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diff --git a/debian/README.Debian b/debian/README.Debian new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6aab9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/debian/README.Debian @@ -0,0 +1,296 @@ +OpenSSH for Debian +------------------ + +UPGRADE ISSUES +============== + +PermitRootLogin +--------------- + +As of 1:6.6p1-1, new installations will be set to "PermitRootLogin +without-password" (or the synonymous "PermitRootLogin prohibit-password" as +of 1:7.1p1-1). This disables password authentication for root, foiling +password dictionary attacks on the root user. Some sites may wish to use +the stronger "PermitRootLogin forced-commands-only" or "PermitRootLogin no", +but note that "PermitRootLogin no" will break setups that SSH to root with a +forced command to take full-system backups. You can use PermitRootLogin in +a Match block if you want finer-grained control here. + +For many years Debian's OpenSSH packaging used "PermitRootLogin yes", in +line with upstream. To avoid breaking local setups, this is still true for +installations upgraded from before 1:6.6p1-1. If you wish to change this, +you should edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config, change it manually, and run "service +ssh restart" as root. + +Disabling PermitRootLogin means that an attacker possessing credentials for +the root account (any credentials in the case of "yes", or private key +material in the case of "prohibit-password") must compromise a normal user +account rather than being able to SSH directly to root. Be careful to avoid +a false illusion of security if you change this setting; any account you +escalate to root from should be considered equivalent to root for the +purposes of security against external attack. You might for example disable +it if you know you will only ever log in as root from the physical console. + +Since the root account does not generally have non-password credentials +unless you explicitly install an SSH public key in its +~/.ssh/authorized_keys, which you presumably only do if you want to SSH to +it, "prohibit-password" should be a reasonable default for most sites. + +As of OpenSSH 7.0, this is the upstream default. + +For further discussion, see: + + https://bugs.debian.org/298138 + https://bugzilla.mindrot.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2164 + +X11 Forwarding +-------------- + +ssh's default for ForwardX11 has been changed to ``no'' because it has +been pointed out that logging into remote systems administered by +untrusted people is likely to open you up to X11 attacks, so you +should have to actively decide that you trust the remote machine's +root, before enabling X11. I strongly recommend that you do this on a +machine-by-machine basis, rather than just enabling it in the default +host settings. + +In order for X11 forwarding to work, you need to install xauth on the +server. In Debian this is in the xbase-clients package. + +As of OpenSSH 3.1, the remote $DISPLAY uses localhost by default to reduce +the security risks of X11 forwarding. Look up X11UseLocalhost in +sshd_config(8) if this is a problem. + +OpenSSH 3.8 invented ForwardX11Trusted, which when set to no causes the +ssh client to create an untrusted X cookie so that attacks on the +forwarded X11 connection can't become attacks on X clients on the remote +machine. However, this has some problems in implementation - notably a +very short timeout of the untrusted cookie - breaks large numbers of +existing setups, and generally seems immature. The Debian package +therefore sets the default for this option to "yes" (in ssh itself, +rather than in ssh_config). + +Fallback to RSH +--------------- + +The default for this setting has been changed from Yes to No, for +security reasons, and to stop the delay attempting to rsh to machines +that don't offer the service. Simply switch it back on in either +/etc/ssh/ssh_config or ~/.ssh/config for those machines that you need +it for. + +Setgid ssh-agent and environment variables +------------------------------------------ + +As of version 1:3.5p1-1, ssh-agent is installed setgid to prevent ptrace() +attacks retrieving private key material. This has the side-effect of causing +glibc to remove certain environment variables which might have security +implications for set-id programs, including LD_PRELOAD, LD_LIBRARY_PATH, and +TMPDIR. + +If you need to set any of these environment variables, you will need to do +so in the program exec()ed by ssh-agent. This may involve creating a small +wrapper script. + +Symlink Hostname invocation +--------------------------- + +This version of ssh no longer includes support for invoking ssh with the +hostname as the name of the file run. People wanting this support should +use the ssh-argv0 script. + +=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= + +OTHER ISSUES +============ + +Authorization Forwarding +------------------------ + +Similarly, root on a remote server could make use of your ssh-agent +(while you're logged into their machine) to obtain access to machines +which trust your keys. This feature is therefore disabled by default. +You should only re-enable it for those hosts (in your ~/.ssh/config or +/etc/ssh/ssh_config) where you are confident that the remote machine +is not a threat. + +Problems logging in with RSA authentication +------------------------------------------- + +If you have trouble logging in with RSA authentication then the +problem is probably caused by the fact that you have your home +directory writable by group, as well as user (this is the default on +Debian systems). + +Depending upon other settings on your system (i.e. other users being +in your group) this could open a security hole, so you will need to +make your home directory writable only by yourself. Run this command, +as yourself: + + chmod g-w ~/ + +to remove group write permissions. If you use ssh-copy-id to install your +keys, it does this for you. + +-L option of ssh nonfree +------------------------ + +non-free ssh supported the usage of the option -L to use a non privileged +port for scp. This option will not be supported by scp from openssh. + +Please use instead scp -o "UsePrivilegedPort=no" as documented in the +manpage to scp itself. + +Problem logging in because of TCP-Wrappers +------------------------------------------ + +ssh is compiled with support for tcp-wrappers. So if you can no longer +log into your system, please check that /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny +are configured so that ssh is not blocked. + +Kerberos support +---------------- + +ssh is now compiled with Kerberos support. Unfortunately, privilege +separation is incompatible with parts of Kerberos support for protocol 2; +you may need to run kinit after logging in. + +Interoperability between scp and the ssh.com SSH server +------------------------------------------------------- + +In version 2 and greater of the commercial SSH server produced by SSH +Communications Security, scp was changed to use SFTP (SSH2's file transfer +protocol) instead of the traditional rcp-over-ssh, thereby breaking +compatibility. The OpenSSH developers regard this as a bug in the ssh.com +server, and do not currently intend to change OpenSSH's scp to match. + +Workarounds for this problem are to install scp1 on the server (scp2 will +fall back to it), to use sftp, or to use some other transfer mechanism such +as rsync-over-ssh or tar-over-ssh. + +Running sshd from inittab +------------------------- + +Some people find it useful to run the sshd server from inittab, to make sure +that it always stays running. To do this, stop sshd ('service ssh stop'), +add the following line to /etc/inittab, and run 'telinit q': + + ss:2345:respawn:/usr/sbin/sshd -D + +If you do this, note that you will need to stop sshd being started in the +normal way ('update-rc.d ssh disable') and that you will need to restart +this sshd manually on upgrades. + +Socket-based activation with systemd +------------------------------------ + +If you want to reconfigure systemd to listen on port 22 itself and launch +sshd on connection (systemd-style socket activation), then you can run: + + systemctl disable --now ssh.service + systemctl start ssh.socket + +To roll back this change, run: + + systemctl stop ssh.socket + systemctl enable --now ssh.service + +Or if you want to make this change permanent: + + systemctl enable ssh.socket + +This may be appropriate in environments where minimal footprint is critical +(e.g. cloud guests). + +The provided ssh.socket unit file sets ListenStream=22. If you need to have +it listen on a different address or port, then you will need to do this as +follows (modifying ListenStream to match your requirements): + + mkdir -p /etc/systemd/system/ssh.socket.d + cat >/etc/systemd/system/ssh.socket.d/listen.conf <<EOF + [Socket] + ListenStream=2222 + EOF + systemctl daemon-reload + systemctl restart ssh.socket + +See systemd.socket(5) for details. + +Terminating SSH sessions cleanly on shutdown/reboot with systemd +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +If you have libpam-systemd >= 230 installed (following openssh-server's +Recommends) and "UsePAM yes" in sshd_config (the default configuration +shipped by this package), then SSH sessions will be terminated cleanly when +the server is shut down or rebooted. + +If either of these conditions does not hold, then you may find that SSH +sessions hang silently when the server is shut down or rebooted. If you do +not want to use PAM or configure it properly for whatever reason, then you +can instead copy +/usr/share/doc/openssh-server/examples/ssh-session-cleanup.service to +/etc/systemd/system/ and run "systemctl enable ssh-session-cleanup.service". + +Non-systemd users may find /usr/lib/openssh/ssh-session-cleanup helpful if +they have a similar problem, although at present there is no system +integration for this for anything other than systemd. + +SSH protocol 1 server support removed +------------------------------------- + +sshd(8) no longer supports the old SSH protocol 1, so all the configuration +options related to it are now deprecated and should be removed from +/etc/ssh/sshd_config. These are: + + KeyRegenerationInterval + RSAAuthentication + RhostsRSAAuthentication + ServerKeyBits + +The Protocol option is also no longer needed, although it is silently +ignored rather than deprecated. + +if-up hook removed +------------------ + +openssh-server previously shipped an if-up hook that restarted sshd when a +network interface came up. This generally caused more problems than it +solved: for instance, it means that sshd stops listening briefly while being +restarted, which can cause problems in some environments, particularly +automated tests. + +The only known situation where the if-up hook was useful was when +sshd_config was changed to add ListenAddress entries for particular IP +addresses, overriding the default of listening on all addresses, and the +system is one that often roams between networks. In such a situation, it is +better to remove ListenAddress entries from sshd_config (restoring it to the +default behaviour) and instead use firewall rules to restrict incoming SSH +connections to only the desired interfaces or addresses. + +For further discussion, see: + + https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1674330 + +IPQoS defaults reverted to pre-7.8 values +----------------------------------------- + +OpenSSH 7.8 changed the default IPQoS settings to use DSCP AF21 for +interactive traffic and CS1 for bulk. This caused some problems with other +software ("iptables -m tos" and VMware), so Debian's OpenSSH reverts this +change for the time being. + +This is *temporary*, and we expect to come back into sync with upstream +OpenSSH once those other issues have been fixed. If you want to restore the +upstream default, add this to ssh_config and sshd_config: + + IPQoS af21 cs1 + +For further discussion, see: + + https://bugs.debian.org/923879 + https://bugs.debian.org/926229 + https://bugs.launchpad.net/1822370 + +-- +Matthew Vernon <matthew@debian.org> +Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> |