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-.\" Copyright (c) 2021, IBM Corporation.
-.\" Written by Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.ibm.com>
-.\"
-.\" Based on memfd_create(2) man page
-.\" Copyright (C) 2014 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
-.\" and Copyright (C) 2014 David Herrmann <dh.herrmann@gmail.com>
-.\"
-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-.\"
-.TH memfd_secret 2 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7"
-.SH NAME
-memfd_secret \- create an anonymous RAM-based file
-to access secret memory regions
-.SH LIBRARY
-Standard C library
-.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.P
-.BR "#include <sys/syscall.h>" "      /* Definition of " SYS_* " constants */"
-.B #include <unistd.h>
-.P
-.BI "int syscall(SYS_memfd_secret, unsigned int " flags );
-.fi
-.P
-.IR Note :
-glibc provides no wrapper for
-.BR memfd_secret (),
-necessitating the use of
-.BR syscall (2).
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-creates an anonymous RAM-based file and returns a file descriptor
-that refers to it.
-The file provides a way to create and access memory regions
-with stronger protection than usual RAM-based files and
-anonymous memory mappings.
-Once all open references to the file are closed,
-it is automatically released.
-The initial size of the file is set to 0.
-Following the call, the file size should be set using
-.BR ftruncate (2).
-.P
-The memory areas backing the file created with
-.BR memfd_secret (2)
-are visible only to the processes that have access to the file descriptor.
-The memory region is removed from the kernel page tables
-and only the page tables of the processes holding the file descriptor
-map the corresponding physical memory.
-(Thus, the pages in the region can't be accessed by the kernel itself,
-so that, for example, pointers to the region can't be passed to
-system calls.)
-.P
-The following values may be bitwise ORed in
-.I flags
-to control the behavior of
-.BR memfd_secret ():
-.TP
-.B FD_CLOEXEC
-Set the close-on-exec flag on the new file descriptor,
-which causes the region to be removed from the process on
-.BR execve (2).
-See the description of the
-.B O_CLOEXEC
-flag in
-.BR open (2)
-.P
-As its return value,
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-returns a new file descriptor that refers to an anonymous file.
-This file descriptor is opened for both reading and writing
-.RB ( O_RDWR )
-and
-.B O_LARGEFILE
-is set for the file descriptor.
-.P
-With respect to
-.BR fork (2)
-and
-.BR execve (2),
-the usual semantics apply for the file descriptor created by
-.BR memfd_secret ().
-A copy of the file descriptor is inherited by the child produced by
-.BR fork (2)
-and refers to the same file.
-The file descriptor is preserved across
-.BR execve (2),
-unless the close-on-exec flag has been set.
-.P
-The memory region is locked into memory in the same way as with
-.BR mlock (2),
-so that it will never be written into swap,
-and hibernation is inhibited for as long as any
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-descriptions exist.
-However the implementation of
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-will not try to populate the whole range during the
-.BR mmap (2)
-call that attaches the region into the process's address space;
-instead, the pages are only actually allocated
-as they are faulted in.
-The amount of memory allowed for memory mappings
-of the file descriptor obeys the same rules as
-.BR mlock (2)
-and cannot exceed
-.BR RLIMIT_MEMLOCK .
-.SH RETURN VALUE
-On success,
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-returns a new file descriptor.
-On error, \-1 is returned and
-.I errno
-is set to indicate the error.
-.SH ERRORS
-.TP
-.B EINVAL
-.I flags
-included unknown bits.
-.TP
-.B EMFILE
-The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached.
-.TP
-.B EMFILE
-The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
-.TP
-.B ENOMEM
-There was insufficient memory to create a new anonymous file.
-.TP
-.B ENOSYS
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-is not implemented on this architecture,
-or has not been enabled on the kernel command-line with
-.BR secretmem_enable =1.
-.SH STANDARDS
-Linux.
-.SH HISTORY
-Linux 5.14.
-.SH NOTES
-The
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-system call is designed to allow a user-space process
-to create a range of memory that is inaccessible to anybody else -
-kernel included.
-There is no 100% guarantee that kernel won't be able to access
-memory ranges backed by
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-in any circumstances, but nevertheless,
-it is much harder to exfiltrate data from these regions.
-.P
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-provides the following protections:
-.IP \[bu] 3
-Enhanced protection
-(in conjunction with all the other in-kernel attack prevention systems)
-against ROP attacks.
-Absence of any in-kernel primitive for accessing memory backed by
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-means that one-gadget ROP attack
-can't work to perform data exfiltration.
-The attacker would need to find enough ROP gadgets
-to reconstruct the missing page table entries,
-which significantly increases difficulty of the attack,
-especially when other protections like the kernel stack size limit
-and address space layout randomization are in place.
-.IP \[bu]
-Prevent cross-process user-space memory exposures.
-Once a region for a
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-memory mapping is allocated,
-the user can't accidentally pass it into the kernel
-to be transmitted somewhere.
-The memory pages in this region cannot be accessed via the direct map
-and they are disallowed in get_user_pages.
-.IP \[bu]
-Harden against exploited kernel flaws.
-In order to access memory areas backed by
-.BR memfd_secret (),
-a kernel-side attack would need to
-either walk the page tables and create new ones,
-or spawn a new privileged user-space process to perform
-secrets exfiltration using
-.BR ptrace (2).
-.P
-The way
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-allocates and locks the memory may impact overall system performance,
-therefore the system call is disabled by default and only available
-if the system administrator turned it on using
-"secretmem.enable=y" kernel parameter.
-.P
-To prevent potential data leaks of memory regions backed by
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-from a hybernation image,
-hybernation is prevented when there are active
-.BR memfd_secret ()
-users.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR fcntl (2),
-.BR ftruncate (2),
-.BR mlock (2),
-.BR memfd_create (2),
-.BR mmap (2),
-.BR setrlimit (2)