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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/sql-prepare.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/sql-prepare.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbc1307 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/sql-prepare.html @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>PREPARE</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-notify.html" title="NOTIFY" /><link rel="next" href="sql-prepare-transaction.html" title="PREPARE TRANSACTION" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">PREPARE</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-notify.html" title="NOTIFY">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-prepare-transaction.html" title="PREPARE TRANSACTION">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-PREPARE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.159.1" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.9.3.159.2" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">PREPARE</span></h2><p>PREPARE — prepare a statement for execution</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis"> +PREPARE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ ( <em class="replaceable"><code>data_type</code></em> [, ...] ) ] AS <em class="replaceable"><code>statement</code></em> +</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.159.6"><h2>Description</h2><p> + <code class="command">PREPARE</code> creates a prepared statement. A prepared + statement is a server-side object that can be used to optimize + performance. When the <code class="command">PREPARE</code> statement is + executed, the specified statement is parsed, analyzed, and rewritten. + When an <code class="command">EXECUTE</code> command is subsequently + issued, the prepared statement is planned and executed. This division + of labor avoids repetitive parse analysis work, while allowing + the execution plan to depend on the specific parameter values supplied. + </p><p> + Prepared statements can take parameters: values that are + substituted into the statement when it is executed. When creating + the prepared statement, refer to parameters by position, using + <code class="literal">$1</code>, <code class="literal">$2</code>, etc. A corresponding list of + parameter data types can optionally be specified. When a + parameter's data type is not specified or is declared as + <code class="literal">unknown</code>, the type is inferred from the context + in which the parameter is first referenced (if possible). When executing the + statement, specify the actual values for these parameters in the + <code class="command">EXECUTE</code> statement. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sql-execute.html" title="EXECUTE"><span class="refentrytitle">EXECUTE</span></a> for more + information about that. + </p><p> + Prepared statements only last for the duration of the current + database session. When the session ends, the prepared statement is + forgotten, so it must be recreated before being used again. This + also means that a single prepared statement cannot be used by + multiple simultaneous database clients; however, each client can create + their own prepared statement to use. Prepared statements can be + manually cleaned up using the <a class="link" href="sql-deallocate.html" title="DEALLOCATE"><code class="command">DEALLOCATE</code></a> command. + </p><p> + Prepared statements potentially have the largest performance advantage + when a single session is being used to execute a large number of similar + statements. The performance difference will be particularly + significant if the statements are complex to plan or rewrite, e.g., + if the query involves a join of many tables or requires + the application of several rules. If the statement is relatively simple + to plan and rewrite but relatively expensive to execute, the + performance advantage of prepared statements will be less noticeable. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.159.7"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + An arbitrary name given to this particular prepared + statement. It must be unique within a single session and is + subsequently used to execute or deallocate a previously prepared + statement. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>data_type</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + The data type of a parameter to the prepared statement. If the + data type of a particular parameter is unspecified or is + specified as <code class="literal">unknown</code>, it will be inferred + from the context in which the parameter is first referenced. To refer to the + parameters in the prepared statement itself, use + <code class="literal">$1</code>, <code class="literal">$2</code>, etc. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>statement</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + Any <code class="command">SELECT</code>, <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, + <code class="command">DELETE</code>, <code class="command">MERGE</code>, or <code class="command">VALUES</code> + statement. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-PREPARE-NOTES"><h2>Notes</h2><p> + A prepared statement can be executed with either a <em class="firstterm">generic + plan</em> or a <em class="firstterm">custom plan</em>. A generic + plan is the same across all executions, while a custom plan is generated + for a specific execution using the parameter values given in that call. + Use of a generic plan avoids planning overhead, but in some situations + a custom plan will be much more efficient to execute because the planner + can make use of knowledge of the parameter values. (Of course, if the + prepared statement has no parameters, then this is moot and a generic + plan is always used.) + </p><p> + By default (that is, when <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-query.html#GUC-PLAN-CACHE_MODE">plan_cache_mode</a> is set + to <code class="literal">auto</code>), the server will automatically choose + whether to use a generic or custom plan for a prepared statement that + has parameters. The current rule for this is that the first five + executions are done with custom plans and the average estimated cost of + those plans is calculated. Then a generic plan is created and its + estimated cost is compared to the average custom-plan cost. Subsequent + executions use the generic plan if its cost is not so much higher than + the average custom-plan cost as to make repeated replanning seem + preferable. + </p><p> + This heuristic can be overridden, forcing the server to use either + generic or custom plans, by setting <code class="varname">plan_cache_mode</code> + to <code class="literal">force_generic_plan</code> + or <code class="literal">force_custom_plan</code> respectively. + This setting is primarily useful if the generic plan's cost estimate + is badly off for some reason, allowing it to be chosen even though + its actual cost is much more than that of a custom plan. + </p><p> + To examine the query plan <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> is using + for a prepared statement, use <a class="link" href="sql-explain.html" title="EXPLAIN"><code class="command">EXPLAIN</code></a>, for example +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +EXPLAIN EXECUTE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>(<em class="replaceable"><code>parameter_values</code></em>); +</pre><p> + If a generic plan is in use, it will contain parameter symbols + <code class="literal">$<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></code>, while a custom plan + will have the supplied parameter values substituted into it. + </p><p> + For more information on query planning and the statistics collected + by <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> for that purpose, see + the <a class="xref" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><span class="refentrytitle">ANALYZE</span></a> + documentation. + </p><p> + Although the main point of a prepared statement is to avoid repeated parse + analysis and planning of the statement, <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> will + force re-analysis and re-planning of the statement before using it + whenever database objects used in the statement have undergone + definitional (DDL) changes or their planner statistics have + been updated since the previous use of the prepared + statement. Also, if the value of <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-SEARCH-PATH">search_path</a> changes + from one use to the next, the statement will be re-parsed using the new + <code class="varname">search_path</code>. (This latter behavior is new as of + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.3.) These rules make use of a + prepared statement semantically almost equivalent to re-submitting the + same query text over and over, but with a performance benefit if no object + definitions are changed, especially if the best plan remains the same + across uses. An example of a case where the semantic equivalence is not + perfect is that if the statement refers to a table by an unqualified name, + and then a new table of the same name is created in a schema appearing + earlier in the <code class="varname">search_path</code>, no automatic re-parse will occur + since no object used in the statement changed. However, if some other + change forces a re-parse, the new table will be referenced in subsequent + uses. + </p><p> + You can see all prepared statements available in the session by querying the + <a class="link" href="view-pg-prepared-statements.html" title="54.15. pg_prepared_statements"><code class="structname">pg_prepared_statements</code></a> + system view. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="SQL-PREPARE-EXAMPLES"><h2>Examples</h2><p> + Create a prepared statement for an <code class="command">INSERT</code> + statement, and then execute it: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +PREPARE fooplan (int, text, bool, numeric) AS + INSERT INTO foo VALUES($1, $2, $3, $4); +EXECUTE fooplan(1, 'Hunter Valley', 't', 200.00); +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Create a prepared statement for a <code class="command">SELECT</code> + statement, and then execute it: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +PREPARE usrrptplan (int) AS + SELECT * FROM users u, logs l WHERE u.usrid=$1 AND u.usrid=l.usrid + AND l.date = $2; +EXECUTE usrrptplan(1, current_date); +</pre><p> + + In this example, the data type of the second parameter is not specified, + so it is inferred from the context in which <code class="literal">$2</code> is used. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.159.10"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p> + The SQL standard includes a <code class="command">PREPARE</code> statement, + but it is only for use in embedded SQL. This version of the + <code class="command">PREPARE</code> statement also uses a somewhat different + syntax. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.159.11"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-deallocate.html" title="DEALLOCATE"><span class="refentrytitle">DEALLOCATE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-execute.html" title="EXECUTE"><span class="refentrytitle">EXECUTE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-notify.html" title="NOTIFY">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-prepare-transaction.html" title="PREPARE TRANSACTION">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">NOTIFY </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> PREPARE TRANSACTION</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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