Adding upstream version 16.2.upstream/16.2

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3326 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out b/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e88174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3326 @@
+Parsed test spec with 2 sessions
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 s2 rx1 wx rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 s2 wx rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 sc1 rx1 wx rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx3 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx3 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx3 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx3 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx3 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx3 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx3 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx3 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx3 c2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx3 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 wx at1 rx3 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 wx rx3 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 wx rx3 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx s1 at1 rx3 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx s1 rx3 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx s1 rx3 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx rx3 s1 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx rx3 s1 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: rx1 wx rx3 c2 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id
+----
+   1
+(1 row)
+
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx3: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id
+----
+   3
+   3
+   3
+(3 rows)
+
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;