JIT Just-In-Time compilation JIT This chapter explains what just-in-time compilation is, and how it can be configured in PostgreSQL. Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation is the process of turning some form of interpreted program evaluation into a native program, and doing so at run time. For example, instead of using general-purpose code that can evaluate arbitrary SQL expressions to evaluate a particular SQL predicate like WHERE a.col = 3, it is possible to generate a function that is specific to that expression and can be natively executed by the CPU, yielding a speedup. PostgreSQL has builtin support to perform JIT compilation using LLVM when PostgreSQL is built with --with-llvm. See src/backend/jit/README for further details. Currently PostgreSQL's JIT implementation has support for accelerating expression evaluation and tuple deforming. Several other operations could be accelerated in the future. Expression evaluation is used to evaluate WHERE clauses, target lists, aggregates and projections. It can be accelerated by generating code specific to each case. Tuple deforming is the process of transforming an on-disk tuple (see ) into its in-memory representation. It can be accelerated by creating a function specific to the table layout and the number of columns to be extracted. PostgreSQL is very extensible and allows new data types, functions, operators and other database objects to be defined; see . In fact the built-in objects are implemented using nearly the same mechanisms. This extensibility implies some overhead, for example due to function calls (see ). To reduce that overhead, JIT compilation can inline the bodies of small functions into the expressions using them. That allows a significant percentage of the overhead to be optimized away. LLVM has support for optimizing generated code. Some of the optimizations are cheap enough to be performed whenever JIT is used, while others are only beneficial for longer-running queries. See for more details about optimizations. JIT compilation is beneficial primarily for long-running CPU-bound queries. Frequently these will be analytical queries. For short queries the added overhead of performing JIT compilation will often be higher than the time it can save. To determine whether JIT compilation should be used, the total estimated cost of a query (see and ) is used. The estimated cost of the query will be compared with the setting of . If the cost is higher, JIT compilation will be performed. Two further decisions are then needed. Firstly, if the estimated cost is more than the setting of , short functions and operators used in the query will be inlined. Secondly, if the estimated cost is more than the setting of , expensive optimizations are applied to improve the generated code. Each of these options increases the JIT compilation overhead, but can reduce query execution time considerably. These cost-based decisions will be made at plan time, not execution time. This means that when prepared statements are in use, and a generic plan is used (see ), the values of the configuration parameters in effect at prepare time control the decisions, not the settings at execution time. If is set to off, or if no JIT implementation is available (for example because the server was compiled without --with-llvm), JIT will not be performed, even if it would be beneficial based on the above criteria. Setting to off has effects at both plan and execution time. can be used to see whether JIT is used or not. As an example, here is a query that is not using JIT: =# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT SUM(relpages) FROM pg_class; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------------------------------ Aggregate (cost=16.27..16.29 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.303..0.303 rows=1 loops=1) -> Seq Scan on pg_class (cost=0.00..15.42 rows=342 width=4) (actual time=0.017..0.111 rows=356 loops=1) Planning Time: 0.116 ms Execution Time: 0.365 ms (4 rows) Given the cost of the plan, it is entirely reasonable that no JIT was used; the cost of JIT would have been bigger than the potential savings. Adjusting the cost limits will lead to JIT use: =# SET jit_above_cost = 10; SET =# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT SUM(relpages) FROM pg_class; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------------------------------ Aggregate (cost=16.27..16.29 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=6.049..6.049 rows=1 loops=1) -> Seq Scan on pg_class (cost=0.00..15.42 rows=342 width=4) (actual time=0.019..0.052 rows=356 loops=1) Planning Time: 0.133 ms JIT: Functions: 3 Options: Inlining false, Optimization false, Expressions true, Deforming true Timing: Generation 1.259 ms, Inlining 0.000 ms, Optimization 0.797 ms, Emission 5.048 ms, Total 7.104 ms Execution Time: 7.416 ms As visible here, JIT was used, but inlining and expensive optimization were not. If or were also lowered, that would change. The configuration variable determines whether JIT compilation is enabled or disabled. If it is enabled, the configuration variables , , and determine whether JIT compilation is performed for a query, and how much effort is spent doing so. determines which JIT implementation is used. It is rarely required to be changed. See . For development and debugging purposes a few additional configuration parameters exist, as described in . PostgreSQL's JIT implementation can inline the bodies of functions of types C and internal, as well as operators based on such functions. To do so for functions in extensions, the definitions of those functions need to be made available. When using PGXS to build an extension against a server that has been compiled with LLVM JIT support, the relevant files will be built and installed automatically. The relevant files have to be installed into $pkglibdir/bitcode/$extension/ and a summary of them into $pkglibdir/bitcode/$extension.index.bc, where $pkglibdir is the directory returned by pg_config --pkglibdir and $extension is the base name of the extension's shared library. For functions built into PostgreSQL itself, the bitcode is installed into $pkglibdir/bitcode/postgres. PostgreSQL provides a JIT implementation based on LLVM. The interface to the JIT provider is pluggable and the provider can be changed without recompiling (although currently, the build process only provides inlining support data for LLVM). The active provider is chosen via the setting . A JIT provider is loaded by dynamically loading the named shared library. The normal library search path is used to locate the library. To provide the required JIT provider callbacks and to indicate that the library is actually a JIT provider, it needs to provide a C function named _PG_jit_provider_init. This function is passed a struct that needs to be filled with the callback function pointers for individual actions: struct JitProviderCallbacks { JitProviderResetAfterErrorCB reset_after_error; JitProviderReleaseContextCB release_context; JitProviderCompileExprCB compile_expr; }; extern void _PG_jit_provider_init(JitProviderCallbacks *cb);