Adding upstream version 15.4.upstream/15.4upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+<!-- doc/src/sgml/isn.sgml -->
+
+<sect1 id="isn" xreflabel="isn">
+ <title>isn</title>
+
+ <indexterm zone="isn">
+  <primary>isn</primary>
+ </indexterm>
+
+ <para>
+  The <filename>isn</filename> module provides data types for the following
+  international product numbering standards: EAN13, UPC, ISBN (books), ISMN
+  (music), and ISSN (serials).  Numbers are validated on input according to a
+  hard-coded list of prefixes; this list of prefixes is also used to hyphenate
+  numbers on output.  Since new prefixes are assigned from time to time, the
+  list of prefixes may be out of date.  It is hoped that a future version of
+  this module will obtain the prefix list from one or more tables that
+  can be easily updated by users as needed; however, at present, the
+  list can only be updated by modifying the source code and recompiling.
+  Alternatively, prefix validation and hyphenation support may be
+  dropped from a future version of this module.
+ </para>
+
+ <para>
+  This module is considered <quote>trusted</quote>, that is, it can be
+  installed by non-superusers who have <literal>CREATE</literal> privilege
+  on the current database.
+ </para>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Data Types</title>
+
+  <para>
+   <xref linkend="isn-datatypes"/> shows the data types provided by
+   the <filename>isn</filename> module.
+  </para>
+
+  <table id="isn-datatypes">
+   <title><filename>isn</filename> Data Types</title>
+   <tgroup cols="2">
+    <colspec colname="col1" colwidth="1*"/>
+    <colspec colname="col2" colwidth="2*"/>
+    <thead>
+     <row>
+      <entry>Data Type</entry>
+      <entry>Description</entry>
+     </row>
+    </thead>
+
+    <tbody>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>EAN13</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       European Article Numbers, always displayed in the EAN13 display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISBN13</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Book Numbers to be displayed in
+       the new EAN13 display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISMN13</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Music Numbers to be displayed in
+       the new EAN13 display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISSN13</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Serial Numbers to be displayed in the new
+       EAN13 display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISBN</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Book Numbers to be displayed in the old
+       short display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISMN</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Music Numbers to be displayed in the
+       old short display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>ISSN</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       International Standard Serial Numbers to be displayed in the
+       old short display format
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+     <row>
+      <entry><type>UPC</type></entry>
+      <entry>
+       Universal Product Codes
+      </entry>
+     </row>
+    </tbody>
+   </tgroup>
+  </table>
+
+  <para>
+   Some notes:
+  </para>
+
+  <orderedlist>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>ISBN13, ISMN13, ISSN13 numbers are all EAN13 numbers.</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>EAN13 numbers aren't always ISBN13, ISMN13 or ISSN13 (some
+    are).</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>Some ISBN13 numbers can be displayed as ISBN.</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>Some ISMN13 numbers can be displayed as ISMN.</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>Some ISSN13 numbers can be displayed as ISSN.</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>UPC numbers are a subset of the EAN13 numbers (they are basically
+    EAN13 without the first <literal>0</literal> digit).</para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>All UPC, ISBN, ISMN and ISSN numbers can be represented as EAN13
+    numbers.</para>
+   </listitem>
+  </orderedlist>
+
+  <para>
+   Internally, all these types use the same representation (a 64-bit
+   integer), and all are interchangeable.  Multiple types are provided
+   to control display formatting and to permit tighter validity checking
+   of input that is supposed to denote one particular type of number.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   The <type>ISBN</type>, <type>ISMN</type>, and <type>ISSN</type> types will display the
+   short version of the number (ISxN 10) whenever it's possible, and will show
+   ISxN 13 format for numbers that do not fit in the short version.
+   The <type>EAN13</type>, <type>ISBN13</type>, <type>ISMN13</type> and
+   <type>ISSN13</type> types will always display the long version of the ISxN
+   (EAN13).
+  </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Casts</title>
+
+  <para>
+   The <filename>isn</filename> module provides the following pairs of type casts:
+  </para>
+
+  <itemizedlist>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISBN13 &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISMN13 &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISSN13 &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISBN &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISMN &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISSN &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     UPC  &lt;=&gt; EAN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISBN &lt;=&gt; ISBN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISMN &lt;=&gt; ISMN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+   <listitem>
+    <para>
+     ISSN &lt;=&gt; ISSN13
+    </para>
+   </listitem>
+  </itemizedlist>
+
+  <para>
+   When casting from <type>EAN13</type> to another type, there is a run-time
+   check that the value is within the domain of the other type, and an error
+   is thrown if not.  The other casts are simply relabelings that will
+   always succeed.
+  </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Functions and Operators</title>
+
+  <para>
+   The <filename>isn</filename> module provides the standard comparison operators,
+   plus B-tree and hash indexing support for all these data types.  In
+   addition there are several specialized functions; shown in <xref linkend="isn-functions"/>.
+   In this table,
+   <type>isn</type> means any one of the module's data types.
+  </para>
+
+  <table id="isn-functions">
+   <title><filename>isn</filename> Functions</title>
+    <tgroup cols="1">
+     <thead>
+      <row>
+       <entry role="func_table_entry"><para role="func_signature">
+        Function
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Description
+       </para></entry>
+      </row>
+     </thead>
+
+     <tbody>
+      <row>
+       <entry role="func_table_entry"><para role="func_signature">
+        <indexterm><primary>isn_weak</primary></indexterm>
+        <function>isn_weak</function> ( <type>boolean</type> )
+        <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Sets the weak input mode, and returns new setting.
+       </para></entry>
+      </row>
+
+      <row>
+       <entry role="func_table_entry"><para role="func_signature">
+        <function>isn_weak</function> ()
+        <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Returns the current status of the weak mode.
+       </para></entry>
+      </row>
+
+      <row>
+       <entry role="func_table_entry"><para role="func_signature">
+        <indexterm><primary>make_valid</primary></indexterm>
+        <function>make_valid</function> ( <type>isn</type> )
+        <returnvalue>isn</returnvalue>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Validates an invalid number (clears the invalid flag).
+       </para></entry>
+      </row>
+
+      <row>
+       <entry role="func_table_entry"><para role="func_signature">
+        <indexterm><primary>is_valid</primary></indexterm>
+        <function>is_valid</function> ( <type>isn</type> )
+        <returnvalue>boolean</returnvalue>
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Checks for the presence of the invalid flag.
+       </para></entry>
+      </row>
+     </tbody>
+    </tgroup>
+  </table>
+
+  <para>
+   <firstterm>Weak</firstterm> mode is used to be able to insert invalid data
+   into a table. Invalid means the check digit is wrong, not that there are
+   missing numbers.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   Why would you want to use the weak mode? Well, it could be that
+   you have a huge collection of ISBN numbers, and that there are so many of
+   them that for weird reasons some have the wrong check digit (perhaps the
+   numbers were scanned from a printed list and the OCR got the numbers wrong,
+   perhaps the numbers were manually captured... who knows). Anyway, the point
+   is you might want to clean the mess up, but you still want to be able to
+   have all the numbers in your database and maybe use an external tool to
+   locate the invalid numbers in the database so you can verify the
+   information and validate it more easily; so for example you'd want to
+   select all the invalid numbers in the table.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   When you insert invalid numbers in a table using the weak mode, the number
+   will be inserted with the corrected check digit, but it will be displayed
+   with an exclamation mark (<literal>!</literal>) at the end, for example
+   <literal>0-11-000322-5!</literal>.  This invalid marker can be checked with
+   the <function>is_valid</function> function and cleared with the
+   <function>make_valid</function> function.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   You can also force the insertion of invalid numbers even when not in the
+   weak mode, by appending the <literal>!</literal> character at the end of the
+   number.
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   Another special feature is that during input, you can write
+   <literal>?</literal> in place of the check digit, and the correct check digit
+   will be inserted automatically.
+  </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Examples</title>
+
+<programlisting>
+--Using the types directly:
+SELECT isbn('978-0-393-04002-9');
+SELECT isbn13('0901690546');
+SELECT issn('1436-4522');
+
+--Casting types:
+-- note that you can only cast from ean13 to another type when the
+-- number would be valid in the realm of the target type;
+-- thus, the following will NOT work: select isbn(ean13('0220356483481'));
+-- but these will:
+SELECT upc(ean13('0220356483481'));
+SELECT ean13(upc('220356483481'));
+
+--Create a table with a single column to hold ISBN numbers:
+CREATE TABLE test (id isbn);
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('9780393040029');
+
+--Automatically calculate check digits (observe the '?'):
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('220500896?');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('978055215372?');
+
+SELECT issn('3251231?');
+SELECT ismn('979047213542?');
+
+--Using the weak mode:
+SELECT isn_weak(true);
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('978-0-11-000533-4');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('9780141219307');
+INSERT INTO test VALUES('2-205-00876-X');
+SELECT isn_weak(false);
+
+SELECT id FROM test WHERE NOT is_valid(id);
+UPDATE test SET id = make_valid(id) WHERE id = '2-205-00876-X!';
+
+SELECT * FROM test;
+
+SELECT isbn13(id) FROM test;
+</programlisting>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Bibliography</title>
+
+  <para>
+   The information to implement this module was collected from
+   several sites, including:
+   <itemizedlist>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.isbn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.issn.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.ismn-international.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.wikipedia.org/"></ulink></para></listitem>
+   </itemizedlist>
+
+   The prefixes used for hyphenation were also compiled from:
+   <itemizedlist>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.gs1.org/standards/id-keys"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISBN_identifier_groups"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.isbn-international.org/content/isbn-users-manual"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number"></ulink></para></listitem>
+    <listitem><para><ulink url="https://www.ismn-international.org/ranges.html"></ulink></para></listitem>
+   </itemizedlist>
+
+   Care was taken during the creation of the algorithms and they
+   were meticulously verified against the suggested algorithms
+   in the official ISBN, ISMN, ISSN User Manuals.
+  </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+ <sect2>
+  <title>Author</title>
+  <para>
+   Germ&aacute;n M&eacute;ndez Bravo (Kronuz), 2004&ndash;2006
+  </para>
+
+  <para>
+   This module was inspired by Garrett A. Wollman's
+   <filename>isbn_issn</filename> code.
+  </para>
+ </sect2>
+
+</sect1>