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diff --git a/man7/standards.7 b/man7/standards.7 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1df6f8 --- /dev/null +++ b/man7/standards.7 @@ -0,0 +1,303 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> +.\" +.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later +.\" +.TH standards 7 2023-03-13 "Linux man-pages 6.05.01" +.SH NAME +standards \- C and UNIX Standards +.SH DESCRIPTION +The STANDARDS section that appears in many manual pages identifies +various standards to which the documented interface conforms. +The following list briefly describes these standards. +.TP +.B V7 +Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, +released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979. +After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: +BSD and System V. +.TP +.B 4.2BSD +This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release +of the +.IR "Berkeley Software Distribution", +released by the University of California at Berkeley. +This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP +stack and the sockets API. +4.2BSD was released in 1983. +.IP +Earlier major BSD releases included +.I 3BSD +(1980), +.I 4BSD +(1980), +and +.I 4.1BSD +(1981). +.TP +.B 4.3BSD +The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986. +.TP +.B 4.4BSD +The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993. +This was the last major Berkeley release. +.TP +.B System V +This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983 +release of its commercial System V (five) release. +The previous major AT&T release was +.IR "System III" , +released in 1981. +.TP +.B System V release 2 (SVr2) +This was the next System V release, made in 1985. +The SVr2 was formally described in the +.I "System V Interface Definition version 1" +.RI ( "SVID 1" ) +published in 1985. +.TP +.B System V release 3 (SVr3) +This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986. +This release was formally described in the +.I "System V Interface Definition version 2" +.RI ( "SVID 2" ). +.TP +.B System V release 4 (SVr4) +This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989. +This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference +Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall +1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2) +This release was formally described in the +.I "System V Interface Definition version 3" +.RI ( "SVID 3" ), +and is considered the definitive System V release. +.TP +.B SVID 4 +System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995. +Available online at +.UR http://www.sco.com\:/developers\:/devspecs/ +.UE . +.TP +.B C89 +This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI +(American National Standards Institute) in 1989 +.RI ( X3.159-1989 ). +Sometimes this is known as +.IR "ANSI C" , +but since C99 is also an +ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous. +This standard was also ratified by +ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ), +and is thus occasionally referred to as +.IR "ISO C90" . +.TP +.B C99 +This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ). +Available online at +.UR http://www.open\-std.org\:/jtc1\:/sc22\:/wg14\:/www\:/standards +.UE . +.TP +.B C11 +This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:2011" ). +.TP +.B LFS +The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996. +This specification defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit systems +to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets). +See +.UR https://www.opengroup.org\:/platform\:/lfs.html +.UE . +.TP +.B POSIX.1-1988 +This was the first POSIX standard, +ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, +and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990. +The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman. +.TP +.B POSIX.1-1990 +"Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments". +IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ). +.TP +.B POSIX.2 +IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, +describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ). +.TP +.BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)" +IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, +describing real-time facilities +for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996 +.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ). +.TP +.BR POSIX.1c " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4a\fP)" +IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces. +.TP +.B POSIX.1d +IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions. +.TP +.B POSIX.1g +IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets). +.TP +.B POSIX.1j +IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions. +.TP +.B POSIX.1-1996 +A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c. +.TP +.B XPG3 +Released in 1989, this was the first release of the X/Open +Portability Guide to be based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988). +This multivolume guide was developed by the X/Open Group, +a multivendor consortium. +.TP +.B XPG4 +A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992. +This revision incorporated POSIX.2. +.TP +.B XPG4v2 +A 1994 revision of XPG4. +This is also referred to as +.IR "Spec 1170" , +where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces +defined by this standard. +.TP +.B "SUS (SUSv1)" +Single UNIX Specification. +This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards +(X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2, +X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4). +Systems conforming to this standard can be branded +.IR "UNIX 95" . +.TP +.B SUSv2 +Single UNIX Specification version 2. +Sometimes also referred to (incorrectly) as +.IR XPG5 . +This standard appeared in 1997. +Systems conforming to this standard can be branded +.IR "UNIX 98" . +See also +.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version2/ +.UE .) +.TP +.B POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3 +This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the +POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document, +conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group +.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/ +.UE . +The standard is available online at +.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version3/ +.UE . +.IP +The standard defines two levels of conformance: +.IR "POSIX conformance" , +which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system; +and +.IR "XSI Conformance", +which additionally mandates a set of interfaces +(the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance. +XSI-conformant systems can be branded +.IR "UNIX 03" . +.IP +The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts: +.IP +.BR XBD : +Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications. +.IP +.BR XSH : +Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library +functions in actual implementations). +.IP +.BR XCU : +Specifications of commands and utilities +(i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2). +.IP +.BR XRAT : +Informative text on the other parts of the standard. +.IP +POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the +library functions standardized in C99 are also +standardized in POSIX.1-2001. +.IP +The Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the +Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above, +plus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that is +not in POSIX.1-2001. +.IP +Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements) +of the original 2001 standard have occurred: +TC1 in 2003 +and TC2 in 2004. +.TP +.B POSIX.1-2008, SUSv4 +Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and +ratified in 2008. +The standard is available online at +.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version4/ +.UE . +.IP +The changes in this revision are not as large as those +that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, +but a number of new interfaces are added +and various details of existing specifications are modified. +Many of the interfaces that were optional in +POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard. +A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked +as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether. +.IP +The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor. +The Single UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the +Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT, +plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is +not in POSIX.1-2008. +.IP +Again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline +.IR "POSIX Conformance" , +and +.IR "XSI Conformance" , +which mandates an additional set of interfaces +beyond those in the base specification. +.IP +In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page +lists POSIX.1-2001, it can be assumed that the interface also +conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted. +.IP +Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements) +of this standard was released in 2013. +.IP +Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016. +.IP +Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site, +.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/ +.UE . +.TP +.B SUSv4 2016 edition +This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of +Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification. +.TP +.B POSIX.1-2017 +This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with +Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied. +.TP +.B SUSv4 2018 edition +This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of +the XCurses specification. +.PP +The interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as +manual pages under sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands), +and 3p (functions); +thus one can write "man 3p open". +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR getconf (1), +.BR confstr (3), +.BR pathconf (3), +.BR sysconf (3), +.BR attributes (7), +.BR feature_test_macros (7), +.BR libc (7), +.BR posixoptions (7), +.BR system_data_types (7) |