Adding upstream version 2.1.1.upstream/2.1.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

3 files changed, 2913 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/test/trie_map/Makefile.am b/test/trie_map/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4927a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/trie_map/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
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+
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+
+@VALGRIND_CHECK_RULES@
diff --git a/test/trie_map/Makefile.in b/test/trie_map/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6630a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/trie_map/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
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diff --git a/test/trie_map/test_main.cpp b/test/trie_map/test_main.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b7aa19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/trie_map/test_main.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,1909 @@
+/* -*- Mode: C++; tab-width: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil; c-basic-offset: 4 -*- */
+/*************************************************************************
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2018 Kohei Yoshida
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+ * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation
+ * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without
+ * restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
+ * copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
+ * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+ * conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+ * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+ * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
+ * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+#define MDDS_TRIE_MAP_DEBUG 1
+#include "test_global.hpp" // This must be the first header to be included.
+//#define MDDS_TRIE_MAP_DEBUG_DUMP_TRIE 1
+//#define MDDS_TRIE_MAP_DEBUG_DUMP_PACKED 1
+
+#include "mdds/trie_map.hpp"
+#include "mdds/global.hpp"
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <list>
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace mdds;
+
+using packed_int_map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+using packed_str_map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, std::string>;
+
+bool verify_entries(const packed_int_map_type& db, const packed_int_map_type::entry* entries, size_t entry_size)
+{
+    auto results = db.prefix_search(nullptr, 0);
+    for (auto it = results.begin(), ite = results.end(); it != ite; ++it)
+        cout << it->first << ": " << it->second << endl;
+
+    const packed_int_map_type::entry* p = entries;
+    const packed_int_map_type::entry* p_end = p + entry_size;
+    for (; p != p_end; ++p)
+    {
+        auto it = db.find(p->key, p->keylen);
+        if (it == db.end() || it->second != p->value)
+            return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+bool check_equal(const T& left, const T& right)
+{
+    if (left.first != right.first)
+    {
+        cout << "left: " << left.first << "; right: " << right.first << endl;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (left.second != right.second)
+    {
+        cout << "left: " << left.second << "; right: " << right.second << endl;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test1()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test1");
+
+    packed_int_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("a"), 13},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aa"), 10},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("ab"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("b"), 7},
+    };
+
+    size_t entry_size = std::size(entries);
+    packed_int_map_type db(entries, entry_size);
+    assert(db.size() == 4);
+    assert(verify_entries(db, entries, entry_size));
+
+    // invalid keys
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("ac")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("c")) == db.end());
+
+    {
+        // Get all key-value pairs.
+        auto results = db.prefix_search(nullptr, 0);
+        size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+        assert(n == 4);
+        auto it = results.begin();
+        assert(it->first == "a");
+        assert(it->second == 13);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 10);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 7);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == results.end());
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto it = db.find(MDDS_ASCII("a"));
+        assert(it->first == "a");
+        assert(it->second == 13);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 10);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 7);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == db.end());
+    }
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test2()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test2");
+
+    packed_int_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aaron"), 0}, {MDDS_ASCII("al"), 1},    {MDDS_ASCII("aldi"), 2},    {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bison"), 4}, {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 5}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8}, {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},  {MDDS_ASCII("e"), 10},      {MDDS_ASCII("eva"), 11},
+    };
+
+    size_t entry_size = std::size(entries);
+    packed_int_map_type db(entries, entry_size);
+    assert(db.size() == 12);
+    assert(verify_entries(db, entries, entry_size));
+
+    // invalid keys
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("aarons")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("a")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("biso")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("dAvid")) == db.end());
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test3()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test3");
+
+    packed_int_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("NULL"), 1},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Null"), 2},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("null"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("~"), 4},
+    };
+
+    size_t entry_size = std::size(entries);
+    packed_int_map_type db(entries, entry_size);
+    assert(db.size() == 4);
+    assert(verify_entries(db, entries, entry_size));
+
+    // invalid keys
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("NUll")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("Oull")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("Mull")) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find(MDDS_ASCII("hell")) == db.end());
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test4()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test4");
+
+    enum name_type
+    {
+        name_none = 0,
+        name_andy,
+        name_bruce,
+        name_charlie,
+        name_david
+    };
+
+    packed_int_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), name_andy},   {MDDS_ASCII("andy1"), name_andy},      {MDDS_ASCII("andy13"), name_andy},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), name_bruce}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), name_charlie}, {MDDS_ASCII("david"), name_david},
+    };
+
+    size_t entry_size = std::size(entries);
+    packed_int_map_type db(entries, entry_size);
+    assert(db.size() == 6);
+    assert(verify_entries(db, entries, entry_size));
+
+    // Try invalid keys.
+    assert(db.find("foo", 3) == db.end());
+    assert(db.find("andy133", 7) == db.end());
+
+    // Test prefix search on 'andy'.
+    auto results = db.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("andy"));
+    size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 3);
+    auto it = results.begin();
+    assert(it->first == "andy");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->first == "andy1");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->first == "andy13");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == results.end());
+
+    results = db.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("andy's toy"));
+    n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 0);
+
+    results = db.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("e"));
+    n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 0);
+
+    results = db.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("b"));
+    n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 1);
+    it = results.begin();
+    assert(it->first == "bruce");
+    assert(it->second == name_bruce);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == results.end());
+}
+
+struct value_wrapper
+{
+    int value;
+
+    value_wrapper() : value(0)
+    {}
+    value_wrapper(int _value) : value(_value)
+    {}
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const value_wrapper& vw)
+{
+    os << vw.value;
+    return os;
+}
+
+typedef packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, value_wrapper> packed_value_map_type;
+
+void trie_packed_test_value_life_cycle()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_value_life_cycle");
+
+    using entry = packed_value_map_type::entry;
+
+    // Entries must be sorted by the key!
+    std::unique_ptr<vector<entry>> entries(new vector<entry>);
+    entries->push_back(entry(MDDS_ASCII("fifteen"), value_wrapper(15)));
+    entries->push_back(entry(MDDS_ASCII("ten"), value_wrapper(10)));
+    entries->push_back(entry(MDDS_ASCII("twelve"), value_wrapper(12)));
+    entries->push_back(entry(MDDS_ASCII("two"), value_wrapper(2)));
+
+    packed_value_map_type db(entries->data(), entries->size());
+
+    // Delete the original entry store.
+    entries.reset();
+
+    auto results = db.prefix_search(nullptr, 0);
+    std::for_each(results.begin(), results.end(), [](const packed_value_map_type::const_iterator::value_type& v) {
+        cout << v.first << ": " << v.second.value << endl;
+    });
+
+    auto it = db.find(MDDS_ASCII("twelve"));
+    assert(it->second.value == 12);
+
+    it = db.find(MDDS_ASCII("two"));
+    assert(it->second.value == 2);
+
+    it = db.find(MDDS_ASCII("foo"));
+    assert(it == db.end());
+}
+
+struct custom_string
+{
+    std::string data;
+
+    custom_string()
+    {}
+    custom_string(const std::string& _data) : data(_data)
+    {}
+};
+
+struct custom_string_trait
+{
+    typedef uint16_t key_unit_type;
+    typedef custom_string key_type;
+    typedef std::vector<key_unit_type> key_buffer_type;
+
+    static key_buffer_type to_key_buffer(const key_unit_type* str, size_t length)
+    {
+        key_buffer_type buf;
+        const key_unit_type* str_end = str + length;
+        for (; str != str_end; ++str)
+            buf.push_back(*str);
+
+        return buf;
+    }
+
+    static void push_back(key_buffer_type& buffer, key_unit_type c)
+    {
+        buffer.push_back(c);
+    }
+
+    static void pop_back(key_buffer_type& buffer)
+    {
+        buffer.pop_back();
+    }
+
+    static key_type to_key(const key_buffer_type& buf)
+    {
+        // Cast all uint16_t chars to regular chars.
+        key_type s;
+
+        std::for_each(buf.begin(), buf.end(), [&](key_unit_type c) { s.data.push_back(static_cast<char>(c)); });
+        return s;
+    }
+};
+
+typedef packed_trie_map<custom_string_trait, std::string> packed_custom_str_map_type;
+
+void trie_packed_test_custom_string()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_custom_string");
+
+    const uint16_t key_alex[] = {0x41, 0x6C, 0x65, 0x78};
+    const uint16_t key_bob[] = {0x42, 0x6F, 0x62};
+    const uint16_t key_max[] = {0x4D, 0x61, 0x78};
+    const uint16_t key_ming[] = {0x4D, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x67};
+
+    const packed_custom_str_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {key_alex, 4, "Alex"},
+        {key_bob, 3, "Bob"},
+        {key_max, 3, "Max"},
+        {key_ming, 4, "Ming"},
+    };
+
+    size_t n_entries = std::size(entries);
+    packed_custom_str_map_type db(entries, n_entries);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n_entries; ++i)
+    {
+        auto it = db.find(entries[i].key, entries[i].keylen);
+        cout << it->second << endl;
+        assert(it->second == entries[i].value);
+    }
+
+    // Find all keys that start with 'M'.
+    auto results = db.prefix_search(key_max, 1);
+    size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 2);
+    auto it = results.begin();
+    assert(it->first.data == it->second);
+    assert(it->second == "Max");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->first.data == it->second);
+    assert(it->second == "Ming");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == results.end());
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_iterator_empty()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_iterator_empty");
+    packed_int_map_type db(nullptr, 0);
+
+    // empty container
+    packed_int_map_type::const_iterator it = db.begin();
+    packed_int_map_type::const_iterator ite = db.end();
+
+    assert(it == ite);
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_iterator()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_iterator");
+
+    using trie_map_type = trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+    using packed_type = trie_map_type::packed_type;
+    using kv = packed_type::key_value_type;
+
+    trie_map_type db;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("a"), 1);
+    packed_type packed = db.pack();
+    assert(db.size() == packed.size());
+    packed_type::const_iterator it = packed.begin();
+    packed_type::const_iterator ite = packed.end();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->first == "a");
+    assert(it->second == 1);
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ab"), 2);
+    packed = db.pack(); // this invalidates the end position.
+    assert(db.size() == packed.size());
+
+    it = packed.begin();
+    ite = packed.end();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->first == "a");
+    assert(it->second == 1);
+
+    ++it;
+    bool check_true = check_equal(*it++, kv("ab", 2));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("aba"), 3);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("abb"), 4);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("abc"), 5);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("bc"), 6);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("bcd"), 7);
+
+    packed = db.pack();
+    assert(db.size() == packed.size());
+
+    it = packed.begin();
+    ite = packed.end();
+
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("ab", 2)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("aba", 3)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("abb", 4)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("abc", 5)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("bc", 6)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("bcd", 7)));
+    assert(it->first == "bcd");
+    assert(it->second == 7);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    --it;
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("bcd", 7)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("bc", 6)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("abc", 5)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("abb", 4)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("aba", 3)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("ab", 2)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(--it), kv("a", 1)));
+    assert(it == packed.begin());
+
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("ab", 2)));
+    assert(check_equal(*(++it), kv("aba", 3)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("ab", 2)));
+    --it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("a", 1)));
+    ++it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("ab", 2)));
+    ++it;
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("aba", 3)));
+
+    // Post-decrement operator.
+    assert(check_equal(*it--, kv("aba", 3)));
+    assert(check_equal(*it, kv("ab", 2)));
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_prefix_search1()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_prefix_search1");
+
+    using trie_map_type = trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+    using packed_type = trie_map_type::packed_type;
+
+    trie_map_type db;
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("andy1"), 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("andy12"), 3);
+
+    {
+        auto results = db.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("andy"));
+        auto it = results.begin();
+        assert(it != results.end());
+        assert(it->first == "andy");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "andy1");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "andy12");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == results.end());
+
+        size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+        assert(n == 3);
+    }
+
+    packed_type packed = db.pack();
+    {
+        auto results = packed.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("andy"));
+        auto it = results.begin();
+        assert(it != results.end());
+        assert(it->first == "andy");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "andy1");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "andy12");
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == results.end());
+
+        size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+        assert(n == 3);
+    }
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_key_as_input()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_key_as_input");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+
+    db.insert(std::string("string as key"), 1);
+    db.insert("literal as key", 2);
+    auto packed = db.pack();
+
+    auto it = packed.find("literal as key");
+    assert(it != packed.end());
+    assert(it->first == "literal as key");
+    assert(it->second == 2);
+
+    auto results = packed.prefix_search("str");
+    auto rit = results.begin();
+    assert(rit != results.end());
+    assert(rit->first == "string as key");
+    assert(rit->second == 1);
+    ++rit;
+    assert(rit == results.end());
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_copying()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_copying");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+
+    map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aaron"), 0}, {MDDS_ASCII("al"), 1},    {MDDS_ASCII("aldi"), 2},    {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bison"), 4}, {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 5}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8}, {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},  {MDDS_ASCII("e"), 10},      {MDDS_ASCII("eva"), 11},
+    };
+
+    auto verify_content = [&entries](const map_type& db) {
+        auto it = db.begin();
+        const map_type::entry* p_entries = entries;
+        const map_type::entry* p_entries_end = p_entries + db.size();
+        size_t n = std::distance(p_entries, p_entries_end);
+        assert(db.size() == n);
+        assert(!db.empty());
+
+        for (; p_entries != p_entries_end; ++p_entries, ++it)
+        {
+            std::string key_expected(p_entries->key, p_entries->keylen);
+            assert(key_expected == it->first);
+            assert(p_entries->value == it->second);
+        }
+    };
+
+    auto db = std::make_unique<map_type>(entries, std::size(entries));
+    auto db_copied(*db);
+    assert(*db == db_copied);
+    assert(db->size() == db_copied.size());
+    db.reset();
+
+    auto it = db_copied.find("charlie");
+    assert(it != db_copied.end());
+    assert(it->first == "charlie");
+    assert(it->second == 6);
+
+    verify_content(db_copied);
+
+    auto db_moved(std::move(db_copied));
+    assert(db_copied.empty());
+    assert(!db_moved.empty());
+    assert(db_moved.size() == std::size(entries));
+
+    it = db_copied.find("bison");
+    assert(it == db_copied.end());
+    it = db_moved.find("bison");
+    assert(it != db_moved.end());
+    assert(it->first == "bison");
+    assert(it->second == 4);
+
+    verify_content(db_moved);
+
+    map_type db_copy_assigned;
+    assert(db_copy_assigned.empty());
+    db_copy_assigned = db_moved;
+    assert(db_copy_assigned == db_moved);
+
+    verify_content(db_moved);
+    verify_content(db_copy_assigned);
+
+    map_type db_move_assigned;
+    assert(db_move_assigned.empty());
+    db_move_assigned = std::move(db_moved);
+    assert(db_move_assigned != db_moved);
+
+    verify_content(db_move_assigned);
+    assert(db_moved.empty());
+}
+
+void trie_packed_test_non_equal()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_packed_test_non_equal");
+
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int>;
+
+    map_type::entry entries1[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aaron"), 0}, {MDDS_ASCII("al"), 1},    {MDDS_ASCII("aldi"), 2},    {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bison"), 4}, {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 5}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8}, {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},  {MDDS_ASCII("e"), 10},      {MDDS_ASCII("eva"), 11},
+    };
+
+    map_type::entry entries2[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aaron"), 0},   {MDDS_ASCII("al"), 1},        {MDDS_ASCII("aldi"), 2},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 3},    {MDDS_ASCII("bison"), 4},     {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 2}, // different value
+        {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7}, {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},    {MDDS_ASCII("e"), 10},        {MDDS_ASCII("eva"), 11},
+    };
+
+    // fewer entries
+    map_type::entry entries3[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("aaron"), 0}, {MDDS_ASCII("al"), 1},    {MDDS_ASCII("aldi"), 2},    {MDDS_ASCII("andy"), 3},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bison"), 4}, {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 5}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8}, {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},  {MDDS_ASCII("e"), 10},
+    };
+
+    map_type db1(entries1, std::size(entries1));
+    map_type db2(entries2, std::size(entries2));
+    map_type db3(entries3, std::size(entries3));
+    assert(db1 != db2);
+    assert(db1 != db3);
+    assert(db2 != db3);
+
+    map_type db4(entries1, std::size(entries1));
+    map_type db5(entries2, std::size(entries2));
+    map_type db6(entries3, std::size(entries3));
+
+    assert(db1 == db4);
+    assert(db2 == db5);
+    assert(db3 == db6);
+}
+
+namespace trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state {
+
+struct _custom_variable_value
+{
+    enum class v_type
+    {
+        unknown,
+        fp32,
+        int64
+    };
+
+    v_type type;
+
+    union
+    {
+        float fp32;
+        int64_t int64;
+    } value;
+
+    _custom_variable_value() : type(v_type::unknown)
+    {}
+
+    _custom_variable_value(float v) : type(v_type::fp32)
+    {
+        value.fp32 = v;
+    }
+
+    _custom_variable_value(int v) : type(v_type::int64)
+    {
+        value.int64 = v;
+    }
+
+    _custom_variable_value(const _custom_variable_value& other) : type(other.type)
+    {
+        switch (type)
+        {
+            case v_type::fp32:
+                value.fp32 = other.value.fp32;
+                break;
+            case v_type::int64:
+                value.int64 = other.value.int64;
+                break;
+            default:;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const _custom_variable_value& other) const
+    {
+        if (type != other.type)
+            return false;
+
+        switch (type)
+        {
+            case v_type::fp32:
+                return value.fp32 == other.value.fp32;
+            case v_type::int64:
+                return value.int64 == other.value.int64;
+            default:;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const _custom_variable_value& other) const
+    {
+        return !operator==(other);
+    }
+};
+
+struct _custom_variable_serializer
+{
+    union bin_value
+    {
+        char buffer[8];
+        float fp32;
+        int64_t int64;
+    };
+
+    static constexpr bool variable_size = true;
+
+    static void write(std::ostream& os, const _custom_variable_value& v)
+    {
+        bin_value bv;
+
+        switch (v.type)
+        {
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::unknown:
+            {
+                char c = 0;
+                os.write(&c, 1);
+                break;
+            }
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::fp32:
+            {
+                char c = 1;
+                os.write(&c, 1);
+                bv.fp32 = v.value.fp32;
+                os.write(bv.buffer, 4);
+                break;
+            }
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::int64:
+            {
+                char c = 2;
+                os.write(&c, 1);
+                bv.int64 = v.value.int64;
+                os.write(bv.buffer, 8);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static void read(std::istream& is, size_t n, _custom_variable_value& v)
+    {
+        assert(n > 0);
+        char c;
+        is.read(&c, 1);
+
+        switch (c)
+        {
+            case 0:
+                v.type = _custom_variable_value::v_type::unknown;
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                v.type = _custom_variable_value::v_type::fp32;
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                v.type = _custom_variable_value::v_type::int64;
+                break;
+            default:
+                assert(!"invalid value type");
+        }
+
+        n -= 1;
+        bin_value bv;
+
+        switch (v.type)
+        {
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::fp32:
+                assert(n == 4);
+                is.read(bv.buffer, 4);
+                v.value.fp32 = bv.fp32;
+                break;
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::int64:
+                assert(n == 8);
+                is.read(bv.buffer, 8);
+                v.value.int64 = bv.int64;
+                break;
+            case _custom_variable_value::v_type::unknown:
+                break;
+            default:
+                assert(!"invalid value type");
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+ * mock value struct containing one value string that only stores "zero",
+ * "one", "two" or "three".  We use a custom serializer to store the value
+ * using only 1 byte each.
+ */
+struct _custom_fixed_value
+{
+    std::string value_string; // only stores "zero", "one", "two" or "three".
+
+    _custom_fixed_value()
+    {}
+
+    _custom_fixed_value(const char* p) : value_string(p, std::strlen(p))
+    {}
+
+    bool operator==(const _custom_fixed_value& other) const
+    {
+        return value_string == other.value_string;
+    }
+
+    bool operator!=(const _custom_fixed_value& other) const
+    {
+        return !operator==(other);
+    }
+};
+
+struct _custom_fixed_serializer
+{
+    static constexpr bool variable_size = false;
+    static constexpr size_t value_size = 1;
+
+    static void write(std::ostream& os, const _custom_fixed_value& v)
+    {
+        char bv = -1;
+
+        if (v.value_string == "zero")
+            bv = 0;
+        else if (v.value_string == "one")
+            bv = 1;
+        else if (v.value_string == "two")
+            bv = 2;
+        else if (v.value_string == "three")
+            bv = 3;
+
+        os.write(&bv, 1);
+    }
+
+    static void read(std::istream& is, size_t n, _custom_fixed_value& v)
+    {
+        assert(n == 1);
+        char bv = -1;
+        is.read(&bv, 1);
+
+        switch (bv)
+        {
+            case 0:
+                v.value_string = "zero";
+                break;
+            case 1:
+                v.value_string = "one";
+                break;
+            case 2:
+                v.value_string = "two";
+                break;
+            case 3:
+                v.value_string = "three";
+                break;
+            default:
+                v.value_string = "???";
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+void test1()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test1");
+    packed_int_map_type empty_db;
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        empty_db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    packed_int_map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(restored == empty_db);
+}
+
+void test2()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test2");
+    packed_int_map_type::entry entries[] = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("bruce"), 5}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlie"), 6}, {MDDS_ASCII("charlotte"), 7},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("david"), 8}, {MDDS_ASCII("dove"), 9},
+    };
+
+    packed_int_map_type db(entries, std::size(entries));
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    packed_int_map_type restored;
+    assert(restored != db);
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(restored == db);
+}
+
+void test3()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test3");
+    std::vector<packed_str_map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Abby"), "ABBY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Ashley"), "ASHLEY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Candelaria"), "CANDELARIA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Carita"), "CARITA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Christal"), "CHRISTAL"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Cory"), "CORY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Estrella"), "ESTRELLA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Etha"), "ETHA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Harley"), "HARLEY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Irish"), "IRISH"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Kiara"), "KIARA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Korey"), "KOREY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Laurene"), "LAURENE"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Michiko"), "MICHIKO"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Miriam"), "MIRIAM"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Mitzi"), "MITZI"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Seth"), "SETH"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Sindy"), "SINDY"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Tawanna"), "TAWANNA"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Tyra"), "TYRA"},
+    };
+
+    packed_str_map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+
+    // Run some search.
+    auto results = db.prefix_search("Mi");
+    auto it = results.begin();
+    assert(it != results.end());
+    assert(it->first == "Michiko");
+    assert(it->second == "MICHIKO");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it != results.end());
+    assert(it->first == "Miriam");
+    assert(it->second == "MIRIAM");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it != results.end());
+    assert(it->first == "Mitzi");
+    assert(it->second == "MITZI");
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == results.end());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    packed_str_map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+}
+
+void test4()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test4");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, std::vector<int64_t>>;
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Abby"), {65, 98, 98, 121}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Ashley"), {65, 115, 104, 108, 101, 121}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Christal"), {67, 104, 114, 105, 115, 116, 97, 108}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Cory"), {67, 111, 114, 121}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Harley"), {72, 97, 114, 108, 101, 121}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Kiara"), {75, 105, 97, 114, 97}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Mitzi"), {77, 105, 116, 122, 105}},
+    };
+
+    map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    assert(db.size() == entries.size());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+}
+
+void test5()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test5");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, float>;
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Abby"), 1.0f},  {MDDS_ASCII("Ashley"), 1.1f}, {MDDS_ASCII("Christal"), 1.2f},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Cory"), 1.3f},  {MDDS_ASCII("Harley"), 1.4f}, {MDDS_ASCII("Kiara"), 1.5f},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Mitzi"), 1.6f},
+    };
+
+    map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    assert(db.size() == entries.size());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+}
+
+template<typename SeqT>
+void test6()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test6");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, SeqT>;
+
+    std::vector<typename map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Abby"), {65.0, 98.1, 98.2, 121.3}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Ashley"), {65.0, 11.5, 1.04, 1.08, .101, .12586}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Christal"), {67.0, -10.4, -114.236}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Cory"), {67.0, 122.111}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Harley"), {72.0, 97.12, -1.114}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Kiara"), {75.0, 1.05, 9.7, 1.14, -97.5}},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Mitzi"), {77.0, 10.5, 11.6, 1.22, 10.5}},
+    };
+
+    map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    assert(db.size() == entries.size());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+}
+
+void test7()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test7");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, _custom_variable_value>;
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Alan"), 1.2f},        {MDDS_ASCII("Cory"), -125},   {MDDS_ASCII("Eleni"), 966},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Evia"), -0.987f},     {MDDS_ASCII("Nathaniel"), 0}, {MDDS_ASCII("Rebbecca"), 1.234f},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Rodrick"), 34253536}, {MDDS_ASCII("Stuart"), 12},   {MDDS_ASCII("Verline"), 56},
+    };
+
+    map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    assert(db.size() == entries.size());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state<_custom_variable_serializer>(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state<_custom_variable_serializer>(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+}
+
+void test8()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::test8");
+    using map_type = packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, _custom_fixed_value>;
+
+    std::vector<map_type::entry> entries = {
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Bernardine"), "zero"}, {MDDS_ASCII("Donny"), "two"},     {MDDS_ASCII("Julia"), "one"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Lindsy"), "three"},    {MDDS_ASCII("Martine"), "three"}, {MDDS_ASCII("Shana"), "two"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Sonia"), "zero"},      {MDDS_ASCII("Tracie"), "one"},    {MDDS_ASCII("Vanita"), "two"},
+        {MDDS_ASCII("Yung"), "zero"},
+    };
+
+    map_type db(entries.data(), entries.size());
+    assert(db.size() == entries.size());
+
+    std::string saved_state;
+    {
+        std::ostringstream state;
+        db.save_state<_custom_fixed_serializer>(state);
+        saved_state = state.str();
+    }
+
+    map_type restored;
+
+    {
+        std::istringstream state(saved_state);
+        restored.load_state<_custom_fixed_serializer>(state);
+    }
+
+    assert(db == restored);
+
+    // Run some query to make sure it is still functional.
+    auto it = restored.find("Tracie");
+    assert(it->first == "Tracie");
+    assert(it->second.value_string == "one");
+}
+
+void run()
+{
+    test1();
+    test2();
+    test3();
+    test4();
+    test5();
+    test6<std::vector<double>>();
+    test6<std::deque<double>>();
+    test6<std::list<double>>();
+    test7();
+    test8();
+}
+
+} // namespace trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state
+
+void trie_test1()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test1");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, custom_string> trie_map_type;
+    typedef packed_trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, custom_string> packed_trie_map_type;
+
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    assert(db.size() == 0);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("Barak"), custom_string("Obama"));
+    assert(db.size() == 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("Bob"), custom_string("Marley"));
+    assert(db.size() == 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("Hideki"), custom_string("Matsui"));
+    assert(db.size() == 3);
+
+    auto it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Barak"));
+    assert(it->first == "Barak");
+    custom_string res = it->second;
+    assert(res.data == "Obama");
+
+    res = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Bob"))->second;
+    assert(res.data == "Marley");
+    res = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Hideki"))->second;
+    assert(res.data == "Matsui");
+
+    // Non-existent key.
+    it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Von"));
+    assert(it == dbc.end());
+    it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Bar"));
+    assert(it == dbc.end());
+
+    // Perform prefix search on "B", which should return both "Barak" and "Bob".
+    // The results should be sorted.
+    {
+        auto matches = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("B"));
+        size_t n = std::distance(matches.begin(), matches.end());
+        assert(n == 2);
+        auto it2 = matches.begin();
+        assert(it2->first == "Barak");
+        assert(it2->second.data == "Obama");
+        ++it2;
+        assert(it2->first == "Bob");
+        assert(it2->second.data == "Marley");
+
+        matches = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Hi"));
+        n = std::distance(matches.begin(), matches.end());
+        assert(n == 1);
+        it2 = matches.begin();
+        assert(it2->first == "Hideki");
+        assert(it2->second.data == "Matsui");
+
+        // Invalid prefix searches.
+        matches = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Bad"));
+        assert(matches.begin() == matches.end());
+        matches = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Foo"));
+        assert(matches.begin() == matches.end());
+    }
+
+    {
+        // Create a packed version from it, and make sure it still generates the
+        // same results.
+        packed_trie_map_type packed(dbc);
+        assert(packed.size() == dbc.size());
+
+        {
+            auto results = packed.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("B"));
+            size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+            assert(n == 2);
+            auto it2 = results.begin();
+            assert(it2->first == "Barak");
+            assert(it2->second.data == "Obama");
+            ++it2;
+            assert(it2->first == "Bob");
+            assert(it2->second.data == "Marley");
+            ++it2;
+            assert(it2 == results.end());
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Hi"));
+            size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+            assert(n == 1);
+            auto it2 = results.begin();
+            assert(it2->first == "Hideki");
+            assert(it2->second.data == "Matsui");
+        }
+
+        // Invalid prefix searches.
+        auto results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Bad"));
+        assert(results.begin() == results.end());
+        results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("Foo"));
+        assert(results.begin() == results.end());
+    }
+
+    {
+        auto packed = dbc.pack();
+        auto results = packed.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("B"));
+        size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+        assert(n == 2);
+        auto it2 = results.begin();
+        assert(it2->first == "Barak");
+        assert(it2->second.data == "Obama");
+        ++it2;
+        assert(it2->first == "Bob");
+        assert(it2->second.data == "Marley");
+    }
+
+    // Erase an existing key.
+    bool erased = db.erase(MDDS_ASCII("Hideki"));
+    assert(erased);
+    assert(db.size() == 2);
+
+    it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("Hideki"));
+    assert(it == dbc.end());
+
+    // Try to erase a key that doesn't exist.
+    erased = db.erase(MDDS_ASCII("Foo"));
+    assert(!erased);
+    assert(db.size() == 2);
+
+    // Clear the whole thing.
+    db.clear();
+    assert(db.size() == 0);
+}
+
+void trie_test2()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test2");
+    using key_trait = trie::std_container_traits<std::vector<uint16_t>>;
+    using map_type = trie_map<key_trait, int>;
+    using key_type = map_type::key_type;
+
+    auto print_key = [](const std::vector<uint16_t>& key, const char* msg) {
+        cout << msg << ": ";
+        std::copy(key.begin(), key.end(), std::ostream_iterator<uint16_t>(std::cout, " "));
+        cout << endl;
+    };
+
+    map_type db;
+    key_type key = {2393, 99, 32589, 107, 0, 65535};
+    print_key(key, "original");
+    int value = 1;
+    db.insert(key, value);
+    assert(db.size() == 1);
+    {
+        auto it = db.begin();
+        assert(it != db.end());
+        assert(it->first == key);
+
+        print_key(it->first, "from trie_map");
+    }
+
+    auto packed = db.pack();
+    assert(packed.size() == 1);
+
+    {
+        auto it = packed.begin();
+        assert(it != packed.end());
+        print_key(it->first, "from packed_trie_map");
+        assert(it->first == key);
+    }
+}
+
+void trie_test_iterator_empty()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_iterator_empty");
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    // empty container
+    trie_map_type::const_iterator it = dbc.begin();
+    trie_map_type::const_iterator ite = dbc.end();
+
+    assert(it == ite);
+    assert(db.begin() == dbc.begin()); // non-const vs const iterators
+    assert(dbc.end() == db.end()); // const vs non-const iterators
+}
+
+void trie_test_iterator()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_iterator");
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    using kv = trie_map_type::key_value_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    cout << "empty container" << endl;
+
+    // empty container
+    trie_map_type::const_iterator it = dbc.begin();
+    trie_map_type::const_iterator ite = dbc.end();
+
+    // The end iterator will never get invalidated since it only references
+    // the root node which will never get modified as long as the parent
+    // container is alive.
+
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    cout << "one element" << endl;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("a"), 1);
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    cout << "two elements" << endl;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ab"), 2);
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    ++it;
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    cout << "more than two elements" << endl;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("aba"), 3);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("abb"), 4);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("abc"), 5);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("bc"), 6);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("bcd"), 7);
+
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("aba", 3));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("abb", 4));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("abc", 5));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("bc", 6));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("bcd", 7));
+    assert(it->first == "bcd");
+    assert(it->second == 7);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    --it;
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(*it == kv("bcd", 7));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("bc", 6));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("abc", 5));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("abb", 4));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("aba", 3));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    assert(it == dbc.begin());
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("aba", 3));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    --it;
+    assert(*it == kv("a", 1));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("ab", 2));
+    ++it;
+    assert(*it == kv("aba", 3));
+
+    assert(db.begin() != dbc.end()); // non-const vs const iterators
+    assert(dbc.begin() != db.end()); // const vs non-const iterators
+}
+
+void trie_test_iterator_with_erase()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_iterator_with_erase");
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    using kv = trie_map_type::key_value_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+    bool check_true = false;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("Python"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("C++"), 2);
+
+    auto it = dbc.begin(), ite = dbc.end();
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("C++", 2));
+    assert(check_true);
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("Python", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    db.erase(MDDS_ASCII("C++"));
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("Python", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == ite);
+    check_true = (*(--it) == kv("Python", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == dbc.begin());
+
+    db.clear();
+    assert(dbc.begin() == dbc.end());
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("A"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("AB"), 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ABC"), 3);
+    db.erase(MDDS_ASCII("AB"));
+
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("A", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("ABC", 3));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    check_true = (*(--it) == kv("ABC", 3));
+    assert(check_true);
+    check_true = (*(--it) == kv("A", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == dbc.begin());
+
+    db.clear();
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("A"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("AB"), 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ABC"), 3);
+    db.erase(MDDS_ASCII("ABC"));
+
+    it = dbc.begin();
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("A", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    check_true = (*it++ == kv("AB", 2));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == ite);
+
+    check_true = (*(--it) == kv("AB", 2));
+    assert(check_true);
+    check_true = (*(--it) == kv("A", 1));
+    assert(check_true);
+    assert(it == dbc.begin());
+
+    it = ite;
+    --it;
+    assert(*it-- == kv("AB", 2)); // test post-decrement operator.
+    assert(*it == kv("A", 1));
+}
+
+void trie_test_find_iterator()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_find_iterator");
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("a"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("aa"), 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ab"), 3);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("b"), 4);
+    {
+        auto it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("a"));
+        assert(it->first == "a");
+        assert(it->second == 1);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 2);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == dbc.end());
+
+        it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("aa"));
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 2);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == dbc.end());
+
+        it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("ab"));
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == dbc.end());
+
+        it = dbc.find(MDDS_ASCII("b"));
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == dbc.end());
+    }
+
+    trie_map_type::packed_type packed = db.pack();
+    {
+        auto it = packed.find(MDDS_ASCII("a"));
+        assert(it->first == "a");
+        assert(it->second == 1);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 2);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == packed.end());
+
+        it = packed.find(MDDS_ASCII("aa"));
+        assert(it->first == "aa");
+        assert(it->second == 2);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == packed.end());
+
+        it = packed.find(MDDS_ASCII("ab"));
+        assert(it->first == "ab");
+        assert(it->second == 3);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == packed.end());
+
+        it = packed.find(MDDS_ASCII("b"));
+        assert(it->first == "b");
+        assert(it->second == 4);
+        ++it;
+        assert(it == packed.end());
+    }
+}
+
+void trie_test_prefix_search()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_prefix_search");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("a"), 1);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("aa"), 2);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("ab"), 3);
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("b"), 4);
+
+    cout << "Performing prefix search on 'a'..." << endl;
+
+    trie_map_type::search_results results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("a"));
+    auto it = results.begin();
+    auto ite = results.end();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->first == "a");
+    assert(it->second == 1);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->first == "aa");
+    assert(it->second == 2);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it->first == "ab");
+    assert(it->second == 3);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+    size_t n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 3);
+
+    cout << "Performing prefix search on 'b'..." << endl;
+
+    results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("b"));
+    it = results.begin();
+    ite = results.end();
+    assert(it != ite);
+    assert(it->first == "b");
+    assert(it->second == 4);
+    ++it;
+    assert(it == ite);
+    --it;
+    assert(it->first == "b");
+    assert(it->second == 4);
+    n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 1);
+
+    // Only one element.
+    db.clear();
+    db.insert(MDDS_ASCII("dust"), 10);
+
+    cout << "Performing prefix search on 'du'..." << endl;
+
+    results = dbc.prefix_search(MDDS_ASCII("du"));
+    it = results.begin();
+    assert(it->first == "dust");
+    assert(it->second == 10);
+    bool check_true = (++it == results.end());
+    assert(check_true);
+    --it;
+    assert(it->first == "dust");
+    assert(it->second == 10);
+    n = std::distance(results.begin(), results.end());
+    assert(n == 1);
+}
+
+void trie_test_key_as_input()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_key_as_input");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    const trie_map_type& dbc = db;
+
+    db.insert(std::string("string as key"), 1);
+    db.insert("literal as key", 2);
+
+    auto it = dbc.find("literal as key");
+    assert(it != dbc.end());
+    assert(it->first == "literal as key");
+    assert(it->second == 2);
+
+    auto results = dbc.prefix_search("str");
+    auto rit = results.begin();
+    assert(rit != results.end());
+    assert(rit->first == "string as key");
+    assert(rit->second == 1);
+    ++rit;
+    assert(rit == results.end());
+}
+
+void trie_test_copying()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_copying");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    assert(db.empty());
+
+    {
+        auto db_copied(db);
+        assert(db_copied.empty());
+    }
+
+    db.insert("twenty", 20);
+    db.insert("twelve", 12);
+    assert(db.size() == 2);
+
+    {
+        // copy constructor
+        auto db_copied(db);
+        const trie_map_type& dbc_copied = db_copied;
+        assert(db_copied.size() == 2);
+
+        auto it = dbc_copied.find("twenty");
+        assert(it != dbc_copied.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twenty");
+        assert(it->second == 20);
+
+        it = dbc_copied.find("twelve");
+        assert(it != dbc_copied.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twelve");
+        assert(it->second == 12);
+    }
+
+    {
+        // copy assignment
+        trie_map_type db_copied;
+        db_copied = db;
+        const trie_map_type& dbc_copied = db_copied;
+        assert(db_copied.size() == 2);
+
+        auto it = dbc_copied.find("twenty");
+        assert(it != dbc_copied.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twenty");
+        assert(it->second == 20);
+
+        it = dbc_copied.find("twelve");
+        assert(it != dbc_copied.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twelve");
+        assert(it->second == 12);
+    }
+
+    {
+        // move constructor
+        auto db_copied(db);
+        auto db_moved(std::move(db_copied));
+        const trie_map_type& dbc_moved = db_moved;
+        assert(db_moved.size() == 2);
+        assert(db_copied.empty());
+
+        auto it = dbc_moved.find("twenty");
+        assert(it != dbc_moved.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twenty");
+        assert(it->second == 20);
+
+        it = dbc_moved.find("twelve");
+        assert(it != dbc_moved.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twelve");
+        assert(it->second == 12);
+    }
+
+    {
+        // move assignment
+        auto db_copied(db);
+        trie_map_type db_moved;
+        db_moved = std::move(db_copied);
+        const trie_map_type& dbc_moved = db_moved;
+        assert(db_moved.size() == 2);
+        assert(db_copied.empty());
+
+        auto it = dbc_moved.find("twenty");
+        assert(it != dbc_moved.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twenty");
+        assert(it->second == 20);
+
+        it = dbc_moved.find("twelve");
+        assert(it != dbc_moved.end());
+        assert(it->first == "twelve");
+        assert(it->second == 12);
+    }
+}
+
+void trie_test_value_update_from_iterator()
+{
+    stack_printer __stack_printer__("::trie_test_value_update_from_iterator");
+
+    typedef trie_map<trie::std_string_traits, int> trie_map_type;
+    trie_map_type db;
+    db.insert("one", 1);
+    db.insert("two", 2);
+    db.insert("three", 3);
+
+    trie_map_type::iterator it = db.begin();
+    assert(it->first == "one");
+    assert(it->second == 1);
+    it->second = 10; // update the value.
+    it = db.begin();
+    assert(it->first == "one");
+    assert(it->second == 10);
+
+    it = db.find("three");
+    assert(it->first == "three");
+    assert(it->second == 3);
+    it->second = 345; // update the value again.
+    it = db.find("three");
+    assert(it->first == "three");
+    assert(it->second == 345);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+    try
+    {
+        trie_packed_test1();
+        trie_packed_test2();
+        trie_packed_test3();
+        trie_packed_test4();
+        trie_packed_test_value_life_cycle();
+        trie_packed_test_custom_string();
+        trie_packed_test_iterator_empty();
+        trie_packed_test_iterator();
+        trie_packed_test_prefix_search1();
+        trie_packed_test_key_as_input();
+        trie_packed_test_copying();
+        trie_packed_test_non_equal();
+        trie_packed_test_save_and_load_state::run();
+
+        trie_test1();
+        trie_test2();
+
+        trie_test_iterator_empty();
+        trie_test_iterator();
+        trie_test_iterator_with_erase();
+        trie_test_find_iterator();
+        trie_test_prefix_search();
+        trie_test_key_as_input();
+        trie_test_copying();
+        trie_test_value_update_from_iterator();
+    }
+    catch (const std::exception& e)
+    {
+        cout << "Test failed: " << e.what() << endl;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+
+    cout << "Test finished successfully!" << endl;
+
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* vim:set shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4 expandtab: */