Merging upstream version 1.67.1+dfsg1.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

10 files changed, 364 insertions, 101 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_errors/Cargo.toml
index 7803a0792..dee7a31ec 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ rustc_target = { path = "../rustc_target" }
 rustc_hir = { path = "../rustc_hir" }
 rustc_lint_defs = { path = "../rustc_lint_defs" }
 unicode-width = "0.1.4"
-atty = "0.2"
 termcolor = "1.0"
 annotate-snippets = "0.9"
 termize = "0.1.1"
@@ -27,3 +26,6 @@ serde_json = "1.0.59"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 winapi = { version = "0.3", features = [ "handleapi", "synchapi", "winbase" ] }
+
+[features]
+rustc_use_parallel_compiler = ['rustc_error_messages/rustc_use_parallel_compiler']
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
index f14b8ee32..d8879bf70 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/annotate_snippet_emitter_writer.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ impl Translate for AnnotateSnippetEmitterWriter {
     }
 
     fn fallback_fluent_bundle(&self) -> &FluentBundle {
-        &**self.fallback_bundle
+        &self.fallback_bundle
     }
 }
 
@@ -49,10 +49,9 @@ impl Emitter for AnnotateSnippetEmitterWriter {
         let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
 
         let mut children = diag.children.clone();
-        let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(&diag, &fluent_args);
+        let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(diag, &fluent_args);
 
         self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros_and_render_macro_backtrace(
-            &self.source_map,
             &mut primary_span,
             &mut children,
             &diag.level,
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ impl Emitter for AnnotateSnippetEmitterWriter {
             &diag.code,
             &primary_span,
             &children,
-            &suggestions,
+            suggestions,
         );
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
index 23f29a24f..06bb5edc0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     SubdiagnosticMessage, Substitution, SubstitutionPart, SuggestionStyle,
 };
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_error_messages::fluent_value_from_str_list_sep_by_and;
 use rustc_error_messages::FluentValue;
 use rustc_lint_defs::{Applicability, LintExpectationId};
 use rustc_span::edition::LATEST_STABLE_EDITION;
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use std::panic::Location;
 
 /// Error type for `Diagnostic`'s `suggestions` field, indicating that
 /// `.disable_suggestions()` was called on the `Diagnostic`.
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ pub type DiagnosticArgName<'source> = Cow<'source, str>;
 pub enum DiagnosticArgValue<'source> {
     Str(Cow<'source, str>),
     Number(usize),
+    StrListSepByAnd(Vec<Cow<'source, str>>),
 }
 
 /// Converts a value of a type into a `DiagnosticArg` (typically a field of an `IntoDiagnostic`
@@ -43,19 +46,31 @@ pub trait IntoDiagnosticArg {
     fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static>;
 }
 
+impl<'source> IntoDiagnosticArg for DiagnosticArgValue<'source> {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        match self {
+            DiagnosticArgValue::Str(s) => DiagnosticArgValue::Str(Cow::Owned(s.into_owned())),
+            DiagnosticArgValue::Number(n) => DiagnosticArgValue::Number(n),
+            DiagnosticArgValue::StrListSepByAnd(l) => DiagnosticArgValue::StrListSepByAnd(
+                l.into_iter().map(|s| Cow::Owned(s.into_owned())).collect(),
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'source> Into<FluentValue<'source>> for DiagnosticArgValue<'source> {
     fn into(self) -> FluentValue<'source> {
         match self {
             DiagnosticArgValue::Str(s) => From::from(s),
             DiagnosticArgValue::Number(n) => From::from(n),
+            DiagnosticArgValue::StrListSepByAnd(l) => fluent_value_from_str_list_sep_by_and(l),
         }
     }
 }
 
 /// Trait implemented by error types. This should not be implemented manually. Instead, use
 /// `#[derive(Subdiagnostic)]` -- see [rustc_macros::Subdiagnostic].
-#[cfg_attr(bootstrap, rustc_diagnostic_item = "AddSubdiagnostic")]
-#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), rustc_diagnostic_item = "AddToDiagnostic")]
+#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "AddToDiagnostic"]
 pub trait AddToDiagnostic
 where
     Self: Sized,
@@ -107,6 +122,31 @@ pub struct Diagnostic {
     /// If diagnostic is from Lint, custom hash function ignores notes
     /// otherwise hash is based on the all the fields
     pub is_lint: bool,
+
+    /// With `-Ztrack_diagnostics` enabled,
+    /// we print where in rustc this error was emitted.
+    pub emitted_at: DiagnosticLocation,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Encodable, Decodable)]
+pub struct DiagnosticLocation {
+    file: Cow<'static, str>,
+    line: u32,
+    col: u32,
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticLocation {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn caller() -> Self {
+        let loc = Location::caller();
+        DiagnosticLocation { file: loc.file().into(), line: loc.line(), col: loc.column() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DiagnosticLocation {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}:{}:{}", self.file, self.line, self.col)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Encodable, Decodable)]
@@ -173,10 +213,28 @@ impl StringPart {
 }
 
 impl Diagnostic {
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn new<M: Into<DiagnosticMessage>>(level: Level, message: M) -> Self {
         Diagnostic::new_with_code(level, None, message)
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_with_messages(level: Level, messages: Vec<(DiagnosticMessage, Style)>) -> Self {
+        Diagnostic {
+            level,
+            message: messages,
+            code: None,
+            span: MultiSpan::new(),
+            children: vec![],
+            suggestions: Ok(vec![]),
+            args: Default::default(),
+            sort_span: DUMMY_SP,
+            is_lint: false,
+            emitted_at: DiagnosticLocation::caller(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn new_with_code<M: Into<DiagnosticMessage>>(
         level: Level,
         code: Option<DiagnosticId>,
@@ -192,6 +250,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
             args: Default::default(),
             sort_span: DUMMY_SP,
             is_lint: false,
+            emitted_at: DiagnosticLocation::caller(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -233,7 +292,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
             let lint_index = expectation_id.get_lint_index();
             expectation_id.set_lint_index(None);
             let mut stable_id = unstable_to_stable
-                .get(&expectation_id)
+                .get(expectation_id)
                 .expect("each unstable `LintExpectationId` must have a matching stable id")
                 .normalize();
 
@@ -688,7 +747,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         &mut self,
         sp: Span,
         msg: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
-        suggestions: impl Iterator<Item = String>,
+        suggestions: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>,
         applicability: Applicability,
     ) -> &mut Self {
         self.span_suggestions_with_style(
@@ -705,11 +764,11 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         &mut self,
         sp: Span,
         msg: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
-        suggestions: impl Iterator<Item = String>,
+        suggestions: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>,
         applicability: Applicability,
         style: SuggestionStyle,
     ) -> &mut Self {
-        let mut suggestions: Vec<_> = suggestions.collect();
+        let mut suggestions: Vec<_> = suggestions.into_iter().collect();
         suggestions.sort();
 
         debug_assert!(
@@ -736,10 +795,10 @@ impl Diagnostic {
     pub fn multipart_suggestions(
         &mut self,
         msg: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
-        suggestions: impl Iterator<Item = Vec<(Span, String)>>,
+        suggestions: impl IntoIterator<Item = Vec<(Span, String)>>,
         applicability: Applicability,
     ) -> &mut Self {
-        let suggestions: Vec<_> = suggestions.collect();
+        let suggestions: Vec<_> = suggestions.into_iter().collect();
         debug_assert!(
             !(suggestions
                 .iter()
@@ -902,6 +961,13 @@ impl Diagnostic {
         self
     }
 
+    pub fn replace_args(
+        &mut self,
+        args: FxHashMap<DiagnosticArgName<'static>, DiagnosticArgValue<'static>>,
+    ) {
+        self.args = args;
+    }
+
     pub fn styled_message(&self) -> &[(DiagnosticMessage, Style)] {
         &self.message
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_builder.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_builder.rs
index 9b41234dc..a2ed98864 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_builder.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_builder.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ use std::thread::panicking;
 
 /// Trait implemented by error types. This should not be implemented manually. Instead, use
 /// `#[derive(Diagnostic)]` -- see [rustc_macros::Diagnostic].
-#[cfg_attr(bootstrap, rustc_diagnostic_item = "SessionDiagnostic")]
-#[cfg_attr(not(bootstrap), rustc_diagnostic_item = "IntoDiagnostic")]
+#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "IntoDiagnostic"]
 pub trait IntoDiagnostic<'a, T: EmissionGuarantee = ErrorGuaranteed> {
     /// Write out as a diagnostic out of `Handler`.
     #[must_use]
@@ -133,6 +132,7 @@ mod sealed_level_is_error {
 impl<'a> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, ErrorGuaranteed> {
     /// Convenience function for internal use, clients should use one of the
     /// `struct_*` methods on [`Handler`].
+    #[track_caller]
     pub(crate) fn new_guaranteeing_error<M: Into<DiagnosticMessage>, const L: Level>(
         handler: &'a Handler,
         message: M,
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ impl EmissionGuarantee for ErrorGuaranteed {
         }
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     fn make_diagnostic_builder(
         handler: &Handler,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -209,6 +210,7 @@ impl EmissionGuarantee for ErrorGuaranteed {
 impl<'a> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, ()> {
     /// Convenience function for internal use, clients should use one of the
     /// `struct_*` methods on [`Handler`].
+    #[track_caller]
     pub(crate) fn new<M: Into<DiagnosticMessage>>(
         handler: &'a Handler,
         level: Level,
@@ -220,6 +222,7 @@ impl<'a> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, ()> {
 
     /// Creates a new `DiagnosticBuilder` with an already constructed
     /// diagnostic.
+    #[track_caller]
     pub(crate) fn new_diagnostic(handler: &'a Handler, diagnostic: Diagnostic) -> Self {
         debug!("Created new diagnostic");
         Self {
@@ -308,6 +311,7 @@ impl EmissionGuarantee for Noted {
 impl<'a> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, !> {
     /// Convenience function for internal use, clients should use one of the
     /// `struct_*` methods on [`Handler`].
+    #[track_caller]
     pub(crate) fn new_fatal(handler: &'a Handler, message: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> Self {
         let diagnostic = Diagnostic::new_with_code(Level::Fatal, None, message);
         Self::new_diagnostic_fatal(handler, diagnostic)
@@ -477,9 +481,9 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, G> {
     /// In the meantime, though, callsites are required to deal with the "bug"
     /// locally in whichever way makes the most sense.
     #[track_caller]
-    pub fn delay_as_bug(&mut self) {
+    pub fn delay_as_bug(&mut self) -> G {
         self.downgrade_to_delayed_bug();
-        self.emit();
+        self.emit()
     }
 
     forward!(
@@ -594,13 +598,13 @@ impl<'a, G: EmissionGuarantee> DiagnosticBuilder<'a, G> {
         &mut self,
         sp: Span,
         msg: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
-        suggestions: impl Iterator<Item = String>,
+        suggestions: impl IntoIterator<Item = String>,
         applicability: Applicability,
     ) -> &mut Self);
     forward!(pub fn multipart_suggestions(
         &mut self,
         msg: impl Into<SubdiagnosticMessage>,
-        suggestions: impl Iterator<Item = Vec<(Span, String)>>,
+        suggestions: impl IntoIterator<Item = Vec<(Span, String)>>,
         applicability: Applicability,
     ) -> &mut Self);
     forward!(pub fn span_suggestion_short(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
index 7640b2919..7155db32e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/diagnostic_impls.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::process::ExitStatus;
 
 pub struct DiagnosticArgFromDisplay<'a>(pub &'a dyn fmt::Display);
 
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ into_diagnostic_arg_using_display!(
     i128,
     u128,
     std::io::Error,
+    std::boxed::Box<dyn std::error::Error>,
     std::num::NonZeroU32,
     hir::Target,
     Edition,
@@ -66,7 +68,8 @@ into_diagnostic_arg_using_display!(
     ParseIntError,
     StackProtector,
     &TargetTriple,
-    SplitDebuginfo
+    SplitDebuginfo,
+    ExitStatus,
 );
 
 impl IntoDiagnosticArg for bool {
@@ -103,6 +106,12 @@ impl IntoDiagnosticArg for String {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> IntoDiagnosticArg for Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        DiagnosticArgValue::Str(Cow::Owned(self.into_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> IntoDiagnosticArg for &'a Path {
     fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
         DiagnosticArgValue::Str(Cow::Owned(self.display().to_string()))
@@ -170,6 +179,29 @@ impl IntoDiagnosticArg for Level {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct DiagnosticSymbolList(Vec<Symbol>);
+
+impl From<Vec<Symbol>> for DiagnosticSymbolList {
+    fn from(v: Vec<Symbol>) -> Self {
+        DiagnosticSymbolList(v)
+    }
+}
+
+impl IntoDiagnosticArg for DiagnosticSymbolList {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        DiagnosticArgValue::StrListSepByAnd(
+            self.0.into_iter().map(|sym| Cow::Owned(format!("`{sym}`"))).collect(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Id> IntoDiagnosticArg for hir::def::Res<Id> {
+    fn into_diagnostic_arg(self) -> DiagnosticArgValue<'static> {
+        DiagnosticArgValue::Str(Cow::Borrowed(self.descr()))
+    }
+}
+
 impl IntoDiagnostic<'_, !> for TargetDataLayoutErrors<'_> {
     fn into_diagnostic(self, handler: &Handler) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_, !> {
         let mut diag;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
index cd6413bc3..4df2198fb 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/emitter.rs
@@ -16,20 +16,20 @@ use crate::snippet::{Annotation, AnnotationType, Line, MultilineAnnotation, Styl
 use crate::styled_buffer::StyledBuffer;
 use crate::translation::{to_fluent_args, Translate};
 use crate::{
-    CodeSuggestion, Diagnostic, DiagnosticId, DiagnosticMessage, FluentBundle, Handler,
-    LazyFallbackBundle, Level, MultiSpan, SubDiagnostic, SubstitutionHighlight, SuggestionStyle,
+    diagnostic::DiagnosticLocation, CodeSuggestion, Diagnostic, DiagnosticId, DiagnosticMessage,
+    FluentBundle, Handler, LazyFallbackBundle, Level, MultiSpan, SubDiagnostic,
+    SubstitutionHighlight, SuggestionStyle,
 };
-
 use rustc_lint_defs::pluralize;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxIndexMap};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
-use rustc_error_messages::FluentArgs;
+use rustc_error_messages::{FluentArgs, SpanLabel};
 use rustc_span::hygiene::{ExpnKind, MacroKind};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 use std::cmp::{max, min, Reverse};
-use std::io;
 use std::io::prelude::*;
+use std::io::{self, IsTerminal};
 use std::iter;
 use std::path::Path;
 use termcolor::{Ansi, BufferWriter, ColorChoice, ColorSpec, StandardStream};
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ impl HumanReadableErrorType {
         teach: bool,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> EmitterWriter {
         let (short, color_config) = self.unzip();
         let color = color_config.suggests_using_colors();
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ impl HumanReadableErrorType {
             color,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -246,7 +248,7 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
         fluent_args: &FluentArgs<'_>,
     ) -> (MultiSpan, &'a [CodeSuggestion]) {
         let mut primary_span = diag.span.clone();
-        let suggestions = diag.suggestions.as_ref().map_or(&[][..], |suggestions| &suggestions[..]);
+        let suggestions = diag.suggestions.as_deref().unwrap_or(&[]);
         if let Some((sugg, rest)) = suggestions.split_first() {
             let msg = self.translate_message(&sugg.msg, fluent_args);
             if rest.is_empty() &&
@@ -281,7 +283,7 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
                         if self
                             .source_map()
                             .map(|sm| is_case_difference(
-                                &**sm,
+                                sm,
                                 substitution,
                                 sugg.substitutions[0].parts[0].span,
                             ))
@@ -312,7 +314,6 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
 
     fn fix_multispans_in_extern_macros_and_render_macro_backtrace(
         &self,
-        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
         span: &mut MultiSpan,
         children: &mut Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
         level: &Level,
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
             .collect();
 
         if !backtrace {
-            self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros(source_map, span, children);
+            self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros(span, children);
         }
 
         self.render_multispans_macro_backtrace(span, children, backtrace);
@@ -478,15 +479,13 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
     // this will change the span to point at the use site.
     fn fix_multispans_in_extern_macros(
         &self,
-        source_map: &Option<Lrc<SourceMap>>,
         span: &mut MultiSpan,
         children: &mut Vec<SubDiagnostic>,
     ) {
-        let Some(source_map) = source_map else { return };
         debug!("fix_multispans_in_extern_macros: before: span={:?} children={:?}", span, children);
-        self.fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(source_map, span);
+        self.fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(span);
         for child in children.iter_mut() {
-            self.fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(source_map, &mut child.span);
+            self.fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(&mut child.span);
         }
         debug!("fix_multispans_in_extern_macros: after: span={:?} children={:?}", span, children);
     }
@@ -494,7 +493,8 @@ pub trait Emitter: Translate {
     // This "fixes" MultiSpans that contain `Span`s pointing to locations inside of external macros.
     // Since these locations are often difficult to read,
     // we move these spans from the external macros to their corresponding use site.
-    fn fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(&self, source_map: &Lrc<SourceMap>, span: &mut MultiSpan) {
+    fn fix_multispan_in_extern_macros(&self, span: &mut MultiSpan) {
+        let Some(source_map) = self.source_map() else { return };
         // First, find all the spans in external macros and point instead at their use site.
         let replacements: Vec<(Span, Span)> = span
             .primary_spans()
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ impl Translate for EmitterWriter {
     }
 
     fn fallback_fluent_bundle(&self) -> &FluentBundle {
-        &**self.fallback_bundle
+        &self.fallback_bundle
     }
 }
 
@@ -538,11 +538,10 @@ impl Emitter for EmitterWriter {
         let fluent_args = to_fluent_args(diag.args());
 
         let mut children = diag.children.clone();
-        let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(&diag, &fluent_args);
+        let (mut primary_span, suggestions) = self.primary_span_formatted(diag, &fluent_args);
         debug!("emit_diagnostic: suggestions={:?}", suggestions);
 
         self.fix_multispans_in_extern_macros_and_render_macro_backtrace(
-            &self.sm,
             &mut primary_span,
             &mut children,
             &diag.level,
@@ -556,7 +555,8 @@ impl Emitter for EmitterWriter {
             &diag.code,
             &primary_span,
             &children,
-            &suggestions,
+            suggestions,
+            self.track_diagnostics.then_some(&diag.emitted_at),
         );
     }
 
@@ -619,14 +619,14 @@ impl ColorConfig {
     fn to_color_choice(self) -> ColorChoice {
         match self {
             ColorConfig::Always => {
-                if atty::is(atty::Stream::Stderr) {
+                if io::stderr().is_terminal() {
                     ColorChoice::Always
                 } else {
                     ColorChoice::AlwaysAnsi
                 }
             }
             ColorConfig::Never => ColorChoice::Never,
-            ColorConfig::Auto if atty::is(atty::Stream::Stderr) => ColorChoice::Auto,
+            ColorConfig::Auto if io::stderr().is_terminal() => ColorChoice::Auto,
             ColorConfig::Auto => ColorChoice::Never,
         }
     }
@@ -650,6 +650,7 @@ pub struct EmitterWriter {
     diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
 
     macro_backtrace: bool,
+    track_diagnostics: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -669,6 +670,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         teach: bool,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> EmitterWriter {
         let dst = Destination::from_stderr(color_config);
         EmitterWriter {
@@ -681,6 +683,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
             ui_testing: false,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -694,6 +697,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         colored: bool,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> EmitterWriter {
         EmitterWriter {
             dst: Raw(dst, colored),
@@ -705,6 +709,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
             ui_testing: false,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -768,6 +773,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         draw_col_separator_no_space(buffer, line_offset, width_offset - 2);
     }
 
+    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self), ret)]
     fn render_source_line(
         &self,
         buffer: &mut StyledBuffer,
@@ -796,9 +802,10 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         }
 
         let source_string = match file.get_line(line.line_index - 1) {
-            Some(s) => normalize_whitespace(&*s),
+            Some(s) => normalize_whitespace(&s),
             None => return Vec::new(),
         };
+        trace!(?source_string);
 
         let line_offset = buffer.num_lines();
 
@@ -1143,7 +1150,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                 (pos + 2, annotation.start_col.saturating_sub(left))
             };
             if let Some(ref label) = annotation.label {
-                buffer.puts(line_offset + pos, code_offset + col, &label, style);
+                buffer.puts(line_offset + pos, code_offset + col, label, style);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1318,6 +1325,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         }
     }
 
+    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self, args), ret)]
     fn emit_message_default(
         &mut self,
         msp: &MultiSpan,
@@ -1327,6 +1335,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         level: &Level,
         max_line_num_len: usize,
         is_secondary: bool,
+        emitted_at: Option<&DiagnosticLocation>,
     ) -> io::Result<()> {
         let mut buffer = StyledBuffer::new();
 
@@ -1352,7 +1361,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
             // only render error codes, not lint codes
             if let Some(DiagnosticId::Error(ref code)) = *code {
                 buffer.append(0, "[", Style::Level(*level));
-                buffer.append(0, &code, Style::Level(*level));
+                buffer.append(0, code, Style::Level(*level));
                 buffer.append(0, "]", Style::Level(*level));
                 label_width += 2 + code.len();
             }
@@ -1377,24 +1386,16 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                 }
             }
         }
-
         let mut annotated_files = FileWithAnnotatedLines::collect_annotations(self, args, msp);
+        trace!("{annotated_files:#?}");
 
         // Make sure our primary file comes first
-        let (primary_lo, sm) = if let (Some(sm), Some(ref primary_span)) =
-            (self.sm.as_ref(), msp.primary_span().as_ref())
-        {
-            if !primary_span.is_dummy() {
-                (sm.lookup_char_pos(primary_span.lo()), sm)
-            } else {
-                emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-        } else {
+        let primary_span = msp.primary_span().unwrap_or_default();
+        let (Some(sm), false) = (self.sm.as_ref(), primary_span.is_dummy()) else {
             // If we don't have span information, emit and exit
-            emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
-            return Ok(());
+            return emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message);
         };
+        let primary_lo = sm.lookup_char_pos(primary_span.lo());
         if let Ok(pos) =
             annotated_files.binary_search_by(|x| x.file.name.cmp(&primary_lo.file.name))
         {
@@ -1405,6 +1406,54 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         for annotated_file in annotated_files {
             // we can't annotate anything if the source is unavailable.
             if !sm.ensure_source_file_source_present(annotated_file.file.clone()) {
+                if !self.short_message {
+                    // We'll just print an unannotated message.
+                    for (annotation_id, line) in annotated_file.lines.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                        let mut annotations = line.annotations.clone();
+                        annotations.sort_by_key(|a| Reverse(a.start_col));
+                        let mut line_idx = buffer.num_lines();
+                        buffer.append(
+                            line_idx,
+                            &format!(
+                                "{}:{}:{}",
+                                sm.filename_for_diagnostics(&annotated_file.file.name),
+                                sm.doctest_offset_line(&annotated_file.file.name, line.line_index),
+                                annotations[0].start_col + 1,
+                            ),
+                            Style::LineAndColumn,
+                        );
+                        if annotation_id == 0 {
+                            buffer.prepend(line_idx, "--> ", Style::LineNumber);
+                            for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                                buffer.prepend(line_idx, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+                            }
+                            line_idx += 1;
+                        };
+                        for (i, annotation) in annotations.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                            if let Some(label) = &annotation.label {
+                                let style = if annotation.is_primary {
+                                    Style::LabelPrimary
+                                } else {
+                                    Style::LabelSecondary
+                                };
+                                if annotation_id == 0 {
+                                    buffer.prepend(line_idx, " |", Style::LineNumber);
+                                    for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                                        buffer.prepend(line_idx, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+                                    }
+                                    line_idx += 1;
+                                    buffer.append(line_idx + i, " = note: ", style);
+                                    for _ in 0..max_line_num_len {
+                                        buffer.prepend(line_idx, " ", Style::NoStyle);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    buffer.append(line_idx + i, ": ", style);
+                                }
+                                buffer.append(line_idx + i, label, style);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 continue;
             }
 
@@ -1651,6 +1700,13 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                     multilines.extend(&to_add);
                 }
             }
+            trace!("buffer: {:#?}", buffer.render());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(tracked) = emitted_at {
+            let track = format!("-Ztrack-diagnostics: created at {tracked}");
+            let len = buffer.num_lines();
+            buffer.append(len, &track, Style::NoStyle);
         }
 
         // final step: take our styled buffer, render it, then output it
@@ -1672,7 +1728,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         };
 
         // Render the replacements for each suggestion
-        let suggestions = suggestion.splice_lines(&**sm);
+        let suggestions = suggestion.splice_lines(sm);
         debug!("emit_suggestion_default: suggestions={:?}", suggestions);
 
         if suggestions.is_empty() {
@@ -1773,7 +1829,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                     buffer.puts(
                         row_num - 1 + line - line_start,
                         max_line_num_len + 3,
-                        &normalize_whitespace(&*file_lines.file.get_line(line - 1).unwrap()),
+                        &normalize_whitespace(&file_lines.file.get_line(line - 1).unwrap()),
                         Style::Removal,
                     );
                 }
@@ -1915,7 +1971,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                             buffer.putc(
                                 row_num,
                                 (padding as isize + p) as usize,
-                                if part.is_addition(&sm) { '+' } else { '~' },
+                                if part.is_addition(sm) { '+' } else { '~' },
                                 Style::Addition,
                             );
                         }
@@ -1962,12 +2018,13 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
             buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len + 3, &msg, Style::NoStyle);
         } else if notice_capitalization {
             let msg = "notice the capitalization difference";
-            buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len + 3, &msg, Style::NoStyle);
+            buffer.puts(row_num, max_line_num_len + 3, msg, Style::NoStyle);
         }
         emit_to_destination(&buffer.render(), level, &mut self.dst, self.short_message)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self, args, code, children, suggestions))]
     fn emit_messages_default(
         &mut self,
         level: &Level,
@@ -1977,6 +2034,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
         span: &MultiSpan,
         children: &[SubDiagnostic],
         suggestions: &[CodeSuggestion],
+        emitted_at: Option<&DiagnosticLocation>,
     ) {
         let max_line_num_len = if self.ui_testing {
             ANONYMIZED_LINE_NUM.len()
@@ -1985,7 +2043,16 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
             num_decimal_digits(n)
         };
 
-        match self.emit_message_default(span, message, args, code, level, max_line_num_len, false) {
+        match self.emit_message_default(
+            span,
+            message,
+            args,
+            code,
+            level,
+            max_line_num_len,
+            false,
+            emitted_at,
+        ) {
             Ok(()) => {
                 if !children.is_empty()
                     || suggestions.iter().any(|s| s.style != SuggestionStyle::CompletelyHidden)
@@ -2007,13 +2074,14 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                     for child in children {
                         let span = child.render_span.as_ref().unwrap_or(&child.span);
                         if let Err(err) = self.emit_message_default(
-                            &span,
+                            span,
                             &child.message,
                             args,
                             &None,
                             &child.level,
                             max_line_num_len,
                             true,
+                            None,
                         ) {
                             panic!("failed to emit error: {}", err);
                         }
@@ -2030,6 +2098,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                                 &Level::Help,
                                 max_line_num_len,
                                 true,
+                                None,
                             ) {
                                 panic!("failed to emit error: {}", e);
                             }
@@ -2090,7 +2159,7 @@ impl EmitterWriter {
                 *row_num - 1,
                 max_line_num_len + 3,
                 &normalize_whitespace(
-                    &*file_lines.file.get_line(file_lines.lines[line_pos].line_index).unwrap(),
+                    &file_lines.file.get_line(file_lines.lines[line_pos].line_index).unwrap(),
                 ),
                 Style::NoStyle,
             );
@@ -2186,13 +2255,16 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
         let mut multiline_annotations = vec![];
 
         if let Some(ref sm) = emitter.source_map() {
-            for span_label in msp.span_labels() {
-                if span_label.span.is_dummy() {
-                    continue;
-                }
+            for SpanLabel { span, is_primary, label } in msp.span_labels() {
+                // If we don't have a useful span, pick the primary span if that exists.
+                // Worst case we'll just print an error at the top of the main file.
+                let span = match (span.is_dummy(), msp.primary_span()) {
+                    (_, None) | (false, _) => span,
+                    (true, Some(span)) => span,
+                };
 
-                let lo = sm.lookup_char_pos(span_label.span.lo());
-                let mut hi = sm.lookup_char_pos(span_label.span.hi());
+                let lo = sm.lookup_char_pos(span.lo());
+                let mut hi = sm.lookup_char_pos(span.hi());
 
                 // Watch out for "empty spans". If we get a span like 6..6, we
                 // want to just display a `^` at 6, so convert that to
@@ -2204,6 +2276,8 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
                     hi.col_display += 1;
                 }
 
+                let label = label.as_ref().map(|m| emitter.translate_message(m, args).to_string());
+
                 if lo.line != hi.line {
                     let ml = MultilineAnnotation {
                         depth: 1,
@@ -2211,11 +2285,8 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
                         line_end: hi.line,
                         start_col: lo.col_display,
                         end_col: hi.col_display,
-                        is_primary: span_label.is_primary,
-                        label: span_label
-                            .label
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(|m| emitter.translate_message(m, args).to_string()),
+                        is_primary,
+                        label,
                         overlaps_exactly: false,
                     };
                     multiline_annotations.push((lo.file, ml));
@@ -2223,11 +2294,8 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
                     let ann = Annotation {
                         start_col: lo.col_display,
                         end_col: hi.col_display,
-                        is_primary: span_label.is_primary,
-                        label: span_label
-                            .label
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map(|m| emitter.translate_message(m, args).to_string()),
+                        is_primary,
+                        label,
                         annotation_type: AnnotationType::Singleline,
                     };
                     add_annotation_to_file(&mut output, lo.file, lo.line, ann);
@@ -2236,7 +2304,7 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
         }
 
         // Find overlapping multiline annotations, put them at different depths
-        multiline_annotations.sort_by_key(|&(_, ref ml)| (ml.line_start, ml.line_end));
+        multiline_annotations.sort_by_key(|&(_, ref ml)| (ml.line_start, usize::MAX - ml.line_end));
         for (_, ann) in multiline_annotations.clone() {
             for (_, a) in multiline_annotations.iter_mut() {
                 // Move all other multiline annotations overlapping with this one
@@ -2254,8 +2322,14 @@ impl FileWithAnnotatedLines {
         }
 
         let mut max_depth = 0; // max overlapping multiline spans
-        for (file, ann) in multiline_annotations {
+        for (_, ann) in &multiline_annotations {
             max_depth = max(max_depth, ann.depth);
+        }
+        // Change order of multispan depth to minimize the number of overlaps in the ASCII art.
+        for (_, a) in multiline_annotations.iter_mut() {
+            a.depth = max_depth - a.depth + 1;
+        }
+        for (file, ann) in multiline_annotations {
             let mut end_ann = ann.as_end();
             if !ann.overlaps_exactly {
                 // avoid output like
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
index 4cc7be47f..a37073d8f 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json.rs
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ pub struct JsonEmitter {
     json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType,
     diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
     macro_backtrace: bool,
+    track_diagnostics: bool,
 }
 
 impl JsonEmitter {
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
         json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> JsonEmitter {
         JsonEmitter {
             dst: Box::new(io::BufWriter::new(io::stderr())),
@@ -69,6 +71,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
             json_rendered,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
         fallback_bundle: LazyFallbackBundle,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> JsonEmitter {
         let file_path_mapping = FilePathMapping::empty();
         JsonEmitter::stderr(
@@ -90,6 +94,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
             json_rendered,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         )
     }
 
@@ -103,6 +108,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
         json_rendered: HumanReadableErrorType,
         diagnostic_width: Option<usize>,
         macro_backtrace: bool,
+        track_diagnostics: bool,
     ) -> JsonEmitter {
         JsonEmitter {
             dst,
@@ -115,6 +121,7 @@ impl JsonEmitter {
             json_rendered,
             diagnostic_width,
             macro_backtrace,
+            track_diagnostics,
         }
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +136,7 @@ impl Translate for JsonEmitter {
     }
 
     fn fallback_fluent_bundle(&self) -> &FluentBundle {
-        &**self.fallback_bundle
+        &self.fallback_bundle
     }
 }
 
@@ -350,6 +357,7 @@ impl Diagnostic {
                 false,
                 je.diagnostic_width,
                 je.macro_backtrace,
+                je.track_diagnostics,
             )
             .ui_testing(je.ui_testing)
             .emit_diagnostic(diag);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
index d940d14e1..f13146897 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/json/tests.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ fn test_positions(code: &str, span: (u32, u32), expected_output: SpanTestData) {
             HumanReadableErrorType::Short(ColorConfig::Never),
             None,
             false,
+            false,
         );
 
         let span = Span::with_root_ctxt(BytePos(span.0), BytePos(span.1));
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
index 0963ea71f..eb0506c45 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/")]
 #![feature(drain_filter)]
 #![feature(if_let_guard)]
+#![feature(is_terminal)]
 #![feature(adt_const_params)]
 #![feature(let_chains)]
 #![feature(never_type)]
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ pub use diagnostic::{
     DiagnosticStyledString, IntoDiagnosticArg, SubDiagnostic,
 };
 pub use diagnostic_builder::{DiagnosticBuilder, EmissionGuarantee, Noted};
-pub use diagnostic_impls::DiagnosticArgFromDisplay;
+pub use diagnostic_impls::{DiagnosticArgFromDisplay, DiagnosticSymbolList};
 use std::backtrace::Backtrace;
 
 /// A handler deals with errors and other compiler output.
@@ -466,6 +467,10 @@ pub enum StashKey {
     /// When an invalid lifetime e.g. `'2` should be reinterpreted
     /// as a char literal in the parser
     LifetimeIsChar,
+    /// Maybe there was a typo where a comma was forgotten before
+    /// FRU syntax
+    MaybeFruTypo,
+    CallAssocMethod,
 }
 
 fn default_track_diagnostic(_: &Diagnostic) {}
@@ -492,6 +497,8 @@ pub struct HandlerFlags {
     pub macro_backtrace: bool,
     /// If true, identical diagnostics are reported only once.
     pub deduplicate_diagnostics: bool,
+    /// Track where errors are created. Enabled with `-Ztrack-diagnostics`.
+    pub track_diagnostics: bool,
 }
 
 impl Drop for HandlerInner {
@@ -559,6 +566,7 @@ impl Handler {
             false,
             None,
             flags.macro_backtrace,
+            flags.track_diagnostics,
         ));
         Self::with_emitter_and_flags(emitter, flags)
     }
@@ -641,13 +649,14 @@ impl Handler {
         inner.stashed_diagnostics = Default::default();
     }
 
-    /// Stash a given diagnostic with the given `Span` and `StashKey` as the key for later stealing.
+    /// Stash a given diagnostic with the given `Span` and [`StashKey`] as the key.
+    /// Retrieve a stashed diagnostic with `steal_diagnostic`.
     pub fn stash_diagnostic(&self, span: Span, key: StashKey, diag: Diagnostic) {
         let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
         inner.stash((span, key), diag);
     }
 
-    /// Steal a previously stashed diagnostic with the given `Span` and `StashKey` as the key.
+    /// Steal a previously stashed diagnostic with the given `Span` and [`StashKey`] as the key.
     pub fn steal_diagnostic(&self, span: Span, key: StashKey) -> Option<DiagnosticBuilder<'_, ()>> {
         let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
         inner.steal((span, key)).map(|diag| DiagnosticBuilder::new_diagnostic(self, diag))
@@ -664,6 +673,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder with the `msg` at the level appropriate for the specific `EmissionGuarantee`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_diagnostic<G: EmissionGuarantee>(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -677,6 +687,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// * `can_emit_warnings` is `true`
     /// * `is_force_warn` was set in `DiagnosticId::Lint`
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_warn(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -693,6 +704,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// Attempting to `.emit()` the builder will only emit if either:
     /// * `can_emit_warnings` is `true`
     /// * `is_force_warn` was set in `DiagnosticId::Lint`
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_warn_with_expectation(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -706,6 +718,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Allow` level at the given `span` and with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_allow(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -719,6 +732,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// Construct a builder at the `Warning` level at the given `span` and with the `msg`.
     /// Also include a code.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_warn_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -736,6 +750,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// * `can_emit_warnings` is `true`
     /// * `is_force_warn` was set in `DiagnosticId::Lint`
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_warn(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_, ()> {
         DiagnosticBuilder::new(self, Level::Warning(None), msg)
     }
@@ -746,6 +761,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// Attempting to `.emit()` the builder will only emit if either:
     /// * `can_emit_warnings` is `true`
     /// * `is_force_warn` was set in `DiagnosticId::Lint`
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_warn_with_expectation(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -756,12 +772,14 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Allow` level with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_allow(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_, ()> {
         DiagnosticBuilder::new(self, Level::Allow, msg)
     }
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Expect` level with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_expect(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -772,6 +790,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Error` level at the given `span` and with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_err(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -784,6 +803,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Error` level at the given `span`, with the `msg`, and `code`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_err_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -798,6 +818,7 @@ impl Handler {
     /// Construct a builder at the `Error` level with the `msg`.
     // FIXME: This method should be removed (every error should have an associated error code).
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_err(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -807,12 +828,14 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// This should only be used by `rustc_middle::lint::struct_lint_level`. Do not use it for hard errors.
     #[doc(hidden)]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_err_lint(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_, ()> {
         DiagnosticBuilder::new(self, Level::Error { lint: true }, msg)
     }
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Error` level with the `msg` and the `code`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_err_with_code(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -825,6 +848,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Warn` level with the `msg` and the `code`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_warn_with_code(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -837,6 +861,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Fatal` level at the given `span` and with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_fatal(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -849,6 +874,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Fatal` level at the given `span`, with the `msg`, and `code`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_span_fatal_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -862,6 +888,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Error` level with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_fatal(&self, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'_, !> {
         DiagnosticBuilder::new_fatal(self, msg)
     }
@@ -874,6 +901,7 @@ impl Handler {
 
     /// Construct a builder at the `Note` level with the `msg`.
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn struct_note_without_error(
         &self,
         msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>,
@@ -882,12 +910,14 @@ impl Handler {
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_fatal(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> ! {
         self.emit_diag_at_span(Diagnostic::new(Fatal, msg), span);
         FatalError.raise()
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_fatal_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -899,6 +929,7 @@ impl Handler {
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_err(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -908,6 +939,7 @@ impl Handler {
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_err_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -921,11 +953,13 @@ impl Handler {
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_warn(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
         self.emit_diag_at_span(Diagnostic::new(Warning(None), msg), span);
     }
 
     #[rustc_lint_diagnostics]
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_warn_with_code(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -954,10 +988,12 @@ impl Handler {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().delay_good_path_bug(msg)
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_bug_no_panic(&self, span: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) {
         self.emit_diag_at_span(Diagnostic::new(Bug, msg), span);
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_note_without_error(
         &self,
         span: impl Into<MultiSpan>,
@@ -966,6 +1002,7 @@ impl Handler {
         self.emit_diag_at_span(Diagnostic::new(Note, msg), span);
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn span_note_diag(
         &self,
         span: Span,
@@ -1008,13 +1045,24 @@ impl Handler {
     }
     pub fn has_errors_or_lint_errors(&self) -> Option<ErrorGuaranteed> {
         if self.inner.borrow().has_errors_or_lint_errors() {
-            Some(ErrorGuaranteed(()))
+            Some(ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted())
         } else {
             None
         }
     }
-    pub fn has_errors_or_delayed_span_bugs(&self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.borrow().has_errors_or_delayed_span_bugs()
+    pub fn has_errors_or_delayed_span_bugs(&self) -> Option<ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        if self.inner.borrow().has_errors_or_delayed_span_bugs() {
+            Some(ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn is_compilation_going_to_fail(&self) -> Option<ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        if self.inner.borrow().is_compilation_going_to_fail() {
+            Some(ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn print_error_count(&self, registry: &Registry) {
@@ -1223,6 +1271,10 @@ impl HandlerInner {
         }
 
         if diagnostic.has_future_breakage() {
+            // Future breakages aren't emitted if they're Level::Allowed,
+            // but they still need to be constructed and stashed below,
+            // so they'll trigger the good-path bug check.
+            self.suppressed_expected_diag = true;
             self.future_breakage_diagnostics.push(diagnostic.clone());
         }
 
@@ -1277,7 +1329,7 @@ impl HandlerInner {
 
             diagnostic.children.drain_filter(already_emitted_sub).for_each(|_| {});
 
-            self.emitter.emit_diagnostic(&diagnostic);
+            self.emitter.emit_diagnostic(diagnostic);
             if diagnostic.is_error() {
                 self.deduplicated_err_count += 1;
             } else if let Warning(_) = diagnostic.level {
@@ -1444,6 +1496,10 @@ impl HandlerInner {
         self.err_count() > 0 || self.lint_err_count > 0 || self.warn_count > 0
     }
 
+    fn is_compilation_going_to_fail(&self) -> bool {
+        self.has_errors() || self.lint_err_count > 0 || !self.delayed_span_bugs.is_empty()
+    }
+
     fn abort_if_errors(&mut self) {
         self.emit_stashed_diagnostics();
 
@@ -1452,6 +1508,7 @@ impl HandlerInner {
         }
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     fn span_bug(&mut self, sp: impl Into<MultiSpan>, msg: impl Into<DiagnosticMessage>) -> ! {
         self.emit_diag_at_span(Diagnostic::new(Bug, msg), sp);
         panic::panic_any(ExplicitBug);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
index a7737b467..afd660ff1 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_errors/src/translation.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 use crate::snippet::Style;
 use crate::{DiagnosticArg, DiagnosticMessage, FluentBundle};
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
-use rustc_error_messages::FluentArgs;
+use rustc_error_messages::{
+    fluent_bundle::resolver::errors::{ReferenceKind, ResolverError},
+    FluentArgs, FluentError,
+};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 /// Convert diagnostic arguments (a rustc internal type that exists to implement
@@ -56,13 +59,13 @@ pub trait Translate {
         trace!(?message, ?args);
         let (identifier, attr) = match message {
             DiagnosticMessage::Str(msg) | DiagnosticMessage::Eager(msg) => {
-                return Cow::Borrowed(&msg);
+                return Cow::Borrowed(msg);
             }
             DiagnosticMessage::FluentIdentifier(identifier, attr) => (identifier, attr),
         };
 
         let translate_with_bundle = |bundle: &'a FluentBundle| -> Option<(Cow<'_, str>, Vec<_>)> {
-            let message = bundle.get_message(&identifier)?;
+            let message = bundle.get_message(identifier)?;
             let value = match attr {
                 Some(attr) => message.get_attribute(attr)?.value(),
                 None => message.value()?,
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ pub trait Translate {
             debug!(?message, ?value);
 
             let mut errs = vec![];
-            let translated = bundle.format_pattern(value, Some(&args), &mut errs);
+            let translated = bundle.format_pattern(value, Some(args), &mut errs);
             debug!(?translated, ?errs);
             Some((translated, errs))
         };
@@ -102,14 +105,31 @@ pub trait Translate {
             .or_else(|| translate_with_bundle(self.fallback_fluent_bundle()))
             .map(|(translated, errs)| {
                 // Always bail out for errors with the fallback bundle.
-                assert!(
-                    errs.is_empty(),
-                    "identifier: {:?}, attr: {:?}, args: {:?}, errors: {:?}",
-                    identifier,
-                    attr,
-                    args,
-                    errs
-                );
+
+                let mut help_messages = vec![];
+
+                if !errs.is_empty() {
+                    for error in &errs {
+                        match error {
+                            FluentError::ResolverError(ResolverError::Reference(
+                                ReferenceKind::Message { id, .. },
+                            )) if args.iter().any(|(arg_id, _)| arg_id == id) => {
+                                help_messages.push(format!("Argument `{id}` exists but was not referenced correctly. Try using `{{${id}}}` instead"));
+                            }
+                            _ => {}
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    panic!(
+                        "Encountered errors while formatting message for `{identifier}`\n\
+                        help: {}\n\
+                        attr: `{attr:?}`\n\
+                        args: `{args:?}`\n\
+                        errors: `{errs:?}`",
+                        help_messages.join("\nhelp: ")
+                    );
+                }
+
                 translated
             })
             .expect("failed to find message in primary or fallback fluent bundles")