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.\" distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
.\" by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
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.\"	@(#)resolver.5	5.9 (Berkeley) 12/14/89
.\"	$Id: resolver.5,v 8.6 1999/05/21 00:01:02 vixie Exp $
.\"
.\" Added ndots remark by Bernhard R. Link - debian bug #182886
.\"
.TH resolv.conf 5 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.7"
.UC 4
.SH NAME
resolv.conf \- resolver configuration file
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
.B /etc/resolv.conf
.fi
.SH DESCRIPTION
The
.I resolver
is a set of routines in the C library
that provide access to the Internet Domain Name System (DNS).
The resolver configuration file contains information that is read
by the resolver routines the first time they are invoked by a process.
The file is designed to be human readable and contains a list of
keywords with values that provide various types of resolver information.
The configuration file is considered a trusted source of DNS information;
see the
.B trust-ad
option below for details.
.P
If this file does not exist, only the name server on the local machine
will be queried, and the search list contains the local domain name
determined from the hostname.
.P
The different configuration options are:
.TP
\fBnameserver\fP Name server IP address
Internet address of a name server that the resolver should query,
either an IPv4 address (in dot notation),
or an IPv6 address in colon (and possibly dot) notation as per RFC 2373.
Up to
.B MAXNS
(currently 3, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP) name servers may be listed,
one per keyword.
If there are multiple servers,
the resolver library queries them in the order listed.
If no \fBnameserver\fP entries are present,
the default is to use the name server on the local machine.
(The algorithm used is to try a name server, and if the query times out,
try the next, until out of name servers,
then repeat trying all the name servers
until a maximum number of retries are made.)
.TP
\fBsearch\fP Search list for host-name lookup.
By default, the search list contains one entry, the local domain name.
It is determined from the local hostname returned by
.BR gethostname (2);
the local domain name is taken to be everything after the first
\[aq].\[aq].
Finally, if the hostname does not contain a \[aq].\[aq], the
root domain is assumed as the local domain name.
.IP
This may be changed by listing the desired domain search path
following the \fIsearch\fP keyword with spaces or tabs separating
the names.
Resolver queries having fewer than
.I ndots
dots (default is 1) in them will be attempted using each component
of the search path in turn until a match is found.
For environments with multiple subdomains please read
.BI "options ndots:" n
below to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks and unnecessary
traffic for the root-dns-servers.
.\" When having a resolv.conv with a line
.\"  search subdomain.domain.tld domain.tld
.\" and doing a hostlookup, for example by
.\"  ping host.anothersubdomain
.\" it sends dns-requests for
.\"  host.anothersubdomain.
.\"  host.anothersubdomain.subdomain.domain.tld.
.\"  host.anothersubdomain.domain.tld.
.\" thus not only causing unnecessary traffic for the root-dns-servers
.\" but broadcasting information to the outside and making man-in-the-middle
.\" attacks possible.
Note that this process may be slow and will generate a lot of network
traffic if the servers for the listed domains are not local,
and that queries will time out if no server is available
for one of the domains.
.IP
If there are multiple
.B search
directives, only the search list from the last instance is used.
.IP
In glibc 2.25 and earlier, the search list is limited to six domains
with a total of 256 characters.
Since glibc 2.26,
.\" glibc commit 3f853f22c87f0b671c0366eb290919719fa56c0e
the search list is unlimited.
.IP
The
.B domain
directive is an obsolete name for the
.B search
directive that handles one search list entry only.
.TP
\fBsortlist\fP
This option allows addresses returned by
.BR gethostbyname (3)
to be sorted.
A sortlist is specified by IP-address-netmask pairs.
The netmask is
optional and defaults to the natural netmask of the net.
The IP address
and optional network pairs are separated by slashes.
Up to 10 pairs may
be specified.
Here is an example:
.IP
.in +4n
sortlist 130.155.160.0/255.255.240.0 130.155.0.0
.in
.TP
\fBoptions\fP
Options allows certain internal resolver variables to be modified.
The syntax is
.RS
.IP
\fBoptions\fP \fIoption\fP \fI...\fP
.P
where \fIoption\fP is one of the following:
.TP
\fBdebug\fP
.\" Since glibc 2.2?
Sets
.B RES_DEBUG
in
.I _res.options
(effective only if glibc was built with debug support; see
.BR resolver (3)).
.TP
.BI ndots: n
.\" Since glibc 2.2
Sets a threshold for the number of dots which
must appear in a name given to
.BR res_query (3)
(see
.BR resolver (3))
before an \fIinitial absolute query\fP will be made.
The default for
\fIn\fP is 1, meaning that if there are any dots in a name, the name
will be tried first as an absolute name before any \fIsearch list\fP
elements are appended to it.
The value for this option is silently capped to 15.
.TP
.BI timeout: n
.\" Since glibc 2.2
Sets the amount of time the resolver will wait for a
response from a remote name server before retrying the
query via a different name server.
This may
.B not
be the total time taken by any resolver API call and there is no
guarantee that a single resolver API call maps to a single timeout.
Measured in seconds,
the default is
.B RES_TIMEOUT
(currently 5, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP).
The value for this option is silently capped to 30.
.TP
.BI attempts: n
Sets the number of times the resolver will send a
query to its name servers before giving up and returning
an error to the calling application.
The default is
.B RES_DFLRETRY
(currently 2, see \fI<resolv.h>\fP).
The value for this option is silently capped to 5.
.TP
.B rotate
.\" Since glibc 2.2
Sets
.B RES_ROTATE
in
.IR _res.options ,
which causes round-robin selection of name servers from among those listed.
This has the effect of spreading the query load among all listed servers,
rather than having all clients try the first listed server first every time.
.TP
.B no\-aaaa (since glibc 2.36)
.\" f282cdbe7f436c75864e5640a409a10485e9abb2
Sets
.B RES_NOAAAA
in
.IR _res.options ,
which suppresses AAAA queries made by the stub resolver,
including AAAA lookups triggered by NSS-based interfaces such as
.BR getaddrinfo (3).
Only DNS lookups are affected: IPv6 data in
.BR hosts (5)
is still used,
.BR getaddrinfo (3)
with
.B AI_PASSIVE
will still produce IPv6 addresses,
and configured IPv6 name servers are still used.
To produce correct Name Error (NXDOMAIN) results,
AAAA queries are translated to A queries.
This option is intended preliminary for diagnostic purposes,
to rule out that AAAA DNS queries have adverse impact.
It is incompatible with EDNS0 usage and DNSSEC validation by applications.
.TP
.B no\-check\-names
.\" since glibc 2.2
Sets
.B RES_NOCHECKNAME
in
.IR _res.options ,
which disables the modern BIND checking of incoming hostnames and
mail names for invalid characters such as underscore (_), non-ASCII,
or control characters.
.TP
.B inet6
.\" Since glibc 2.2
Sets
.B RES_USE_INET6
in
.IR _res.options .
This has the effect of trying an AAAA query before an A query inside the
.BR gethostbyname (3)
function, and of mapping IPv4 responses in IPv6 "tunneled form"
if no AAAA records are found but an A record set exists.
Since glibc 2.25,
.\" b76e065991ec01299225d9da90a627ebe6c1ac97
this option is deprecated; applications should use
.BR getaddrinfo (3),
rather than
.BR gethostbyname (3).
.TP
.BR ip6\-bytestring " (since glibc 2.3.4 to glibc 2.24)"
Sets
.B RES_USEBSTRING
in
.IR _res.options .
This causes reverse IPv6 lookups to be made using the bit-label format
described in RFC\ 2673;
if this option is not set (which is the default), then nibble format is used.
This option was removed in glibc 2.25,
since it relied on a backward-incompatible
DNS extension that was never deployed on the Internet.
.TP
.BR ip6\-dotint / no\-ip6\-dotint " (glibc 2.3.4 to glibc 2.24)"
Clear/set
.B RES_NOIP6DOTINT
in
.IR _res.options .
When this option is clear
.RB ( ip6\-dotint ),
reverse IPv6 lookups are made in the (deprecated)
.I ip6.int
zone;
when this option is set
.RB ( no\-ip6\-dotint ),
reverse IPv6 lookups are made in the
.I ip6.arpa
zone by default.
These options are available up to glibc 2.24, where
.B no\-ip6\-dotint
is the default.
Since
.B ip6\-dotint
support long ago ceased to be available on the Internet,
these options were removed in glibc 2.25.
.TP
.BR edns0 " (since glibc 2.6)"
Sets
.B RES_USE_EDNS0
in
.IR _res.options .
This enables support for the DNS extensions described in RFC\ 2671.
.TP
.BR single\-request " (since glibc 2.10)"
Sets
.B RES_SNGLKUP
in
.IR _res.options .
By default, glibc performs IPv4 and IPv6 lookups in parallel since
glibc 2.9.
Some appliance DNS servers
cannot handle these queries properly and make the requests time out.
This option disables the behavior and makes glibc perform the IPv6
and IPv4 requests sequentially (at the cost of some slowdown of the
resolving process).
.TP
.BR single\-request\-reopen " (since glibc 2.9)"
Sets
.B RES_SNGLKUPREOP
in
.IR _res.options .
The resolver uses the same socket for the A and AAAA requests.
Some hardware mistakenly sends back only one reply.
When that happens the client system will sit and wait for the second reply.
Turning this option on changes this behavior
so that if two requests from the same port are not handled correctly it will
close the socket and open a new one before sending the second request.
.TP
.BR no\-tld\-query " (since glibc 2.14)"
Sets
.B RES_NOTLDQUERY
in
.IR _res.options .
This option causes
.BR res_nsearch ()
to not attempt to resolve an unqualified name
as if it were a top level domain (TLD).
This option can cause problems if the site has ``localhost'' as a TLD
rather than having localhost on one or more elements of the search list.
This option has no effect if neither RES_DEFNAMES or RES_DNSRCH is set.
.TP
.BR use\-vc " (since glibc 2.14)"
Sets
.B RES_USEVC
in
.IR _res.options .
This option forces the use of TCP for DNS resolutions.
.\" aef16cc8a4c670036d45590877d411a97f01e0cd
.TP
.BR no\-reload " (since glibc 2.26)"
Sets
.B RES_NORELOAD
in
.IR _res.options .
This option disables automatic reloading of a changed configuration file.
.TP
.BR trust\-ad " (since glibc 2.31)"
.\" 446997ff1433d33452b81dfa9e626b8dccf101a4
Sets
.B RES_TRUSTAD
in
.IR _res.options .
This option controls the AD bit behavior of the stub resolver.
If a validating resolver sets the AD bit in a response,
it indicates that the data in the response was verified according
to the DNSSEC protocol.
In order to rely on the AD bit, the local system has to
trust both the DNSSEC-validating resolver and the network path to it,
which is why an explicit opt-in is required.
If the
.B trust\-ad
option is active, the stub resolver sets the AD bit in outgoing DNS
queries (to enable AD bit support), and preserves the AD bit in responses.
Without this option, the AD bit is not set in queries,
and it is always removed from responses before they are returned to the
application.
This means that applications can trust the AD bit in responses if the
.B trust\-ad
option has been set correctly.
.IP
In glibc 2.30 and earlier,
the AD is not set automatically in queries,
and is passed through unchanged to applications in responses.
.RE
.P
The \fIsearch\fP keyword of a system's \fIresolv.conf\fP file can be
overridden on a per-process basis by setting the environment variable
.B LOCALDOMAIN
to a space-separated list of search domains.
.P
The \fIoptions\fP keyword of a system's \fIresolv.conf\fP file can be
amended on a per-process basis by setting the environment variable
.B RES_OPTIONS
to a space-separated list of resolver options
as explained above under \fBoptions\fP.
.P
The keyword and value must appear on a single line, and the keyword
(e.g., \fBnameserver\fP) must start the line.
The value follows the keyword, separated by white space.
.P
Lines that contain a semicolon (;) or hash character (#)
in the first column are treated as comments.
.SH FILES
.IR /etc/resolv.conf ,
.I <resolv.h>
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR gethostbyname (3),
.BR resolver (3),
.BR host.conf (5),
.BR hosts (5),
.BR nsswitch.conf (5),
.BR hostname (7),
.BR named (8)
.P
Name Server Operations Guide for BIND