path: root/scripts/dns-fuzz.nse

local comm = require "comm"
local dns = require "dns"
local math = require "math"
local nmap = require "nmap"
local shortport = require "shortport"
local stdnse = require "stdnse"
local string = require "string"
local table = require "table"

description = [[
Launches a DNS fuzzing attack against DNS servers.

The script induces errors into randomly generated but valid DNS packets.
The packet template that we use includes one uncompressed and one
compressed name.

Use the <code>dns-fuzz.timelimit</code> argument to control how long the
fuzzing lasts. This script should be run for a long time. It will send a
very large quantity of packets and thus it's pretty invasive, so it
should only be used against private DNS servers as part of a software
development lifecycle.
]]

---
-- @usage
-- nmap -sU --script dns-fuzz --script-args timelimit=2h <target>
--
-- @args dns-fuzz.timelimit How long to run the fuzz attack. This is a
-- number followed by a suffix: <code>s</code> for seconds,
-- <code>m</code> for minutes, and <code>h</code> for hours. Use
-- <code>0</code> for an unlimited amount of time. Default:
-- <code>10m</code>.
--
-- @output
-- Host script results:
-- |_dns-fuzz: Server stopped responding... He's dead, Jim.

author = "Michael Pattrick"
license = "Same as Nmap--See https://nmap.org/book/man-legal.html"
categories = {"fuzzer", "intrusive"}


portrule = shortport.portnumber(53, {"tcp", "udp"})

-- How many ms should we wait for the server to respond.
-- Might want to make this an argument, but 500 should always be more then enough.
DNStimeout = 500

-- Will the DNS server only respond to recursive questions
recursiveOnly = false

-- We only perform a DNS lookup of this site
recursiveServer = "scanme.nmap.org"

---
-- Checks if the server is alive/DNS
-- @param host  The host which the server should be running on
-- @param port  The servers port
-- @return      Bool, true if and only if the server is alive
function pingServer (host, port, attempts)
  local status, response, result
  -- If the server doesn't respond to the first in a multiattempt probe, slow down
  local slowDown = 1
  if not recursiveOnly then
    -- try to get a server status message
    -- The method that nmap uses by default
    local data
    local pkt = dns.newPacket()
    pkt.id = math.random(65535)

    pkt.flags.OC3 = true

    data = dns.encode(pkt)

    for i = 1, attempts do
      status, result = comm.exchange(host, port, data, {timeout=DNStimeout^slowDown})
      if status then
        return true
      end
      slowDown = slowDown + 0.25
    end

    return false
  else
    -- just do a vanilla recursive lookup of scanme.nmap.org
    for i = 1, attempts do
      status, response = dns.query(recursiveServer, {host=host.ip, port=port.number, proto=port.protocol, tries=1, timeout=DNStimeout^slowDown})
      if status then
        return true
      end
      slowDown = slowDown + 0.25
    end
    return false
  end
end

---
-- Generate a random 'label', a string of ascii characters do be used in
-- the requested domain names
-- @return      Random string of lowercase characters
function makeWord ()
  local len =  math.random(3,7)
  local name = {string.char(len)}
  for i = 1, len do
    -- this next line assumes ascii
    name[i+1] = string.char(math.random(string.byte("a"),string.byte("z")))
  end
  return table.concat(name)
end

---
-- Turns random labels from makeWord into a valid domain name.
-- Includes the option to compress any given name by including a pointer
-- to the first record. Obviously the first record should not be compressed.
-- @param compressed  Bool, whether or not this record should have a compressed field
-- @return            A dns host string
function makeHost (compressed)
  -- randomly choose between 2 to 4 levels in this domain
  local levels = math.random(2,4)
  local name = {}
  for i = 1, levels do
    name[#name+1] = makeWord ()
  end
  if compressed then
    name[#name+1] = "\xc0\x0c"
  else
    name[#name+1] = "\x00"
  end

  return table.concat(name)
end

---
-- Concatenate all the bytes of a valid dns packet, including names generated by
-- makeHost(). This packet is to be corrupted.
-- @return      Always returns a valid packet
function makePacket()
  local recurs = 0x00
  if recursiveOnly then
    recurs = 0x01
  end
  return
  string.char( math.random(0,255), math.random(0,255),   -- TXID
    recurs, 0x00,                             -- Flags, recursion disabled by default for obvious reasons
    0x00, 0x02,                               -- Questions
    0x00, 0x00,                               -- Answer RRs
    0x00, 0x00,                               -- Authority RRs
    0x00, 0x00)                               -- Additional RRs
  -- normal host
  .. makeHost (false) ..                    -- Hostname
  string.char( 0x00, 0x01,                               -- Type (A)
    0x00, 0x01)                               -- Class (IN)
  -- compressed host
  .. makeHost (true) ..                     -- Hostname
  string.char( 0x00, 0x05,                               -- Type (CNAME)
    0x00, 0x01)                               -- Class (IN)
end

---
-- Introduce bit errors into a packet at a rate of 1/50
-- As Charlie Miller points out in "Fuzz by Number"
-- -> cansecwest.com/csw08/csw08-miller.pdf
-- It's difficult to tell how much random you should insert into packets
-- "If data is too valid, might not cause problems, If data is too invalid,
--  might be quickly rejected"
-- so 1/50 is arbitrary
-- @param dnsPacket  A packet, generated by makePacket()
-- @return           The same packet, but with bit flip errors
function nudgePacket (dnsPacket)
  local chunks = {}
  local pos = 1
  for i = 1, #dnsPacket do
    -- Induce bit errors at a rate of 1/50.
    if math.random(50) == 25 then
      table.insert(chunks, dnsPacket:sub(pos, i - 1))
      table.insert(chunks, string.char(dnsPacket:byte(i) ~ (1 << math.random(0, 7))))
      pos = i + 1
    end
  end
  table.insert(chunks, dnsPacket:sub(pos))
  return table.concat(chunks)
end

---
-- Instead of flipping a bit, we drop an entire byte
-- @param dnsPacket  A packet, generated by makePacket()
-- @return           The same packet, but with a single byte missing
function dropByte (dnsPacket)
  local pos = math.random(#dnsPacket)
  return dnsPacket:sub(1, pos - 1) .. dnsPacket:sub(pos + 1)
end

---
-- Instead of dropping an entire byte, insert a random byte
-- @param dnsPacket  A packet, generated by makePacket()
-- @return           The same packet, but with a single byte missing
function injectByte (dnsPacket)
  local pos = math.random(#dnsPacket + 1)
  return dnsPacket:sub(1, pos - 1) .. string.char(math.random(0,255)) .. dnsPacket:sub(pos)
end

---
-- Instead of inserting a byte, truncate the packet at random position
-- @param dnsPacket  A packet, generated by makePacket()
-- @return           The same packet, but truncated
function truncatePacket (dnsPacket)
  -- at least 12 bytes to make sure the packet isn't dropped as a tinygram
  local pos = math.random(12, #dnsPacket - 1)
  return dnsPacket:sub(1, pos)
end

---
-- As the name of this function suggests, we corrupt the packet, and then send it.
-- We choose at random one of three corruption functions, and then corrupt/send
-- the packet a maximum of 10 times
-- @param host      The servers IP
-- @param port      The servers port
-- @param query     An uncorrupted DNS packet
-- @return          A string if the server died, else nil
function corruptAndSend (host, port, query)
  local randCorr = math.random(0,4)
  local status
  local result
  -- 10 is arbitrary, but seemed like a good number
  for j = 1, 10 do
    if randCorr<=1  then
      -- slight bias to nudging because it seems to work better
      query = nudgePacket(query)
    elseif randCorr==2  then
      query = dropByte(query)
    elseif randCorr==3  then
      query = injectByte(query)
    elseif randCorr==4  then
      query = truncatePacket(query)
    end

    status, result = comm.exchange(host, port, query, {timeout=DNStimeout})
    if not status then
      if not pingServer(host,port,3) then
        -- no response after three tries, the server is probably dead
        return "Server stopped responding... He's dead, Jim.\n"..
        "Offending packet: 0x".. stdnse.tohex(query)
      else
        -- We corrupted the packet too much, the server will just drop it
        -- No point in using it again
        return nil
      end
    end
    if randCorr==4  then
      -- no point in using this function more then once
      return nil
    end
  end
  return nil
end

action = function(host, port)
  local endT
  local timelimit, err
  local retStr
  local query

  for _, k in ipairs({"dns-fuzz.timelimit", "timelimit"}) do
    if nmap.registry.args[k] then
      timelimit, err = stdnse.parse_timespec(nmap.registry.args[k])
      if not timelimit then
        error(err)
      end
      break
    end
  end
  if timelimit and timelimit > 0 then
    -- seconds to milliseconds plus the current time
    endT = timelimit*1000 + nmap.clock_ms()
  elseif not timelimit then
    -- 10 minutes
    endT = 10*60*1000 + nmap.clock_ms()
  end


  -- Check if the server is a DNS server.
  if not pingServer(host,port,1) then
    -- David reported that his DNS server doesn't respond to
    recursiveOnly = true
    if not pingServer(host,port,1) then
      return "Server didn't response to our probe, can't fuzz"
    end
  end
  nmap.set_port_state (host, port, "open")

  -- If the user specified that we should run for n seconds, then don't run for too much longer
  -- If 0 seconds, then run forever
  while not endT or nmap.clock_ms()<endT do
    -- Forge an initial packet
    -- We start off with an only slightly corrupted packet, then add more and more corruption
    -- if we corrupt the packet too much then the server will just drop it, so we only recorrupt several times
    -- then start all over
    query =  makePacket ()
    -- induce random jitter
    retStr = corruptAndSend (host, port, query)
    if retStr then
      return retStr
    end
  end
  return "The server seems impervious to our assault."
end