters that cannot be converted are discarded and an error is +printed after conversion. +.IP +If the string +.B //TRANSLIT +is appended to +.IR to-encoding , +characters being converted are transliterated when needed and possible. +This means that when a character cannot be represented in the target +character set, it can be approximated through one or several similar +looking characters. +Characters that are outside of the target character set and cannot be +transliterated are replaced with a question mark (?) in the output. +.TP +.B \-\-list +.TQ +.B \-l +List all known character set encodings. +.TP +.B \-c +Silently discard characters that cannot be converted instead of +terminating when encountering such characters. +.TP +.BI \-\-output= outputfile +.TQ +.BI \-o\~ outputfile +Use +.I outputfile +for output. +.TP +.B \-\-silent +.TQ +.B \-s +This option is ignored; it is provided only for compatibility. +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +Print progress information on standard error when processing +multiple files. +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Print a usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Print a short usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Print the version number, license, and disclaimer of warranty for +.BR iconv . +.SH EXIT STATUS +Zero on success, nonzero on errors. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +Internally, the +.B iconv +program uses the +.BR iconv (3) +function which in turn uses +.I gconv +modules (dynamically loaded shared libraries) +to convert to and from a character set. +Before calling +.BR iconv (3), +the +.B iconv +program must first allocate a conversion descriptor using +.BR iconv_open (3). +The operation of the latter function is influenced by the setting of the +.B GCONV_PATH +environment variable: +.IP \[bu] 3 +If +.B GCONV_PATH +is not set, +.BR iconv_open (3) +loads the system gconv module configuration cache file created by +.BR iconvconfig (8) +and then, based on the configuration, +loads the gconv modules needed to perform the conversion. +If the system gconv module configuration cache file is not available +then the system gconv module configuration file is used. +.IP \[bu] +If +.B GCONV_PATH +is defined (as a colon-separated list of pathnames), +the system gconv module configuration cache is not used. +Instead, +.BR iconv_open (3) +first tries to load the configuration files by searching the directories in +.B GCONV_PATH +in order, +followed by the system default gconv module configuration file. +If a directory does not contain a gconv module configuration file, +any gconv modules that it may contain are ignored. +If a directory contains a gconv module configuration file +and it is determined that a module needed for this conversion is +available in the directory, +then the needed module is loaded from that directory, +the order being such that the first suitable module found in +.B GCONV_PATH +is used. +This allows users to use custom modules and even replace system-provided +modules by providing such modules in +.B GCONV_PATH +directories. +.SH FILES +.TP +.I /usr/lib/gconv +Usual default gconv module path. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/gconv/gconv\-modules +Usual system default gconv module configuration file. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/gconv/gconv\-modules.cache +Usual system gconv module configuration cache. +.P +Depending on the architecture, +the above files may instead be located at directories with the path prefix +.IR /usr/lib64 . +.SH STANDARDS +POSIX.1-2008. +.SH HISTORY +POSIX.1-2001. +.SH EXAMPLES +Convert text from the ISO/IEC\~8859-15 character encoding to UTF-8: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBiconv \-f ISO\-8859\-15 \-t UTF\-8 < input.txt > output.txt\fP +.EE +.in +.P +The next example converts from UTF-8 to ASCII, transliterating when +possible: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBecho abc ß α € àḃç | iconv \-f UTF\-8 \-t ASCII//TRANSLIT\fP +abc ss ? EUR abc +.EE +.in +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR locale (1), +.BR uconv (1), +.BR iconv (3), +.BR nl_langinfo (3), +.BR charsets (7), +.BR iconvconfig (8) diff --git a/man/man1/intro.1 b/man/man1/intro.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f5502a --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/intro.1 @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.\" +.TH intro 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +intro \- introduction to user commands +.SH DESCRIPTION +Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, +for example, file manipulation tools, shells, compilers, +web browsers, file and image viewers and editors, and so on. +.SH NOTES +Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation +all user commands under UNIX work precisely the same under +Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of other UNIX-like systems). +.P +Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you +can point and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without +first reading lots of documentation. +The traditional UNIX environment +is a CLI (command line interface), where you type commands to +tell the computer what to do. +That is faster and more powerful, +but requires finding out what the commands are. +Below a bare minimum, to get started. +.SS Login +In order to start working, you probably first have to open a session by +giving your username and password. +The program +.BR login (1) +now starts a +.I shell +(command interpreter) for you. +In case of a graphical login, you get a screen with menus or icons +and a mouse click will start a shell in a window. +See also +.BR xterm (1). +.SS The shell +One types commands to the +.IR shell , +the command interpreter. +It is not built-in, but is just a program +and you can change your shell. +Everybody has their own favorite one. +The standard one is called +.IR sh . +See also +.BR ash (1), +.BR bash (1), +.BR chsh (1), +.BR csh (1), +.BR dash (1), +.BR ksh (1), +.BR zsh (1). +.P +A session might go like: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +.RB "knuth login: " aeb +.RB "Password: " ******** +.RB "$ " date +Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002 +.RB "$ " cal + August 2002 +Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa + 1 2 3 + 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +11 12 13 14 15 16 17 +18 19 20 21 22 23 24 +25 26 27 28 29 30 31 +\& +.RB "$ " ls +bin tel +.RB "$ " "ls \-l" +total 2 +drwxrwxr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +\-rw\-rw\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel +.RB "$ " "cat tel" +maja 0501\-1136285 +peter 0136\-7399214 +.RB "$ " "cp tel tel2" +.RB "$ " "ls \-l" +total 3 +drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel +\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 +.RB "$ " "mv tel tel1" +.RB "$ " "ls \-l" +total 3 +drwxr\-xr\-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin +\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1 +\-rw\-r\-\-r\-\- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2 +.RB "$ " "diff tel1 tel2" +.RB "$ " "rm tel1" +.RB "$ " "grep maja tel2" +maja 0501\-1136285 +$ +.EE +.in +.P +Here typing Control-D ended the session. +.P +The +.B $ +here was the command prompt\[em]it is the shell's way of indicating +that it is ready for the next command. +The prompt can be customized +in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, +machine name, current directory, time, and so on. +An assignment PS1="What next, master? " +would change the prompt as indicated. +.P +We see that there are commands +.I date +(that gives date and time), and +.I cal +(that gives a calendar). +.P +The command +.I ls +lists the contents of the current directory\[em]it tells you what +files you have. +With a +.I \-l +option it gives a long listing, +that includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the +permissions people have for reading and/or changing the file. +For example, the file "tel" here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb +and the owner can read and write it, others can only read it. +Owner and permissions can be changed by the commands +.I chown +and +.IR chmod . +.P +The command +.I cat +will show the contents of a file. +(The name is from "concatenate and print": all files given as +parameters are concatenated and sent to "standard output" +(see +.BR stdout (3)), +here +the terminal screen.) +.P +The command +.I cp +(from "copy") will copy a file. +.P +The command +.I mv +(from "move"), on the other hand, only renames it. +.P +The command +.I diff +lists the differences between two files. +Here there was no output because there were no differences. +.P +The command +.I rm +(from "remove") deletes the file, and be careful! it is gone. +No wastepaper basket or anything. +Deleted means lost. +.P +The command +.I grep +(from "g/re/p") finds occurrences of a string in one or more files. +Here it finds Maja's telephone number. +.SS Pathnames and the current directory +Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. +Each has a +.I "pathname" +describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called +.IR / ) +to the file. +For example, such a full pathname might be +.IR /home/aeb/tel . +Always using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name +of a file in the current directory may be abbreviated by giving +only the last component. +That is why +.I /home/aeb/tel +can be abbreviated +to +.I tel +when the current directory is +.IR /home/aeb . +.P +The command +.I pwd +prints the current directory. +.P +The command +.I cd +changes the current directory. +.P +Try alternatively +.I cd +and +.I pwd +commands and explore +.I cd +usage: "cd", "cd .", "cd ..", "cd /", and "cd \[ti]". +.SS Directories +The command +.I mkdir +makes a new directory. +.P +The command +.I rmdir +removes a directory if it is empty, and complains otherwise. +.P +The command +.I find +(with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with given name +or other properties. +For example, "find . \-name tel" would find +the file +.I tel +starting in the present directory (which is called +.IR . ). +And "find / \-name tel" would do the same, but starting at the root +of the tree. +Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, +and it may be better to use +.BR locate (1). +.SS Disks and filesystems +The command +.I mount +will attach the filesystem found on some disk (or floppy, or CDROM or so) +to the big filesystem hierarchy. +And +.I umount +detaches it again. +The command +.I df +will tell you how much of your disk is still free. +.SS Processes +On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously. +The one you are talking to runs in the +.IR foreground , +the others in the +.IR background . +The command +.I ps +will show you which processes are active and what numbers these +processes have. +The command +.I kill +allows you to get rid of them. +Without option this is a friendly +request: please go away. +And "kill \-9" followed by the number +of the process is an immediate kill. +Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C. +.SS Getting information +There are thousands of commands, each with many options. +Traditionally commands are documented on +.IR "man pages" , +(like this one), so that the command "man kill" will document +the use of the command "kill" (and "man man" document the command "man"). +The program +.I man +sends the text through some +.IR pager , +usually +.IR less . +Hit the space bar to get the next page, hit q to quit. +.P +In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages +by giving the name and section number, as in +.BR man (1). +Man pages are terse, and allow you to find quickly some forgotten +detail. +For newcomers an introductory text with more examples +and explanations is useful. +.P +A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. +Type "info info" +for an introduction on the use of the program +.IR info . +.P +Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. +Look in +.I /usr/share/doc/howto/en +and use a browser if you find HTML files there. +.\" +.\" Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? +.\" gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ash (1), +.BR bash (1), +.BR chsh (1), +.BR csh (1), +.BR dash (1), +.BR ksh (1), +.BR locate (1), +.BR login (1), +.BR man (1), +.BR xterm (1), +.BR zsh (1), +.BR wait (2), +.BR stdout (3), +.BR man\-pages (7), +.BR standards (7) diff --git a/man/man1/ldd.1 b/man/man1/ldd.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8f97777 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/ldd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +.\" Copyright 1995-2000 David Engel (david@ods.com) +.\" Copyright 1995 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) +.\" Copyright 2000 Ben Collins (bcollins@debian.org) +.\" Redone for glibc 2.2 +.\" Copyright 2000 Jakub Jelinek (jakub@redhat.com) +.\" Corrected. +.\" and Copyright (C) 2012, 2016, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0-or-later +.\" +.TH ldd 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +ldd \- print shared object dependencies +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR ldd " [\fIoption\fP]... \fIfile\fP..." +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ldd +prints the shared objects (shared libraries) required by each program or +shared object specified on the command line. +An example of its use and output +is the following: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBldd /bin/ls\fP + linux\-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffcc3563000) + libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f87e5459000) + libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00007f87e5254000) + libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f87e4e92000) + libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f87e4c22000) + libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f87e4a1e000) + /lib64/ld\-linux\-x86\-64.so.2 (0x00005574bf12e000) + libattr.so.1 => /lib64/libattr.so.1 (0x00007f87e4817000) + libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f87e45fa000) +.EE +.in +.P +In the usual case, +.B ldd +invokes the standard dynamic linker (see +.BR ld.so (8)) +with the +.B LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS +environment variable set to 1. +This causes the dynamic linker to inspect the program's dynamic dependencies, +and find (according to the rules described in +.BR ld.so (8)) +and load the objects that satisfy those dependencies. +For each dependency, +.B ldd +displays the location of the matching object +and the (hexadecimal) address at which it is loaded. +(The +.I linux\-vdso +and +.I ld\-linux +shared dependencies are special; see +.BR vdso (7) +and +.BR ld.so (8).) +.\" +.SS Security +Be aware that in some circumstances +(e.g., where the program specifies an ELF interpreter other than +.IR ld\-linux.so ), +.\" The circumstances are where the program has an interpreter +.\" other than ld-linux.so. In this case, ldd tries to execute the +.\" program directly with LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS=1, with the +.\" result that the program interpreter gets control, and can do +.\" what it likes, or pass control to the program itself. +.\" Much more detail at +.\" http://www.catonmat.net/blog/ldd-arbitrary-code-execution/ +some versions of +.B ldd +may attempt to obtain the dependency information +by attempting to directly execute the program, +which may lead to the execution of whatever code is defined +in the program's ELF interpreter, +and perhaps to execution of the program itself. +.\" Mainline glibc's ldd allows this possibility (the line +.\" try_trace "$file" +.\" in glibc 2.15, for example), but many distro versions of +.\" ldd seem to remove that code path from the script. +(Before glibc 2.27, +.\" glibc commit eedca9772e99c72ab4c3c34e43cc764250aa3e3c +the upstream +.B ldd +implementation did this for example, +although most distributions provided a modified version that did not.) +.P +Thus, you should +.I never +employ +.B ldd +on an untrusted executable, +since this may result in the execution of arbitrary code. +A safer alternative when dealing with untrusted executables is: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBobjdump \-p /path/to/program | grep NEEDED\fP +.EE +.in +.P +Note, however, that this alternative shows only the direct dependencies +of the executable, while +.B ldd +shows the entire dependency tree of the executable. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-\-version +Print the version number of +.BR ldd . +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +.TQ +.B \-v +Print all information, including, for example, +symbol versioning information. +.TP +.B \-\-unused +.TQ +.B \-u +Print unused direct dependencies. +(Since glibc 2.3.4.) +.TP +.B \-\-data\-relocs +.TQ +.B \-d +Perform relocations and report any missing objects (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-\-function\-relocs +.TQ +.B \-r +Perform relocations for both data objects and functions, and +report any missing objects or functions (ELF only). +.TP +.B \-\-help +Usage information. +.\" .SH NOTES +.\" The standard version of +.\" .B ldd +.\" comes with glibc2. +.\" Libc5 came with an older version, still present +.\" on some systems. +.\" The long options are not supported by the libc5 version. +.\" On the other hand, the glibc2 version does not support +.\" .B \-V +.\" and only has the equivalent +.\" .BR \-\-version . +.\" .P +.\" The libc5 version of this program will use the name of a library given +.\" on the command line as-is when it contains a \[aq]/\[aq]; otherwise it +.\" searches for the library in the standard locations. +.\" To run it +.\" on a shared library in the current directory, prefix the name with "./". +.SH BUGS +.B ldd +does not work on a.out shared libraries. +.P +.B ldd +does not work with some extremely old a.out programs which were +built before +.B ldd +support was added to the compiler releases. +If you use +.B ldd +on one of these programs, the program will attempt to run with +.I argc += 0 and the results will be unpredictable. +.\" .SH AUTHOR +.\" David Engel. +.\" Roland McGrath and Ulrich Drepper. +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR pldd (1), +.BR sprof (1), +.BR ld.so (8), +.BR ldconfig (8) diff --git a/man/man1/locale.1 b/man/man1/locale.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..debe7ce --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/locale.1 @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.\" +.TH locale 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +locale \- get locale-specific information +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR locale " [\fIoption\fP]" +.BR locale " [\fIoption\fP] " \-a +.BR locale " [\fIoption\fP] " \-m +.BR locale " [\fIoption\fP] \fIname\fP..." +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B locale +command displays information about the current locale, or all locales, +on standard output. +.P +When invoked without arguments, +.B locale +displays the current locale settings for each locale category (see +.BR locale (5)), +based on the settings of the environment variables that control the locale +(see +.BR locale (7)). +Values for variables set in the environment are printed without double +quotes, implied values are printed with double quotes. +.P +If either the +.B \-a +or the +.B \-m +option (or one of their long-format equivalents) is specified, +the behavior is as follows: +.TP +.B \-\-all\-locales +.TQ +.B \-a +Display a list of all available locales. +The +.B \-v +option causes the +.B LC_IDENTIFICATION +metadata about each locale to be included in the output. +.TP +.B \-\-charmaps +.TQ +.B \-m +Display the available charmaps (character set description files). +To display the current character set for the locale, use +\fBlocale \-c charmap\fR. +.P +The +.B locale +command can also be provided with one or more arguments, +which are the names of locale keywords (for example, +.IR date_fmt , +.IR ctype\-class\-names , +.IR yesexpr , +or +.IR decimal_point ) +or locale categories (for example, +.B LC_CTYPE +or +.BR LC_TIME ). +For each argument, the following is displayed: +.IP \[bu] 3 +For a locale keyword, the value of that keyword to be displayed. +.IP \[bu] +For a locale category, +the values of all keywords in that category are displayed. +.P +When arguments are supplied, the following options are meaningful: +.TP +.B \-\-category\-name +.TQ +.B \-c +For a category name argument, +write the name of the locale category +on a separate line preceding the list of keyword values for that category. +.IP +For a keyword name argument, +write the name of the locale category for this keyword +on a separate line preceding the keyword value. +.IP +This option improves readability when multiple name arguments are specified. +It can be combined with the +.B \-k +option. +.TP +.B \-\-keyword\-name +.TQ +.B \-k +For each keyword whose value is being displayed, +include also the name of that keyword, +so that the output has the format: +.IP +.in +4n +.EX +.IR keyword =\[dq] value \[dq] +.EE +.in +.P +The +.B locale +command also knows about the following options: +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +.TQ +.B \-v +Display additional information for some command-line option and argument +combinations. +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Display a summary of command-line options and arguments and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Display a short usage message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Display the program version and exit. +.SH FILES +.TP +.I /usr/lib/locale/locale\-archive +Usual default locale archive location. +.TP +.I /usr/share/i18n/locales +Usual default path for locale definition files. +.SH STANDARDS +POSIX.1-2008. +.SH HISTORY +POSIX.1-2001. +.SH EXAMPLES +.EX +$ \fBlocale\fP +LANG=en_US.UTF\-8 +LC_CTYPE="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_NUMERIC="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_TIME="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_COLLATE="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_MONETARY="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_MESSAGES="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_PAPER="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_NAME="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_ADDRESS="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_TELEPHONE="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_MEASUREMENT="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_IDENTIFICATION="en_US.UTF\-8" +LC_ALL= +.P +$ \fBlocale date_fmt\fP +%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y +.P +$ \fBlocale \-k date_fmt\fP +date_fmt="%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" +.P +$ \fBlocale \-ck date_fmt\fP +LC_TIME +date_fmt="%a %b %e %H:%M:%S %Z %Y" +.P +$ \fBlocale LC_TELEPHONE\fP ++%c (%a) %l +(%a) %l +11 +1 +UTF\-8 +.P +$ \fBlocale \-k LC_TELEPHONE\fP +tel_int_fmt="+%c (%a) %l" +tel_dom_fmt="(%a) %l" +int_select="11" +int_prefix="1" +telephone\-codeset="UTF\-8" +.EE +.P +The following example compiles a custom locale from the +.I ./wrk +directory with the +.BR localedef (1) +utility under the +.I $HOME/.locale +directory, then tests the result with the +.BR date (1) +command, and then sets the environment variables +.B LOCPATH +and +.B LANG +in the shell profile file so that the custom locale will be used in the +subsequent user sessions: +.P +.EX +$ \fBmkdir \-p $HOME/.locale\fP +$ \fBI18NPATH=./wrk/ localedef \-f UTF\-8 \-i fi_SE $HOME/.locale/fi_SE.UTF\-8\fP +$ \fBLOCPATH=$HOME/.locale LC_ALL=fi_SE.UTF\-8 date\fP +$ \fBecho "export LOCPATH=\e$HOME/.locale" >> $HOME/.bashrc\fP +$ \fBecho "export LANG=fi_SE.UTF\-8" >> $HOME/.bashrc\fP +.EE +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR localedef (1), +.BR charmap (5), +.BR locale (5), +.BR locale (7) diff --git a/man/man1/localedef.1 b/man/man1/localedef.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f050592 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/localedef.1 @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2001 Richard Braakman +.\" Copyright (C) 2004 Alastair McKinstry +.\" Copyright (C) 2005 Lars Wirzenius +.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Marko Myllynen +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.\" +.\" This manual page was initially written by Richard Braakman +.\" on behalf of the Debian GNU/Linux Project and anyone else +.\" who wants it. It was amended by Alastair McKinstry to +.\" explain new ISO/IEC 14652 elements, and amended further by +.\" Lars Wirzenius to document new functionality (as of GNU +.\" C library 2.3.5). +.\" +.TH localedef 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +localedef \- compile locale definition files +.SH SYNOPSIS +.SY localedef +.RI [ options ] +.I outputpath +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-add\-to\-archive +.RI [ options ] +.I compiledpath +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-delete\-from\-archive +.RI [ options ] +.IR localename " ..." +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-list\-archive +.RI [ options ] +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-help +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-usage +.YS +.SY localedef +.B \-\-version +.YS +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B localedef +program reads the indicated +.I charmap +and +.I input +files, +compiles them to a binary form quickly usable by the +locale functions in the C library +.RB ( setlocale (3), +.BR localeconv (3), +etc.), +and places the output in +.IR outputpath . +.P +The +.I outputpath +argument is interpreted as follows: +.IP \[bu] 3 +If +.I outputpath +contains a slash character ('/'), +it is interpreted as the name of the +directory where the output definitions are to be stored. +In this case, +there is a separate output file for each locale category +.RI ( LC_TIME , +.IR LC_NUMERIC , +and so on). +.IP \[bu] +If the +.B \-\-no\-archive +option is used, +.I outputpath +is the name of a subdirectory in +.I /usr/lib/locale +where per-category compiled files are placed. +.IP \[bu] +Otherwise, +.I outputpath +is the name of a locale and the compiled locale data is added to the +archive file +.IR /usr/lib/locale/locale\-archive . +A locale archive is a memory-mapped file which contains all the +system-provided locales; +it is used by all localized programs when the environment variable +.B LOCPATH +is not set. +.P +In any case, +.B localedef +aborts if the directory in which it tries to write locale files has +not already been created. +.P +If no +.I charmapfile +is given, +the value +.I ANSI_X3.4\-1968 +(for ASCII) is used by default. +If no +.I inputfile +is given, +or if it is given as a dash +(\-), +.B localedef +reads from standard input. +.SH OPTIONS +.SS Operation-selection options +A few options direct +.B localedef +to do something other than compile locale definitions. +Only one of these options should be used at a time. +.TP +.B \-\-add\-to\-archive +Add the +.I compiledpath +directories to the locale archive file. +The directories should have been created by previous runs of +.BR localedef , +using +.BR \-\-no\-archive . +.TP +.B \-\-delete\-from\-archive +Delete the named locales from the locale archive file. +.TP +.B \-\-list\-archive +List the locales contained in the locale archive file. +.SS Other options +Some of the following options are sensible only for certain operations; +generally, +it should be self-evident which ones. +Notice that +.B \-f +and +.B \-c +are reversed from what you might expect; +that is, +.B \-f +is not the same as +.BR \-\-force . +.TP +.BI \-f " charmapfile" "\fR, \fP\-\-charmap=" charmapfile +Specify the file that defines the character set +that is used by the input file. +If +.I charmapfile +contains a slash character ('/'), +it is interpreted as the name of the character map. +Otherwise, +the file is sought in the current directory +and the default directory for character maps. +If the environment variable +.B I18NPATH +is set, +.I $I18NPATH/charmaps/ +and +.I $I18NPATH/ +are also searched after the current directory. +The default directory for character maps is printed by +.BR "localedef \-\-help" . +.TP +.BI \-i " inputfile" "\fR, \fP\-\-inputfile=" inputfile +Specify the locale definition file to compile. +The file is sought in the current directory +and the default directory for locale definition files. +If the environment variable +.B I18NPATH +is set, +.I $I18NPATH/locales/ +and +.I $I18NPATH +are also searched after the current directory. +The default directory for locale definition files is printed by +.BR "localedef \-\-help" . +.TP +.BI \-u " repertoirefile" "\fR, \fP\-\-repertoire\-map=" repertoirefile +Read mappings from symbolic names to Unicode code points from +.IR repertoirefile . +If +.I repertoirefile +contains a slash character ('/'), +it is interpreted as the pathname of the repertoire map. +Otherwise, +the file is sought in the current directory +and the default directory for repertoire maps. +If the environment variable +.B I18NPATH +is set, +.I $I18NPATH/repertoiremaps/ +and +.I $I18NPATH +are also searched after the current directory. +The default directory for repertoire maps is printed by +.BR "localedef \-\-help" . +.TP +.BI \-A " aliasfile" "\fR, \fP\-\-alias\-file=" aliasfile +Use +.I aliasfile +to look up aliases for locale names. +There is no default aliases file. +.TP +.B \-\-force +.TQ +.B \-c +Write the output files even if warnings were generated about the input +file. +.TP +.B \-\-verbose +.TQ +.B \-v +Generate extra warnings about errors that are normally ignored. +.TP +.B \-\-big\-endian +Generate big-endian output. +.TP +.B \-\-little\-endian +Generate little-endian output. +.TP +.B \-\-no\-archive +Do not use the locale archive file, +instead create +.I outputpath +as a subdirectory in the same directory as the locale archive file, +and create separate output files for locale categories in it. +This is helpful to prevent system locale archive updates from overwriting +custom locales created with +.BR localedef . +.TP +.B \-\-no\-hard\-links +Do not create hard links between installed locales. +.TP +.BI \-\-no\-warnings= warnings +Comma-separated list of warnings to disable. +Supported warnings are +.I ascii +and +.IR intcurrsym . +.TP +.B \-\-posix +Conform strictly to POSIX. +Implies +.BR \-\-verbose . +This option currently has no other effect. +POSIX conformance is assumed if the environment variable +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +is set. +.TP +.BI \-\-prefix= pathname +Set the prefix to be prepended to the full archive pathname. +By default, +the prefix is empty. +Setting the prefix to +.IR foo , +the archive would be placed in +.IR foo/usr/lib/locale/locale\-archive . +.TP +.B \-\-quiet +Suppress all notifications and warnings, +and report only fatal errors. +.TP +.B \-\-replace +Replace a locale in the locale archive file. +Without this option, +if the locale is in the archive file already, +an error occurs. +.TP +.BI \-\-warnings= warnings +Comma-separated list of warnings to enable. +Supported warnings are +.I ascii +and +.IR intcurrsym . +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Print a usage summary and exit. +Also prints the default paths used by +.BR localedef . +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Print a short usage summary and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Print the version number, +license, +and disclaimer of warranty for +.BR localedef . +.SH EXIT STATUS +One of the following exit values can be returned by +.BR localedef : +.TP +.B 0 +Command completed successfully. +.TP +.B 1 +Warnings or errors occurred, +output files were written. +.TP +.B 4 +Errors encountered, +no output created. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +.TP +.B POSIXLY_CORRECT +The +.B \-\-posix +flag is assumed if this environment variable is set. +.TP +.B I18NPATH +A colon-separated list of search directories for files. +.SH FILES +.TP +.I /usr/share/i18n/charmaps +Usual default character map path. +.TP +.I /usr/share/i18n/locales +Usual default path for locale definition files. +.TP +.I /usr/share/i18n/repertoiremaps +Usual default repertoire map path. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/locale/locale\-archive +Usual default locale archive location. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/locale +Usual default path for compiled individual locale data files. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_ADDRESS +An output file that contains information about formatting of +addresses and geography-related items. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_COLLATE +An output file that contains information about the rules for comparing +strings. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_CTYPE +An output file that contains information about character classes. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_IDENTIFICATION +An output file that contains metadata about the locale. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_MEASUREMENT +An output file that contains information about locale measurements +(metric versus US customary). +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_MESSAGES/SYS_LC_MESSAGES +An output file that contains information about the language messages +should be printed in, +and what an affirmative or negative answer looks like. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_MONETARY +An output file that contains information about formatting of monetary +values. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_NAME +An output file that contains information about salutations for persons. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_NUMERIC +An output file that contains information about formatting of nonmonetary +numeric values. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_PAPER +An output file that contains information about settings related to +standard paper size. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_TELEPHONE +An output file that contains information about formats to be used with +telephone services. +.TP +.I outputpath/LC_TIME +An output file that contains information about formatting of data and +time values. +.SH STANDARDS +POSIX.1-2008. +.SH EXAMPLES +Compile the locale files for Finnish in the UTF\-8 character set +and add it to the default locale archive with the name +.BR fi_FI.UTF\-8 : +.P +.in +4n +.EX +localedef \-f UTF\-8 \-i fi_FI fi_FI.UTF\-8 +.EE +.in +.P +The next example does the same thing, +but generates files into the +.I fi_FI.UTF\-8 +directory which can then be used by programs when the environment +variable +.B LOCPATH +is set to the current directory (note that the last argument must +contain a slash): +.P +.in +4n +.EX +localedef \-f UTF\-8 \-i fi_FI ./fi_FI.UTF\-8 +.EE +.in +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR locale (1), +.BR charmap (5), +.BR locale (5), +.BR repertoiremap (5), +.BR locale (7) diff --git a/man/man1/memusage.1 b/man/man1/memusage.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9f38bf6 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/memusage.1 @@ -0,0 +1,262 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2013, Peter Schiffer <pschiffe@redhat.com> +.\" and Copyright (C) 2014, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.TH memusage 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +memusage \- profile memory usage of a program +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR memusage " [\fIoption\fR]... \fIprogram\fR [\fIprogramoption\fR]..." +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B memusage +is a bash script which profiles memory usage of the program, +.IR program . +It preloads the +.B libmemusage.so +library into the caller's environment (via the +.B LD_PRELOAD +environment variable; see +.BR ld.so (8)). +The +.B libmemusage.so +library traces memory allocation by intercepting calls to +.BR malloc (3), +.BR calloc (3), +.BR free (3), +and +.BR realloc (3); +optionally, calls to +.BR mmap (2), +.BR mremap (2), +and +.BR munmap (2) +can also be intercepted. +.P +.B memusage +can output the collected data in textual form, or it can use +.BR memusagestat (1) +(see the +.B \-p +option, below) +to create a PNG file containing graphical representation +of the collected data. +.SS Memory usage summary +The "Memory usage summary" line output by +.B memusage +contains three fields: +.RS 4 +.TP +\fBheap total\fR +Sum of \fIsize\fR arguments of all +.BR malloc (3) +calls, +products of arguments (\fInmemb\fR*\fIsize\fR) of all +.BR calloc (3) +calls, +and sum of \fIlength\fR arguments of all +.BR mmap (2) +calls. +In the case of +.BR realloc (3) +and +.BR mremap (2), +if the new size of an allocation is larger than the previous size, +the sum of all such differences (new size minus old size) is added. +.TP +.B "heap peak" +Maximum of all \fIsize\fR arguments of +.BR malloc (3), +all products of \fInmemb\fR*\fIsize\fR of +.BR calloc (3), +all \fIsize\fR arguments of +.BR realloc (3), +.I length +arguments of +.BR mmap (2), +and +\fInew_size\fR arguments of +.BR mremap (2). +.TP +.B "stack peak" +Before the first call to any monitored function, +the stack pointer address (base stack pointer) is saved. +After each function call, the actual stack pointer address is read and +the difference from the base stack pointer computed. +The maximum of these differences is then the stack peak. +.RE +.P +Immediately following this summary line, a table shows the number calls, +total memory allocated or deallocated, +and number of failed calls for each intercepted function. +For +.BR realloc (3) +and +.BR mremap (2), +the additional field "nomove" shows reallocations that +changed the address of a block, +and the additional "dec" field shows reallocations that +decreased the size of the block. +For +.BR realloc (3), +the additional field "free" shows reallocations that +caused a block to be freed (i.e., the reallocated size was 0). +.P +The "realloc/total memory" of the table output by +.B memusage +does not reflect cases where +.BR realloc (3) +is used to reallocate a block of memory +to have a smaller size than previously. +This can cause sum of all "total memory" cells (excluding "free") +to be larger than the "free/total memory" cell. +.SS Histogram for block sizes +The "Histogram for block sizes" provides a breakdown of memory +allocations into various bucket sizes. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI \-n\ name \fR,\ \fB\-\-progname= name +Name of the program file to profile. +.TP +.BI \-p\ file \fR,\ \fB\-\-png= file +Generate PNG graphic and store it in +.IR file . +.TP +.BI \-d\ file \fR,\ \fB\-\-data= file +Generate binary data file and store it in +.IR file . +.TP +.B \-u\fR,\ \fB\-\-unbuffered +Do not buffer output. +.TP +.BI \-b\ size \fR,\ \fB\-\-buffer= size +Collect +.I size +entries before writing them out. +.TP +.B \-\-no\-timer +Disable timer-based +.RB ( SIGPROF ) +sampling of stack pointer value. +.TP +.B \-m\fR,\ \fB\-\-mmap +Also trace +.BR mmap (2), +.BR mremap (2), +and +.BR munmap (2). +.TP +.B \-?\fR,\ \fB\-\-help +Print help and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Print a short usage message and exit. +.TP +.B \-V\fR,\ \fB\-\-version +Print version information and exit. +.TP +The following options apply only when generating graphical output: +.TP +.B \-t\fR,\ \fB\-\-time\-based +Use time (rather than number of function calls) as the scale for the X axis. +.TP +.B \-T\fR,\ \fB\-\-total +Also draw a graph of total memory use. +.TP +.BI \fB\-\-title= name +Use +.I name +as the title of the graph. +.TP +.BI \-x\ size \fR,\ \fB\-\-x\-size= size +Make the graph +.I size +pixels wide. +.TP +.BI \-y\ size \fR,\ \fB\-\-y\-size= size +Make the graph +.I size +pixels high. +.SH EXIT STATUS +The exit status of +.B memusage +is equal to the exit status of the profiled program. +.SH BUGS +To report bugs, see +.UR http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/bugs.html +.UE +.SH EXAMPLES +Below is a simple program that reallocates a block of +memory in cycles that rise to a peak before then cyclically +reallocating the memory in smaller blocks that return to zero. +After compiling the program and running the following commands, +a graph of the memory usage of the program can be found in the file +.IR memusage.png : +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBmemusage \-\-data=memusage.dat ./a.out\fP +\&... +Memory usage summary: heap total: 45200, heap peak: 6440, stack peak: 224 + total calls total memory failed calls + malloc| 1 400 0 +realloc| 40 44800 0 (nomove:40, dec:19, free:0) + calloc| 0 0 0 + free| 1 440 +Histogram for block sizes: + 192\-207 1 2% ================ +\&... + 2192\-2207 1 2% ================ + 2240\-2255 2 4% ================================= + 2832\-2847 2 4% ================================= + 3440\-3455 2 4% ================================= + 4032\-4047 2 4% ================================= + 4640\-4655 2 4% ================================= + 5232\-5247 2 4% ================================= + 5840\-5855 2 4% ================================= + 6432\-6447 1 2% ================ +$ \fBmemusagestat memusage.dat memusage.png\fP +.EE +.in +.SS Program source +.EX +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +\& +#define CYCLES 20 +\& +int +main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + int i, j; + size_t size; + int *p; +\& + size = sizeof(*p) * 100; + printf("malloc: %zu\en", size); + p = malloc(size); +\& + for (i = 0; i < CYCLES; i++) { + if (i < CYCLES / 2) + j = i; + else + j\-\-; +\& + size = sizeof(*p) * (j * 50 + 110); + printf("realloc: %zu\en", size); + p = realloc(p, size); +\& + size = sizeof(*p) * ((j + 1) * 150 + 110); + printf("realloc: %zu\en", size); + p = realloc(p, size); + } +\& + free(p); + exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); +} +.EE +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR memusagestat (1), +.BR mtrace (1), +.BR ld.so (8) diff --git a/man/man1/memusagestat.1 b/man/man1/memusagestat.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..906582f --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/memusagestat.1 @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2013, Peter Schiffer <pschiffe@redhat.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.TH memusagestat 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +memusagestat \- generate graphic from memory profiling data +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR memusagestat " [\fIoption\fR]... \fIdatafile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR]" +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B memusagestat +creates a PNG file containing a graphical representation of the +memory profiling data in the file +.IR datafile ; +that file is generated via the +.I \-d +(or +.IR \-\-data ) +option of +.BR memusage (1). +.P +The red line in the graph shows the heap usage (allocated memory) +and the green line shows the stack usage. +The x-scale is either the number of memory-handling function calls or +(if the +.I \-t +option is specified) +time. +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.BI \-o\ file \fR,\ \fB\-\-output= file +Name of the output file. +.TP +.BI \-s\ string \fR,\ \fB\-\-string= string +Use +.I string +as the title inside the output graph. +.TP +.B \-t\fR,\ \fB\-\-time +Use time (rather than number of function calls) as the scale for the X axis. +.TP +.B \-T\fR,\ \fB\-\-total +Also draw a graph of total memory consumption. +.TP +.BI \-x\ size \fR,\ \fB\-\-x\-size= size +Make the output graph +.I size +pixels wide. +.TP +.BI \-y\ size \fR,\ \fB\-\-y\-size= size +Make the output graph +.I size +pixels high. +.TP +.B \-?\fR,\ \fB\-\-help +Print a help message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Print a short usage message and exit. +.TP +.B \-V\fR,\ \fB\-\-version +Print version information and exit. +.SH BUGS +To report bugs, see +.UR http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/bugs.html +.UE +.SH EXAMPLES +See +.BR memusage (1). +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR memusage (1), +.BR mtrace (1) diff --git a/man/man1/mtrace.1 b/man/man1/mtrace.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12819c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/mtrace.1 @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2013, Peter Schiffer (pschiffe@redhat.com) +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.TH mtrace 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +mtrace \- interpret the malloc trace log +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR mtrace " [\fIoption\fR]... [\fIbinary\fR] \fImtracedata\fR" +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B mtrace +is a Perl script used to interpret and provide human readable output +of the trace log contained in the file +.IR mtracedata , +whose contents were produced by +.BR mtrace (3). +If +.I binary +is provided, the output of +.B mtrace +also contains the source file name with line number information +for problem locations +(assuming that +.I binary +was compiled with debugging information). +.P +For more information about the +.BR mtrace (3) +function and +.B mtrace +script usage, see +.BR mtrace (3). +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-\-help +Print help and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +Print version information and exit. +.SH BUGS +For bug reporting instructions, please see: +.UR http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/bugs.html +.UE . +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR memusage (1), +.BR mtrace (3) diff --git a/man/man1/pldd.1 b/man/man1/pldd.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2677551 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/pldd.1 @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.\" +.TH pldd 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +pldd \- display dynamic shared objects linked into a process +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BI "pldd " "pid" +.BI pldd " option" +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B pldd +command displays a list of the dynamic shared objects (DSOs) that are +linked into the process with the specified process ID (PID). +The list includes the libraries that have been dynamically loaded using +.BR dlopen (3). +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Display a help message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Display a short usage message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Display program version information and exit. +.SH EXIT STATUS +On success, +.B pldd +exits with the status 0. +If the specified process does not exist, +the user does not have permission to access +its dynamic shared object list, +or no command-line arguments are supplied, +.B pldd +exists with a status of 1. +If given an invalid option, it exits with the status 64. +.SH VERSIONS +Some other systems +.\" There are man pages on Solaris and HP-UX. +have a similar command. +.SH STANDARDS +None. +.SH HISTORY +glibc 2.15. +.SH NOTES +The command +.P +.in +4n +.EX +lsof \-p PID +.EE +.in +.P +also shows output that includes the dynamic shared objects +that are linked into a process. +.P +The +.BR gdb (1) +.I "info shared" +command also shows the shared libraries being used by a process, +so that one can obtain similar output to +.B pldd +using a command such as the following +(to monitor the process with the specified +.IR pid ): +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBgdb \-ex "set confirm off" \-ex "set height 0" \-ex "info shared" \e\fP + \fB\-ex "quit" \-p $pid | grep \[aq]\[ha]0x.*0x\[aq]\fP +.EE +.in +.SH BUGS +From glibc 2.19 to glibc 2.29, +.B pldd +was broken: it just hung when executed. +.\" glibc commit 1a4c27355e146b6d8cc6487b998462c7fdd1048f +This problem was fixed in glibc 2.30, and the fix has been backported +to earlier glibc versions in some distributions. +.SH EXAMPLES +.EX +$ \fBecho $$\fP # Display PID of shell +1143 +$ \fBpldd $$\fP # Display DSOs linked into the shell +1143: /usr/bin/bash +linux\-vdso.so.1 +/lib64/libtinfo.so.5 +/lib64/libdl.so.2 +/lib64/libc.so.6 +/lib64/ld\-linux\-x86\-64.so.2 +/lib64/libnss_files.so.2 +.EE +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ldd (1), +.BR lsof (1), +.BR dlopen (3), +.BR ld.so (8) diff --git a/man/man1/sprof.1 b/man/man1/sprof.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88c52c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/sprof.1 @@ -0,0 +1,282 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.\" +.TH sprof 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +sprof \- read and display shared object profiling data +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR sprof " [\fIoption\fP]... \fIshared-object-path\fP \ +[\fIprofile-data-path\fP]" +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B sprof +command displays a profiling summary for the +shared object (shared library) specified as its first command-line argument. +The profiling summary is created using previously generated +profiling data in the (optional) second command-line argument. +If the profiling data pathname is omitted, then +.B sprof +will attempt to deduce it using the soname of the shared object, +looking for a file with the name +.I <soname>.profile +in the current directory. +.SH OPTIONS +The following command-line options specify the profile output +to be produced: +.TP +.B \-\-call\-pairs +.TQ +.B \-c +Print a list of pairs of call paths for the interfaces exported +by the shared object, +along with the number of times each path is used. +.TP +.B \-\-flat\-profile +.TQ +.B \-p +Generate a flat profile of all of the functions in the monitored object, +with counts and ticks. +.TP +.B \-\-graph +.TQ +.B \-q +Generate a call graph. +.P +If none of the above options is specified, +then the default behavior is to display a flat profile and a call graph. +.P +The following additional command-line options are available: +.TP +.B \-\-help +.TQ +.B \-? +Display a summary of command-line options and arguments and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-usage +Display a short usage message and exit. +.TP +.B \-\-version +.TQ +.B \-V +Display the program version and exit. +.SH STANDARDS +GNU. +.SH EXAMPLES +The following example demonstrates the use of +.BR sprof . +The example consists of a main program that calls two functions +in a shared object. +First, the code of the main program: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBcat prog.c\fP +#include <stdlib.h> +\& +void x1(void); +void x2(void); +\& +int +main(int argc, char *argv[]) +{ + x1(); + x2(); + exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); +} +.EE +.in +.P +The functions +.IR x1 () +and +.IR x2 () +are defined in the following source file that is used to +construct the shared object: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBcat libdemo.c\fP +#include <unistd.h> +\& +void +consumeCpu1(int lim) +{ + for (unsigned int j = 0; j < lim; j++) + getppid(); +} +\& +void +x1(void) { + for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 100; j++) + consumeCpu1(200000); +} +\& +void +consumeCpu2(int lim) +{ + for (unsigned int j = 0; j < lim; j++) + getppid(); +} +\& +void +x2(void) +{ + for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) + consumeCpu2(10000); +} +.EE +.in +.P +Now we construct the shared object with the real name +.IR libdemo.so.1.0.1 , +and the soname +.IR libdemo.so.1 : +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBcc \-g \-fPIC \-shared \-Wl,\-soname,libdemo.so.1 \e\fP + \fB\-o libdemo.so.1.0.1 libdemo.c\fP +.EE +.in +.P +Then we construct symbolic links for the library soname and +the library linker name: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBln \-sf libdemo.so.1.0.1 libdemo.so.1\fP +$ \fBln \-sf libdemo.so.1 libdemo.so\fP +.EE +.in +.P +Next, we compile the main program, linking it against the shared object, +and then list the dynamic dependencies of the program: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBcc \-g \-o prog prog.c \-L. \-ldemo\fP +$ \fBldd prog\fP + linux\-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff86d66000) + libdemo.so.1 => not found + libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fd4dc138000) + /lib64/ld\-linux\-x86\-64.so.2 (0x00007fd4dc51f000) +.EE +.in +.P +In order to get profiling information for the shared object, +we define the environment variable +.B LD_PROFILE +with the soname of the library: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBexport LD_PROFILE=libdemo.so.1\fP +.EE +.in +.P +We then define the environment variable +.B LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT +with the pathname of the directory where profile output should be written, +and create that directory if it does not exist already: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBexport LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT=$(pwd)/prof_data\fP +$ \fBmkdir \-p $LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT\fP +.EE +.in +.P +.B LD_PROFILE +causes profiling output to be +.I appended +to the output file if it already exists, +so we ensure that there is no preexisting profiling data: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBrm \-f $LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT/$LD_PROFILE.profile\fP +.EE +.in +.P +We then run the program to produce the profiling output, +which is written to a file in the directory specified in +.BR LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT : +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBLD_LIBRARY_PATH=. ./prog\fP +$ \fBls prof_data\fP +libdemo.so.1.profile +.EE +.in +.P +We then use the +.B sprof \-p +option to generate a flat profile with counts and ticks: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBsprof \-p libdemo.so.1 $LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT/libdemo.so.1.profile\fP +Flat profile: +\& +Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds. + % cumulative self self total + time seconds seconds calls us/call us/call name + 60.00 0.06 0.06 100 600.00 consumeCpu1 + 40.00 0.10 0.04 1000 40.00 consumeCpu2 + 0.00 0.10 0.00 1 0.00 x1 + 0.00 0.10 0.00 1 0.00 x2 +.EE +.in +.P +The +.B sprof \-q +option generates a call graph: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBsprof \-q libdemo.so.1 $LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT/libdemo.so.1.profile\fP +\& +index % time self children called name +\& + 0.00 0.00 100/100 x1 [1] +[0] 100.0 0.00 0.00 100 consumeCpu1 [0] +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- + 0.00 0.00 1/1 <UNKNOWN> +[1] 0.0 0.00 0.00 1 x1 [1] + 0.00 0.00 100/100 consumeCpu1 [0] +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- + 0.00 0.00 1000/1000 x2 [3] +[2] 0.0 0.00 0.00 1000 consumeCpu2 [2] +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- + 0.00 0.00 1/1 <UNKNOWN> +[3] 0.0 0.00 0.00 1 x2 [3] + 0.00 0.00 1000/1000 consumeCpu2 [2] +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- +.EE +.in +.P +Above and below, the "<UNKNOWN>" strings represent identifiers that +are outside of the profiled object (in this example, these are instances of +.IR main() ). +.P +The +.B sprof \-c +option generates a list of call pairs and the number of their occurrences: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +$ \fBsprof \-c libdemo.so.1 $LD_PROFILE_OUTPUT/libdemo.so.1.profile\fP +<UNKNOWN> x1 1 +x1 consumeCpu1 100 +<UNKNOWN> x2 1 +x2 consumeCpu2 1000 +.EE +.in +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR gprof (1), +.BR ldd (1), +.BR ld.so (8) diff --git a/man/man1/time.1 b/man/man1/time.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb80248 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man1/time.1 @@ -0,0 +1,329 @@ +.\" Copyright Andries Brouwer, 2000 +.\" Some fragments of text came from the time-1.7 info file. +.\" Inspired by kromJx@crosswinds.net. +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-1.0-or-later +.\" +.TH time 1 2024-05-02 "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" +.SH NAME +time \- time a simple command or give resource usage +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B time +.RI [ option \~.\|.\|.\&] " command " [ argument \~.\|.\|.] +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.B time +command runs the specified program +.I command +with the given arguments. +When +.I command +finishes, +.B time +writes a message to standard error giving timing statistics +about this program run. +These statistics consist of (i) the elapsed real time +between invocation and termination, (ii) the user CPU time +(the sum of the +.I tms_utime +and +.I tms_cutime +values in a +.I "struct tms" +as returned by +.BR times (2)), +and (iii) the system CPU time (the sum of the +.I tms_stime +and +.I tms_cstime +values in a +.I "struct tms" +as returned by +.BR times (2)). +.P +Note: some shells (e.g., +.BR bash (1)) +have a built-in +.B time +command that provides similar information on the usage of time and +possibly other resources. +To access the real command, you may need to specify its pathname +(something like +.IR /usr/bin/time ). +.SH OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-p +When in the POSIX locale, use the precise traditional format +.IP +.in +4n +.EX +"real %f\enuser %f\ensys %f\en" +.EE +.in +.IP +(with numbers in seconds) +where the number of decimals in the output for %f is unspecified +but is sufficient to express the clock tick accuracy, and at least one. +.SH EXIT STATUS +If +.I command +was invoked, the exit status is that of +.IR command . +Otherwise, it is 127 if +.I command +could not be found, 126 if it could be found but could not be invoked, +and some other nonzero value (1\[en]125) if something else went wrong. +.SH ENVIRONMENT +The variables +.BR LANG , +.BR LC_ALL , +.BR LC_CTYPE , +.BR LC_MESSAGES , +.BR LC_NUMERIC , +and +.B NLSPATH +are used for the text and formatting of the output. +.B PATH +is used to search for +.IR command . +.SH GNU VERSION +Below a description of the GNU 1.7 version of +.BR time . +Disregarding the name of the utility, GNU makes it output lots of +useful information, not only about time used, but also on other +resources like memory, I/O and IPC calls (where available). +The output is formatted using a format string that can be specified +using the +.I \-f +option or the +.B TIME +environment variable. +.P +The default format string is: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +%Uuser %Ssystem %Eelapsed %PCPU (%Xtext+%Ddata %Mmax)k +%Iinputs+%Ooutputs (%Fmajor+%Rminor)pagefaults %Wswaps +.EE +.in +.P +When the +.I \-p +option is given, the (portable) output format is used: +.P +.in +4n +.EX +real %e +user %U +sys %S +.EE +.in +.\" +.SS The format string +The format is interpreted in the usual printf-like way. +Ordinary characters are directly copied, tab, newline, +and backslash are escaped using \et, \en, and \e\e, +a percent sign is represented by %%, and otherwise % +indicates a conversion. +The program +.B time +will always add a trailing newline itself. +The conversions follow. +All of those used by +.BR tcsh (1) +are supported. +.P +.B "Time" +.TP +.B %E +Elapsed real time (in [hours:]minutes:seconds). +.TP +.B %e +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +Elapsed real time (in seconds). +.TP +.B %S +Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in kernel mode. +.TP +.B %U +Total number of CPU-seconds that the process spent in user mode. +.TP +.B %P +Percentage of the CPU that this job got, computed as (%U + %S) / %E. +.P +.B "Memory" +.TP +.B %M +Maximum resident set size of the process during its lifetime, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %t +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +Average resident set size of the process, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %K +Average total (data+stack+text) memory use of the process, +in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %D +Average size of the process's unshared data area, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %p +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +Average size of the process's unshared stack space, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %X +Average size of the process's shared text space, in Kbytes. +.TP +.B %Z +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +System's page size, in bytes. +This is a per-system constant, but varies between systems. +.TP +.B %F +Number of major page faults that occurred while the process was running. +These are faults where the page has to be read in from disk. +.TP +.B %R +Number of minor, or recoverable, page faults. +These are faults for pages that are not valid but which have +not yet been claimed by other virtual pages. +Thus the data +in the page is still valid but the system tables must be updated. +.TP +.B %W +Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory. +.TP +.B %c +Number of times the process was context-switched involuntarily +(because the time slice expired). +.TP +.B %w +Number of waits: times that the program was context-switched voluntarily, +for instance while waiting for an I/O operation to complete. +.P +.B "I/O" +.TP +.B %I +Number of filesystem inputs by the process. +.TP +.B %O +Number of filesystem outputs by the process. +.TP +.B %r +Number of socket messages received by the process. +.TP +.B %s +Number of socket messages sent by the process. +.TP +.B %k +Number of signals delivered to the process. +.TP +.B %C +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +Name and command-line arguments of the command being timed. +.TP +.B %x +(Not in +.BR tcsh (1).) +Exit status of the command. +.SS GNU options +.TP +.BI "\-f " format ", \-\-format=" format +Specify output format, possibly overriding the format specified +in the environment variable TIME. +.TP +.B "\-p, \-\-portability" +Use the portable output format. +.TP +.BI "\-o " file ", \-\-output=" file +Do not send the results to +.IR stderr , +but overwrite the specified file. +.TP +.B "\-a, \-\-append" +(Used together with \-o.) Do not overwrite but append. +.TP +.B "\-v, \-\-verbose" +Give very verbose output about all the program knows about. +.TP +.B "\-q, \-\-quiet" +Don't report abnormal program termination (where +.I command +is terminated by a signal) or nonzero exit status. +.\" +.SS GNU standard options +.TP +.B "\-\-help" +Print a usage message on standard output and exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-V, \-\-version" +Print version information on standard output, then exit successfully. +.TP +.B "\-\-" +Terminate option list. +.SH BUGS +Not all resources are measured by all versions of UNIX, +so some of the values might be reported as zero. +The present selection was mostly inspired by the data +provided by 4.2 or 4.3BSD. +.P +GNU time version 1.7 is not yet localized. +Thus, it does not implement the POSIX requirements. +.P +The environment variable +.B TIME +was badly chosen. +It is not unusual for systems like +.BR autoconf (1) +or +.BR make (1) +to use environment variables with the name of a utility to override +the utility to be used. +Uses like MORE or TIME for options to programs +(instead of program pathnames) tend to lead to difficulties. +.P +It seems unfortunate that +.I \-o +overwrites instead of appends. +(That is, the +.I \-a +option should be the default.) +.P +Mail suggestions and bug reports for GNU +.B time +to +.IR bug\-time@gnu.org . +Please include the version of +.BR time , +which you can get by running +.P +.in +4n +.EX +time \-\-version +.EE +.in +.P +and the operating system +and C compiler you used. +.\" .SH AUTHORS +.\" .TP +.\" .IP "David Keppel" +.\" Original version +.\" .IP "David MacKenzie" +.\" POSIXization, autoconfiscation, GNU getoptization, +.\" documentation, other bug fixes and improvements. +.\" .IP "Arne Henrik Juul" +.\" Helped with portability +.\" .IP "Francois Pinard" +.\" Helped with portability +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR bash (1), +.BR tcsh (1), +.BR times (2), +.BR wait3 (2) |