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diff --git a/man2/openat2.2 b/man2/openat2.2 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b98bbaf --- /dev/null +++ b/man2/openat2.2 @@ -0,0 +1,582 @@ +.\" Copyright (C) 2019 Aleksa Sarai <cyphar@cyphar.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft +.TH openat2 2 2023-04-23 "Linux man-pages 6.05.01" +.SH NAME +openat2 \- open and possibly create a file (extended) +.SH LIBRARY +Standard C library +.RI ( libc ", " \-lc ) +.SH SYNOPSIS +.nf +.BR "#include <fcntl.h>" \ +" /* Definition of " O_* " and " S_* " constants */" +.BR "#include <linux/openat2.h>" " /* Definition of " RESOLVE_* " constants */" +.BR "#include <sys/syscall.h>" " /* Definition of " SYS_* " constants */" +.B #include <unistd.h> +.PP +.BI "long syscall(SYS_openat2, int " dirfd ", const char *" pathname , +.BI " struct open_how *" how ", size_t " size ); +.fi +.PP +.IR Note : +glibc provides no wrapper for +.BR openat2 (), +necessitating the use of +.BR syscall (2). +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.BR openat2 () +system call is an extension of +.BR openat (2) +and provides a superset of its functionality. +.PP +The +.BR openat2 () +system call opens the file specified by +.IR pathname . +If the specified file does not exist, it may optionally (if +.B O_CREAT +is specified in +.IR how.flags ) +be created. +.PP +As with +.BR openat (2), +if +.I pathname +is a relative pathname, then it is interpreted relative to the +directory referred to by the file descriptor +.I dirfd +(or the current working directory of the calling process, if +.I dirfd +is the special value +.BR AT_FDCWD ). +If +.I pathname +is an absolute pathname, then +.I dirfd +is ignored (unless +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_IN_ROOT , +in which case +.I pathname +is resolved relative to +.IR dirfd ). +.PP +Rather than taking a single +.I flags +argument, an extensible structure (\fIhow\fP) is passed to allow for +future extensions. +The +.I size +argument must be specified as +.IR "sizeof(struct open_how)" . +.\" +.SS The open_how structure +The +.I how +argument specifies how +.I pathname +should be opened, and acts as a superset of the +.I flags +and +.I mode +arguments to +.BR openat (2). +This argument is a pointer to an +.I open_how +structure, +described in +.BR open_how (2type). +.PP +Any future extensions to +.BR openat2 () +will be implemented as new fields appended to the +.I open_how +structure, +with a zero value in a new field resulting in the kernel behaving +as though that extension field was not present. +Therefore, the caller +.I must +zero-fill this structure on +initialization. +(See the "Extensibility" section of the +.B NOTES +for more detail on why this is necessary.) +.PP +The fields of the +.I open_how +structure are as follows: +.TP +.I flags +This field specifies +the file creation and file status flags to use when opening the file. +All of the +.B O_* +flags defined for +.BR openat (2) +are valid +.BR openat2 () +flag values. +.IP +Whereas +.BR openat (2) +ignores unknown bits in its +.I flags +argument, +.BR openat2 () +returns an error if unknown or conflicting flags are specified in +.IR how.flags . +.TP +.I mode +This field specifies the +mode for the new file, with identical semantics to the +.I mode +argument of +.BR openat (2). +.IP +Whereas +.BR openat (2) +ignores bits other than those in the range +.I 07777 +in its +.I mode +argument, +.BR openat2 () +returns an error if +.I how.mode +contains bits other than +.IR 07777 . +Similarly, an error is returned if +.BR openat2 () +is called with a nonzero +.I how.mode +and +.I how.flags +does not contain +.B O_CREAT +or +.BR O_TMPFILE . +.TP +.I resolve +This is a bit-mask of flags that modify the way in which +.B all +components of +.I pathname +will be resolved. +(See +.BR path_resolution (7) +for background information.) +.IP +The primary use case for these flags is to allow trusted programs to restrict +how untrusted paths (or paths inside untrusted directories) are resolved. +The full list of +.I resolve +flags is as follows: +.RS +.TP +.B RESOLVE_BENEATH +.\" commit adb21d2b526f7f196b2f3fdca97d80ba05dd14a0 +Do not permit the path resolution to succeed if any component of the resolution +is not a descendant of the directory indicated by +.IR dirfd . +This causes absolute symbolic links (and absolute values of +.IR pathname ) +to be rejected. +.IP +Currently, this flag also disables magic-link resolution (see below). +However, this may change in the future. +Therefore, to ensure that magic links are not resolved, +the caller should explicitly specify +.BR RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS . +.TP +.B RESOLVE_IN_ROOT +.\" commit 8db52c7e7ee1bd861b6096fcafc0fe7d0f24a994 +Treat the directory referred to by +.I dirfd +as the root directory while resolving +.IR pathname . +Absolute symbolic links are interpreted relative to +.IR dirfd . +If a prefix component of +.I pathname +equates to +.IR dirfd , +then an immediately following +.I ..\& +component likewise equates to +.I dirfd +(just as +.I /..\& +is traditionally equivalent to +.IR / ). +If +.I pathname +is an absolute path, it is also interpreted relative to +.IR dirfd . +.IP +The effect of this flag is as though the calling process had used +.BR chroot (2) +to (temporarily) modify its root directory (to the directory +referred to by +.IR dirfd ). +However, unlike +.BR chroot (2) +(which changes the filesystem root permanently for a process), +.B RESOLVE_IN_ROOT +allows a program to efficiently restrict path resolution on a per-open basis. +.IP +Currently, this flag also disables magic-link resolution. +However, this may change in the future. +Therefore, to ensure that magic links are not resolved, +the caller should explicitly specify +.BR RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS . +.TP +.B RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS +.\" commit 278121417a72d87fb29dd8c48801f80821e8f75a +Disallow all magic-link resolution during path resolution. +.IP +Magic links are symbolic link-like objects that are most notably found in +.BR proc (5); +examples include +.IR /proc/ pid /exe +and +.IR /proc/ pid /fd/* . +(See +.BR symlink (7) +for more details.) +.IP +Unknowingly opening magic links can be risky for some applications. +Examples of such risks include the following: +.RS +.IP \[bu] 3 +If the process opening a pathname is a controlling process that +currently has no controlling terminal (see +.BR credentials (7)), +then opening a magic link inside +.IR /proc/ pid /fd +that happens to refer to a terminal +would cause the process to acquire a controlling terminal. +.IP \[bu] +.\" From https://lwn.net/Articles/796868/: +.\" The presence of this flag will prevent a path lookup operation +.\" from traversing through one of these magic links, thus blocking +.\" (for example) attempts to escape from a container via a /proc +.\" entry for an open file descriptor. +In a containerized environment, +a magic link inside +.I /proc +may refer to an object outside the container, +and thus may provide a means to escape from the container. +.RE +.IP +Because of such risks, +an application may prefer to disable magic link resolution using the +.B RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS +flag. +.IP +If the trailing component (i.e., basename) of +.I pathname +is a magic link, +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS , +and +.I how.flags +contains both +.B O_PATH +and +.BR O_NOFOLLOW , +then an +.B O_PATH +file descriptor referencing the magic link will be returned. +.TP +.B RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS +.\" commit 278121417a72d87fb29dd8c48801f80821e8f75a +Disallow resolution of symbolic links during path resolution. +This option implies +.BR RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS . +.IP +If the trailing component (i.e., basename) of +.I pathname +is a symbolic link, +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS , +and +.I how.flags +contains both +.B O_PATH +and +.BR O_NOFOLLOW , +then an +.B O_PATH +file descriptor referencing the symbolic link will be returned. +.IP +Note that the effect of the +.B RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS +flag, +which affects the treatment of symbolic links in all of the components of +.IR pathname , +differs from the effect of the +.B O_NOFOLLOW +file creation flag (in +.IR how.flags ), +which affects the handling of symbolic links only in the final component of +.IR pathname . +.IP +Applications that employ the +.B RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS +flag are encouraged to make its use configurable +(unless it is used for a specific security purpose), +as symbolic links are very widely used by end-users. +Setting this flag indiscriminately\[em]i.e., +for purposes not specifically related to security\[em]for all uses of +.BR openat2 () +may result in spurious errors on previously functional systems. +This may occur if, for example, +a system pathname that is used by an application is modified +(e.g., in a new distribution release) +so that a pathname component (now) contains a symbolic link. +.TP +.B RESOLVE_NO_XDEV +.\" commit 72ba29297e1439efaa54d9125b866ae9d15df339 +Disallow traversal of mount points during path resolution (including all bind +mounts). +Consequently, +.I pathname +must either be on the same mount as the directory referred to by +.IR dirfd , +or on the same mount as the current working directory if +.I dirfd +is specified as +.BR AT_FDCWD . +.IP +Applications that employ the +.B RESOLVE_NO_XDEV +flag are encouraged to make its use configurable (unless it is +used for a specific security purpose), +as bind mounts are widely used by end-users. +Setting this flag indiscriminately\[em]i.e., +for purposes not specifically related to security\[em]for all uses of +.BR openat2 () +may result in spurious errors on previously functional systems. +This may occur if, for example, +a system pathname that is used by an application is modified +(e.g., in a new distribution release) +so that a pathname component (now) contains a bind mount. +.TP +.B RESOLVE_CACHED +Make the open operation fail unless all path components are already present +in the kernel's lookup cache. +If any kind of revalidation or I/O is needed to satisfy the lookup, +.BR openat2 () +fails with the error +.B EAGAIN . +This is useful in providing a fast-path open that can be performed without +resorting to thread offload, or other mechanisms that an application might +use to offload slower operations. +.RE +.IP +If any bits other than those listed above are set in +.IR how.resolve , +an error is returned. +.SH RETURN VALUE +On success, a new file descriptor is returned. +On error, \-1 is returned, and +.I errno +is set to indicate the error. +.SH ERRORS +The set of errors returned by +.BR openat2 () +includes all of the errors returned by +.BR openat (2), +as well as the following additional errors: +.TP +.B E2BIG +An extension that this kernel does not support was specified in +.IR how . +(See the "Extensibility" section of +.B NOTES +for more detail on how extensions are handled.) +.TP +.B EAGAIN +.I how.resolve +contains either +.B RESOLVE_IN_ROOT +or +.BR RESOLVE_BENEATH , +and the kernel could not ensure that a ".." component didn't escape (due to a +race condition or potential attack). +The caller may choose to retry the +.BR openat2 () +call. +.TP +.B EAGAIN +.B RESOLVE_CACHED +was set, and the open operation cannot be performed using only cached +information. +The caller should retry without +.B RESOLVE_CACHED +set in +.I how.resolve . +.TP +.B EINVAL +An unknown flag or invalid value was specified in +.IR how . +.TP +.B EINVAL +.I mode +is nonzero, but +.I how.flags +does not contain +.B O_CREAT +or +.BR O_TMPFILE . +.TP +.B EINVAL +.I size +was smaller than any known version of +.IR "struct open_how" . +.TP +.B ELOOP +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_NO_SYMLINKS , +and one of the path components was a symbolic link (or magic link). +.TP +.B ELOOP +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_NO_MAGICLINKS , +and one of the path components was a magic link. +.TP +.B EXDEV +.I how.resolve +contains either +.B RESOLVE_IN_ROOT +or +.BR RESOLVE_BENEATH , +and an escape from the root during path resolution was detected. +.TP +.B EXDEV +.I how.resolve +contains +.BR RESOLVE_NO_XDEV , +and a path component crosses a mount point. +.SH STANDARDS +Linux. +.SH HISTORY +Linux 5.6. +.\" commit fddb5d430ad9fa91b49b1d34d0202ffe2fa0e179 +.PP +The semantics of +.B RESOLVE_BENEATH +were modeled after FreeBSD's +.BR O_BENEATH . +.SH NOTES +.SS Extensibility +In order to allow for future extensibility, +.BR openat2 () +requires the user-space application to specify the size of the +.I open_how +structure that it is passing. +By providing this information, it is possible for +.BR openat2 () +to provide both forwards- and backwards-compatibility, with +.I size +acting as an implicit version number. +(Because new extension fields will always +be appended, the structure size will always increase.) +This extensibility design is very similar to other system calls such as +.BR sched_setattr (2), +.BR perf_event_open (2), +and +.BR clone3 (2). +.PP +If we let +.I usize +be the size of the structure as specified by the user-space application, and +.I ksize +be the size of the structure which the kernel supports, then there are +three cases to consider: +.IP \[bu] 3 +If +.I ksize +equals +.IR usize , +then there is no version mismatch and +.I how +can be used verbatim. +.IP \[bu] +If +.I ksize +is larger than +.IR usize , +then there are some extension fields that the kernel supports +which the user-space application +is unaware of. +Because a zero value in any added extension field signifies a no-op, +the kernel +treats all of the extension fields not provided by the user-space application +as having zero values. +This provides backwards-compatibility. +.IP \[bu] +If +.I ksize +is smaller than +.IR usize , +then there are some extension fields which the user-space application +is aware of but which the kernel does not support. +Because any extension field must have its zero values signify a no-op, +the kernel can +safely ignore the unsupported extension fields if they are all-zero. +If any unsupported extension fields are nonzero, then \-1 is returned and +.I errno +is set to +.BR E2BIG . +This provides forwards-compatibility. +.PP +Because the definition of +.I struct open_how +may change in the future (with new fields being added when system headers are +updated), user-space applications should zero-fill +.I struct open_how +to ensure that recompiling the program with new headers will not result in +spurious errors at run time. +The simplest way is to use a designated +initializer: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +struct open_how how = { .flags = O_RDWR, + .resolve = RESOLVE_IN_ROOT }; +.EE +.in +.PP +or explicitly using +.BR memset (3) +or similar: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +struct open_how how; +memset(&how, 0, sizeof(how)); +how.flags = O_RDWR; +how.resolve = RESOLVE_IN_ROOT; +.EE +.in +.PP +A user-space application that wishes to determine which extensions +the running kernel supports can do so by conducting a binary search on +.I size +with a structure which has every byte nonzero (to find the largest value +which doesn't produce an error of +.BR E2BIG ). +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR openat (2), +.BR open_how (2type), +.BR path_resolution (7), +.BR symlink (7) |