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diff --git a/man3/posix_spawn.3 b/man3/posix_spawn.3 deleted file mode 100644 index 8fa746f..0000000 --- a/man3/posix_spawn.3 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,823 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Bill O. Gallmeister (bgallmeister@gmail.com) -.\" and Copyright 2010 Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> -.\" -.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft -.\" -.\" References consulted: -.\" Linux glibc source code -.\" POSIX 1003.1-2004 documentation -.\" (http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399) -.\" -.TH posix_spawn 3 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7" -.SH NAME -posix_spawn, posix_spawnp \- spawn a process -.SH LIBRARY -Standard C library -.RI ( libc ", " \-lc ) -.SH SYNOPSIS -.nf -.B #include <spawn.h> -.P -.BI "int posix_spawn(pid_t *restrict " pid ", const char *restrict " path , -.BI " const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict " file_actions , -.BI " const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict " attrp , -.BI " char *const " argv [restrict], -.BI " char *const " envp [restrict]); -.BI "int posix_spawnp(pid_t *restrict " pid ", const char *restrict " file , -.BI " const posix_spawn_file_actions_t *restrict " file_actions , -.BI " const posix_spawnattr_t *restrict " attrp , -.BI " char *const " argv [restrict], -.BI " char *const " envp [restrict]); -.fi -.SH DESCRIPTION -The -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -functions are used to create a new child process that executes -a specified file. -These functions were specified by POSIX to provide a standardized method -of creating new processes on machines that lack the capability -to support the -.BR fork (2) -system call. -These machines are generally small, embedded systems lacking MMU support. -.P -The -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -functions provide the functionality of a combined -.BR fork (2) -and -.BR exec (3), -with some optional housekeeping steps in the child process before the -.BR exec (3). -These functions are not meant to replace the -.BR fork (2) -and -.BR execve (2) -system calls. -In fact, they provide only a subset of the functionality -that can be achieved by using the system calls. -.P -The only difference between -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -is the manner in which they specify the file to be executed by -the child process. -With -.BR posix_spawn (), -the executable file is specified as a pathname -(which can be absolute or relative). -With -.BR posix_spawnp (), -the executable file is specified as a simple filename; -the system searches for this file in the list of directories specified by -.B PATH -(in the same way as for -.BR execvp (3)). -For the remainder of this page, the discussion is phrased in terms of -.BR posix_spawn (), -with the understanding that -.BR posix_spawnp () -differs only on the point just described. -.P -The remaining arguments to these two functions are as follows: -.TP -.I pid -points to a buffer that is used to return the process ID -of the new child process. -.TP -.I file_actions -points to a -.I "spawn file actions object" -that specifies file-related actions to be performed in the child -between the -.BR fork (2) -and -.BR exec (3) -steps. -This object is initialized and populated before the -.BR posix_spawn () -call using -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_init (3) -and the -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_* () -functions. -.TP -.I attrp -points to an -.I attributes objects -that specifies various attributes of the created child process. -This object is initialized and populated before the -.BR posix_spawn () -call using -.BR posix_spawnattr_init (3) -and the -.BR posix_spawnattr_* () -functions. -.TP -.I argv -.TQ -.I envp -specify the argument list and environment for the program -that is executed in the child process, as for -.BR execve (2). -.P -Below, the functions are described in terms of a three-step process: the -.BR fork () -step, the -.RB pre- exec () -step (executed in the child), -and the -.BR exec () -step (executed in the child). -.SS fork() step -Since glibc 2.24, the -.BR posix_spawn () -function commences by calling -.BR clone (2) -with -.B CLONE_VM -and -.B CLONE_VFORK -flags. -Older implementations use -.BR fork (2), -or possibly -.BR vfork (2) -(see below). -.P -The PID of the new child process is placed in -.IR *pid . -The -.BR posix_spawn () -function then returns control to the parent process. -.P -Subsequently, the parent can use one of the system calls described in -.BR wait (2) -to check the status of the child process. -If the child fails in any of the housekeeping steps described below, -or fails to execute the desired file, -it exits with a status of 127. -.P -Before glibc 2.24, the child process is created using -.BR vfork (2) -instead of -.BR fork (2) -when either of the following is true: -.IP \[bu] 3 -the -.I spawn-flags -element of the attributes object pointed to by -.I attrp -contains the GNU-specific flag -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK ; -or -.IP \[bu] -.I file_actions -is NULL and the -.I spawn-flags -element of the attributes object pointed to by -.I attrp -does \fInot\fP contain -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK , -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF , -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM , -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER , -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP , -or -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS . -.P -In other words, -.BR vfork (2) -is used if the caller requests it, -or if there is no cleanup expected in the child before it -.BR exec (3)s -the requested file. -.SS pre-exec() step: housekeeping -In between the -.B fork() -and the -.B exec() -steps, a child process may need to perform a set of housekeeping actions. -The -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -functions support a small, well-defined set of system tasks that the child -process can accomplish before it executes the executable file. -These operations are controlled by the attributes object pointed to by -.I attrp -and the file actions object pointed to by -.IR file_actions . -In the child, processing is done in the following sequence: -.IP (1) 5 -Process attribute actions: signal mask, signal default handlers, -scheduling algorithm and parameters, -process group, and effective user and group IDs -are changed as specified by the attributes object pointed to by -.IR attrp . -.IP (2) -File actions, as specified in the -.I file_actions -argument, -are performed in the order that they were specified using calls to the -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_add* () -functions. -.IP (3) -File descriptors with the -.B FD_CLOEXEC -flag set are closed. -.P -All process attributes in the child, -other than those affected by attributes specified in the -object pointed to by -.I attrp -and the file actions in the object pointed to by -.IR file_actions , -will be affected as though the child was created with -.BR fork (2) -and it executed the program with -.BR execve (2). -.P -The process attributes actions are defined by the attributes object -pointed to by -.IR attrp . -The -.I spawn-flags -attribute (set using -.BR posix_spawnattr_setflags (3)) -controls the general actions that occur, -and other attributes in the object specify values -to be used during those actions. -.P -The effects of the flags that may be specified in -.I spawn-flags -are as follows: -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK -Set the signal mask to the signal set specified in the -.I spawn-sigmask -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setsigmask (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.IR attrp . -If the -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK -flag is not set, then the child inherits the parent's signal mask. -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF -Reset the disposition of all signals in the set specified in the -.I spawn-sigdefault -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.I attrp -to the default. -For the treatment of the dispositions of signals not specified in the -.I spawn-sigdefault -attribute, or the treatment when -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGDEF -is not specified, see -.BR execve (2). -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM -.\" (POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING only) -If this flag is set, and the -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER -flag is not set, then set the scheduling parameters -to the parameters specified in the -.I spawn-schedparam -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.IR attrp . -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER -Set the scheduling policy algorithm and parameters of the child, -as follows: -.RS -.IP \[bu] 3 -The scheduling policy is set to the value specified in the -.I spawn-schedpolicy -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setpolicy (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.IR attrp . -.IP \[bu] -The scheduling parameters are set to the value specified in the -.I spawn-schedparam -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.I attrp -(but see BUGS). -.P -If the -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM -and -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPOLICY -flags are not specified, -the child inherits the corresponding scheduling attributes from the parent. -.RE -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_RESETIDS -If this flag is set, -reset the effective UID and GID to the -real UID and GID of the parent process. -If this flag is not set, -then the child retains the effective UID and GID of the parent. -In either case, if the set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission -bits are enabled on the executable file, their effect will override -the setting of the effective UID and GID (se -.BR execve (2)). -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP -Set the process group to the value specified in the -.I spawn-pgroup -attribute -.\" FIXME . -.\" (see -.\" .BR posix_spawnattr_setpgroup (3)) -of the object pointed to by -.IR attrp . -If the -.I spawn-pgroup -attribute has the value 0, -the child's process group ID is made the same as its process ID. -If the -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETPGROUP -flag is not set, the child inherits the parent's process group ID. -.TP -.B POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK -Since glibc 2.24, this flag has no effect. -On older implementations, setting this flag forces the -.B fork() -step to use -.BR vfork (2) -instead of -.BR fork (2). -The -.B _GNU_SOURCE -feature test macro must be defined to obtain the definition of this constant. -.TP -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSID " (since glibc 2.26)" -If this flag is set, -the child process shall create a new session and become the session leader. -The child process shall also become the process group leader of the new process -group in the session (see -.BR setsid (2)). -The -.B _GNU_SOURCE -feature test macro must be defined to obtain the definition of this constant. -.\" This flag has been accepted in POSIX, see: -.\" http://austingroupbugs.net/view.php?id=1044 -.\" and has been implemented since glibc 2.26 -.\" commit daeb1fa2e1b33323e719015f5f546988bd4cc73b -.P -If -.I attrp -is NULL, then the default behaviors described above for each flag apply. -.\" mtk: I think we probably don't want to say the following, since it -.\" could lead people to do the wrong thing -.\" The POSIX standard tells you to call -.\" this function to de-initialize the attributes object pointed to by -.\" .I attrp -.\" when you are done with it; -.\" however, on Linux systems this operation is a no-op. -.P -The -.I file_actions -argument specifies a sequence of file operations -that are performed in the child process after -the general processing described above, and before it performs the -.BR exec (3). -If -.I file_actions -is NULL, then no special action is taken, and standard -.BR exec (3) -semantics apply\[em]file descriptors open before the exec -remain open in the new process, -except those for which the -.B FD_CLOEXEC -flag has been set. -File locks remain in place. -.P -If -.I file_actions -is not NULL, then it contains an ordered set of requests to -.BR open (2), -.BR close (2), -and -.BR dup2 (2) -files. -These requests are added to the -.I file_actions -by -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen (3), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose (3), -and -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2 (3). -The requested operations are performed in the order they were added to -.IR file_actions . -.\" FIXME . I think the following is best placed in the -.\" posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2(3) page, and a similar statement is -.\" also needed in posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(3) -.\" Note that you can specify file descriptors in -.\" .I posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2 (3) -.\" which would not be usable if you called -.\" .BR dup2 (2) -.\" at that time--i.e., file descriptors that are opened or -.\" closed by the earlier operations -.\" added to -.\" .I file_actions . -.P -If any of the housekeeping actions fails -(due to bogus values being passed or other reasons why signal handling, -process scheduling, process group ID functions, -and file descriptor operations might fail), -the child process exits with exit value 127. -.SS exec() step -Once the child has successfully forked and performed -all requested pre-exec steps, -the child runs the requested executable. -.P -The child process takes its environment from the -.I envp -argument, which is interpreted as if it had been passed to -.BR execve (2). -The arguments to the created process come from the -.I argv -argument, which is processed as for -.BR execve (2). -.SH RETURN VALUE -Upon successful completion, -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -place the PID of the child process in -.IR pid , -and return 0. -If there is an error during the -.B fork() -step, -then no child is created, -the contents of -.I *pid -are unspecified, -and these functions return an error number as described below. -.P -Even when these functions return a success status, -the child process may still fail for a plethora of reasons related to its -pre-\fBexec\fR() initialization. -In addition, the -.BR exec (3) -may fail. -In all of these cases, the child process will exit with the exit value of 127. -.SH ERRORS -The -.BR posix_spawn () -and -.BR posix_spawnp () -functions fail only in the case where the underlying -.BR fork (2), -.BR vfork (2), -or -.BR clone (2) -call fails; in these cases, these functions return an error number, -which will be one of the errors described for -.BR fork (2), -.BR vfork (2), -or -.BR clone (2). -.P -In addition, these functions fail if: -.TP -.B ENOSYS -Function not supported on this system. -.SH STANDARDS -POSIX.1-2008. -.SH HISTORY -glibc 2.2. -POSIX.1-2001. -.\" FIXME . This piece belongs in spawnattr_setflags(3) -.\" The -.\" .B POSIX_SPAWN_USEVFORK -.\" flag is a GNU extension; the -.\" .B _GNU_SOURCE -.\" feature test macro must be defined (before including any header files) -.\" to obtain the definition of this constant. -.SH NOTES -The housekeeping activities in the child are controlled by -the objects pointed to by -.I attrp -(for non-file actions) and -.I file_actions -In POSIX parlance, the -.I posix_spawnattr_t -and -.I posix_spawn_file_actions_t -data types are referred to as objects, -and their elements are not specified by name. -Portable programs should initialize these objects using -only the POSIX-specified functions. -(In other words, -although these objects may be implemented as structures containing fields, -portable programs must avoid dependence on such implementation details.) -.P -According to POSIX, it is unspecified whether fork handlers established with -.BR pthread_atfork (3) -are called when -.BR posix_spawn () -is invoked. -Since glibc 2.24, the fork handlers are not executed in any case. -.\" Tested on glibc 2.12 -On older implementations, -fork handlers are called only if the child is created using -.BR fork (2). -.P -There is no "posix_fspawn" function (i.e., a function that is to -.BR posix_spawn () -as -.BR fexecve (3) -is to -.BR execve (2)). -However, this functionality can be obtained by specifying the -.I path -argument as one of the files in the caller's -.I /proc/self/fd -directory. -.SH BUGS -POSIX.1 says that when -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER -is specified in -.IR spawn-flags , -then the -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM -(if present) is ignored. -However, before glibc 2.14, calls to -.BR posix_spawn () -failed with an error if -.\" http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=12052 -.B POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDULER -was specified without also specifying -.BR POSIX_SPAWN_SETSCHEDPARAM . -.SH EXAMPLES -The program below demonstrates the use of various functions in the -POSIX spawn API. -The program accepts command-line attributes that can be used -to create file actions and attributes objects. -The remaining command-line arguments are used as the executable name -and command-line arguments of the program that is executed in the child. -.P -In the first run, the -.BR date (1) -command is executed in the child, and the -.BR posix_spawn () -call employs no file actions or attributes objects. -.P -.in +4n -.EX -$ \fB./a.out date\fP -PID of child: 7634 -Tue Feb 1 19:47:50 CEST 2011 -Child status: exited, status=0 -.EE -.in -.P -In the next run, the -.I \-c -command-line option is used to create a file actions object that closes -standard output in the child. -Consequently, -.BR date (1) -fails when trying to perform output and exits with a status of 1. -.P -.in +4n -.EX -$ \fB./a.out \-c date\fP -PID of child: 7636 -date: write error: Bad file descriptor -Child status: exited, status=1 -.EE -.in -.P -In the next run, the -.I \-s -command-line option is used to create an attributes object that -specifies that all (blockable) signals in the child should be blocked. -Consequently, trying to kill child with the default signal sent by -.BR kill (1) -(i.e., -.BR SIGTERM ) -fails, because that signal is blocked. -Therefore, to kill the child, -.B SIGKILL -is necessary -.RB ( SIGKILL -can't be blocked). -.P -.in +4n -.EX -$ \fB./a.out \-s sleep 60 &\fP -[1] 7637 -$ PID of child: 7638 -.P -$ \fBkill 7638\fP -$ \fBkill \-KILL 7638\fP -$ Child status: killed by signal 9 -[1]+ Done ./a.out \-s sleep 60 -.EE -.in -.P -When we try to execute a nonexistent command in the child, the -.BR exec (3) -fails and the child exits with a status of 127. -.P -.in +4n -.EX -$ \fB./a.out xxxxx -PID of child: 10190 -Child status: exited, status=127 -.EE -.in -.SS Program source -\& -.\" SRC BEGIN (posix_spawn.c) -.EX -#include <errno.h> -#include <spawn.h> -#include <stdint.h> -#include <stdio.h> -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <string.h> -#include <unistd.h> -#include <wait.h> -\& -#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); \e - exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) -\& -#define errExitEN(en, msg) \e - do { errno = en; perror(msg); \e - exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0) -\& -char **environ; -\& -int -main(int argc, char *argv[]) -{ - pid_t child_pid; - int s, opt, status; - sigset_t mask; - posix_spawnattr_t attr; - posix_spawnattr_t *attrp; - posix_spawn_file_actions_t file_actions; - posix_spawn_file_actions_t *file_actionsp; -\& - /* Parse command\-line options, which can be used to specify an - attributes object and file actions object for the child. */ -\& - attrp = NULL; - file_actionsp = NULL; -\& - while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "sc")) != \-1) { - switch (opt) { - case \[aq]c\[aq]: /* \-c: close standard output in child */ -\& - /* Create a file actions object and add a "close" - action to it. */ -\& - s = posix_spawn_file_actions_init(&file_actions); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_init"); -\& - s = posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose(&file_actions, - STDOUT_FILENO); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose"); -\& - file_actionsp = &file_actions; - break; -\& - case \[aq]s\[aq]: /* \-s: block all signals in child */ -\& - /* Create an attributes object and add a "set signal mask" - action to it. */ -\& - s = posix_spawnattr_init(&attr); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_init"); - s = posix_spawnattr_setflags(&attr, POSIX_SPAWN_SETSIGMASK); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setflags"); -\& - sigfillset(&mask); - s = posix_spawnattr_setsigmask(&attr, &mask); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_setsigmask"); -\& - attrp = &attr; - break; - } - } -\& - /* Spawn the child. The name of the program to execute and the - command\-line arguments are taken from the command\-line arguments - of this program. The environment of the program execed in the - child is made the same as the parent\[aq]s environment. */ -\& - s = posix_spawnp(&child_pid, argv[optind], file_actionsp, attrp, - &argv[optind], environ); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn"); -\& - /* Destroy any objects that we created earlier. */ -\& - if (attrp != NULL) { - s = posix_spawnattr_destroy(attrp); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawnattr_destroy"); - } -\& - if (file_actionsp != NULL) { - s = posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy(file_actionsp); - if (s != 0) - errExitEN(s, "posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy"); - } -\& - printf("PID of child: %jd\en", (intmax_t) child_pid); -\& - /* Monitor status of the child until it terminates. */ -\& - do { - s = waitpid(child_pid, &status, WUNTRACED | WCONTINUED); - if (s == \-1) - errExit("waitpid"); -\& - printf("Child status: "); - if (WIFEXITED(status)) { - printf("exited, status=%d\en", WEXITSTATUS(status)); - } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) { - printf("killed by signal %d\en", WTERMSIG(status)); - } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) { - printf("stopped by signal %d\en", WSTOPSIG(status)); - } else if (WIFCONTINUED(status)) { - printf("continued\en"); - } - } while (!WIFEXITED(status) && !WIFSIGNALED(status)); -\& - exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); -} -.EE -.\" SRC END -.SH SEE ALSO -.nh \" Disable hyphenation -.ad l -.BR close (2), -.BR dup2 (2), -.BR execl (2), -.BR execlp (2), -.BR fork (2), -.BR open (2), -.BR sched_setparam (2), -.BR sched_setscheduler (2), -.BR setpgid (2), -.BR setuid (2), -.BR sigaction (2), -.BR sigprocmask (2), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_addclose (3), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_adddup2 (3), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_addopen (3), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_destroy (3), -.BR posix_spawn_file_actions_init (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_destroy (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getflags (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getpgroup (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getschedparam (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getschedpolicy (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getsigdefault (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_getsigmask (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_init (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setflags (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setpgroup (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setschedparam (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setschedpolicy (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setsigdefault (3), -.BR posix_spawnattr_setsigmask (3), -.BR pthread_atfork (3), -.IR <spawn.h> , -Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1-2001, -.I http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html |