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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>46.9. Utility Functions</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="plpython-transactions.html" title="46.8. Transaction Management" /><link rel="next" href="plpython-python23.html" title="46.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">46.9. Utility Functions</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpython-transactions.html" title="46.8. Transaction Management">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpython-python23.html" title="46.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PLPYTHON-UTIL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">46.9. Utility Functions <a href="#PLPYTHON-UTIL" class="id_link">#</a></h2></div></div></div><p>
+ The <code class="literal">plpy</code> module also provides the functions
+ </p><table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.debug(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.log(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.info(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.notice(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.warning(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.error(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">plpy.fatal(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg, **kwargs</code></em>)</code></td></tr></table><p>
+ <a id="id-1.8.11.17.2.3" class="indexterm"></a>
+ <code class="function">plpy.error</code> and <code class="function">plpy.fatal</code>
+ actually raise a Python exception which, if uncaught, propagates out to
+ the calling query, causing the current transaction or subtransaction to
+ be aborted. <code class="literal">raise plpy.Error(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg</code></em>)</code> and
+ <code class="literal">raise plpy.Fatal(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg</code></em>)</code> are
+ equivalent to calling <code class="literal">plpy.error(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg</code></em>)</code> and
+ <code class="literal">plpy.fatal(<em class="replaceable"><code>msg</code></em>)</code>, respectively but
+ the <code class="literal">raise</code> form does not allow passing keyword arguments.
+ The other functions only generate messages of different priority levels.
+ Whether messages of a particular priority are reported to the client,
+ written to the server log, or both is controlled by the
+ <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html#GUC-LOG-MIN-MESSAGES">log_min_messages</a> and
+ <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-CLIENT-MIN-MESSAGES">client_min_messages</a> configuration
+ variables. See <a class="xref" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 20. Server Configuration">Chapter 20</a> for more information.
+ </p><p>
+ The <em class="replaceable"><code>msg</code></em> argument is given as a positional argument. For
+ backward compatibility, more than one positional argument can be given. In
+ that case, the string representation of the tuple of positional arguments
+ becomes the message reported to the client.
+ </p><p>
+ The following keyword-only arguments are accepted:
+ </p><table border="0" summary="Simple list" class="simplelist"><tr><td><code class="literal">detail</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">hint</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">sqlstate</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">schema_name</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">table_name</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">column_name</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">datatype_name</code></td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">constraint_name</code></td></tr></table><p>
+ The string representation of the objects passed as keyword-only arguments
+ is used to enrich the messages reported to the client. For example:
+
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+CREATE FUNCTION raise_custom_exception() RETURNS void AS $$
+plpy.error("custom exception message",
+ detail="some info about exception",
+ hint="hint for users")
+$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u;
+
+=# SELECT raise_custom_exception();
+ERROR: plpy.Error: custom exception message
+DETAIL: some info about exception
+HINT: hint for users
+CONTEXT: Traceback (most recent call last):
+ PL/Python function "raise_custom_exception", line 4, in &lt;module&gt;
+ hint="hint for users")
+PL/Python function "raise_custom_exception"
+</pre><p>
+ </p><p>
+ Another set of utility functions are
+ <code class="literal">plpy.quote_literal(<em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>)</code>,
+ <code class="literal">plpy.quote_nullable(<em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>)</code>, and
+ <code class="literal">plpy.quote_ident(<em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em>)</code>. They
+ are equivalent to the built-in quoting functions described in <a class="xref" href="functions-string.html" title="9.4. String Functions and Operators">Section 9.4</a>. They are useful when constructing
+ ad-hoc queries. A PL/Python equivalent of dynamic SQL from <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-statements.html#PLPGSQL-QUOTE-LITERAL-EXAMPLE" title="Example 43.1. Quoting Values in Dynamic Queries">Example 43.1</a> would be:
+</p><pre class="programlisting">
+plpy.execute("UPDATE tbl SET %s = %s WHERE key = %s" % (
+ plpy.quote_ident(colname),
+ plpy.quote_nullable(newvalue),
+ plpy.quote_literal(keyvalue)))
+</pre><p>
+ </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpython-transactions.html" title="46.8. Transaction Management">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpython-python23.html" title="46.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">46.8. Transaction Management </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 16.2 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 46.10. Python 2 vs. Python 3</td></tr></table></div></body></html> \ No newline at end of file