1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>11.8. Partial Indexes</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="indexes-expressional.html" title="11.7. Indexes on Expressions" /><link rel="next" href="indexes-index-only-scans.html" title="11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">11.8. Partial Indexes</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="indexes-expressional.html" title="11.7. Indexes on Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="indexes.html" title="Chapter 11. Indexes">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Indexes</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="indexes-index-only-scans.html" title="11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="INDEXES-PARTIAL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">11.8. Partial Indexes</h2></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.10.11.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
A <em class="firstterm">partial index</em> is an index built over a
subset of a table; the subset is defined by a conditional
expression (called the <em class="firstterm">predicate</em> of the
partial index). The index contains entries only for those table
rows that satisfy the predicate. Partial indexes are a specialized
feature, but there are several situations in which they are useful.
</p><p>
One major reason for using a partial index is to avoid indexing common
values. Since a query searching for a common value (one that
accounts for more than a few percent of all the table rows) will not
use the index anyway, there is no point in keeping those rows in the
index at all. This reduces the size of the index, which will speed
up those queries that do use the index. It will also speed up many table
update operations because the index does not need to be
updated in all cases. <a class="xref" href="indexes-partial.html#INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX1" title="Example 11.1. Setting up a Partial Index to Exclude Common Values">Example 11.1</a> shows a
possible application of this idea.
</p><div class="example" id="INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX1"><p class="title"><strong>Example 11.1. Setting up a Partial Index to Exclude Common Values</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
Suppose you are storing web server access logs in a database.
Most accesses originate from the IP address range of your organization but
some are from elsewhere (say, employees on dial-up connections).
If your searches by IP are primarily for outside accesses,
you probably do not need to index the IP range that corresponds to your
organization's subnet.
</p><p>
Assume a table like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE TABLE access_log (
url varchar,
client_ip inet,
...
);
</pre><p>
</p><p>
To create a partial index that suits our example, use a command
such as this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE INDEX access_log_client_ip_ix ON access_log (client_ip)
WHERE NOT (client_ip > inet '192.168.100.0' AND
client_ip < inet '192.168.100.255');
</pre><p>
</p><p>
A typical query that can use this index would be:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT *
FROM access_log
WHERE url = '/index.html' AND client_ip = inet '212.78.10.32';
</pre><p>
Here the query's IP address is covered by the partial index. The
following query cannot use the partial index, as it uses an IP address
that is excluded from the index:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT *
FROM access_log
WHERE url = '/index.html' AND client_ip = inet '192.168.100.23';
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Observe that this kind of partial index requires that the common
values be predetermined, so such partial indexes are best used for
data distributions that do not change. Such indexes can be recreated
occasionally to adjust for new data distributions, but this adds
maintenance effort.
</p></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
Another possible use for a partial index is to exclude values from the
index that the
typical query workload is not interested in; this is shown in <a class="xref" href="indexes-partial.html#INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX2" title="Example 11.2. Setting up a Partial Index to Exclude Uninteresting Values">Example 11.2</a>. This results in the same
advantages as listed above, but it prevents the
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">uninteresting</span>”</span> values from being accessed via that
index, even if an index scan might be profitable in that
case. Obviously, setting up partial indexes for this kind of
scenario will require a lot of care and experimentation.
</p><div class="example" id="INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX2"><p class="title"><strong>Example 11.2. Setting up a Partial Index to Exclude Uninteresting Values</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
If you have a table that contains both billed and unbilled orders,
where the unbilled orders take up a small fraction of the total
table and yet those are the most-accessed rows, you can improve
performance by creating an index on just the unbilled rows. The
command to create the index would look like this:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE INDEX orders_unbilled_index ON orders (order_nr)
WHERE billed is not true;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
A possible query to use this index would be:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed is not true AND order_nr < 10000;
</pre><p>
However, the index can also be used in queries that do not involve
<code class="structfield">order_nr</code> at all, e.g.:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE billed is not true AND amount > 5000.00;
</pre><p>
This is not as efficient as a partial index on the
<code class="structfield">amount</code> column would be, since the system has to
scan the entire index. Yet, if there are relatively few unbilled
orders, using this partial index just to find the unbilled orders
could be a win.
</p><p>
Note that this query cannot use this index:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_nr = 3501;
</pre><p>
The order 3501 might be among the billed or unbilled
orders.
</p></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
<a class="xref" href="indexes-partial.html#INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX2" title="Example 11.2. Setting up a Partial Index to Exclude Uninteresting Values">Example 11.2</a> also illustrates that the
indexed column and the column used in the predicate do not need to
match. <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> supports partial
indexes with arbitrary predicates, so long as only columns of the
table being indexed are involved. However, keep in mind that the
predicate must match the conditions used in the queries that
are supposed to benefit from the index. To be precise, a partial
index can be used in a query only if the system can recognize that
the <code class="literal">WHERE</code> condition of the query mathematically implies
the predicate of the index.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> does not have a sophisticated
theorem prover that can recognize mathematically equivalent
expressions that are written in different forms. (Not
only is such a general theorem prover extremely difficult to
create, it would probably be too slow to be of any real use.)
The system can recognize simple inequality implications, for example
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">x < 1</span>”</span> implies <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">x < 2</span>”</span>; otherwise
the predicate condition must exactly match part of the query's
<code class="literal">WHERE</code> condition
or the index will not be recognized as usable. Matching takes
place at query planning time, not at run time. As a result,
parameterized query clauses do not work with a partial index. For
example a prepared query with a parameter might specify
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">x < ?</span>”</span> which will never imply
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">x < 2</span>”</span> for all possible values of the parameter.
</p><p>
A third possible use for partial indexes does not require the
index to be used in queries at all. The idea here is to create
a unique index over a subset of a table, as in <a class="xref" href="indexes-partial.html#INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX3" title="Example 11.3. Setting up a Partial Unique Index">Example 11.3</a>. This enforces uniqueness
among the rows that satisfy the index predicate, without constraining
those that do not.
</p><div class="example" id="INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX3"><p class="title"><strong>Example 11.3. Setting up a Partial Unique Index</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
Suppose that we have a table describing test outcomes. We wish
to ensure that there is only one <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">successful</span>”</span> entry for
a given subject and target combination, but there might be any number of
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unsuccessful</span>”</span> entries. Here is one way to do it:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE TABLE tests (
subject text,
target text,
success boolean,
...
);
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX tests_success_constraint ON tests (subject, target)
WHERE success;
</pre><p>
This is a particularly efficient approach when there are few
successful tests and many unsuccessful ones. It is also possible to
allow only one null in a column by creating a unique partial index
with an <code class="literal">IS NULL</code> restriction.
</p></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
Finally, a partial index can also be used to override the system's
query plan choices. Also, data sets with peculiar
distributions might cause the system to use an index when it really
should not. In that case the index can be set up so that it is not
available for the offending query. Normally,
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> makes reasonable choices about index
usage (e.g., it avoids them when retrieving common values, so the
earlier example really only saves index size, it is not required to
avoid index usage), and grossly incorrect plan choices are cause
for a bug report.
</p><p>
Keep in mind that setting up a partial index indicates that you
know at least as much as the query planner knows, in particular you
know when an index might be profitable. Forming this knowledge
requires experience and understanding of how indexes in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> work. In most cases, the
advantage of a partial index over a regular index will be minimal.
There are cases where they are quite counterproductive, as in <a class="xref" href="indexes-partial.html#INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX4" title="Example 11.4. Do Not Use Partial Indexes as a Substitute for Partitioning">Example 11.4</a>.
</p><div class="example" id="INDEXES-PARTIAL-EX4"><p class="title"><strong>Example 11.4. Do Not Use Partial Indexes as a Substitute for Partitioning</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><p>
You might be tempted to create a large set of non-overlapping partial
indexes, for example
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE INDEX mytable_cat_1 ON mytable (data) WHERE category = 1;
CREATE INDEX mytable_cat_2 ON mytable (data) WHERE category = 2;
CREATE INDEX mytable_cat_3 ON mytable (data) WHERE category = 3;
...
CREATE INDEX mytable_cat_<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em> ON mytable (data) WHERE category = <em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em>;
</pre><p>
This is a bad idea! Almost certainly, you'll be better off with a
single non-partial index, declared like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE INDEX mytable_cat_data ON mytable (category, data);
</pre><p>
(Put the category column first, for the reasons described in
<a class="xref" href="indexes-multicolumn.html" title="11.3. Multicolumn Indexes">Section 11.3</a>.) While a search in this larger
index might have to descend through a couple more tree levels than a
search in a smaller index, that's almost certainly going to be cheaper
than the planner effort needed to select the appropriate one of the
partial indexes. The core of the problem is that the system does not
understand the relationship among the partial indexes, and will
laboriously test each one to see if it's applicable to the current
query.
</p><p>
If your table is large enough that a single index really is a bad idea,
you should look into using partitioning instead (see
<a class="xref" href="ddl-partitioning.html" title="5.11. Table Partitioning">Section 5.11</a>). With that mechanism, the system
does understand that the tables and indexes are non-overlapping, so
far better performance is possible.
</p></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
More information about partial indexes can be found in <a class="xref" href="biblio.html#STON89B">[ston89b]</a>, <a class="xref" href="biblio.html#OLSON93" title="Partial indexing in POSTGRES: research project">[olson93]</a>, and <a class="xref" href="biblio.html#SESHADRI95">[seshadri95]</a>.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="indexes-expressional.html" title="11.7. Indexes on Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="indexes.html" title="Chapter 11. Indexes">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="indexes-index-only-scans.html" title="11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">11.7. Indexes on Expressions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
