pg_stat_statements The pg_stat_statements module provides a means for tracking planning and execution statistics of all SQL statements executed by a server. The module must be loaded by adding pg_stat_statements to in postgresql.conf, because it requires additional shared memory. This means that a server restart is needed to add or remove the module. In addition, query identifier calculation must be enabled in order for the module to be active, which is done automatically if is set to auto or on, or any third-party module that calculates query identifiers is loaded. When pg_stat_statements is active, it tracks statistics across all databases of the server. To access and manipulate these statistics, the module provides views pg_stat_statements and pg_stat_statements_info, and the utility functions pg_stat_statements_reset and pg_stat_statements. These are not available globally but can be enabled for a specific database with CREATE EXTENSION pg_stat_statements. The statistics gathered by the module are made available via a view named pg_stat_statements. This view contains one row for each distinct combination of database ID, user ID, query ID and whether it's a top-level statement or not (up to the maximum number of distinct statements that the module can track). The columns of the view are shown in . Column Type Description userid oid (references pg_authid.oid) OID of user who executed the statement dbid oid (references pg_database.oid) OID of database in which the statement was executed toplevel bool True if the query was executed as a top-level statement (always true if pg_stat_statements.track is set to top) queryid bigint Hash code to identify identical normalized queries. query text Text of a representative statement plans bigint Number of times the statement was planned (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) total_plan_time double precision Total time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) min_plan_time double precision Minimum time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) max_plan_time double precision Maximum time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) mean_plan_time double precision Mean time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) stddev_plan_time double precision Population standard deviation of time spent planning the statement, in milliseconds (if pg_stat_statements.track_planning is enabled, otherwise zero) calls bigint Number of times the statement was executed total_exec_time double precision Total time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds min_exec_time double precision Minimum time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds max_exec_time double precision Maximum time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds mean_exec_time double precision Mean time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds stddev_exec_time double precision Population standard deviation of time spent executing the statement, in milliseconds rows bigint Total number of rows retrieved or affected by the statement shared_blks_hit bigint Total number of shared block cache hits by the statement shared_blks_read bigint Total number of shared blocks read by the statement shared_blks_dirtied bigint Total number of shared blocks dirtied by the statement shared_blks_written bigint Total number of shared blocks written by the statement local_blks_hit bigint Total number of local block cache hits by the statement local_blks_read bigint Total number of local blocks read by the statement local_blks_dirtied bigint Total number of local blocks dirtied by the statement local_blks_written bigint Total number of local blocks written by the statement temp_blks_read bigint Total number of temp blocks read by the statement temp_blks_written bigint Total number of temp blocks written by the statement blk_read_time double precision Total time the statement spent reading data file blocks, in milliseconds (if is enabled, otherwise zero) blk_write_time double precision Total time the statement spent writing data file blocks, in milliseconds (if is enabled, otherwise zero) temp_blk_read_time double precision Total time the statement spent reading temporary file blocks, in milliseconds (if is enabled, otherwise zero) temp_blk_write_time double precision Total time the statement spent writing temporary file blocks, in milliseconds (if is enabled, otherwise zero) wal_records bigint Total number of WAL records generated by the statement wal_fpi bigint Total number of WAL full page images generated by the statement wal_bytes numeric Total amount of WAL generated by the statement in bytes jit_functions bigint Total number of functions JIT-compiled by the statement jit_generation_time double precision Total time spent by the statement on generating JIT code, in milliseconds jit_inlining_count bigint Number of times functions have been inlined jit_inlining_time double precision Total time spent by the statement on inlining functions, in milliseconds jit_optimization_count bigint Number of times the statement has been optimized jit_optimization_time double precision Total time spent by the statement on optimizing, in milliseconds jit_emission_count bigint Number of times code has been emitted jit_emission_time double precision Total time spent by the statement on emitting code, in milliseconds For security reasons, only superusers and roles with privileges of the pg_read_all_stats role are allowed to see the SQL text and queryid of queries executed by other users. Other users can see the statistics, however, if the view has been installed in their database. Plannable queries (that is, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE) and utility commands are combined into a single pg_stat_statements entry whenever they have identical query structures according to an internal hash calculation. Typically, two queries will be considered the same for this purpose if they are semantically equivalent except for the values of literal constants appearing in the query. The following details about constant replacement and queryid only apply when is enabled. If you use an external module instead to compute queryid, you should refer to its documentation for details. When a constant's value has been ignored for purposes of matching the query to other queries, the constant is replaced by a parameter symbol, such as $1, in the pg_stat_statements display. The rest of the query text is that of the first query that had the particular queryid hash value associated with the pg_stat_statements entry. Queries on which normalization can be applied may be observed with constant values in pg_stat_statements, especially when there is a high rate of entry deallocations. To reduce the likelihood of this happening, consider increasing pg_stat_statements.max. The pg_stat_statements_info view, discussed below in , provides statistics about entry deallocations. In some cases, queries with visibly different texts might get merged into a single pg_stat_statements entry. Normally this will happen only for semantically equivalent queries, but there is a small chance of hash collisions causing unrelated queries to be merged into one entry. (This cannot happen for queries belonging to different users or databases, however.) Since the queryid hash value is computed on the post-parse-analysis representation of the queries, the opposite is also possible: queries with identical texts might appear as separate entries, if they have different meanings as a result of factors such as different search_path settings. Consumers of pg_stat_statements may wish to use queryid (perhaps in combination with dbid and userid) as a more stable and reliable identifier for each entry than its query text. However, it is important to understand that there are only limited guarantees around the stability of the queryid hash value. Since the identifier is derived from the post-parse-analysis tree, its value is a function of, among other things, the internal object identifiers appearing in this representation. This has some counterintuitive implications. For example, pg_stat_statements will consider two apparently-identical queries to be distinct, if they reference a table that was dropped and recreated between the executions of the two queries. The hashing process is also sensitive to differences in machine architecture and other facets of the platform. Furthermore, it is not safe to assume that queryid will be stable across major versions of PostgreSQL. As a rule of thumb, queryid values can be assumed to be stable and comparable only so long as the underlying server version and catalog metadata details stay exactly the same. Two servers participating in replication based on physical WAL replay can be expected to have identical queryid values for the same query. However, logical replication schemes do not promise to keep replicas identical in all relevant details, so queryid will not be a useful identifier for accumulating costs across a set of logical replicas. If in doubt, direct testing is recommended. The parameter symbols used to replace constants in representative query texts start from the next number after the highest $n parameter in the original query text, or $1 if there was none. It's worth noting that in some cases there may be hidden parameter symbols that affect this numbering. For example, PL/pgSQL uses hidden parameter symbols to insert values of function local variables into queries, so that a PL/pgSQL statement like SELECT i + 1 INTO j would have representative text like SELECT i + $2. The representative query texts are kept in an external disk file, and do not consume shared memory. Therefore, even very lengthy query texts can be stored successfully. However, if many long query texts are accumulated, the external file might grow unmanageably large. As a recovery method if that happens, pg_stat_statements may choose to discard the query texts, whereupon all existing entries in the pg_stat_statements view will show null query fields, though the statistics associated with each queryid are preserved. If this happens, consider reducing pg_stat_statements.max to prevent recurrences. plans and calls aren't always expected to match because planning and execution statistics are updated at their respective end phase, and only for successful operations. For example, if a statement is successfully planned but fails during the execution phase, only its planning statistics will be updated. If planning is skipped because a cached plan is used, only its execution statistics will be updated. pg_stat_statements_info The statistics of the pg_stat_statements module itself are tracked and made available via a view named pg_stat_statements_info. This view contains only a single row. The columns of the view are shown in . Column Type Description dealloc bigint Total number of times pg_stat_statements entries about the least-executed statements were deallocated because more distinct statements than pg_stat_statements.max were observed stats_reset timestamp with time zone Time at which all statistics in the pg_stat_statements view were last reset. pg_stat_statements_reset(userid Oid, dbid Oid, queryid bigint) returns void pg_stat_statements_reset pg_stat_statements_reset discards statistics gathered so far by pg_stat_statements corresponding to the specified userid, dbid and queryid. If any of the parameters are not specified, the default value 0(invalid) is used for each of them and the statistics that match with other parameters will be reset. If no parameter is specified or all the specified parameters are 0(invalid), it will discard all statistics. If all statistics in the pg_stat_statements view are discarded, it will also reset the statistics in the pg_stat_statements_info view. By default, this function can only be executed by superusers. Access may be granted to others using GRANT. pg_stat_statements(showtext boolean) returns setof record pg_stat_statements function The pg_stat_statements view is defined in terms of a function also named pg_stat_statements. It is possible for clients to call the pg_stat_statements function directly, and by specifying showtext := false have query text be omitted (that is, the OUT argument that corresponds to the view's query column will return nulls). This feature is intended to support external tools that might wish to avoid the overhead of repeatedly retrieving query texts of indeterminate length. Such tools can instead cache the first query text observed for each entry themselves, since that is all pg_stat_statements itself does, and then retrieve query texts only as needed. Since the server stores query texts in a file, this approach may reduce physical I/O for repeated examination of the pg_stat_statements data. pg_stat_statements.max (integer) pg_stat_statements.max configuration parameter pg_stat_statements.max is the maximum number of statements tracked by the module (i.e., the maximum number of rows in the pg_stat_statements view). If more distinct statements than that are observed, information about the least-executed statements is discarded. The number of times such information was discarded can be seen in the pg_stat_statements_info view. The default value is 5000. This parameter can only be set at server start. pg_stat_statements.track (enum) pg_stat_statements.track configuration parameter pg_stat_statements.track controls which statements are counted by the module. Specify top to track top-level statements (those issued directly by clients), all to also track nested statements (such as statements invoked within functions), or none to disable statement statistics collection. The default value is top. Only superusers can change this setting. pg_stat_statements.track_utility (boolean) pg_stat_statements.track_utility configuration parameter pg_stat_statements.track_utility controls whether utility commands are tracked by the module. Utility commands are all those other than SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and MERGE. The default value is on. Only superusers can change this setting. pg_stat_statements.track_planning (boolean) pg_stat_statements.track_planning configuration parameter pg_stat_statements.track_planning controls whether planning operations and duration are tracked by the module. Enabling this parameter may incur a noticeable performance penalty, especially when statements with identical query structure are executed by many concurrent connections which compete to update a small number of pg_stat_statements entries. The default value is off. Only superusers can change this setting. pg_stat_statements.save (boolean) pg_stat_statements.save configuration parameter pg_stat_statements.save specifies whether to save statement statistics across server shutdowns. If it is off then statistics are not saved at shutdown nor reloaded at server start. The default value is on. This parameter can only be set in the postgresql.conf file or on the server command line. The module requires additional shared memory proportional to pg_stat_statements.max. Note that this memory is consumed whenever the module is loaded, even if pg_stat_statements.track is set to none. These parameters must be set in postgresql.conf. Typical usage might be: # postgresql.conf shared_preload_libraries = 'pg_stat_statements' compute_query_id = on pg_stat_statements.max = 10000 pg_stat_statements.track = all bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(); $ pgbench -i bench $ pgbench -c10 -t300 bench bench=# \x bench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5; -[ RECORD 1 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + $1 WHERE bid = $2 calls | 3000 total_exec_time | 25565.855387 rows | 3000 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 2 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + $1 WHERE tid = $2 calls | 3000 total_exec_time | 20756.669379 rows | 3000 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 3 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | copy pgbench_accounts from stdin calls | 1 total_exec_time | 291.865911 rows | 100000 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 4 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + $1 WHERE aid = $2 calls | 3000 total_exec_time | 271.232977 rows | 3000 hit_percent | 98.8454011741682975 -[ RECORD 5 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid) calls | 1 total_exec_time | 160.588563 rows | 0 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,s.queryid) FROM pg_stat_statements AS s WHERE s.query = 'UPDATE pgbench_branches SET bbalance = bbalance + $1 WHERE bid = $2'; bench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5; -[ RECORD 1 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | UPDATE pgbench_tellers SET tbalance = tbalance + $1 WHERE tid = $2 calls | 3000 total_exec_time | 20756.669379 rows | 3000 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 2 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | copy pgbench_accounts from stdin calls | 1 total_exec_time | 291.865911 rows | 100000 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 3 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | UPDATE pgbench_accounts SET abalance = abalance + $1 WHERE aid = $2 calls | 3000 total_exec_time | 271.232977 rows | 3000 hit_percent | 98.8454011741682975 -[ RECORD 4 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | alter table pgbench_accounts add primary key (aid) calls | 1 total_exec_time | 160.588563 rows | 0 hit_percent | 100.0000000000000000 -[ RECORD 5 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;------------------ query | vacuum analyze pgbench_accounts calls | 1 total_exec_time | 136.448116 rows | 0 hit_percent | 99.9201915403032721 bench=# SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,0); bench=# SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, 100.0 * shared_blks_hit / nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, 0) AS hit_percent FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT 5; -[ RECORD 1 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;--------------------------- query | SELECT pg_stat_statements_reset(0,0,0) calls | 1 total_exec_time | 0.189497 rows | 1 hit_percent | -[ RECORD 2 ]---+--------------------------------------------------&zwsp;--------------------------- query | SELECT query, calls, total_exec_time, rows, $1 * shared_blks_hit / + | nullif(shared_blks_hit + shared_blks_read, $2) AS hit_percent+ | FROM pg_stat_statements ORDER BY total_exec_time DESC LIMIT $3 calls | 0 total_exec_time | 0 rows | 0 hit_percent | Takahiro Itagaki itagaki.takahiro@oss.ntt.co.jp. Query normalization added by Peter Geoghegan peter@2ndquadrant.com.