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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CREATE ROLE</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="sql-createpublication.html" title="CREATE PUBLICATION" /><link rel="next" href="sql-createrule.html" title="CREATE RULE" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">CREATE ROLE</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-createpublication.html" title="CREATE PUBLICATION">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">SQL Commands</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createrule.html" title="CREATE RULE">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="SQL-CREATEROLE"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.3.78.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE ROLE</span></h2><p>CREATE ROLE — define a new database role</p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><pre class="synopsis">
CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ [ WITH ] <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [ ... ] ]
<span class="phrase">where <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> can be:</span>
SUPERUSER | NOSUPERUSER
| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB
| CREATEROLE | NOCREATEROLE
| INHERIT | NOINHERIT
| LOGIN | NOLOGIN
| REPLICATION | NOREPLICATION
| BYPASSRLS | NOBYPASSRLS
| CONNECTION LIMIT <em class="replaceable"><code>connlimit</code></em>
| [ ENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD '<em class="replaceable"><code>password</code></em>' | PASSWORD NULL
| VALID UNTIL '<em class="replaceable"><code>timestamp</code></em>'
| IN ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...]
| IN GROUP <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...]
| ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...]
| ADMIN <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...]
| USER <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> [, ...]
| SYSID <em class="replaceable"><code>uid</code></em>
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.5"><h2>Description</h2><p>
<code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> adds a new role to a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database cluster. A role is
an entity that can own database objects and have database privileges;
a role can be considered a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">user</span>”</span>, a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">group</span>”</span>, or both
depending on how it is used. Refer to
<a class="xref" href="user-manag.html" title="Chapter 22. Database Roles">Chapter 22</a> and <a class="xref" href="client-authentication.html" title="Chapter 21. Client Authentication">Chapter 21</a> for information about managing
users and authentication. You must have <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>
privilege or be a database superuser to use this command.
</p><p>
Note that roles are defined at the database cluster
level, and so are valid in all databases in the cluster.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.6"><h2>Parameters</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The name of the new role.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SUPERUSER</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOSUPERUSER</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether the new role is a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">superuser</span>”</span>,
who can override all access restrictions within the database.
Superuser status is dangerous and should be used only when really
needed. You must yourself be a superuser to create a new superuser.
If not specified,
<code class="literal">NOSUPERUSER</code> is the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">CREATEDB</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOCREATEDB</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses define a role's ability to create databases. If
<code class="literal">CREATEDB</code> is specified, the role being
defined will be allowed to create new databases. Specifying
<code class="literal">NOCREATEDB</code> will deny a role the ability to
create databases. If not specified,
<code class="literal">NOCREATEDB</code> is the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOCREATEROLE</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether a role will be permitted to
create, alter, drop, comment on, change the security label for,
and grant or revoke membership in other roles.
See <a class="xref" href="role-attributes.html#ROLE-CREATION">role creation</a> for more details about what
capabilities are conferred by this privilege.
If not specified, <code class="literal">NOCREATEROLE</code> is the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">INHERIT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOINHERIT</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether a role <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">inherits</span>”</span> the
privileges of roles it is a member of.
A role with the <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> attribute can automatically
use whatever database privileges have been granted to all roles
it is directly or indirectly a member of.
Without <code class="literal">INHERIT</code>, membership in another role
only grants the ability to <code class="command">SET ROLE</code> to that other role;
the privileges of the other role are only available after having
done so.
If not specified,
<code class="literal">INHERIT</code> is the default.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">LOGIN</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOLOGIN</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether a role is allowed to log in;
that is, whether the role can be given as the initial session
authorization name during client connection. A role having
the <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> attribute can be thought of as a user.
Roles without this attribute are useful for managing database
privileges, but are not users in the usual sense of the word.
If not specified,
<code class="literal">NOLOGIN</code> is the default, except when
<code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> is invoked through its alternative spelling
<a class="link" href="sql-createuser.html" title="CREATE USER"><code class="command">CREATE USER</code></a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">REPLICATION</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOREPLICATION</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether a role is a replication role. A role
must have this attribute (or be a superuser) in order to be able to
connect to the server in replication mode (physical or logical
replication) and in order to be able to create or drop replication
slots.
A role having the <code class="literal">REPLICATION</code> attribute is a very
highly privileged role, and should only be used on roles actually
used for replication. If not specified,
<code class="literal">NOREPLICATION</code> is the default.
You must be a superuser to create a new role having the
<code class="literal">REPLICATION</code> attribute.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">NOBYPASSRLS</code></span></dt><dd><p>
These clauses determine whether a role bypasses every row-level
security (RLS) policy. <code class="literal">NOBYPASSRLS</code> is the default.
You must be a superuser to create a new role having
the <code class="literal">BYPASSRLS</code> attribute.
</p><p>
Note that pg_dump will set <code class="literal">row_security</code> to
<code class="literal">OFF</code> by default, to ensure all contents of a table are
dumped out. If the user running pg_dump does not have appropriate
permissions, an error will be returned. However, superusers and the
owner of the table being dumped always bypass RLS.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">CONNECTION LIMIT</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>connlimit</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
If role can log in, this specifies how many concurrent connections
the role can make. -1 (the default) means no limit. Note that only
normal connections are counted towards this limit. Neither prepared
transactions nor background worker connections are counted towards
this limit.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">[ <code class="literal">ENCRYPTED</code> ] <code class="literal">PASSWORD</code> '<em class="replaceable"><code>password</code></em>'<br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">PASSWORD NULL</code></span></dt><dd><p>
Sets the role's password. (A password is only of use for
roles having the <code class="literal">LOGIN</code> attribute, but you
can nonetheless define one for roles without it.) If you do
not plan to use password authentication you can omit this
option. If no password is specified, the password will be set
to null and password authentication will always fail for that
user. A null password can optionally be written explicitly as
<code class="literal">PASSWORD NULL</code>.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Specifying an empty string will also set the password to null,
but that was not the case before <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
version 10. In earlier versions, an empty string could be used,
or not, depending on the authentication method and the exact
version, and libpq would refuse to use it in any case.
To avoid the ambiguity, specifying an empty string should be
avoided.
</p></div><p>
The password is always stored encrypted in the system catalogs. The
<code class="literal">ENCRYPTED</code> keyword has no effect, but is accepted for
backwards compatibility. The method of encryption is determined
by the configuration parameter <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-PASSWORD-ENCRYPTION">password_encryption</a>.
If the presented password string is already in MD5-encrypted or
SCRAM-encrypted format, then it is stored as-is regardless of
<code class="varname">password_encryption</code> (since the system cannot decrypt
the specified encrypted password string, to encrypt it in a
different format). This allows reloading of encrypted passwords
during dump/restore.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">VALID UNTIL</code> '<em class="replaceable"><code>timestamp</code></em>'</span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">VALID UNTIL</code> clause sets a date and
time after which the role's password is no longer valid. If
this clause is omitted the password will be valid for all time.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">IN ROLE</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">IN ROLE</code> clause lists one or more existing
roles to which the new role will be immediately added as a new
member. (Note that there is no option to add the new role as an
administrator; use a separate <code class="command">GRANT</code> command to do that.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">IN GROUP</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p><code class="literal">IN GROUP</code> is an obsolete spelling of
<code class="literal">IN ROLE</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">ROLE</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">ROLE</code> clause lists one or more existing
roles which are automatically added as members of the new role.
(This in effect makes the new role a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">group</span>”</span>.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">ADMIN</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">ADMIN</code> clause is like <code class="literal">ROLE</code>,
but the named roles are added to the new role <code class="literal">WITH ADMIN
OPTION</code>, giving them the right to grant membership in this role
to others.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">USER</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">USER</code> clause is an obsolete spelling of
the <code class="literal">ROLE</code> clause.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">SYSID</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>uid</code></em></span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="literal">SYSID</code> clause is ignored, but is accepted
for backwards compatibility.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.7"><h2>Notes</h2><p>
Use <a class="link" href="sql-alterrole.html" title="ALTER ROLE"><code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code></a> to
change the attributes of a role, and <a class="link" href="sql-droprole.html" title="DROP ROLE"><code class="command">DROP ROLE</code></a>
to remove a role. All the attributes
specified by <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> can be modified by later
<code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code> commands.
</p><p>
The preferred way to add and remove members of roles that are being
used as groups is to use
<a class="link" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><code class="command">GRANT</code></a> and
<a class="link" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><code class="command">REVOKE</code></a>.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">VALID UNTIL</code> clause defines an expiration time for a
password only, not for the role per se. In
particular, the expiration time is not enforced when logging in using
a non-password-based authentication method.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> attribute governs inheritance of grantable
privileges (that is, access privileges for database objects and role
memberships). It does not apply to the special role attributes set by
<code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> and <code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code>. For example, being
a member of a role with <code class="literal">CREATEDB</code> privilege does not immediately
grant the ability to create databases, even if <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> is set;
it would be necessary to become that role via
<a class="link" href="sql-set-role.html" title="SET ROLE"><code class="command">SET ROLE</code></a> before
creating a database.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> attribute is the default for reasons of backwards
compatibility: in prior releases of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>,
users always had access to all privileges of groups they were members of.
However, <code class="literal">NOINHERIT</code> provides a closer match to the semantics
specified in the SQL standard.
</p><p>
Be careful with the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> privilege. There is no concept of
inheritance for the privileges of a <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>-role. That
means that even if a role does not have a certain privilege but is allowed
to create other roles, it can easily create another role with different
privileges than its own (except for creating roles with superuser
privileges). For example, if the role <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">user</span>”</span> has the
<code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code> privilege but not the <code class="literal">CREATEDB</code> privilege,
nonetheless it can create a new role with the <code class="literal">CREATEDB</code>
privilege. Therefore, regard roles that have the <code class="literal">CREATEROLE</code>
privilege as almost-superuser-roles.
</p><p>
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> includes a program <a class="xref" href="app-createuser.html" title="createuser"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">createuser</span></span></a> that has
the same functionality as <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> (in fact,
it calls this command) but can be run from the command shell.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">CONNECTION LIMIT</code> option is only enforced approximately;
if two new sessions start at about the same time when just one
connection <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">slot</span>”</span> remains for the role, it is possible that
both will fail. Also, the limit is never enforced for superusers.
</p><p>
Caution must be exercised when specifying an unencrypted password
with this command. The password will be transmitted to the server
in cleartext, and it might also be logged in the client's command
history or the server log. The command <a class="xref" href="app-createuser.html" title="createuser"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">createuser</span></span></a>, however, transmits
the password encrypted. Also, <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></a>
contains a command
<code class="command">\password</code> that can be used to safely change the
password later.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.8"><h2>Examples</h2><p>
Create a role that can log in, but don't give it a password:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE ROLE jonathan LOGIN;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Create a role with a password:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE USER davide WITH PASSWORD 'jw8s0F4';
</pre><p>
(<code class="command">CREATE USER</code> is the same as <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> except
that it implies <code class="literal">LOGIN</code>.)
</p><p>
Create a role with a password that is valid until the end of 2004.
After one second has ticked in 2005, the password is no longer
valid.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE ROLE miriam WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'jw8s0F4' VALID UNTIL '2005-01-01';
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Create a role that can create databases and manage roles:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE ROLE admin WITH CREATEDB CREATEROLE;
</pre></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.9"><h2>Compatibility</h2><p>
The <code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code> statement is in the SQL standard,
but the standard only requires the syntax
</p><pre class="synopsis">
CREATE ROLE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ WITH ADMIN <em class="replaceable"><code>role_name</code></em> ]
</pre><p>
Multiple initial administrators, and all the other options of
<code class="command">CREATE ROLE</code>, are
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions.
</p><p>
The SQL standard defines the concepts of users and roles, but it
regards them as distinct concepts and leaves all commands defining
users to be specified by each database implementation. In
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> we have chosen to unify
users and roles into a single kind of entity. Roles therefore
have many more optional attributes than they do in the standard.
</p><p>
The behavior specified by the SQL standard is most closely approximated
by giving users the <code class="literal">NOINHERIT</code> attribute, while roles are
given the <code class="literal">INHERIT</code> attribute.
</p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.3.78.10"><h2>See Also</h2><span class="simplelist"><a class="xref" href="sql-set-role.html" title="SET ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">SET ROLE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-alterrole.html" title="ALTER ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER ROLE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-droprole.html" title="DROP ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">DROP ROLE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><span class="refentrytitle">GRANT</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><span class="refentrytitle">REVOKE</span></a>, <a class="xref" href="app-createuser.html" title="createuser"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">createuser</span></span></a></span></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="sql-createpublication.html" title="CREATE PUBLICATION">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="sql-commands.html" title="SQL Commands">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-createrule.html" title="CREATE RULE">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CREATE PUBLICATION </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> CREATE RULE</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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