citext The citext module provides a case-insensitive character string type, citext. Essentially, it internally calls lower when comparing values. Otherwise, it behaves almost exactly like text. Consider using nondeterministic collations (see ) instead of this module. They can be used for case-insensitive comparisons, accent-insensitive comparisons, and other combinations, and they handle more Unicode special cases correctly. This module is considered trusted, that is, it can be installed by non-superusers who have CREATE privilege on the current database. The standard approach to doing case-insensitive matches in PostgreSQL has been to use the lower function when comparing values, for example SELECT * FROM tab WHERE lower(col) = LOWER(?); This works reasonably well, but has a number of drawbacks: It makes your SQL statements verbose, and you always have to remember to use lower on both the column and the query value. It won't use an index, unless you create a functional index using lower. If you declare a column as UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY, the implicitly generated index is case-sensitive. So it's useless for case-insensitive searches, and it won't enforce uniqueness case-insensitively. The citext data type allows you to eliminate calls to lower in SQL queries, and allows a primary key to be case-insensitive. citext is locale-aware, just like text, which means that the matching of upper case and lower case characters is dependent on the rules of the database's LC_CTYPE setting. Again, this behavior is identical to the use of lower in queries. But because it's done transparently by the data type, you don't have to remember to do anything special in your queries. Here's a simple example of usage: CREATE TABLE users ( nick CITEXT PRIMARY KEY, pass TEXT NOT NULL ); INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'larry', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Tom', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Damian', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'NEAL', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Bjørn', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); SELECT * FROM users WHERE nick = 'Larry'; The SELECT statement will return one tuple, even though the nick column was set to larry and the query was for Larry. citext performs comparisons by converting each string to lower case (as though lower were called) and then comparing the results normally. Thus, for example, two strings are considered equal if lower would produce identical results for them. In order to emulate a case-insensitive collation as closely as possible, there are citext-specific versions of a number of string-processing operators and functions. So, for example, the regular expression operators ~ and ~* exhibit the same behavior when applied to citext: they both match case-insensitively. The same is true for !~ and !~*, as well as for the LIKE operators ~~ and ~~*, and !~~ and !~~*. If you'd like to match case-sensitively, you can cast the operator's arguments to text. Similarly, all of the following functions perform matching case-insensitively if their arguments are citext: regexp_match() regexp_matches() regexp_replace() regexp_split_to_array() regexp_split_to_table() replace() split_part() strpos() translate() For the regexp functions, if you want to match case-sensitively, you can specify the c flag to force a case-sensitive match. Otherwise, you must cast to text before using one of these functions if you want case-sensitive behavior. citext's case-folding behavior depends on the LC_CTYPE setting of your database. How it compares values is therefore determined when the database is created. It is not truly case-insensitive in the terms defined by the Unicode standard. Effectively, what this means is that, as long as you're happy with your collation, you should be happy with citext's comparisons. But if you have data in different languages stored in your database, users of one language may find their query results are not as expected if the collation is for another language. As of PostgreSQL 9.1, you can attach a COLLATE specification to citext columns or data values. Currently, citext operators will honor a non-default COLLATE specification while comparing case-folded strings, but the initial folding to lower case is always done according to the database's LC_CTYPE setting (that is, as though COLLATE "default" were given). This may be changed in a future release so that both steps follow the input COLLATE specification. citext is not as efficient as text because the operator functions and the B-tree comparison functions must make copies of the data and convert it to lower case for comparisons. Also, only text can support B-Tree deduplication. However, citext is slightly more efficient than using lower to get case-insensitive matching. citext doesn't help much if you need data to compare case-sensitively in some contexts and case-insensitively in other contexts. The standard answer is to use the text type and manually use the lower function when you need to compare case-insensitively; this works all right if case-insensitive comparison is needed only infrequently. If you need case-insensitive behavior most of the time and case-sensitive infrequently, consider storing the data as citext and explicitly casting the column to text when you want case-sensitive comparison. In either situation, you will need two indexes if you want both types of searches to be fast. The schema containing the citext operators must be in the current search_path (typically public); if it is not, the normal case-sensitive text operators will be invoked instead. The approach of lower-casing strings for comparison does not handle some Unicode special cases correctly, for example when one upper-case letter has two lower-case letter equivalents. Unicode distinguishes between case mapping and case folding for this reason. Use nondeterministic collations instead of citext to handle that correctly. David E. Wheeler david@kineticode.com Inspired by the original citext module by Donald Fraser.