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-.\" Copyright (c) 2016 by Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
-.\"
-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
-.\"
-.\"
-.TH cgroup_namespaces 7 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7"
-.SH NAME
-cgroup_namespaces \- overview of Linux cgroup namespaces
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-For an overview of namespaces, see
-.BR namespaces (7).
-.P
-Cgroup namespaces virtualize the view of a process's cgroups (see
-.BR cgroups (7))
-as seen via
-.IR /proc/ pid /cgroup
-and
-.IR /proc/ pid /mountinfo .
-.P
-Each cgroup namespace has its own set of cgroup root directories.
-These root directories are the base points for the relative
-locations displayed in the corresponding records in the
-.IR /proc/ pid /cgroup
-file.
-When a process creates a new cgroup namespace using
-.BR clone (2)
-or
-.BR unshare (2)
-with the
-.B CLONE_NEWCGROUP
-flag, its current
-cgroups directories become the cgroup root directories
-of the new namespace.
-(This applies both for the cgroups version 1 hierarchies
-and the cgroups version 2 unified hierarchy.)
-.P
-When reading the cgroup memberships of a "target" process from
-.IR /proc/ pid /cgroup ,
-the pathname shown in the third field of each record will be
-relative to the reading process's root directory
-for the corresponding cgroup hierarchy.
-If the cgroup directory of the target process lies outside
-the root directory of the reading process's cgroup namespace,
-then the pathname will show
-.I ../
-entries for each ancestor level in the cgroup hierarchy.
-.P
-The following shell session demonstrates the effect of creating
-a new cgroup namespace.
-.P
-First, (as superuser) in a shell in the initial cgroup namespace,
-we create a child cgroup in the
-.I freezer
-hierarchy, and place a process in that cgroup that we will
-use as part of the demonstration below:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-# \fBmkdir \-p /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/sub2\fP
-# \fBsleep 10000 &\fP     # Create a process that lives for a while
-[1] 20124
-# \fBecho 20124 > /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/sub2/cgroup.procs\fP
-.EE
-.in
-.P
-We then create another child cgroup in the
-.I freezer
-hierarchy and put the shell into that cgroup:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-# \fBmkdir \-p /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/sub\fP
-# \fBecho $$\fP                      # Show PID of this shell
-30655
-# \fBecho 30655 > /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer/sub/cgroup.procs\fP
-# \fBcat /proc/self/cgroup | grep freezer\fP
-7:freezer:/sub
-.EE
-.in
-.P
-Next, we use
-.BR unshare (1)
-to create a process running a new shell in new cgroup and mount namespaces:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-# \fBPS1="sh2# " unshare \-Cm bash\fP
-.EE
-.in
-.P
-From the new shell started by
-.BR unshare (1),
-we then inspect the
-.IR /proc/ pid /cgroup
-files of, respectively, the new shell,
-a process that is in the initial cgroup namespace
-.RI ( init ,
-with PID 1), and the process in the sibling cgroup
-.RI ( sub2 ):
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/cgroup | grep freezer\fP
-7:freezer:/
-sh2# \fBcat /proc/1/cgroup | grep freezer\fP
-7:freezer:/..
-sh2# \fBcat /proc/20124/cgroup | grep freezer\fP
-7:freezer:/../sub2
-.EE
-.in
-.P
-From the output of the first command,
-we see that the freezer cgroup membership of the new shell
-(which is in the same cgroup as the initial shell)
-is shown defined relative to the freezer cgroup root directory
-that was established when the new cgroup namespace was created.
-(In absolute terms,
-the new shell is in the
-.I /sub
-freezer cgroup,
-and the root directory of the freezer cgroup hierarchy
-in the new cgroup namespace is also
-.IR /sub .
-Thus, the new shell's cgroup membership is displayed as \[aq]/\[aq].)
-.P
-However, when we look in
-.I /proc/self/mountinfo
-we see the following anomaly:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep freezer\fP
-155 145 0:32 /.. /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer ...
-.EE
-.in
-.P
-The fourth field of this line
-.RI ( /.. )
-should show the
-directory in the cgroup filesystem which forms the root of this mount.
-Since by the definition of cgroup namespaces, the process's current
-freezer cgroup directory became its root freezer cgroup directory,
-we should see \[aq]/\[aq] in this field.
-The problem here is that we are seeing a mount entry for the cgroup
-filesystem corresponding to the initial cgroup namespace
-(whose cgroup filesystem is indeed rooted at the parent directory of
-.IR sub ).
-To fix this problem, we must remount the freezer cgroup filesystem
-from the new shell (i.e., perform the mount from a process that is in the
-new cgroup namespace), after which we see the expected results:
-.P
-.in +4n
-.EX
-sh2# \fBmount \-\-make\-rslave /\fP     # Don\[aq]t propagate mount events
-                               # to other namespaces
-sh2# \fBumount /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer\fP
-sh2# \fBmount \-t cgroup \-o freezer freezer /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer\fP
-sh2# \fBcat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep freezer\fP
-155 145 0:32 / /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer rw,relatime ...
-.EE
-.in
-.\"
-.SH STANDARDS
-Linux.
-.SH NOTES
-Use of cgroup namespaces requires a kernel that is configured with the
-.B CONFIG_CGROUPS
-option.
-.P
-The virtualization provided by cgroup namespaces serves a number of purposes:
-.IP \[bu] 3
-It prevents information leaks whereby cgroup directory paths outside of
-a container would otherwise be visible to processes in the container.
-Such leakages could, for example,
-reveal information about the container framework
-to containerized applications.
-.IP \[bu]
-It eases tasks such as container migration.
-The virtualization provided by cgroup namespaces
-allows containers to be isolated from knowledge of
-the pathnames of ancestor cgroups.
-Without such isolation, the full cgroup pathnames (displayed in
-.IR /proc/self/cgroups )
-would need to be replicated on the target system when migrating a container;
-those pathnames would also need to be unique,
-so that they don't conflict with other pathnames on the target system.
-.IP \[bu]
-It allows better confinement of containerized processes,
-because it is possible to mount the container's cgroup filesystems such that
-the container processes can't gain access to ancestor cgroup directories.
-Consider, for example, the following scenario:
-.RS
-.IP \[bu] 3
-We have a cgroup directory,
-.IR /cg/1 ,
-that is owned by user ID 9000.
-.IP \[bu]
-We have a process,
-.IR X ,
-also owned by user ID 9000,
-that is namespaced under the cgroup
-.I /cg/1/2
-(i.e.,
-.I X
-was placed in a new cgroup namespace via
-.BR clone (2)
-or
-.BR unshare (2)
-with the
-.B CLONE_NEWCGROUP
-flag).
-.RE
-.IP
-In the absence of cgroup namespacing, because the cgroup directory
-.I /cg/1
-is owned (and writable) by UID 9000 and process
-.I X
-is also owned by user ID 9000, process
-.I X
-would be able to modify the contents of cgroups files
-(i.e., change cgroup settings) not only in
-.I /cg/1/2
-but also in the ancestor cgroup directory
-.IR /cg/1 .
-Namespacing process
-.I X
-under the cgroup directory
-.IR /cg/1/2 ,
-in combination with suitable mount operations
-for the cgroup filesystem (as shown above),
-prevents it modifying files in
-.IR /cg/1 ,
-since it cannot even see the contents of that directory
-(or of further removed cgroup ancestor directories).
-Combined with correct enforcement of hierarchical limits,
-this prevents process
-.I X
-from escaping the limits imposed by ancestor cgroups.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR unshare (1),
-.BR clone (2),
-.BR setns (2),
-.BR unshare (2),
-.BR proc (5),
-.BR cgroups (7),
-.BR credentials (7),
-.BR namespaces (7),
-.BR user_namespaces (7)