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-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
-.\"
-.\" This manpage is Copyright (C) 2006 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
-.\"                               Christoph Lameter
-.\"
-.\" FIXME Should programs normally be using move_pages() directly, or should
-.\" they rather be using interfaces in the numactl package?
-.\" (e.g., compare with recommendation in mbind(2)).
-.\" Does this page need to give advice on this topic?
-.\"
-.TH move_pages 2 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7"
-.SH NAME
-move_pages \- move individual pages of a process to another node
-.SH LIBRARY
-NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) policy library
-.RI ( libnuma ", " \-lnuma )
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B #include <numaif.h>
-.P
-.BI "long move_pages(int " pid ", unsigned long " count ", \
-void *" pages [. count ],
-.BI "                const int " nodes [. count "], int " status [. count "], \
-int " flags );
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.BR move_pages ()
-moves the specified
-.I pages
-of the process
-.I pid
-to the memory nodes specified by
-.IR nodes .
-The result of the move is reflected in
-.IR status .
-The
-.I flags
-indicate constraints on the pages to be moved.
-.P
-.I pid
-is the ID of the process in which pages are to be moved.
-If
-.I pid
-is 0, then
-.BR move_pages ()
-moves pages of the calling process.
-.P
-To move pages in another process requires the following privileges:
-.IP \[bu] 3
-Up to and including Linux 4.12:
-the caller must be privileged
-.RB ( CAP_SYS_NICE )
-or the real or effective user ID of the calling process must match the
-real or saved-set user ID of the target process.
-.IP \[bu]
-The older rules allowed the caller to discover various
-virtual address choices made by the kernel that could lead
-to the defeat of address-space-layout randomization
-for a process owned by the same UID as the caller,
-the rules were changed starting with Linux 4.13.
-Since Linux 4.13,
-.\" commit 197e7e521384a23b9e585178f3f11c9fa08274b9
-permission is governed by a ptrace access mode
-.B PTRACE_MODE_READ_REALCREDS
-check with respect to the target process; see
-.BR ptrace (2).
-.P
-.I count
-is the number of pages to move.
-It defines the size of the three arrays
-.IR pages ,
-.IR nodes ,
-and
-.IR status .
-.P
-.I pages
-is an array of pointers to the pages that should be moved.
-These are pointers that should be aligned to page boundaries.
-.\" FIXME Describe the result if pointers in the 'pages' array are
-.\" not aligned to page boundaries
-Addresses are specified as seen by the process specified by
-.IR pid .
-.P
-.I nodes
-is an array of integers that specify the desired location for each page.
-Each element in the array is a node number.
-.I nodes
-can also be NULL, in which case
-.BR move_pages ()
-does not move any pages but instead will return the node
-where each page currently resides, in the
-.I status
-array.
-Obtaining the status of each page may be necessary to determine
-pages that need to be moved.
-.P
-.I status
-is an array of integers that return the status of each page.
-The array contains valid values only if
-.BR move_pages ()
-did not return an error.
-Preinitialization of the array to a value
-which cannot represent a real numa node or valid error of status array
-could help to identify pages that have been migrated.
-.P
-.I flags
-specify what types of pages to move.
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE
-means that only pages that are in exclusive use by the process
-are to be moved.
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
-means that pages shared between multiple processes can also be moved.
-The process must be privileged
-.RB ( CAP_SYS_NICE )
-to use
-.BR MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL .
-.SS Page states in the status array
-The following values can be returned in each element of the
-.I status
-array.
-.TP
-.B 0..MAX_NUMNODES
-Identifies the node on which the page resides.
-.TP
-.B \-EACCES
-The page is mapped by multiple processes and can be moved only if
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
-is specified.
-.TP
-.B \-EBUSY
-The page is currently busy and cannot be moved.
-Try again later.
-This occurs if a page is undergoing I/O or another kernel subsystem
-is holding a reference to the page.
-.TP
-.B \-EFAULT
-This is a zero page or the memory area is not mapped by the process.
-.TP
-.B \-EIO
-Unable to write back a page.
-The page has to be written back
-in order to move it since the page is dirty and the filesystem
-does not provide a migration function that would allow the move
-of dirty pages.
-.TP
-.B \-EINVAL
-A dirty page cannot be moved.
-The filesystem does not
-provide a migration function and has no ability to write back pages.
-.TP
-.B \-ENOENT
-The page is not present.
-.TP
-.B \-ENOMEM
-Unable to allocate memory on target node.
-.SH RETURN VALUE
-On success
-.BR move_pages ()
-returns zero.
-.\" FIXME . Is the following quite true: does the wrapper in numactl
-.\" do the right thing?
-On error, it returns \-1, and sets
-.I errno
-to indicate the error.
-If positive value is returned, it is the number of
-nonmigrated pages.
-.SH ERRORS
-.TP
-.B Positive value
-The number of nonmigrated pages if they were the result of nonfatal
-reasons (since
-.\" commit a49bd4d7163707de377aee062f17befef6da891b
-Linux 4.17).
-.TP
-.B E2BIG
-Too many pages to move.
-Since Linux 2.6.29,
-.\" commit 3140a2273009c01c27d316f35ab76a37e105fdd8
-the kernel no longer generates this error.
-.TP
-.B EACCES
-.\" FIXME Clarify "current cpuset" in the description of the EACCES error.
-.\" Is that the cpuset of the caller or the target?
-One of the target nodes is not allowed by the current cpuset.
-.TP
-.B EFAULT
-Parameter array could not be accessed.
-.TP
-.B EINVAL
-Flags other than
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE
-and
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
-was specified or an attempt was made to migrate pages of a kernel thread.
-.TP
-.B ENODEV
-One of the target nodes is not online.
-.TP
-.B EPERM
-The caller specified
-.B MPOL_MF_MOVE_ALL
-without sufficient privileges
-.RB ( CAP_SYS_NICE ).
-Or, the caller attempted to move pages of a process belonging
-to another user but did not have privilege to do so
-.RB ( CAP_SYS_NICE ).
-.TP
-.B ESRCH
-Process does not exist.
-.SH STANDARDS
-Linux.
-.SH HISTORY
-Linux 2.6.18.
-.SH NOTES
-For information on library support, see
-.BR numa (7).
-.P
-Use
-.BR get_mempolicy (2)
-with the
-.B MPOL_F_MEMS_ALLOWED
-flag to obtain the set of nodes that are allowed by
-.\" FIXME Clarify "current cpuset".  Is that the cpuset of the caller
-.\" or the target?
-the current cpuset.
-Note that this information is subject to change at any
-time by manual or automatic reconfiguration of the cpuset.
-.P
-Use of this function may result in pages whose location
-(node) violates the memory policy established for the
-specified addresses (See
-.BR mbind (2))
-and/or the specified process (See
-.BR set_mempolicy (2)).
-That is, memory policy does not constrain the destination
-nodes used by
-.BR move_pages ().
-.P
-The
-.I <numaif.h>
-header is not included with glibc, but requires installing
-.I libnuma\-devel
-or a similar package.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR get_mempolicy (2),
-.BR mbind (2),
-.BR set_mempolicy (2),
-.BR numa (3),
-.BR numa_maps (5),
-.BR cpuset (7),
-.BR numa (7),
-.BR migratepages (8),
-.BR numastat (8)