Adding upstream version 2.1.1.upstream/2.1.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

3 files changed, 3594 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.am b/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4927a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
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+	test_main.cpp \
+	$(top_srcdir)/test/test_global.cpp
+
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+
+@VALGRIND_CHECK_RULES@
diff --git a/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.in b/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23eb042
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/flat_segment_tree/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
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diff --git a/test/flat_segment_tree/test_main.cpp b/test/flat_segment_tree/test_main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f5f66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/flat_segment_tree/test_main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2590 @@
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2008-2023 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#include "test_global.hpp" // This must be the first header to be included.
+#include "mdds/flat_segment_tree.hpp"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <limits>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+
+using namespace mdds;
+
+void print_title(const char* msg)
+{
+    cout << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" << endl;
+    cout << " " << msg << endl;
+    cout << "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++" << endl;
+}
+
+void fst_test_leaf_search()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    {
+        print_title("Simple insert test");
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> int_ranges(0, 100, -1);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 20; ++i)
+        {
+            int start = i * 5;
+            int end = start + 5;
+            int_ranges.insert_front(start, end, i);
+        }
+        int_ranges.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    }
+
+    {
+        print_title("Merge test 1");
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> merge_test(0, 100, -1);
+        merge_test.insert_front(10, 20, 5);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(15, 30, 5);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(30, 50, 5);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(8, 11, 5);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(5, 8, 5);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    }
+
+    {
+        print_title("Merge test 2");
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> merge_test(0, 100, -1);
+
+        // This should not change the node configuration.
+        merge_test.insert_front(10, 90, -1);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+
+        for (int i = 10; i <= 80; i += 10)
+            merge_test.insert_front(i, i + 10, i);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(10, 90, -1);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+
+        for (int i = 10; i <= 80; i += 10)
+            merge_test.insert_front(i, i + 10, i);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(8, 92, -1);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+
+        for (int i = 10; i <= 80; i += 10)
+            merge_test.insert_front(i, i + 10, i);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        merge_test.insert_front(12, 88, 25);
+        merge_test.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    }
+
+    {
+        print_title("Search test");
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(0, 100, -1);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)
+        {
+            int key = i * 10;
+            int val = i * 5;
+            db.insert_front(key, key + 10, val);
+        }
+        db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
+        {
+            int val = 0;
+            if (db.search(i, val).second)
+                cout << "key = " << i << "; value = " << val << endl;
+            else
+                cout << "key = " << i << "; (value not found)" << endl;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
+        {
+            int val = 0, start, end;
+            if (db.search(i, val, &start, &end).second)
+                cout << "key = " << i << "; value = " << val << "(span: " << start << " - " << end << ")" << endl;
+            else
+                cout << "key = " << i << "; (value not found)" << endl;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_leaf_search_2()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    using db_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<int32_t, std::string>;
+    db_type db(0, 8, "-");
+    db.insert_back(2, 4, "2-4");
+    db.insert_back(4, 6, "4-6");
+
+    db_type::const_iterator it = db.search(-1); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    it = db.search(8); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    struct check
+    {
+        int32_t key;
+        int32_t start;
+        int32_t end;
+        std::string value;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<check> checks = {
+        {0, 0, 2, "-"},   {1, 0, 2, "-"},   {2, 2, 4, "2-4"}, {3, 2, 4, "2-4"},
+        {4, 4, 6, "4-6"}, {5, 4, 6, "4-6"}, {6, 6, 8, "-"},   {7, 6, 8, "-"},
+    };
+
+    // variant of search() without a position hint
+    for (const auto& c : checks)
+    {
+        it = db.search(c.key);
+        assert(it != db.end());
+        assert(it->first == c.start);
+        assert(it->second == c.value);
+
+        auto sit = it.to_segment();
+        assert(sit->start == c.start);
+        assert(sit->end == c.end);
+        assert(sit->value == c.value);
+    }
+
+    // variant of search() with a position hint
+
+    it = db.search(db.begin(), -1); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    it = db.search(db.begin(), 8); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    it = db.begin();
+    for (const auto& c : checks)
+    {
+        it = db.search(it, c.key);
+        assert(it != db.end());
+        assert(it->first == c.start);
+        assert(it->second == c.value);
+
+        auto sit = it.to_segment();
+        assert(sit->start == c.start);
+        assert(sit->end == c.end);
+        assert(sit->value == c.value);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Test tree construction of flat_segment_tree.
+ */
+void fst_test_tree_build()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    {
+        int lower = 0, upper = 100, delta = 10;
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(lower, upper, 0);
+        {
+            stack_printer __stack_printer2__("::fst_test_tree_build insertion");
+            for (int i = lower; i < upper; i += delta)
+                db.insert_front(i, i + delta, i * 2);
+        }
+        db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+
+        {
+            stack_printer __stack_printer2__("::fst_test_tree_build tree construction");
+            db.build_tree();
+            db.dump_tree();
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(0, 10, 0);
+        db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_perf_test_search_leaf()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    int lower = 0, upper = 50000;
+    flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(lower, upper, 0);
+    for (int i = upper - 1; i >= lower; --i)
+        db.insert_front(i, i + 1, i);
+
+    int success = 0, failure = 0;
+    int val;
+    for (int i = lower; i < upper; ++i)
+    {
+        if (db.search(i, val).second)
+            ++success;
+        else
+            ++failure;
+    }
+    fprintf(stdout, "fst_perf_test_search_leaf:   success (%d)  failure (%d)\n", success, failure);
+}
+
+void fst_perf_test_search_tree()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    int lower = 0, upper = 5000000;
+    flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(lower, upper, 0);
+    for (int i = upper - 1; i >= lower; --i)
+        db.insert_front(i, i + 1, i);
+
+    {
+        stack_printer sp2("::fst_perf_test_search_tree (build tree)");
+        db.build_tree();
+    }
+
+    int success = 0, failure = 0;
+    {
+        stack_printer sp2("::fst_perf_test_search_tree (search tree)");
+        int val;
+        for (int i = lower; i < upper; ++i)
+        {
+            if (db.search_tree(i, val).second)
+                ++success;
+            else
+                ++failure;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "fst_perf_test_search:   success (%d)  failure (%d)\n", success, failure);
+}
+
+void fst_test_tree_search()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, int> fst_type;
+    int lower = 0, upper = 200, delta = 5;
+    fst_type db(lower, upper, 0);
+    for (int i = lower; i < upper; i += delta)
+        db.insert_front(i, i + delta, i);
+
+    db.build_tree();
+    db.dump_tree();
+    db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+
+    int val, start, end;
+    int success = 0, failure = 0;
+    for (int i = lower - 10; i < upper + 10; ++i)
+    {
+        if (db.search_tree(i, val, &start, &end).second)
+        {
+            cout << "key = " << i << "; value = " << val << " (" << start << "-" << end << ")" << endl;
+            ++success;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            ++failure;
+            cout << "key = " << i << " (search failed)" << endl;
+        }
+    }
+    cout << "search: success (" << success << ")  failure (" << failure << ")" << endl;
+
+    // Make sure search_tree() returns correct iterator position.
+    db.clear();
+    db.insert_back(5, 10, 2);
+    db.insert_back(15, 18, 3);
+    db.insert_back(23, 28, 4);
+    db.build_tree();
+
+    typedef std::pair<fst_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+    ret_type ret = db.search_tree(0, val, &start, &end);
+    assert(ret.second);
+    assert(start == 0 && end == 5 && val == 0);
+    assert(ret.first == db.begin());
+
+    ret = db.search_tree(6, val, &start, &end);
+    assert(ret.second);
+    assert(start == 5 && end == 10 && val == 2);
+    fst_type::const_iterator check = db.begin();
+    ++check; // 5-10 is the 2nd segment from the top.
+    assert(ret.first == check);
+
+    ret = db.search_tree(17, val, &start, &end);
+    assert(ret.second);
+    assert(start == 15 && end == 18 && val == 3);
+    std::advance(check, 2);
+    assert(ret.first == check);
+
+    ret = db.search_tree(55, val, &start, &end);
+    assert(ret.second);
+    assert(start == 28 && end == upper && val == 0);
+    std::advance(check, 3);
+    assert(ret.first == check);
+
+    ret = db.search_tree(upper + 10, val, &start, &end);
+    assert(!ret.second); // This search should fail.
+    assert(ret.first == db.end());
+}
+
+void fst_test_tree_search_2()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    using db_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<int32_t, std::string>;
+    db_type db(0, 8, "-");
+    db.insert_back(2, 4, "2-4");
+    db.insert_back(4, 6, "4-6");
+
+    db.build_tree();
+
+    db_type::const_iterator it = db.search_tree(-1); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    it = db.search_tree(8); // out-of-bound
+    assert(it == db.end());
+
+    struct check
+    {
+        int32_t key;
+        int32_t start;
+        int32_t end;
+        std::string value;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<check> checks = {
+        {0, 0, 2, "-"},   {1, 0, 2, "-"},   {2, 2, 4, "2-4"}, {3, 2, 4, "2-4"},
+        {4, 4, 6, "4-6"}, {5, 4, 6, "4-6"}, {6, 6, 8, "-"},   {7, 6, 8, "-"},
+    };
+
+    // variant of search() without a position hint
+    for (const auto& c : checks)
+    {
+        it = db.search_tree(c.key);
+        assert(it != db.end());
+        assert(it->first == c.start);
+        assert(it->second == c.value);
+
+        auto sit = it.to_segment();
+        assert(sit->start == c.start);
+        assert(sit->end == c.end);
+        assert(sit->value == c.value);
+    }
+}
+
+void test_single_tree_search(const flat_segment_tree<int, int>& db, int key, int val, int start, int end)
+{
+    int r_val, r_start, r_end;
+    if (db.search_tree(key, r_val, &r_start, &r_end).second)
+        assert(r_val == val && r_start == start && r_end == end);
+    else
+        assert(!"tree search failed!");
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+void build_and_dump(flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>& db)
+{
+    db.build_tree();
+    db.dump_tree();
+    db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+bool check_leaf_nodes(
+    const flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>& db, const key_type* keys, const value_type* values, size_t key_size)
+{
+    if (key_size <= 1)
+        return false;
+
+    std::vector<key_type> key_checks;
+    key_checks.reserve(key_size);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < key_size; ++i)
+        key_checks.push_back(keys[i]);
+
+    if (!db.verify_keys(key_checks))
+        return false;
+
+    std::vector<value_type> value_checks;
+    value_checks.reserve(key_size - 1);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < key_size - 1; ++i)
+        value_checks.push_back(values[i]);
+
+    if (!db.verify_values(value_checks))
+        return false;
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+bool is_iterator_valid(
+    const typename flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>::const_iterator& beg,
+    const typename flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>::const_iterator& end, const key_type* keys,
+    const value_type* values, size_t key_size)
+{
+    assert(key_size > 1);
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container;
+    typename container::const_iterator itr;
+    size_t idx = 0;
+    for (itr = beg; itr != end; ++itr, ++idx)
+    {
+        if (idx >= key_size)
+            // out-of-bound index
+            return false;
+
+        // Check the key first.
+        if (keys[idx] != itr->first)
+            return false;
+
+        if (idx < key_size - 1)
+        {
+            // Check the value only if it's not the last node.  The last node
+            // may have an arbitrary value.
+            if (values[idx] != itr->second)
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // At this point, the iterator should be at the end position.
+    if (itr != end)
+        return false;
+
+    // Check the keys and values again but go to the opposite direction.
+    do
+    {
+        --itr;
+        --idx;
+
+        // key
+        if (keys[idx] != itr->first)
+            return false;
+
+        // value
+        if (idx < key_size - 1)
+        {
+            if (values[idx] != itr->second)
+                return false;
+        }
+    } while (itr != beg);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+bool is_iterator_valid(
+    const typename flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>::const_reverse_iterator& beg,
+    const typename flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type>::const_reverse_iterator& end, const key_type* keys,
+    const value_type* values, size_t key_size)
+{
+    assert(key_size > 1);
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container;
+    typename container::const_reverse_iterator itr;
+    size_t idx = key_size - 1;
+    for (itr = beg; itr != end; ++itr, --idx)
+    {
+        if (idx >= key_size)
+            // out-of-bound index
+            return false;
+
+        // Check the key first.
+        if (keys[idx] != itr->first)
+            return false;
+
+        if (idx < key_size - 1)
+        {
+            // Check the value only if it's not the last node.  The last node
+            // may have an arbitrary value.
+            if (values[idx] != itr->second)
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // At this point, the iterator should be at the end position.
+    if (itr != end)
+        return false;
+
+    // Check the keys and values again but go to the opposite direction.
+    do
+    {
+        --itr;
+        ++idx;
+
+        // key
+        if (keys[idx] != itr->first)
+            return false;
+
+        // value
+        if (idx < key_size - 1)
+        {
+            if (values[idx] != itr->second)
+                return false;
+        }
+    } while (itr != beg);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void fst_test_insert_search_mix()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, int> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 100, 0);
+
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 0, 0, 0, 100);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 99, 0, 0, 100);
+
+    db.insert_front(0, 10, 1);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 0, 1, 0, 10);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 5, 1, 0, 10);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 9, 1, 0, 10);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 10, 0, 10, 100);
+
+    db.insert_front(0, 100, 0);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 0, 0, 0, 100);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 99, 0, 0, 100);
+
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 5);
+    db.insert_front(30, 40, 5);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 10, 5, 10, 20);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 20, 0, 20, 30);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 30, 5, 30, 40);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 40, 0, 40, 100);
+
+    db.insert_front(18, 22, 6);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 18, 6, 18, 22);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 22, 0, 22, 30);
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 30, 5, 30, 40);
+
+    db.insert_front(19, 30, 5);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 19, 5, 19, 40);
+
+    db.insert_front(-100, 500, 999);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    assert(db_type::node::get_instance_count() == db.leaf_size());
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+    test_single_tree_search(db, 30, 999, 0, 100);
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_left()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, int> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 100, 0);
+    db.insert_front(20, 40, 5);
+    db.insert_front(50, 60, 10);
+    db.insert_front(70, 80, 15);
+    build_and_dump(db);
+
+    // invalid segment ranges -- these should not modify the state of the
+    // tree, hence the tree should remain valid.
+    db.shift_left(5, 0);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_left(95, 120);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_left(105, 120);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_left(-10, -5);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_left(-10, 5);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    // shift without removing nodes (including the lower bound).
+    db.shift_left(0, 5);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        std::vector<int> key_checks;
+        key_checks.push_back(0);
+        key_checks.push_back(15);
+        key_checks.push_back(35);
+        key_checks.push_back(45);
+        key_checks.push_back(55);
+        key_checks.push_back(65);
+        key_checks.push_back(75);
+        key_checks.push_back(100);
+        assert(db.verify_keys(key_checks));
+    }
+
+    // shift without removing nodes (not including the lower bound).
+    db.shift_left(1, 6);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        std::vector<int> key_checks;
+        key_checks.push_back(0);
+        key_checks.push_back(10);
+        key_checks.push_back(30);
+        key_checks.push_back(40);
+        key_checks.push_back(50);
+        key_checks.push_back(60);
+        key_checks.push_back(70);
+        key_checks.push_back(100);
+        assert(db.verify_keys(key_checks));
+    }
+
+    // shift without removing nodes (the upper bound of the removed segment
+    // coincides with a node).
+    db.shift_left(5, 10);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        std::vector<int> key_checks;
+        key_checks.push_back(0);
+        key_checks.push_back(5);
+        key_checks.push_back(25);
+        key_checks.push_back(35);
+        key_checks.push_back(45);
+        key_checks.push_back(55);
+        key_checks.push_back(65);
+        key_checks.push_back(100);
+        assert(db.verify_keys(key_checks));
+    }
+
+    // shift with one overlapping node.
+    db.shift_left(1, 11);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0, 10, 0, 15, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // shift with two overlapping nodes.
+    db.shift_left(2, 30);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 2, 7, 17, 27, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 10, 0, 15, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // shift with both ends at existing nodes, but no nodes in between.
+    db.shift_left(0, 1);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 6, 16, 26, 100};
+        int vals[] = {5, 10, 0, 15, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // shift with both ends at existing nodes, no nodes in between, and
+    // removing the segment results in two consecutive segments with identical
+    // value.  The segments should get combined into one.
+    db.shift_left(16, 26);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 6, 100};
+        int vals[] = {5, 10, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // insert two new segments for the next test....
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 400);
+    db.insert_front(30, 40, 400);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 100};
+        int vals[] = {5, 10, 0, 400, 0, 400, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // same test as the previous one, but the value of the combined segment
+    // differs from the value of the rightmost leaf node.
+    db.shift_left(20, 30);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 1, 6, 10, 30, 100};
+        int vals[] = {5, 10, 0, 400, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // remove all.
+    db.shift_left(0, 100);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_left_right_edge()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    flat_segment_tree<int, bool> db(0, 100, false);
+    build_and_dump(db);
+
+    // This should not change the tree state.
+    db.shift_left(2, 100);
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_front(20, 100, true);
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 20, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // This should insert a new segment at the end with the initial base value.
+    db.shift_left(80, 100);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 20, 80, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // This should not modify the tree since the removed segment already has
+    // the initial base value.
+    db.shift_left(85, 100);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid()); // tree must still be valid.
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 20, 80, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Insert a new segment at the end with the value 'true' again...
+    db.insert_front(85, 100, true);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 20, 80, 85, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true, false, true};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_left(90, 95);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 20, 80, 85, 95, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true, false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_left_append_new_segment()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    flat_segment_tree<int, bool> db(0, 100, false);
+    db.insert_front(0, 100, true);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {true};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_left(10, 20);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 90, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_front(0, 10, true);
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, false);
+    db.insert_front(20, 60, true);
+    db.insert_front(60, 80, false);
+    db.insert_front(80, 100, true);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 10, 20, 60, 80, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {true, false, true, false, true};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_left(0, 70);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 10, 30, 100};
+        bool vals[] = {false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_right_init0()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(0, 100, 0);
+    db.insert_front(0, 10, 15);
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 1);
+    db.insert_front(20, 30, 2);
+    db.insert_front(30, 40, 3);
+    db.insert_front(40, 50, 4);
+    db.insert_front(50, 60, 5);
+    db.insert_front(60, 70, 6);
+    db.insert_front(70, 80, 7);
+    db.insert_front(80, 90, 8);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+
+    // shifting position is at the lower bound.  The leftmost segment has a
+    // non-zero value which needs to be preserved after the shift by adding a
+    // new node.
+    db.shift_right(0, 5, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 15, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // shifting position is at the lower bound, and after the shift, the upper
+    // bound of the last non-zero segment (10) becomes the upper bound of the
+    // global range.
+    db.shift_right(0, 5, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 15, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Shift by some odd number.
+    db.shift_right(0, 49, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 59, 69, 79, 89, 99, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 15, 1, 2, 3, 4};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Shift so that the 2nd node from the right-most node becomes the new
+    // right-most node.
+    db.shift_right(0, 11, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 70, 80, 90, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 15, 1, 2};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // This should remove all segments.
+    db.shift_right(0, 30, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Insert a few new segments for the next series of tests...
+    db.insert_front(5, 10, 5);
+    db.insert_front(20, 30, 5);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting at a non-node position.  This should simply extend that
+    // segment and shift all the others.
+    db.shift_right(6, 20, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 5, 30, 40, 50, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting at a node position.
+    db.shift_right(5, 20, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 25, 50, 60, 70, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting at a non-node position, pushing a node out-of-bound.
+    db.shift_right(65, 40, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 25, 50, 60, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0, 5};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting at a node position, pushing a node out-of-bound.
+    db.shift_right(50, 40, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int keys[] = {0, 25, 90, 100};
+        int vals[] = {0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, keys, vals, std::size(keys)));
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_right_init999()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    // Initialize the tree with a default value of 999.
+    flat_segment_tree<int, int> db(0, 100, 999);
+    db.insert_front(0, 10, 0);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int k[] = {0, 10, 100};
+        int v[] = {0, 999};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // This should only extend the first segment.
+    db.shift_right(1, 10, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int k[] = {0, 20, 100};
+        int v[] = {0, 999};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting at the leftmost node position should create a new segment
+    // with a default value of 999.
+    db.shift_right(0, 10, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        int k[] = {0, 10, 30, 100};
+        int v[] = {999, 0, 999};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Invalid shifts -- these should not invalidate the tree.
+    db.shift_right(-10, 10, false);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_right(100, 10, false);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.shift_right(0, 0, false);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_right_bool()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    flat_segment_tree<long, bool> db(0, 1048576, false);
+    db.insert_front(3, 7, true);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 3, 7, 1048576};
+        bool v[] = {false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_right(1, 1, false);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 4, 8, 1048576};
+        bool v[] = {false, true, false};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_shift_right_skip_start_node()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    flat_segment_tree<long, short> db(0, 1048576, 0);
+    db.insert_front(3, 7, 5);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 3, 7, 1048576};
+        short v[] = {0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_right(3, 2, true);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 3, 9, 1048576};
+        short v[] = {0, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // shift_right from the leftmost node should not change its value
+    db.insert_front(0, 4, 2);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 4, 9, 1048576};
+        short v[] = {2, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.shift_right(0, 2, true);
+    build_and_dump(db);
+    {
+        long k[] = {0, 6, 11, 1048576};
+        short v[] = {2, 5, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Right all nodes right so that all existing nodes get pushed out of the
+ * range.
+ */
+void fst_test_shift_right_all_nodes()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<unsigned, unsigned> fst_type;
+
+    fst_type db(0, 10, 0);
+    {
+        unsigned k[] = {0, 10};
+        unsigned v[] = {0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(0, 8, 2);
+    db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    {
+        unsigned k[] = {0, 8, 10};
+        unsigned v[] = {2, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Shift all nodes out of range.  After this, there should be only the
+    // left and right most nodes left.
+    db.shift_right(0, 15, false);
+    db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+    {
+        unsigned k[] = {0, 10};
+        unsigned v[] = {0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+struct leaf_node_functor
+{
+    void operator()(const std::pair<key_type, value_type>&) const
+    {}
+};
+
+void fst_test_const_iterator()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    {
+        typedef unsigned int key_type;
+        typedef unsigned short value_type;
+        unsigned short max_value = std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max();
+        typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container_type;
+
+        container_type db(0, 1000, max_value);
+
+        build_and_dump(db);
+        {
+            unsigned int k[] = {0, 1000};
+            unsigned short v[] = {max_value};
+            assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+        }
+
+        db.insert_front(10, 20, 10);
+        db.insert_front(20, 50, 20);
+        db.insert_front(100, 300, 55);
+        build_and_dump(db);
+        {
+            unsigned int k[] = {0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 1000};
+            unsigned short v[] = {max_value, 10, 20, max_value, 55, max_value};
+            assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+            fprintf(stdout, "fst_test_const_iterator:   leaf nodes valid\n");
+
+            // Check the forward iterator's integrity.
+            assert(is_iterator_valid(db.begin(), db.end(), k, v, std::size(k)));
+            fprintf(stdout, "fst_test_const_iterator:   forward iterator valid\n");
+
+            // Check the reverse iterator's integrity.
+            assert(is_iterator_valid(db.rbegin(), db.rend(), k, v, std::size(k)));
+            fprintf(stdout, "fst_test_const_iterator:   reverse iterator valid\n");
+        }
+
+        // Make sure it works with for_each.
+        std::for_each(db.begin(), db.end(), leaf_node_functor<key_type, value_type>());
+    }
+
+    {
+        typedef flat_segment_tree<int, bool> container_type;
+        container_type db(0, 100, true);
+        db.insert_front(0, 50, false);
+
+        {
+            cout << "-- forward" << endl;
+            container_type::const_iterator it = db.begin(), it_end = db.end();
+            // 0 -> 50 -> 100 -> end
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 0);
+            assert(it->second == false);
+            ++it;
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 50);
+            assert(it->second == true);
+            ++it;
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 100);
+            assert(it != it_end);
+            ++it;
+            assert(it == it_end);
+        }
+        {
+            cout << "-- reverse" << endl;
+            container_type::const_reverse_iterator it = db.rbegin(), it_end = db.rend();
+            // 100 -> 50 -> 0 -> end
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 100);
+            ++it;
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 50);
+            assert(it->second == true);
+            ++it;
+            cout << "key: " << it->first << "  value: " << it->second << endl;
+            assert(it->first == 0);
+            assert(it->second == false);
+            assert(it != it_end);
+            ++it;
+            assert(it == it_end);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename key_type, typename value_type>
+void fst_test_insert_front_back(key_type start_key, key_type end_key, value_type default_value)
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE_MSG(
+        "start-key=" << start_key << "; end-key=" << end_key << "; default-value=" << default_value);
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container_type;
+    typedef typename container_type::const_iterator itr_type;
+
+    value_type val = 0;
+
+    // insert a series of segments from the front.
+    container_type db_front(start_key, end_key, default_value);
+    for (key_type i = start_key; i < end_key - 10; ++i)
+    {
+        itr_type itr = db_front.insert_front(i, i + 1, val).first;
+        assert(itr->first == i);
+        assert(itr->second == val);
+        if (++val > 10)
+            val = 0;
+    }
+
+    // insert the same series of segments from the back.
+    container_type db_back(start_key, end_key, default_value);
+    val = 0;
+    for (key_type i = start_key; i < end_key - 10; ++i)
+    {
+        itr_type itr = db_back.insert_back(i, i + 1, val).first;
+        assert(itr->first == i);
+        assert(itr->second == val);
+        if (++val > 10)
+            val = 0;
+    }
+
+    // Now, these two must be identical.
+    if (db_front != db_back)
+    {
+        // They are not identical!
+        db_front.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        db_back.dump_leaf_nodes();
+        cout << "start_key = " << start_key << "  end_key = " << end_key << "  default_value = " << default_value
+             << endl;
+        assert(!"Contents of the two containers are not identical!");
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_perf_test_insert_front_back()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef unsigned long key_type;
+    typedef int value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container_type;
+    key_type upper_bound = 20000;
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert (front insertion)");
+        container_type db(0, upper_bound, 0);
+        value_type val = 0;
+        for (key_type i = 0; i < upper_bound; ++i)
+        {
+            db.insert_front(i, i + 1, val);
+            if (++val > 10)
+                val = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert (back insertion)");
+        container_type db(0, upper_bound, 0);
+        value_type val = 0;
+        for (key_type i = 0; i < upper_bound; ++i)
+        {
+            db.insert_back(i, i + 1, val);
+            if (++val > 10)
+                val = 0;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_copy_ctor()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef unsigned long key_type;
+    typedef int value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> fst;
+
+    // Test copy construction of node first.
+
+    {
+        // Original node.
+        fst::node_ptr node1(new fst::node);
+        node1->value_leaf.key = 10;
+        node1->value_leaf.value = 500;
+        assert(node1->is_leaf);
+        assert(!node1->parent);
+        assert(!node1->prev);
+        assert(!node1->next);
+
+        // Copy it to new node.
+        fst::node_ptr node2(new fst::node(*node1));
+        assert(node2->is_leaf);
+        assert(!node2->parent);
+        assert(!node2->prev);
+        assert(!node2->next);
+        assert(node2->value_leaf.key == 10);
+        assert(node2->value_leaf.value == 500);
+
+        // Changing the values of the original should not modify the second node.
+        node1->value_leaf.key = 35;
+        node1->value_leaf.value = 200;
+        assert(node2->value_leaf.key == 10);
+        assert(node2->value_leaf.value == 500);
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Test non-leaf node objects.
+        fst::nonleaf_node node1;
+        node1.value_nonleaf.low = 123;
+        node1.value_nonleaf.high = 789;
+
+        // Test the copying of non-leaf values.
+        fst::nonleaf_node node2(node1);
+        assert(!node2.is_leaf);
+        assert(!node2.parent);
+        assert(!node2.left);
+        assert(!node2.right);
+        assert(node2.value_nonleaf.low == 123);
+        assert(node2.value_nonleaf.high == 789);
+    }
+
+    // Now, test the copy construction of the flat_segment_tree.
+
+    // Simple copying by copy construction.
+    fst db(0, 100, 5);
+    fst db_copied(db);
+    assert(db == db_copied);
+    {
+        key_type k[] = {0, 100};
+        value_type v[] = {5};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting the same segment value to both instances.  They should still
+    // be equal.
+    db.insert_front(5, 10, 0);
+    db_copied.insert_front(5, 10, 0);
+    assert(db == db_copied);
+    {
+        key_type k[] = {0, 5, 10, 100};
+        value_type v[] = {5, 0, 5};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Inserting a new segment only to the 2nd instance.  They should differ.
+    db_copied.insert_front(15, 20, 35);
+    assert(db != db_copied);
+    {
+        key_type k[] = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 100};
+        value_type v[] = {5, 0, 5, 35, 5};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db_copied, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    // Make sure that copying will leave the tree invalid.
+    assert(!db_copied.is_tree_valid());
+    db_copied.build_tree();
+    assert(db_copied.is_tree_valid());
+    fst db_copied_again(db_copied);
+    assert(db_copied == db_copied_again);
+    assert(!db_copied_again.is_tree_valid());
+    assert(!db_copied_again.get_root_node());
+
+    // Make sure we can still perform tree search correctly.
+    value_type answer = 0;
+    db_copied_again.build_tree();
+    db_copied_again.search_tree(18, answer);
+    assert(db_copied_again.is_tree_valid());
+    assert(answer == 35);
+}
+
+void fst_test_move_ctor()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    {
+        // initial condition (2 nodes)
+        using container_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<int64_t, std::string>;
+        container_type src(-50, 50, "none");
+
+        // pointer to the root node should stay the same before and after the move.
+        auto src_root = src.get_root_node();
+
+        container_type moved(std::move(src));
+        assert(moved.min_key() == -50);
+        assert(moved.max_key() == 50);
+        assert(moved.default_value() == "none");
+        assert(moved.leaf_size() == 2);
+        assert(!moved.is_tree_valid());
+        assert(moved.get_root_node() == src_root);
+
+        moved.build_tree();
+        assert(moved.is_tree_valid());
+
+        {
+            // Make sure search_tree() won't access invalid memory
+            std::string v;
+            moved.search_tree(0, v);
+            assert(v == "none");
+        }
+
+        src_root = moved.get_root_node();
+
+        // move again with valid tree
+        container_type moved2(std::move(moved));
+        assert(moved2.min_key() == -50);
+        assert(moved2.max_key() == 50);
+        assert(moved2.default_value() == "none");
+        assert(moved2.leaf_size() == 2);
+        assert(moved2.is_tree_valid());
+        assert(src_root == moved2.get_root_node());
+
+        {
+            // Make sure search_tree() won't access invalid memory
+            std::string v;
+            moved2.search_tree(0, v);
+            assert(v == "none");
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        // 4 nodes
+        using container_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<int64_t, std::string>;
+        container_type src(-50, 50, "none");
+        src.insert_back(-10, 10, "middle");
+
+        // pointer to the root node should stay the same before and after the move.
+        auto src_root = src.get_root_node();
+
+        container_type moved(std::move(src));
+        assert(moved.min_key() == -50);
+        assert(moved.max_key() == 50);
+        assert(moved.default_value() == "none");
+        assert(moved.leaf_size() == 4);
+        assert(!moved.is_tree_valid());
+        assert(moved.get_root_node() == src_root);
+
+        moved.build_tree();
+        assert(moved.is_tree_valid());
+
+        {
+            // Make sure search_tree() won't access invalid memory
+            std::string v;
+            moved.search_tree(-40, v);
+            assert(v == "none");
+
+            moved.search_tree(0, v);
+            assert(v == "middle");
+        }
+
+        src_root = moved.get_root_node();
+
+        // move again with valid tree
+        container_type moved2(std::move(moved));
+        assert(moved2.min_key() == -50);
+        assert(moved2.max_key() == 50);
+        assert(moved2.default_value() == "none");
+        assert(moved2.leaf_size() == 4);
+        assert(moved2.is_tree_valid());
+        assert(src_root == moved2.get_root_node());
+
+        {
+            // Make sure search_tree() won't access invalid memory
+            std::string v;
+            moved2.search_tree(-40, v);
+            assert(v == "none");
+
+            moved2.search_tree(0, v);
+            assert(v == "middle");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_equality()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef unsigned long key_type;
+    typedef int value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container_type;
+
+    container_type db1(0, 100, 0);
+    container_type db2(0, 100, 0);
+    assert(db1 == db2);
+
+    db1.insert_front(0, 1, 1);
+    assert(db1 != db2);
+
+    db2.insert_front(0, 1, 1);
+    assert(db1 == db2);
+
+    // Same node count, but with different value.
+    db2.insert_front(0, 1, 2);
+    assert(db1 != db2);
+
+    // Set the value back.
+    db2.insert_front(0, 1, 1);
+    assert(db1 == db2);
+
+    db1.insert_front(4, 10, 10);
+    db1.insert_front(4, 10, 0);
+    assert(db1 == db2);
+
+    db1.insert_front(20, 40, 5);
+    db1.insert_front(30, 35, 6);
+    assert(db1 != db2);
+
+    db2.insert_front(20, 30, 5);
+    db2.insert_front(30, 35, 6);
+    db2.insert_front(35, 40, 5);
+    assert(db1 == db2);
+}
+
+void fst_test_back_insert()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef unsigned int key_type;
+    typedef unsigned short value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> container_type;
+    container_type db(0, 100, 0);
+    db.insert_back(1, 2, 1);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 1, 2, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {0, 1, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(3, 4, 2);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {0, 1, 0, 2, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(4, 5, 2);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {0, 1, 0, 2, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(90, 120, 10);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 90, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 10};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(0, 10, 20);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 10, 90, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {20, 0, 10};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(5, 20, 20);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 20, 90, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {20, 0, 10};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(15, 30, 5);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 15, 30, 90, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {20, 5, 0, 10};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.insert_back(0, 1, 2);
+    {
+        unsigned int k[] = {0, 1, 15, 30, 90, 100};
+        unsigned short v[] = {2, 20, 5, 0, 10};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+
+    db.dump_leaf_nodes();
+}
+
+template<typename A, typename B>
+void print_iterator(typename flat_segment_tree<A, B>::const_iterator& itr)
+{
+    cout << "iterator: (key=" << itr->first << ",value=" << itr->second << ")" << endl;
+}
+
+void fst_test_insert_iterator()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef long key_type;
+    typedef short value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> db_type;
+
+    db_type db(0, 100, 0);
+    db_type::const_iterator itr;
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(0, 5, 4).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 0);
+    assert(itr->second == 4);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(3, 10, 100).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 3);
+    assert(itr->second == 100);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(5, 8, 100).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 3);
+    assert(itr->second == 100);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(5, 8, 50).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 5);
+    assert(itr->second == 50);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(6, 9, 50).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 5);
+    assert(itr->second == 50);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(9, 20, 24).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 9);
+    assert(itr->second == 24);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(19, 24, 34).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 19);
+    assert(itr->second == 34);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(24, 26, 0).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 24);
+    assert(itr->second == 0);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(30, 50, 2).first;
+    assert(itr->first == 30);
+    assert(itr->second == 2);
+    print_iterator<key_type, value_type>(itr);
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(120, 140, 34).first;
+    assert(itr == db.end());
+
+    itr = db.insert_front(-20, -10, 20).first;
+    assert(itr == db.end());
+}
+
+void fst_test_insert_state_changed()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef long key_type;
+    typedef short value_type;
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<key_type, value_type> db_type;
+    typedef std::pair<db_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+
+    db_type db(0, 1000, 0);
+
+    // Inserting a segment with the default value.  This should not change the
+    // state.
+    ret_type r = db.insert_front(10, 15, 0);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // New segment with a different value.
+    r = db.insert_front(0, 10, 1);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    // Inserting the same segment should not change the state.
+    r = db.insert_front(0, 10, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    r = db.insert_front(0, 1, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    r = db.insert_front(8, 10, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // This extends the segment, therefore the state should change.
+    r = db.insert_front(8, 11, 1);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    r = db.insert_front(11, 15, 0);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // This extends the segment.  At this point, 0 - 15 should have a value of 1.
+    r = db.insert_front(11, 15, 1);
+    assert(r.second);
+    {
+        db_type::const_iterator itr = r.first;
+        assert(itr->first == 0);
+        assert(itr->second == 1);
+        ++itr;
+        assert(itr->first == 15);
+    }
+
+    r = db.insert_front(2, 4, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // Different value segment.  This should change the state.
+    r = db.insert_front(2, 4, 0);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    // Ditto.
+    r = db.insert_front(2, 4, 1);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    r = db.insert_front(1, 8, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // Different value segment.
+    r = db.insert_front(1, 8, 2);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    r = db.insert_front(8, 20, 2);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    // The 0-1 segment should still have a value of 1.  So this won't change
+    // the state.
+    r = db.insert_front(0, 1, 1);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // Partially out-of-bound segment, but this should modify the value of 0-2.
+    r = db.insert_front(-50, 2, 10);
+    assert(r.second);
+    {
+        db_type::const_iterator itr = r.first;
+        assert(itr->first == 0);
+        assert(itr->second == 10);
+        ++itr;
+        assert(itr->first == 2);
+    }
+
+    // Entirely out-of-bound.
+    r = db.insert_front(-50, -2, 20);
+    assert(!r.second);
+
+    // Likewise, partially out-of-bound at the higher end.
+    r = db.insert_front(800, 1200, 20);
+    assert(r.second);
+
+    // Entirely out-of-bound.
+    r = db.insert_front(1300, 1400, 25);
+    assert(!r.second);
+}
+
+void fst_perf_test_insert_position()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, bool> db_type;
+    typedef std::pair<db_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+    long upper = 60000;
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert_position (front)");
+        // Much smaller upper boundary because front insertion is very slow.
+        db_type db(0, upper, false);
+        bool val = false;
+        for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+        {
+            db.insert_front(i, i + 1, val);
+            val = !val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert_position (back)");
+        db_type db(0, upper, false);
+        bool val = false;
+        for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+        {
+            db.insert_back(i, i + 1, val);
+            val = !val;
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        db_type db(0, upper, false);
+        {
+            stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert_position (position)");
+            db_type::const_iterator itr = db.begin();
+            bool val = false;
+            for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+            {
+                ret_type ret = db.insert(itr, i, i + 1, val);
+                val = !val;
+                itr = ret.first;
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_insert_position (position re-insert)");
+            db_type::const_iterator itr = db.begin();
+            bool val = true;
+            for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+            {
+                ret_type ret = db.insert(itr, i, i + 1, val);
+                val = !val;
+                itr = ret.first;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_perf_test_position_search()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, bool> db_type;
+    typedef std::pair<db_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+    long upper = 60000;
+    db_type db(0, upper, false);
+
+    // Fill the leaf nodes first.
+    db_type::const_iterator itr = db.begin();
+    bool val = false;
+    for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+    {
+        ret_type ret = db.insert(itr, i, i + 1, val);
+        val = !val;
+        itr = ret.first;
+    }
+
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_position_search (normal)");
+        for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+        {
+            bool val2;
+            ret_type ret = db.search(i, val2);
+            assert(ret.second);
+        }
+    }
+
+    {
+        stack_printer __stack_printer__("::fst_perf_test_position_search (positioned)");
+        itr = db.begin();
+        for (long i = 0; i < upper; ++i)
+        {
+            bool val2;
+            ret_type ret = db.search(itr, i, val2);
+            assert(ret.second);
+            itr = ret.first;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename K, typename V>
+bool check_pos_search_result(
+    const flat_segment_tree<K, V>& db, typename flat_segment_tree<K, V>::const_iterator& itr, K key, K start_expected,
+    K end_expected, V value_expected)
+{
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<K, V> db_type;
+    typedef std::pair<typename db_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+
+    V _val;
+    K _start = -1, _end = -1;
+
+    ret_type r = db.search(itr, key, _val, &_start, &_end);
+
+    cout << "expected: start=" << start_expected << " end=" << end_expected << " value=" << value_expected << endl;
+    cout << "observed: start=" << _start << " end=" << _end << " value=" << _val << endl;
+
+    bool result = _start == start_expected && _end == end_expected && _val == value_expected &&
+                  r.first->first == start_expected && r.first->second == value_expected;
+    itr = r.first;
+    return result;
+}
+
+void fst_test_position_search()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, short> db_type;
+    typedef std::pair<db_type::const_iterator, bool> ret_type;
+
+    db_type db(0, 100, 0);
+    db.insert_front(10, 20, 1);
+    db.insert_front(30, 50, 5);
+
+    db_type db2(-10, 10, 1);
+
+    struct
+    {
+        long start_range;
+        long end_range;
+        short value_expected;
+    } params[] = {{0, 10, 0}, {10, 20, 1}, {20, 30, 0}, {30, 50, 5}, {50, 100, 0}};
+
+    size_t n = std::size(params);
+
+    cout << "Testing for searches with various valid and invalid iterators." << endl;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        for (long j = params[i].start_range; j < params[i].end_range; ++j)
+        {
+            db_type::const_iterator itr;
+            bool success = false;
+
+            // empty iterator - should fall back to normal search.
+            success = check_pos_search_result(
+                db, itr, j, params[i].start_range, params[i].end_range, params[i].value_expected);
+            assert(success);
+
+            // iterator returned from the previous search.
+            success = check_pos_search_result(
+                db, itr, j, params[i].start_range, params[i].end_range, params[i].value_expected);
+            assert(success);
+
+            // begin iterator.
+            itr = db.begin();
+            success = check_pos_search_result(
+                db, itr, j, params[i].start_range, params[i].end_range, params[i].value_expected);
+            assert(success);
+
+            // end iterator.
+            itr = db.end();
+            success = check_pos_search_result(
+                db, itr, j, params[i].start_range, params[i].end_range, params[i].value_expected);
+            assert(success);
+
+            // iterator from another container - should fall back to normal search.
+            itr = db2.begin();
+            success = check_pos_search_result(
+                db, itr, j, params[i].start_range, params[i].end_range, params[i].value_expected);
+            assert(success);
+        }
+    }
+
+    cout << "Testing for continuous searching by re-using the iteraotr from the previous search." << endl;
+    db_type::const_iterator itr;
+    short val;
+    long start = 0, end = 0;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+    {
+        ret_type r = db.search(itr, end, val, &start, &end);
+        assert(start == params[i].start_range);
+        assert(end == params[i].end_range);
+        assert(val == params[i].value_expected);
+        assert(r.second);
+        itr = r.first;
+    }
+}
+
+void fst_test_min_max_default()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, short> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 100, 2);
+    assert(db.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db.default_value() == 2);
+}
+
+void fst_test_swap()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, int> db_type;
+    db_type db1(0, 200, 20);
+    db_type db2(20, 40, 0);
+    db1.insert_back(20, 30, 1);
+    db1.insert_back(30, 40, 2);
+    db1.insert_back(40, 50, 3);
+    db1.build_tree();
+
+    // Check the content of db1.
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 200};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {20, 1, 2, 3, 20};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db1, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db1.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db1.max_key() == 200);
+    assert(db1.default_value() == 20);
+    assert(db1.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db1.swap(db2);
+
+    // Now db2 should inherit the content of db1.
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 200};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {20, 1, 2, 3, 20};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db2, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db2.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db2.max_key() == 200);
+    assert(db2.default_value() == 20);
+    assert(db2.is_tree_valid());
+
+    // Tree search should work on db2.
+    db_type::value_type val = 0;
+    assert(db2.search_tree(35, val).second);
+    assert(val == 2);
+}
+
+void fst_test_swap_tree_memory()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, int> db_type;
+    auto db1 = std::make_unique<db_type>(0, 100, 0);
+    db1->insert_back(10, 40, 999);
+    db1->build_tree();
+    int value = -1;
+    db1->search_tree(20, value);
+    assert(value == 999);
+
+    db_type db2(-10, 10, -99);
+    db2.swap(*db1);
+
+    db1.reset();
+
+    // Make sure that the tree is valid, and you can still search through the tree.
+    assert(db2.is_tree_valid());
+    value = -1;
+    db2.search_tree(20, value);
+    assert(value == 999);
+}
+
+void fst_test_clear()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, int> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 100, 42);
+    db.insert_back(0, 10, 0);
+    db.insert_back(10, 20, 1);
+    db.insert_back(20, 30, 2);
+    db.build_tree();
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {0, 1, 2, 42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(db.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db.clear();
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(!db.is_tree_valid());
+}
+
+void fst_test_assignment()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<long, int> db_type;
+    db_type db1(0, 100, 42);
+    db1.insert_back(0, 10, 0);
+    db1.insert_back(10, 20, 1);
+    db1.insert_back(20, 30, 2);
+    db1.build_tree();
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {0, 1, 2, 42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db1, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db1.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db1.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db1.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(db1.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db_type db2(20, 40, 0);
+    db2.insert_back(20, 30, 8);
+    db2.build_tree();
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {20, 30, 40};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {8, 0};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db2, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db2.min_key() == 20);
+    assert(db2.max_key() == 40);
+    assert(db2.default_value() == 0);
+    assert(db2.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db_type db3(10, 80, 4);
+    db3.build_tree();
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {10, 80};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {4};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db3, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db3.min_key() == 10);
+    assert(db3.max_key() == 80);
+    assert(db3.default_value() == 4);
+    assert(db3.is_tree_valid());
+
+    db3 = db2 = db1;
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {0, 1, 2, 42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db1, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db1.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db1.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db1.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(db1.is_tree_valid());
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {0, 1, 2, 42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db2, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db2.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db2.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db2.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(!db2.is_tree_valid());
+
+    {
+        db_type::key_type k[] = {0, 10, 20, 30, 100};
+        db_type::value_type v[] = {0, 1, 2, 42};
+        assert(check_leaf_nodes(db3, k, v, std::size(k)));
+    }
+    assert(db3.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(db3.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(db3.default_value() == 42);
+    assert(!db3.is_tree_valid());
+}
+
+void fst_test_move_assignment()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    using container_type = flat_segment_tree<uint32_t, std::string>;
+    container_type src{0, 100, "base"};
+    container_type moved{10, 200, "base2"};
+    moved = std::move(src);
+
+    assert(moved.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(moved.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(moved.default_value() == "base");
+    assert(moved.leaf_size() == 2);
+    assert(!moved.is_tree_valid());
+
+    moved.insert_back(10, 25, "10-25");
+    moved.build_tree();
+    assert(moved.is_tree_valid());
+    assert(moved.leaf_size() == 4);
+
+    container_type moved2{30, 450, "base3"};
+    moved2 = std::move(moved);
+    assert(moved2.min_key() == 0);
+    assert(moved2.max_key() == 100);
+    assert(moved2.default_value() == "base");
+    assert(moved2.leaf_size() == 4);
+    assert(moved2.is_tree_valid());
+
+    // Make sure we can perform tree search.
+    std::string v;
+    uint32_t key1, key2;
+    auto res = moved2.search_tree(20, v, &key1, &key2);
+    assert(res.second);
+    assert(v == "10-25");
+    assert(key1 == 10);
+    assert(key2 == 25);
+}
+
+void fst_test_non_numeric_value()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, std::string> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 4, "42");
+    db.insert_back(1, 2, "hello world");
+
+    assert(db.default_value() == "42");
+
+    std::string result;
+    db.search(1, result);
+
+    assert(result == "hello world");
+
+    db_type db2(db);
+
+    assert(db == db2);
+}
+
+void fst_test_insert_out_of_bound()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, bool> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 10, false);
+
+    // An out-of-bound range, whether it's in part or in its entirety, should
+    // be handled gracefully without throwing exceptions or causing segfaults.
+
+    // ranges that are entirely out-of-bound.
+
+    auto ret = db.insert_front(-10, -8, false);
+    assert(!ret.second);
+    db.insert_back(12, 13, false);
+    assert(!ret.second);
+
+    db_type::const_iterator pos = db.end();
+
+    ret = db.insert(pos, -10, -8, false);
+    assert(!ret.second);
+    pos = ret.first;
+
+    ret = db.insert(pos, 12, 13, false);
+    assert(!ret.second);
+    pos = ret.first;
+
+    // partial overflows.
+
+    ret = db.insert(pos, -2, 2, true);
+    assert(ret.second); // content modified
+    pos = ret.first;
+
+    ret = db.insert(pos, 8, 20, true);
+    assert(ret.second); // content modified
+    pos = ret.first;
+}
+
+void fst_test_insert_out_of_bound_2()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int, bool> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 256, false);
+
+    // The range is entirely out-of-bound, but the start range equals the
+    // upper bound of the valid range.
+    auto ret = db.insert_back(256, 1024, true);
+
+    // Insertion never took place.
+    assert(ret.first == db.end());
+    assert(!ret.second);
+}
+
+void fst_test_segment_iterator()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    typedef flat_segment_tree<int16_t, bool> db_type;
+    db_type db(0, 100, false);
+
+    db_type::const_segment_iterator it = db.begin_segment();
+    db_type::const_segment_iterator ite = db.end_segment();
+
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->start == 0);
+    assert(it->end == 100);
+    assert(it->value == false);
+
+    const auto& v = *it;
+    assert(v.start == 0);
+    assert(v.end == 100);
+    assert(v.value == false);
+
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    --it;
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->start == 0);
+    assert(it->end == 100);
+    assert(it->value == false);
+
+    db_type::const_segment_iterator it2; // default constructor
+    it2 = it; // assignment operator
+    assert(it2 == it);
+    assert(it2->start == 0);
+    assert(it2->end == 100);
+    assert(it2->value == false);
+
+    auto it3(it2); // copy constructor
+    assert(it3 == it2);
+    assert(it3->start == 0);
+    assert(it3->end == 100);
+    assert(it3->value == false);
+
+    db.insert_back(20, 50, true); // this invalidates the iterators.
+
+    it = db.begin_segment();
+    ite = db.end_segment();
+
+    assert(it->start == 0);
+    assert(it->end == 20);
+    assert(it->value == false);
+
+    it2 = it++; // post-increment
+
+    assert(it2->start == 0);
+    assert(it2->end == 20);
+    assert(it2->value == false);
+
+    assert(it->start == 20);
+    assert(it->end == 50);
+    assert(it->value == true);
+
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->start == 50);
+    assert(it->end == 100);
+    assert(it->value == false);
+
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    it2 = it--; // post-decrement.
+    assert(it2 == ite);
+
+    it = db.begin_segment();
+    auto it_moved{std::move(it)}; // move construction
+
+    assert(it_moved->start == 0);
+    assert(it_moved->end == 20);
+    assert(it_moved->value == false);
+}
+
+void fst_test_segment_range()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    using container_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<int32_t, std::string>;
+    using node_type = container_type::const_segment_iterator::value_type;
+
+    {
+        container_type db{0, 100, "-"};
+
+        const std::vector<node_type> expected = {
+            {0, 100, "-"},
+        };
+
+        std::cout << "--" << std::endl;
+
+        std::vector<node_type> actual;
+        for (const node_type& v : db.segment_range())
+        {
+            std::cout << "start=" << v.start << "; end=" << v.end << "; value='" << v.value << "'" << std::endl;
+            actual.push_back(v);
+        }
+
+        assert(expected == actual);
+    }
+
+    {
+        container_type db{0, 100, "-"};
+        db.insert_back(10, 25, "10-25");
+
+        const std::vector<node_type> expected = {
+            {0, 10, "-"},
+            {10, 25, "10-25"},
+            {25, 100, "-"},
+        };
+
+        std::cout << "--" << std::endl;
+
+        std::vector<node_type> actual;
+        for (const node_type& v : db.segment_range())
+        {
+            std::cout << "start=" << v.start << "; end=" << v.end << "; value='" << v.value << "'" << std::endl;
+            actual.push_back(v);
+        }
+
+        assert(expected == actual);
+
+        // Use it with structured binding
+        std::cout << "--" << std::endl;
+        actual.clear();
+        for (const auto& [start, end, value] : db.segment_range())
+        {
+            std::cout << "start=" << start << "; end=" << end << "; value='" << value << "'" << std::endl;
+            actual.emplace_back(start, end, value);
+        }
+
+        assert(expected == actual);
+    }
+}
+
+class custom_key_type
+{
+    long value;
+
+public:
+    custom_key_type() : value(0)
+    {}
+    custom_key_type(const std::string& src) : value(std::stol(src))
+    {}
+
+    bool operator==(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return value == other.value;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return !operator==(other);
+    }
+
+    bool operator<(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return value < other.value;
+    }
+
+    bool operator<=(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return value <= other.value;
+    }
+
+#if 0 // intentionally not implementing these operators
+    bool operator>(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return value > other.value;
+    }
+
+    bool operator>=(const custom_key_type& other) const
+    {
+        return value >= other.value;
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+void fst_test_custom_key_type()
+{
+    MDDS_TEST_FUNC_SCOPE;
+
+    using container_type = mdds::flat_segment_tree<custom_key_type, std::string>;
+    using node_type = container_type::const_segment_iterator::value_type;
+
+    container_type db(custom_key_type{"0"}, custom_key_type{"123"}, "-");
+
+    db.insert_back(custom_key_type{"10"}, custom_key_type{"45"}, "10-45");
+
+    const std::vector<node_type> expected = {
+        {custom_key_type{"0"}, custom_key_type{"10"}, "-"},
+        {custom_key_type{"10"}, custom_key_type{"45"}, "10-45"},
+        {custom_key_type{"45"}, custom_key_type{"123"}, "-"},
+    };
+
+    std::vector<node_type> actual;
+
+    for (const node_type& v : db.segment_range())
+        actual.push_back(v);
+
+    assert(expected == actual);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    try
+    {
+        cmd_options opt;
+        if (!parse_cmd_options(argc, argv, opt))
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+
+        if (opt.test_func)
+        {
+            fst_test_equality();
+            fst_test_copy_ctor();
+            fst_test_move_ctor();
+            fst_test_back_insert();
+            {
+                typedef unsigned int key_type;
+                typedef unsigned short value_type;
+                for (value_type i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
+                    fst_test_insert_front_back<key_type, value_type>(0, 100, i);
+            }
+
+            {
+                typedef int key_type;
+                typedef short value_type;
+                for (value_type i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
+                    fst_test_insert_front_back<key_type, value_type>(0, 100, i);
+            }
+
+            {
+                typedef long key_type;
+                typedef unsigned int value_type;
+                for (value_type i = 0; i <= 100; ++i)
+                    fst_test_insert_front_back<key_type, value_type>(0, 100, i);
+            }
+
+            fst_test_leaf_search();
+            fst_test_leaf_search_2();
+            fst_test_tree_build();
+            fst_test_tree_search();
+            fst_test_tree_search_2();
+            fst_test_insert_search_mix();
+            fst_test_shift_left();
+            fst_test_shift_left_right_edge();
+            fst_test_shift_left_append_new_segment();
+            fst_test_shift_right_init0();
+            fst_test_shift_right_init999();
+            fst_test_shift_right_bool();
+            fst_test_shift_right_skip_start_node();
+            fst_test_shift_right_all_nodes();
+            fst_test_const_iterator();
+            fst_test_insert_iterator();
+            fst_test_insert_state_changed();
+            fst_test_position_search();
+            fst_test_min_max_default();
+            fst_test_swap();
+            fst_test_swap_tree_memory();
+            fst_test_clear();
+            fst_test_assignment();
+            fst_test_move_assignment();
+            fst_test_non_numeric_value();
+            fst_test_insert_out_of_bound();
+            fst_test_insert_out_of_bound_2();
+            fst_test_segment_iterator();
+            fst_test_segment_range();
+            fst_test_custom_key_type();
+        }
+
+        if (opt.test_perf)
+        {
+            fst_perf_test_search_leaf();
+            fst_perf_test_search_tree();
+            fst_perf_test_insert_front_back();
+            fst_perf_test_insert_position();
+            fst_perf_test_position_search();
+        }
+    }
+    catch (const std::exception& e)
+    {
+        fprintf(stdout, "Test failed: %s\n", e.what());
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    fprintf(stdout, "Test finished successfully!\n");
+    return 0;
+}