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-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-1-para
-.\"
-.\" This man page is Copyright (C) 1998 Pawel Krawczyk.
-.\"
-.\" $Id: sendfile.2,v 1.5 1999/05/18 11:54:11 freitag Exp $
-.\" 2000-11-19 bert hubert <ahu@ds9a.nl>: in_fd cannot be socket
-.\"
-.\" 2004-12-17, mtk
-.\"	updated description of in_fd and out_fd for 2.6
-.\"	Various wording and formatting changes
-.\"
-.\" 2005-03-31 Martin Pool <mbp@sourcefrog.net> mmap() improvements
-.\"
-.TH sendfile 2 2023-12-21 "Linux man-pages 6.7"
-.SH NAME
-sendfile \- transfer data between file descriptors
-.SH LIBRARY
-Standard C library
-.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B #include <sys/sendfile.h>
-.P
-.BI "ssize_t sendfile(int" " out_fd" ", int" " in_fd" ", \
-off_t *_Nullable " offset ,
-.BI "                 size_t" " count" );
-.\" The below is too ugly. Comments about glibc versions belong
-.\" in the notes, not in the header.
-.\"
-.\" .B #include <features.h>
-.\" .B #if (__GLIBC__==2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__>=1) || __GLIBC__>2
-.\" .B #include <sys/sendfile.h>
-.\" #else
-.\" .B #include <sys/types.h>
-.\" .B /* No system prototype before glibc 2.1. */
-.\" .BI "ssize_t sendfile(int" " out_fd" ", int" " in_fd" ", off_t *" \
-.\"                       offset ", size_t" " count" )
-.\" .B #endif
-.\"
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.BR sendfile ()
-copies data between one file descriptor and another.
-Because this copying is done within the kernel,
-.BR sendfile ()
-is more efficient than the combination of
-.BR read (2)
-and
-.BR write (2),
-which would require transferring data to and from user space.
-.P
-.I in_fd
-should be a file descriptor opened for reading and
-.I out_fd
-should be a descriptor opened for writing.
-.P
-If
-.I offset
-is not NULL, then it points
-to a variable holding the file offset from which
-.BR sendfile ()
-will start reading data from
-.IR in_fd .
-When
-.BR sendfile ()
-returns, this variable
-will be set to the offset of the byte following the last byte that was read.
-If
-.I offset
-is not NULL, then
-.BR sendfile ()
-does not modify the file offset of
-.IR in_fd ;
-otherwise the file offset is adjusted to reflect
-the number of bytes read from
-.IR in_fd .
-.P
-If
-.I offset
-is NULL, then data will be read from
-.I in_fd
-starting at the file offset,
-and the file offset will be updated by the call.
-.P
-.I count
-is the number of bytes to copy between the file descriptors.
-.P
-The
-.I in_fd
-argument must correspond to a file which supports
-.BR mmap (2)-like
-operations
-(i.e., it cannot be a socket).
-Except since Linux 5.12
-.\" commit b964bf53e540262f2d12672b3cca10842c0172e7
-and if
-.I out_fd
-is a pipe, in which case
-.BR sendfile ()
-desugars to a
-.BR splice (2)
-and its restrictions apply.
-.P
-Before Linux 2.6.33,
-.I out_fd
-must refer to a socket.
-Since Linux 2.6.33 it can be any file.
-If it's seekable, then
-.BR sendfile ()
-changes the file offset appropriately.
-.SH RETURN VALUE
-If the transfer was successful, the number of bytes written to
-.I out_fd
-is returned.
-Note that a successful call to
-.BR sendfile ()
-may write fewer bytes than requested;
-the caller should be prepared to retry the call if there were unsent bytes.
-See also NOTES.
-.P
-On error, \-1 is returned, and
-.I errno
-is set to indicate the error.
-.SH ERRORS
-.TP
-.B EAGAIN
-Nonblocking I/O has been selected using
-.B O_NONBLOCK
-and the write would block.
-.TP
-.B EBADF
-The input file was not opened for reading or the output file
-was not opened for writing.
-.TP
-.B EFAULT
-Bad address.
-.TP
-.B EINVAL
-Descriptor is not valid or locked, or an
-.BR mmap (2)-like
-operation is not available for
-.IR in_fd ,
-or
-.I count
-is negative.
-.TP
-.B EINVAL
-.I out_fd
-has the
-.B O_APPEND
-flag set.
-This is not currently supported by
-.BR sendfile ().
-.TP
-.B EIO
-Unspecified error while reading from
-.IR in_fd .
-.TP
-.B ENOMEM
-Insufficient memory to read from
-.IR in_fd .
-.TP
-.B EOVERFLOW
-.I count
-is too large, the operation would result in exceeding the maximum size of either
-the input file or the output file.
-.TP
-.B ESPIPE
-.I offset
-is not NULL but the input file is not seekable.
-.SH VERSIONS
-Other UNIX systems implement
-.BR sendfile ()
-with different semantics and prototypes.
-It should not be used in portable programs.
-.SH STANDARDS
-None.
-.SH HISTORY
-Linux 2.2,
-glibc 2.1.
-.P
-In Linux 2.4 and earlier,
-.I out_fd
-could also refer to a regular file;
-this possibility went away in the Linux 2.6.x kernel series,
-but was restored in Linux 2.6.33.
-.P
-The original Linux
-.BR sendfile ()
-system call was not designed to handle large file offsets.
-Consequently, Linux 2.4 added
-.BR sendfile64 (),
-with a wider type for the
-.I offset
-argument.
-The glibc
-.BR sendfile ()
-wrapper function transparently deals with the kernel differences.
-.SH NOTES
-.BR sendfile ()
-will transfer at most 0x7ffff000 (2,147,479,552) bytes,
-returning the number of bytes actually transferred.
-.\" commit e28cc71572da38a5a12c1cfe4d7032017adccf69
-(This is true on both 32-bit and 64-bit systems.)
-.P
-If you plan to use
-.BR sendfile ()
-for sending files to a TCP socket, but need
-to send some header data in front of the file contents, you will find
-it useful to employ the
-.B TCP_CORK
-option, described in
-.BR tcp (7),
-to minimize the number of packets and to tune performance.
-.P
-Applications may wish to fall back to
-.BR read (2)
-and
-.BR write (2)
-in the case where
-.BR sendfile ()
-fails with
-.B EINVAL
-or
-.BR ENOSYS .
-.P
-If
-.I out_fd
-refers to a socket or pipe with zero-copy support, callers must ensure the
-transferred portions of the file referred to by
-.I in_fd
-remain unmodified until the reader on the other end of
-.I out_fd
-has consumed the transferred data.
-.P
-The Linux-specific
-.BR splice (2)
-call supports transferring data between arbitrary file descriptors
-provided one (or both) of them is a pipe.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR copy_file_range (2),
-.BR mmap (2),
-.BR open (2),
-.BR socket (2),
-.BR splice (2)