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+# How to use `mrb_gc_arena_save()`/`mrb_gc_arena_restore()`/`mrb_gc_protect()`
+
+_This is an English translation of [Matz's blog post][matz blog post]
+written in Japanese._
+_Some parts are updated to reflect recent changes._
+[matz blog post]: http://www.rubyist.net/~matz/20130731.html
+
+When you are extending mruby using C language, you may encounter
+mysterious "arena overflow error" or memory leak or very slow
+execution speed.  This is an error indicating overflow of "GC arena"
+implementing "conservative GC".
+
+GC (garbage collector) must ensure that object is "alive", in other
+words, that it is referenced by somewhere from program.  This can be
+determined by checking if the object can be directly or indirectly
+referenced by root.  The local variables, global variables and
+constants etc are root.
+
+If program execution is performed inside mruby VM, there is nothing to
+worry about because GC can access all roots owned by VM.
+
+The problem arises when executing C functions.  The object referenced
+by C variable is also "alive", but mruby GC cannot aware of this, so
+it might mistakenly recognize the objects referenced by only C
+variables as dead.
+
+This can be a fatal bug if the GC tries to collect a live object.
+
+In CRuby, we scan C stack area, and use C variable as root to check
+whether object is alive or not.  Of course, because we are accessing C
+stack just as memory region, we never know it is an integer or a
+pointer.  We workaround this by assuming that if it looks like a
+pointer, then assume it as a pointer.  We call it "conservative".
+
+By the way, CRuby's "conservative GC" has some problems.
+
+The biggest problem is we have no way to access to the stack area in
+portable way.  Therefore, we cannot use this method if we'd like to
+implement highly portable runtime, like mruby.
+
+So we came up with an another plan to implement "conservative GC" in mruby.
+
+Again, the problem is when an object which was created in C function, becomes
+no longer referenced in the Ruby world, and cannot be treated as garbage.
+
+In mruby, we recognize all objects created in C function are alive.
+Then we have no problem such as confusing a live object as dead.
+
+This means that because we cannot collect truly dead object, we may
+lose efficiency, but as a trade-off the GC itself is highly portable.
+We can say goodbye to the problem that GC deletes live objects due to
+optimization which sometimes occurs in CRuby.
+
+According to this idea, we have a table, called "GC arena", which
+remembers objects created in C function.
+
+The arena is stack structure, when C function execution is returned to mruby
+VM, all objects registered in the arena are popped.
+
+This works very well, but can cause another problem: "arena overflow error" or
+memory leak.
+
+As of this writing, mruby automatically extend arena to remember
+objects (See `MRB_GC_FIXED_ARENA` and `MRB_GC_ARENA_SIZE` in
+doc/guides/mrbconf.md).
+
+If you create many objects in C functions, memory usage will increase, since
+GC never kick in.  This memory usage may look like memory leak, but will also
+make execution slower as more memory will need to be allocated.
+
+With the build time configuration, you can limit the maximum size of
+arena (e.g., 100).  Then if you create many objects, arena overflows,
+thus you will get an "arena overflow error".
+
+To workaround these problems, we have `mrb_gc_arena_save()` and
+`mrb_gc_arena_restore()` functions.
+
+`int mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb)` returns the current position of the stack
+top of GC arena, and `void mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, idx)` sets the
+stack top position to back to given `idx`.
+
+We can use them like this:
+
+```c
+int arena_idx = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+
+// ...create objects...
+mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, arena_idx);
+
+```
+
+In mruby, C function calls are surrounded by this save/restore, but we
+can further optimize memory usage by surrounding save/restore, and can
+avoid creating arena overflow bugs.
+
+Let's take a real example.  Here is the source code of `Array#inspect`:
+
+```c
+static mrb_value
+inspect_ary(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value list)
+{
+  mrb_int i;
+  mrb_value s, arystr;
+  char head[] = { '[' };
+  char sep[] = { ',', ' ' };
+  char tail[] = { ']' };
+
+  /* check recursive */
+  for(i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(list); i++) {
+    if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, ary, RARRAY_PTR(list)[i])) {
+      return mrb_str_new(mrb, "[...]", 5);
+    }
+  }
+
+  mrb_ary_push(mrb, list, ary);
+
+  arystr = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, 64);
+  mrb_str_cat(mrb, arystr, head, sizeof(head));
+
+  for(i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+    int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+
+    if (i > 0) {
+      mrb_str_cat(mrb, arystr, sep, sizeof(sep));
+    }
+    if (mrb_array_p(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i])) {
+      s = inspect_ary(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i], list);
+    }
+    else {
+      s = mrb_inspect(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]);
+    }
+    mrb_str_cat(mrb, arystr, RSTRING_PTR(s), RSTRING_LEN(s));
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+
+  mrb_str_cat(mrb, arystr, tail, sizeof(tail));
+  mrb_ary_pop(mrb, list);
+
+  return arystr;
+}
+```
+
+This is a real example, so a little bit complicated, but bear with me.
+The essence of `Array#inspect` is that after stringifying each element
+of array using `inspect` method, we join them together so that we can
+get `inspect` representation of the entire array.
+
+After the `inspect` representation is created, we no longer require the
+individual string representation.  This means that we don't have to register
+these temporal objects into GC arena.
+
+Therefore, in order to keep the arena size small; the `ary_inspect()` function
+will do the following:
+
+* save the position of the stack top using `mrb_gc_arena_save()`.
+* get `inspect` representation of each element.
+* append it to the constructing entire `inspect` representation of array.
+* restore stack top position using `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`.
+
+Please note that the final `inspect` representation of entire array
+was created before the call of `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`.  Otherwise,
+required temporal object may be deleted by GC.
+
+We may have a usecase where after creating many temporal objects, we'd
+like to keep some of them.  In this case, we cannot use the same idea
+in `ary_inspect()` like appending objects to existing one.
+Instead, after `mrb_gc_arena_restore()`, we must re-register the objects we
+want to keep in the arena using `mrb_gc_protect(mrb, obj)`.
+Use `mrb_gc_protect()` with caution because it could also lead to an "arena
+overflow error".
+
+We must also mention that when `mrb_funcall` is called in top level, the return
+value is also registered to GC arena, so repeated use of `mrb_funcall` may
+eventually lead to an "arena overflow error".
+
+Use `mrb_gc_arena_save()` and `mrb_gc_arena_restore()` or possible use of
+`mrb_gc_protect()` to workaround this.