Merging upstream version 1.69.0+dfsg1.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

39 files changed, 1913 insertions, 1026 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/at.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/at.rs
index d816a9ed3..7d9bae735 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/at.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/at.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         cause: &'a ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     ) -> At<'a, 'tcx> {
-        At { infcx: self, cause, param_env, define_opaque_types: true }
+        At { infcx: self, cause, param_env, define_opaque_types: false }
     }
 
     /// Forks the inference context, creating a new inference context with the same inference
@@ -369,6 +369,34 @@ impl<'tcx> ToTrace<'tcx> for Const<'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'tcx> ToTrace<'tcx> for ty::GenericArg<'tcx> {
+    fn to_trace(
+        _: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        a_is_expected: bool,
+        a: Self,
+        b: Self,
+    ) -> TypeTrace<'tcx> {
+        use GenericArgKind::*;
+        TypeTrace {
+            cause: cause.clone(),
+            values: match (a.unpack(), b.unpack()) {
+                (Lifetime(a), Lifetime(b)) => Regions(ExpectedFound::new(a_is_expected, a, b)),
+                (Type(a), Type(b)) => Terms(ExpectedFound::new(a_is_expected, a.into(), b.into())),
+                (Const(a), Const(b)) => {
+                    Terms(ExpectedFound::new(a_is_expected, a.into(), b.into()))
+                }
+
+                (Lifetime(_), Type(_) | Const(_))
+                | (Type(_), Lifetime(_) | Const(_))
+                | (Const(_), Lifetime(_) | Type(_)) => {
+                    bug!("relating different kinds: {a:?} {b:?}")
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'tcx> ToTrace<'tcx> for ty::Term<'tcx> {
     fn to_trace(
         _: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
index 091635e6c..678c4a0be 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/canonicalizer.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
 use rustc_middle::ty::flags::FlagComputation;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{TypeFoldable, TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArg;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, BoundVar, InferConst, List, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFlags};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, BoundVar, InferConst, List, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFlags, TypeVisitableExt};
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_state: &mut OriginalQueryValues<'tcx>,
     ) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.tcx.sess.perf_stats.queries_canonicalized.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
     /// Like [Self::canonicalize_query], but preserves distinct universes. For
     /// example, canonicalizing `&'?0: Trait<'?1>`, where `'?0` is in `U1` and
-    /// `'?1` is in `U3` would be canonicalized to have ?0` in `U1` and `'?1`
+    /// `'?1` is in `U3` would be canonicalized to have `?0` in `U1` and `'?1`
     /// in `U2`.
     ///
     /// This is used for Chalk integration.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_state: &mut OriginalQueryValues<'tcx>,
     ) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.tcx.sess.perf_stats.queries_canonicalized.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// [c]: https://rust-lang.github.io/chalk/book/canonical_queries/canonicalization.html#canonicalizing-the-query-result
     pub fn canonicalize_response<V>(&self, value: V) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let mut query_state = OriginalQueryValues::default();
         Canonicalizer::canonicalize(
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
     pub fn canonicalize_user_type_annotation<V>(&self, value: V) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let mut query_state = OriginalQueryValues::default();
         Canonicalizer::canonicalize(
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_state: &mut OriginalQueryValues<'tcx>,
     ) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.tcx.sess.perf_stats.queries_canonicalized.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
 
@@ -203,12 +203,10 @@ impl CanonicalizeMode for CanonicalizeQueryResponse {
                 // rust-lang/rust#57464: `impl Trait` can leak local
                 // scopes (in manner violating typeck). Therefore, use
                 // `delay_span_bug` to allow type error over an ICE.
-                ty::tls::with(|tcx| {
-                    tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
-                        rustc_span::DUMMY_SP,
-                        &format!("unexpected region in query response: `{:?}`", r),
-                    );
-                });
+                canonicalizer.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    rustc_span::DUMMY_SP,
+                    &format!("unexpected region in query response: `{:?}`", r),
+                );
                 r
             }
         }
@@ -328,14 +326,14 @@ struct Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
     binder_index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
 }
 
-impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.tcx
     }
 
     fn fold_binder<T>(&mut self, t: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, T>
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.binder_index.shift_in(1);
         let t = t.super_fold_with(self);
@@ -365,12 +363,13 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
                      opportunistically resolved to {:?}",
                     vid, resolved_vid
                 );
-                let r = self.tcx.reuse_or_mk_region(r, ty::ReVar(resolved_vid));
+                let r = self.tcx.mk_re_var(resolved_vid);
                 self.canonicalize_mode.canonicalize_free_region(self, r)
             }
 
             ty::ReStatic
             | ty::ReEarlyBound(..)
+            | ty::ReError(_)
             | ty::ReFree(_)
             | ty::RePlaceholder(..)
             | ty::ReErased => self.canonicalize_mode.canonicalize_free_region(self, r),
@@ -419,10 +418,15 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 bug!("encountered a fresh type during canonicalization")
             }
 
-            ty::Placeholder(placeholder) => self.canonicalize_ty_var(
-                CanonicalVarInfo { kind: CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderTy(placeholder) },
-                t,
-            ),
+            ty::Placeholder(mut placeholder) => {
+                if !self.canonicalize_mode.preserve_universes() {
+                    placeholder.universe = ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT;
+                }
+                self.canonicalize_ty_var(
+                    CanonicalVarInfo { kind: CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderTy(placeholder) },
+                    t,
+                )
+            }
 
             ty::Bound(debruijn, _) => {
                 if debruijn >= self.binder_index {
@@ -435,6 +439,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
             ty::Closure(..)
             | ty::Generator(..)
             | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+            | ty::GeneratorWitnessMIR(..)
             | ty::Bool
             | ty::Char
             | ty::Int(..)
@@ -525,7 +530,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
         query_state: &mut OriginalQueryValues<'tcx>,
     ) -> Canonical<'tcx, V>
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let needs_canonical_flags = if canonicalize_region_mode.any() {
             TypeFlags::NEEDS_INFER |
@@ -567,7 +572,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
         debug_assert!(!out_value.needs_infer() && !out_value.has_placeholders());
 
         let canonical_variables =
-            tcx.intern_canonical_var_infos(&canonicalizer.universe_canonicalized_variables());
+            tcx.mk_canonical_var_infos(&canonicalizer.universe_canonicalized_variables());
 
         let max_universe = canonical_variables
             .iter()
@@ -737,8 +742,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
     ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         let var = self.canonical_var(info, r.into());
         let br = ty::BoundRegion { var, kind: ty::BrAnon(var.as_u32(), None) };
-        let region = ty::ReLateBound(self.binder_index, br);
-        self.tcx().mk_region(region)
+        self.interner().mk_re_late_bound(self.binder_index, br)
     }
 
     /// Given a type variable `ty_var` of the given kind, first check
@@ -752,7 +756,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
             self.fold_ty(bound_to)
         } else {
             let var = self.canonical_var(info, ty_var.into());
-            self.tcx().mk_ty(ty::Bound(self.binder_index, var.into()))
+            self.interner().mk_bound(self.binder_index, var.into())
         }
     }
 
@@ -771,7 +775,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> Canonicalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
             self.fold_const(bound_to)
         } else {
             let var = self.canonical_var(info, const_var.into());
-            self.tcx().mk_const(
+            self.interner().mk_const(
                 ty::ConstKind::Bound(self.binder_index, var),
                 self.fold_ty(const_var.ty()),
             )
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/mod.rs
index e59715b70..ce230afda 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/mod.rs
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, RegionVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVari
 use rustc_index::vec::IndexVec;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArg;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, BoundVar, List};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, List, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_span::source_map::Span;
 
 pub use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::*;
-use substitute::CanonicalExt;
+pub use substitute::CanonicalExt;
 
 mod canonicalizer;
 pub mod query_response;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         canonical: &Canonical<'tcx, T>,
     ) -> (T, CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>)
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         // For each universe that is referred to in the incoming
         // query, create a universe in our local inference context. In
@@ -87,19 +87,24 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         variables: &List<CanonicalVarInfo<'tcx>>,
         universe_map: impl Fn(ty::UniverseIndex) -> ty::UniverseIndex,
     ) -> CanonicalVarValues<'tcx> {
-        let var_values: IndexVec<BoundVar, GenericArg<'tcx>> = variables
-            .iter()
-            .map(|info| self.instantiate_canonical_var(span, info, &universe_map))
-            .collect();
-
-        CanonicalVarValues { var_values }
+        CanonicalVarValues {
+            var_values: self.tcx.mk_substs_from_iter(
+                variables
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|info| self.instantiate_canonical_var(span, info, &universe_map)),
+            ),
+        }
     }
 
     /// Given the "info" about a canonical variable, creates a fresh
     /// variable for it. If this is an existentially quantified
     /// variable, then you'll get a new inference variable; if it is a
     /// universally quantified variable, you get a placeholder.
-    fn instantiate_canonical_var(
+    ///
+    /// FIXME(-Ztrait-solver=next): This is public because it's used by the
+    /// new trait solver which has a different canonicalization routine.
+    /// We should somehow deduplicate all of this.
+    pub fn instantiate_canonical_var(
         &self,
         span: Span,
         cv_info: CanonicalVarInfo<'tcx>,
@@ -123,7 +128,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
             CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderTy(ty::PlaceholderType { universe, name }) => {
                 let universe_mapped = universe_map(universe);
                 let placeholder_mapped = ty::PlaceholderType { universe: universe_mapped, name };
-                self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(placeholder_mapped)).into()
+                self.tcx.mk_placeholder(placeholder_mapped).into()
             }
 
             CanonicalVarKind::Region(ui) => self
@@ -136,7 +141,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
             CanonicalVarKind::PlaceholderRegion(ty::PlaceholderRegion { universe, name }) => {
                 let universe_mapped = universe_map(universe);
                 let placeholder_mapped = ty::PlaceholderRegion { universe: universe_mapped, name };
-                self.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder_mapped)).into()
+                self.tcx.mk_re_placeholder(placeholder_mapped).into()
             }
 
             CanonicalVarKind::Const(ui, ty) => self
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
index 3d49182f0..436d29c24 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@ use crate::infer::canonical::{
     Canonical, CanonicalQueryResponse, CanonicalVarValues, Certainty, OriginalQueryValues,
     QueryOutlivesConstraint, QueryRegionConstraints, QueryResponse,
 };
-use crate::infer::nll_relate::{NormalizationStrategy, TypeRelating, TypeRelatingDelegate};
+use crate::infer::nll_relate::{TypeRelating, TypeRelatingDelegate};
 use crate::infer::region_constraints::{Constraint, RegionConstraintData};
 use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk, InferResult, NllRegionVariableOrigin};
 use crate::traits::query::{Fallible, NoSolution};
 use crate::traits::{Obligation, ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
-use crate::traits::{PredicateObligations, TraitEngine};
+use crate::traits::{PredicateObligations, TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt};
 use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
 use rustc_index::vec::Idx;
 use rustc_index::vec::IndexVec;
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::TypeRelation;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, BoundVar, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_span::Span;
+use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::iter;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         fulfill_cx: &mut dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>,
     ) -> Fallible<CanonicalQueryResponse<'tcx, T>>
     where
-        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
         Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, T>>: ArenaAllocatable<'tcx>,
     {
         let query_response = self.make_query_response(inference_vars, answer, fulfill_cx)?;
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         answer: T,
     ) -> Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, T>>
     where
-        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.canonicalize_response(QueryResponse {
             var_values: inference_vars,
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         fulfill_cx: &mut dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>,
     ) -> Result<QueryResponse<'tcx, T>, NoSolution>
     where
-        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let tcx = self.tcx;
 
@@ -151,11 +151,21 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         })
     }
 
-    /// FIXME: This method should only be used for canonical queries and therefore be private.
-    ///
-    /// As the new solver does canonicalization slightly differently, this is also used there
-    /// for now. This should hopefully change fairly soon.
-    pub fn take_opaque_types_for_query_response(&self) -> Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
+    /// Used by the new solver as that one takes the opaque types at the end of a probe
+    /// to deal with multiple candidates without having to recompute them.
+    pub fn clone_opaque_types_for_query_response(&self) -> Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
+        self.inner
+            .borrow()
+            .opaque_type_storage
+            .opaque_types
+            .iter()
+            .map(|&(k, ref v)| {
+                (self.tcx.mk_opaque(k.def_id.to_def_id(), k.substs), v.hidden_type.ty)
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn take_opaque_types_for_query_response(&self) -> Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
         std::mem::take(&mut self.inner.borrow_mut().opaque_type_storage.opaque_types)
             .into_iter()
             .map(|(k, v)| (self.tcx.mk_opaque(k.def_id.to_def_id(), k.substs), v.hidden_type.ty))
@@ -180,7 +190,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_response: &Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>,
     ) -> InferResult<'tcx, R>
     where
-        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let InferOk { value: result_subst, mut obligations } =
             self.query_response_substitution(cause, param_env, original_values, query_response)?;
@@ -242,7 +252,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         output_query_region_constraints: &mut QueryRegionConstraints<'tcx>,
     ) -> InferResult<'tcx, R>
     where
-        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let InferOk { value: result_subst, mut obligations } = self
             .query_response_substitution_guess(cause, param_env, original_values, query_response)?;
@@ -268,14 +278,12 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 (GenericArgKind::Lifetime(v_o), GenericArgKind::Lifetime(v_r)) => {
                     // To make `v_o = v_r`, we emit `v_o: v_r` and `v_r: v_o`.
                     if v_o != v_r {
-                        output_query_region_constraints.outlives.push((
-                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_o.into(), v_r)),
-                            constraint_category,
-                        ));
-                        output_query_region_constraints.outlives.push((
-                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_r.into(), v_o)),
-                            constraint_category,
-                        ));
+                        output_query_region_constraints
+                            .outlives
+                            .push((ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_o.into(), v_r), constraint_category));
+                        output_query_region_constraints
+                            .outlives
+                            .push((ty::OutlivesPredicate(v_r.into(), v_o), constraint_category));
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -318,10 +326,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
             query_response.value.region_constraints.outlives.iter().filter_map(|&r_c| {
                 let r_c = substitute_value(self.tcx, &result_subst, r_c);
 
-                // Screen out `'a: 'a` cases -- we skip the binder here but
-                // only compare the inner values to one another, so they are still at
-                // consistent binding levels.
-                let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = r_c.0.skip_binder();
+                // Screen out `'a: 'a` cases.
+                let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = r_c.0;
                 if k1 != r2.into() { Some(r_c) } else { None }
             }),
         );
@@ -360,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_response: &Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>,
     ) -> InferResult<'tcx, CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>>
     where
-        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         debug!(
             "query_response_substitution(original_values={:#?}, query_response={:#?})",
@@ -397,6 +403,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// will instantiate fresh inference variables for each canonical
     /// variable instead. Therefore, the result of this method must be
     /// properly unified
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, cause, param_env))]
     fn query_response_substitution_guess<R>(
         &self,
         cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
@@ -405,13 +412,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_response: &Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>,
     ) -> InferResult<'tcx, CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>>
     where
-        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
-        debug!(
-            "query_response_substitution_guess(original_values={:#?}, query_response={:#?})",
-            original_values, query_response,
-        );
-
         // For each new universe created in the query result that did
         // not appear in the original query, create a local
         // superuniverse.
@@ -482,11 +484,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         // given variable in the loop above, use that. Otherwise, use
         // a fresh inference variable.
         let result_subst = CanonicalVarValues {
-            var_values: query_response
-                .variables
-                .iter()
-                .enumerate()
-                .map(|(index, info)| {
+            var_values: self.tcx.mk_substs_from_iter(
+                query_response.variables.iter().enumerate().map(|(index, info)| {
                     if info.is_existential() {
                         match opt_values[BoundVar::new(index)] {
                             Some(k) => k,
@@ -499,8 +498,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                             universe_map[u.as_usize()]
                         })
                     }
-                })
-                .collect(),
+                }),
+            ),
         };
 
         let mut obligations = vec![];
@@ -509,7 +508,9 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         for &(a, b) in &query_response.value.opaque_types {
             let a = substitute_value(self.tcx, &result_subst, a);
             let b = substitute_value(self.tcx, &result_subst, b);
-            obligations.extend(self.at(cause, param_env).eq(a, b)?.obligations);
+            debug!(?a, ?b, "constrain opaque type");
+            obligations
+                .extend(self.at(cause, param_env).define_opaque_types(true).eq(a, b)?.obligations);
         }
 
         Ok(InferOk { value: result_subst, obligations })
@@ -530,7 +531,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         query_response: &Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>,
     ) -> InferResult<'tcx, ()>
     where
-        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         // A closure that yields the result value for the given
         // canonical variable; this is taken from
@@ -562,11 +563,11 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
     pub fn query_outlives_constraint_to_obligation(
         &self,
-        predicate: QueryOutlivesConstraint<'tcx>,
+        (predicate, _): QueryOutlivesConstraint<'tcx>,
         cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     ) -> Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>> {
-        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = predicate.0.skip_binder();
+        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(k1, r2) = predicate;
 
         let atom = match k1.unpack() {
             GenericArgKind::Lifetime(r1) => {
@@ -581,7 +582,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 span_bug!(cause.span, "unexpected const outlives {:?}", predicate);
             }
         };
-        let predicate = predicate.0.rebind(atom);
+        let predicate = ty::Binder::dummy(atom);
 
         Obligation::new(self.tcx, cause, param_env, predicate)
     }
@@ -646,31 +647,25 @@ pub fn make_query_region_constraints<'tcx>(
     let outlives: Vec<_> = constraints
         .iter()
         .map(|(k, origin)| {
-            // no bound vars in the code above
-            let constraint = ty::Binder::dummy(match *k {
+            let constraint = match *k {
                 // Swap regions because we are going from sub (<=) to outlives
                 // (>=).
-                Constraint::VarSubVar(v1, v2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(
-                    tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(),
-                    tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)),
-                ),
+                Constraint::VarSubVar(v1, v2) => {
+                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(tcx.mk_re_var(v2).into(), tcx.mk_re_var(v1))
+                }
                 Constraint::VarSubReg(v1, r2) => {
-                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v1)))
+                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), tcx.mk_re_var(v1))
                 }
                 Constraint::RegSubVar(r1, v2) => {
-                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(v2)).into(), r1)
+                    ty::OutlivesPredicate(tcx.mk_re_var(v2).into(), r1)
                 }
                 Constraint::RegSubReg(r1, r2) => ty::OutlivesPredicate(r2.into(), r1),
-            });
+            };
             (constraint, origin.to_constraint_category())
         })
-        .chain(
-            outlives_obligations
-                // no bound vars in the code above
-                .map(|(ty, r, constraint_category)| {
-                    (ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty.into(), r)), constraint_category)
-                }),
-        )
+        .chain(outlives_obligations.map(|(ty, r, constraint_category)| {
+            (ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty.into(), r), constraint_category)
+        }))
         .collect();
 
     QueryRegionConstraints { outlives, member_constraints: member_constraints.clone() }
@@ -696,13 +691,17 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> for QueryTypeRelatingDelegate<'_, 'tcx> {
         self.infcx.create_next_universe()
     }
 
-    fn next_existential_region_var(&mut self, from_forall: bool) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
+    fn next_existential_region_var(
+        &mut self,
+        from_forall: bool,
+        _name: Option<Symbol>,
+    ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         let origin = NllRegionVariableOrigin::Existential { from_forall };
         self.infcx.next_nll_region_var(origin)
     }
 
     fn next_placeholder_region(&mut self, placeholder: ty::PlaceholderRegion) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
-        self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder))
+        self.infcx.tcx.mk_re_placeholder(placeholder)
     }
 
     fn generalize_existential(&mut self, universe: ty::UniverseIndex) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
@@ -729,10 +728,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> for QueryTypeRelatingDelegate<'_, 'tcx> {
         });
     }
 
-    fn normalization() -> NormalizationStrategy {
-        NormalizationStrategy::Eager
-    }
-
     fn forbid_inference_vars() -> bool {
         true
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
index 389afe22e..cac3b4072 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/substitute.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{FnMutDelegate, TypeFoldable};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArgKind;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt};
 
-pub(super) trait CanonicalExt<'tcx, V> {
+/// FIXME(-Ztrait-solver=next): This or public because it is shared with the
+/// new trait solver implementation. We should deduplicate canonicalization.
+pub trait CanonicalExt<'tcx, V> {
     /// Instantiate the wrapped value, replacing each canonical value
     /// with the value given in `var_values`.
     fn substitute(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, var_values: &CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>) -> V
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
 
     /// Allows one to apply a substitute to some subset of
     /// `self.value`. Invoke `projection_fn` with `self.value` to get
@@ -31,13 +33,13 @@ pub(super) trait CanonicalExt<'tcx, V> {
         projection_fn: impl FnOnce(&V) -> T,
     ) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
 }
 
 impl<'tcx, V> CanonicalExt<'tcx, V> for Canonical<'tcx, V> {
     fn substitute(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, var_values: &CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>) -> V
     where
-        V: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        V: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         self.substitute_projected(tcx, var_values, |value| value.clone())
     }
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ impl<'tcx, V> CanonicalExt<'tcx, V> for Canonical<'tcx, V> {
         projection_fn: impl FnOnce(&V) -> T,
     ) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         assert_eq!(self.variables.len(), var_values.len());
         let value = projection_fn(&self.value);
@@ -66,22 +68,21 @@ pub(super) fn substitute_value<'tcx, T>(
     value: T,
 ) -> T
 where
-    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+    T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
 {
     if var_values.var_values.is_empty() {
         value
     } else {
         let delegate = FnMutDelegate {
-            regions: &mut |br: ty::BoundRegion| match var_values.var_values[br.var].unpack() {
+            regions: &mut |br: ty::BoundRegion| match var_values[br.var].unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Lifetime(l) => l,
                 r => bug!("{:?} is a region but value is {:?}", br, r),
             },
-            types: &mut |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| match var_values.var_values[bound_ty.var].unpack() {
+            types: &mut |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| match var_values[bound_ty.var].unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => ty,
                 r => bug!("{:?} is a type but value is {:?}", bound_ty, r),
             },
-            consts: &mut |bound_ct: ty::BoundVar, _| match var_values.var_values[bound_ct].unpack()
-            {
+            consts: &mut |bound_ct: ty::BoundVar, _| match var_values[bound_ct].unpack() {
                 GenericArgKind::Const(ct) => ct,
                 c => bug!("{:?} is a const but value is {:?}", bound_ct, c),
             },
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
index 72676b718..33292e871 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs
@@ -31,13 +31,18 @@ use super::{InferCtxt, MiscVariable, TypeTrace};
 use crate::traits::{Obligation, PredicateObligations};
 use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashMap;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::OriginalQueryValues;
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVarValue, ConstVariableValue};
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVariableOrigin, ConstVariableOriginKind};
+use rustc_middle::traits::query::NoSolution;
 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCause;
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::{ExpectedFound, TypeError};
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{self, Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, InferConst, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{
+    self, AliasKind, FallibleTypeFolder, InferConst, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable,
+    TypeSuperFoldable, TypeVisitableExt,
+};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{IntType, UintType};
 use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
 
@@ -71,7 +76,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         b: Ty<'tcx>,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>
     where
-        R: TypeRelation<'tcx>,
+        R: ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx>,
     {
         let a_is_expected = relation.a_is_expected();
 
@@ -119,6 +124,15 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 Err(TypeError::Sorts(ty::relate::expected_found(relation, a, b)))
             }
 
+            (ty::Alias(AliasKind::Projection, _), _) if self.tcx.trait_solver_next() => {
+                relation.register_type_equate_obligation(a, b);
+                Ok(b)
+            }
+            (_, ty::Alias(AliasKind::Projection, _)) if self.tcx.trait_solver_next() => {
+                relation.register_type_equate_obligation(b, a);
+                Ok(a)
+            }
+
             _ => ty::relate::super_relate_tys(relation, a, b),
         }
     }
@@ -130,7 +144,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         b: ty::Const<'tcx>,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Const<'tcx>>
     where
-        R: ConstEquateRelation<'tcx>,
+        R: ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx>,
     {
         debug!("{}.consts({:?}, {:?})", relation.tag(), a, b);
         if a == b {
@@ -140,7 +154,33 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         let a = self.shallow_resolve(a);
         let b = self.shallow_resolve(b);
 
-        let a_is_expected = relation.a_is_expected();
+        // We should never have to relate the `ty` field on `Const` as it is checked elsewhere that consts have the
+        // correct type for the generic param they are an argument for. However there have been a number of cases
+        // historically where asserting that the types are equal has found bugs in the compiler so this is valuable
+        // to check even if it is a bit nasty impl wise :(
+        //
+        // This probe is probably not strictly necessary but it seems better to be safe and not accidentally find
+        // ourselves with a check to find bugs being required for code to compile because it made inference progress.
+        self.probe(|_| {
+            if a.ty() == b.ty() {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // We don't have access to trait solving machinery in `rustc_infer` so the logic for determining if the
+            // two const param's types are able to be equal has to go through a canonical query with the actual logic
+            // in `rustc_trait_selection`.
+            let canonical = self.canonicalize_query(
+                (relation.param_env(), a.ty(), b.ty()),
+                &mut OriginalQueryValues::default(),
+            );
+
+            if let Err(NoSolution) = self.tcx.check_tys_might_be_eq(canonical) {
+                self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    DUMMY_SP,
+                    &format!("cannot relate consts of different types (a={:?}, b={:?})", a, b,),
+                );
+            }
+        });
 
         match (a.kind(), b.kind()) {
             (
@@ -158,17 +198,17 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
             }
 
             (ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid)), _) => {
-                return self.unify_const_variable(relation.param_env(), vid, b, a_is_expected);
+                return self.unify_const_variable(vid, b);
             }
 
             (_, ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid))) => {
-                return self.unify_const_variable(relation.param_env(), vid, a, !a_is_expected);
+                return self.unify_const_variable(vid, a);
             }
             (ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(..), _) if self.tcx.lazy_normalization() => {
                 // FIXME(#59490): Need to remove the leak check to accommodate
                 // escaping bound variables here.
                 if !a.has_escaping_bound_vars() && !b.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
-                    relation.const_equate_obligation(a, b);
+                    relation.register_const_equate_obligation(a, b);
                 }
                 return Ok(b);
             }
@@ -176,7 +216,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 // FIXME(#59490): Need to remove the leak check to accommodate
                 // escaping bound variables here.
                 if !a.has_escaping_bound_vars() && !b.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
-                    relation.const_equate_obligation(a, b);
+                    relation.register_const_equate_obligation(a, b);
                 }
                 return Ok(a);
             }
@@ -223,10 +263,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn unify_const_variable(
         &self,
-        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
         target_vid: ty::ConstVid<'tcx>,
         ct: ty::Const<'tcx>,
-        vid_is_expected: bool,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Const<'tcx>> {
         let (for_universe, span) = {
             let mut inner = self.inner.borrow_mut();
@@ -239,8 +277,12 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 ConstVariableValue::Unknown { universe } => (universe, var_value.origin.span),
             }
         };
-        let value = ConstInferUnifier { infcx: self, span, param_env, for_universe, target_vid }
-            .relate(ct, ct)?;
+        let value = ct.try_fold_with(&mut ConstInferUnifier {
+            infcx: self,
+            span,
+            for_universe,
+            target_vid,
+        })?;
 
         self.inner.borrow_mut().const_unification_table().union_value(
             target_vid,
@@ -432,32 +474,18 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'infcx, 'tcx> {
         Ok(Generalization { ty, needs_wf })
     }
 
-    pub fn add_const_equate_obligation(
-        &mut self,
-        a_is_expected: bool,
-        a: ty::Const<'tcx>,
-        b: ty::Const<'tcx>,
-    ) {
-        let predicate = if a_is_expected {
-            ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(a, b)
-        } else {
-            ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(b, a)
-        };
-        self.obligations.push(Obligation::new(
-            self.tcx(),
-            self.trace.cause.clone(),
-            self.param_env,
-            ty::Binder::dummy(predicate),
-        ));
+    pub fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.obligations.extend(obligations.into_iter());
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.obligations.extend(obligations.into_iter().map(|to_pred| {
+            Obligation::new(self.infcx.tcx, self.trace.cause.clone(), self.param_env, to_pred)
+        }))
     }
 
     pub fn mark_ambiguous(&mut self) {
-        self.obligations.push(Obligation::new(
-            self.tcx(),
-            self.trace.cause.clone(),
-            self.param_env,
-            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Ambiguous),
-        ));
+        self.register_predicates([ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Ambiguous)]);
     }
 }
 
@@ -702,6 +730,10 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
                 return Ok(r);
             }
 
+            ty::ReError(_) => {
+                return Ok(r);
+            }
+
             ty::RePlaceholder(..)
             | ty::ReVar(..)
             | ty::ReStatic
@@ -772,11 +804,39 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait ConstEquateRelation<'tcx>: TypeRelation<'tcx> {
+pub trait ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx>: TypeRelation<'tcx> {
+    /// Register obligations that must hold in order for this relation to hold
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>);
+
+    /// Register predicates that must hold in order for this relation to hold. Uses
+    /// a default obligation cause, [`ObligationEmittingRelation::register_obligations`] should
+    /// be used if control over the obligaton causes is required.
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ToPredicate<'tcx>>);
+
     /// Register an obligation that both constants must be equal to each other.
     ///
     /// If they aren't equal then the relation doesn't hold.
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>);
+    fn register_const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
+        let (a, b) = if self.a_is_expected() { (a, b) } else { (b, a) };
+
+        self.register_predicates([ty::Binder::dummy(if self.tcx().trait_solver_next() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::AliasEq(a.into(), b.into())
+        } else {
+            ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(a, b)
+        })]);
+    }
+
+    /// Register an obligation that both types must be equal to each other.
+    ///
+    /// If they aren't equal then the relation doesn't hold.
+    fn register_type_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>) {
+        let (a, b) = if self.a_is_expected() { (a, b) } else { (b, a) };
+
+        self.register_predicates([ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::AliasEq(
+            a.into(),
+            b.into(),
+        ))]);
+    }
 }
 
 fn int_unification_error<'tcx>(
@@ -800,8 +860,6 @@ struct ConstInferUnifier<'cx, 'tcx> {
 
     span: Span,
 
-    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
-
     for_universe: ty::UniverseIndex,
 
     /// The vid of the const variable that is in the process of being
@@ -810,61 +868,15 @@ struct ConstInferUnifier<'cx, 'tcx> {
     target_vid: ty::ConstVid<'tcx>,
 }
 
-// We use `TypeRelation` here to propagate `RelateResult` upwards.
-//
-// Both inputs are expected to be the same.
-impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
-        self.infcx.tcx
-    }
-
-    fn intercrate(&self) -> bool {
-        assert!(!self.infcx.intercrate);
-        false
-    }
-
-    fn param_env(&self) -> ty::ParamEnv<'tcx> {
-        self.param_env
-    }
-
-    fn tag(&self) -> &'static str {
-        "ConstInferUnifier"
-    }
-
-    fn a_is_expected(&self) -> bool {
-        true
-    }
-
-    fn mark_ambiguous(&mut self) {
-        bug!()
-    }
+impl<'tcx> FallibleTypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
+    type Error = TypeError<'tcx>;
 
-    fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
-        &mut self,
-        _variance: ty::Variance,
-        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
-        a: T,
-        b: T,
-    ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
-        // We don't care about variance here.
-        self.relate(a, b)
-    }
-
-    fn binders<T>(
-        &mut self,
-        a: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
-        b: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
-    ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Binder<'tcx, T>>
-    where
-        T: Relate<'tcx>,
-    {
-        Ok(a.rebind(self.relate(a.skip_binder(), b.skip_binder())?))
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
-    fn tys(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>, _t: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> {
-        debug_assert_eq!(t, _t);
-
+    fn try_fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, TypeError<'tcx>> {
         match t.kind() {
             &ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(vid)) => {
                 let vid = self.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().root_var(vid);
@@ -872,7 +884,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                 match probe {
                     TypeVariableValue::Known { value: u } => {
                         debug!("ConstOccursChecker: known value {:?}", u);
-                        self.tys(u, u)
+                        u.try_fold_with(self)
                     }
                     TypeVariableValue::Unknown { universe } => {
                         if self.for_universe.can_name(universe) {
@@ -887,27 +899,26 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                             .borrow_mut()
                             .type_variables()
                             .new_var(self.for_universe, origin);
-                        Ok(self.tcx().mk_ty_var(new_var_id))
+                        Ok(self.interner().mk_ty_var(new_var_id))
                     }
                 }
             }
             ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_) | ty::FloatVar(_)) => Ok(t),
-            _ => relate::super_relate_tys(self, t, t),
+            _ => t.try_super_fold_with(self),
         }
     }
 
-    fn regions(
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
+    fn try_fold_region(
         &mut self,
         r: ty::Region<'tcx>,
-        _r: ty::Region<'tcx>,
-    ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Region<'tcx>> {
-        debug_assert_eq!(r, _r);
+    ) -> Result<ty::Region<'tcx>, TypeError<'tcx>> {
         debug!("ConstInferUnifier: r={:?}", r);
 
         match *r {
             // Never make variables for regions bound within the type itself,
             // nor for erased regions.
-            ty::ReLateBound(..) | ty::ReErased => {
+            ty::ReLateBound(..) | ty::ReErased | ty::ReError(_) => {
                 return Ok(r);
             }
 
@@ -930,14 +941,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
-    fn consts(
-        &mut self,
-        c: ty::Const<'tcx>,
-        _c: ty::Const<'tcx>,
-    ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::Const<'tcx>> {
-        debug_assert_eq!(c, _c);
-
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
+    fn try_fold_const(&mut self, c: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> Result<ty::Const<'tcx>, TypeError<'tcx>> {
         match c.kind() {
             ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid)) => {
                 // Check if the current unification would end up
@@ -958,7 +963,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                 let var_value =
                     self.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().const_unification_table().probe_value(vid);
                 match var_value.val {
-                    ConstVariableValue::Known { value: u } => self.consts(u, u),
+                    ConstVariableValue::Known { value: u } => u.try_fold_with(self),
                     ConstVariableValue::Unknown { universe } => {
                         if self.for_universe.can_name(universe) {
                             Ok(c)
@@ -972,22 +977,12 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                                         },
                                     },
                                 );
-                            Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(new_var_id, c.ty()))
+                            Ok(self.interner().mk_const(new_var_id, c.ty()))
                         }
                     }
                 }
             }
-            ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }) => {
-                let substs = self.relate_with_variance(
-                    ty::Variance::Invariant,
-                    ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
-                    substs,
-                    substs,
-                )?;
-
-                Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(ty::UnevaluatedConst { def, substs }, c.ty()))
-            }
-            _ => relate::super_relate_consts(self, c, c),
+            _ => c.try_super_fold_with(self),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
index 46e7813d9..54a62326e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use super::combine::{CombineFields, ConstEquateRelation, RelationDir};
+use crate::traits::PredicateObligations;
+
+use super::combine::{CombineFields, ObligationEmittingRelation, RelationDir};
 use super::Subtype;
 
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{self, Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyVar;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 
 use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 
@@ -129,7 +131,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
                 let a_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(a_types);
                 let b_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(b_types);
                 if a_types.bound_vars() == b_types.bound_vars() {
-                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(
+                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.instantiate_binder_with_placeholders(
                         a_types.map_bound(|a_types| (a_types, b_types.skip_binder())),
                     );
                     for (a, b) in std::iter::zip(a_types, b_types) {
@@ -198,8 +200,12 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> ConstEquateRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
-        self.fields.add_const_equate_obligation(self.a_is_expected, a, b);
+impl<'tcx> ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ty::ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.fields.register_predicates(obligations);
+    }
+
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.fields.register_obligations(obligations);
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
index 28fd03b87..8a2b800af 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/mod.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ use super::lexical_region_resolve::RegionResolutionError;
 use super::region_constraints::GenericKind;
 use super::{InferCtxt, RegionVariableOrigin, SubregionOrigin, TypeTrace, ValuePairs};
 
+use crate::errors;
 use crate::infer;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::nice_region_error::find_anon_type::find_anon_type;
 use crate::infer::ExpectedFound;
@@ -60,17 +61,19 @@ use crate::traits::{
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxIndexMap, FxIndexSet};
 use rustc_errors::{pluralize, struct_span_err, Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagnosticArg};
-use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, DiagnosticStyledString, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_errors::{Applicability, DiagnosticBuilder, DiagnosticStyledString};
 use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
+use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
 use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
 use rustc_hir::Node;
 use rustc_middle::dep_graph::DepContext;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_forced_trimmed_paths;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{self, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{
     self, error::TypeError, List, Region, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperVisitable,
-    TypeVisitable,
+    TypeVisitable, TypeVisitableExt,
 };
 use rustc_span::{sym, symbol::kw, BytePos, DesugaringKind, Pos, Span};
 use rustc_target::spec::abi;
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::{cmp, fmt, iter};
 
 mod note;
+mod note_and_explain;
 mod suggest;
 
 pub(crate) mod need_type_info;
@@ -126,19 +130,16 @@ pub(super) fn note_and_explain_region<'tcx>(
     alt_span: Option<Span>,
 ) {
     let (description, span) = match *region {
-        ty::ReEarlyBound(_) | ty::ReFree(_) | ty::ReStatic => {
-            msg_span_from_free_region(tcx, region, alt_span)
+        ty::ReEarlyBound(_) | ty::ReFree(_) | ty::RePlaceholder(_) | ty::ReStatic => {
+            msg_span_from_named_region(tcx, region, alt_span)
         }
 
-        ty::RePlaceholder(_) => return,
+        ty::ReError(_) => return,
 
-        // FIXME(#13998) RePlaceholder should probably print like
-        // ReFree rather than dumping Debug output on the user.
-        //
         // We shouldn't really be having unification failures with ReVar
         // and ReLateBound though.
         ty::ReVar(_) | ty::ReLateBound(..) | ty::ReErased => {
-            (format!("lifetime {:?}", region), alt_span)
+            (format!("lifetime `{region}`"), alt_span)
         }
     };
 
@@ -152,12 +153,12 @@ fn explain_free_region<'tcx>(
     region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
     suffix: &str,
 ) {
-    let (description, span) = msg_span_from_free_region(tcx, region, None);
+    let (description, span) = msg_span_from_named_region(tcx, region, None);
 
     label_msg_span(err, prefix, description, span, suffix);
 }
 
-fn msg_span_from_free_region<'tcx>(
+fn msg_span_from_named_region<'tcx>(
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
     region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
     alt_span: Option<Span>,
@@ -168,6 +169,18 @@ fn msg_span_from_free_region<'tcx>(
             (msg, Some(span))
         }
         ty::ReStatic => ("the static lifetime".to_owned(), alt_span),
+        ty::RePlaceholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
+            name: ty::BoundRegionKind::BrNamed(def_id, name),
+            ..
+        }) => (format!("the lifetime `{name}` as defined here"), Some(tcx.def_span(def_id))),
+        ty::RePlaceholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
+            name: ty::BoundRegionKind::BrAnon(_, Some(span)),
+            ..
+        }) => (format!("the anonymous lifetime defined here"), Some(span)),
+        ty::RePlaceholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
+            name: ty::BoundRegionKind::BrAnon(_, None),
+            ..
+        }) => (format!("an anonymous lifetime"), None),
         _ => bug!("{:?}", region),
     }
 }
@@ -269,15 +282,13 @@ pub fn unexpected_hidden_region_diagnostic<'tcx>(
     span: Span,
     hidden_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
     hidden_region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
-    opaque_ty: ty::OpaqueTypeKey<'tcx>,
+    opaque_ty_key: ty::OpaqueTypeKey<'tcx>,
 ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed> {
-    let opaque_ty = tcx.mk_opaque(opaque_ty.def_id.to_def_id(), opaque_ty.substs);
-    let mut err = struct_span_err!(
-        tcx.sess,
+    let mut err = tcx.sess.create_err(errors::OpaqueCapturesLifetime {
         span,
-        E0700,
-        "hidden type for `{opaque_ty}` captures lifetime that does not appear in bounds",
-    );
+        opaque_ty: tcx.mk_opaque(opaque_ty_key.def_id.to_def_id(), opaque_ty_key.substs),
+        opaque_ty_span: tcx.def_span(opaque_ty_key.def_id),
+    });
 
     // Explain the region we are capturing.
     match *hidden_region {
@@ -311,6 +322,9 @@ pub fn unexpected_hidden_region_diagnostic<'tcx>(
                 )
             }
         }
+        ty::ReError(_) => {
+            err.delay_as_bug();
+        }
         _ => {
             // Ugh. This is a painful case: the hidden region is not one
             // that we can easily summarize or explain. This can happen
@@ -743,15 +757,16 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                     };
                     let msg = "`match` arms have incompatible types";
                     err.span_label(outer, msg);
-                    self.suggest_remove_semi_or_return_binding(
-                        err,
+                    if let Some(subdiag) = self.suggest_remove_semi_or_return_binding(
                         prior_arm_block_id,
                         prior_arm_ty,
                         prior_arm_span,
                         arm_block_id,
                         arm_ty,
                         arm_span,
-                    );
+                    ) {
+                        err.subdiagnostic(subdiag);
+                    }
                     if let Some(ret_sp) = opt_suggest_box_span {
                         // Get return type span and point to it.
                         self.suggest_boxing_for_return_impl_trait(
@@ -776,15 +791,16 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 if let Some(sp) = outer_span {
                     err.span_label(sp, "`if` and `else` have incompatible types");
                 }
-                self.suggest_remove_semi_or_return_binding(
-                    err,
+                if let Some(subdiag) = self.suggest_remove_semi_or_return_binding(
                     Some(then_id),
                     then_ty,
                     then_span,
                     Some(else_id),
                     else_ty,
                     else_span,
-                );
+                ) {
+                    err.subdiagnostic(subdiag);
+                }
                 if let Some(ret_sp) = opt_suggest_box_span {
                     self.suggest_boxing_for_return_impl_trait(
                         err,
@@ -908,7 +924,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
     ) -> Option<()> {
         // FIXME/HACK: Go back to `SubstsRef` to use its inherent methods,
         // ideally that shouldn't be necessary.
-        let sub = self.tcx.intern_substs(sub);
+        let sub = self.tcx.mk_substs(sub);
         for (i, ta) in sub.types().enumerate() {
             if ta == other_ty {
                 self.highlight_outer(&mut t1_out, &mut t2_out, path, sub, i, other_ty);
@@ -1344,8 +1360,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             (ty::FnDef(did1, substs1), ty::FnDef(did2, substs2)) => {
-                let sig1 = self.tcx.bound_fn_sig(*did1).subst(self.tcx, substs1);
-                let sig2 = self.tcx.bound_fn_sig(*did2).subst(self.tcx, substs2);
+                let sig1 = self.tcx.fn_sig(*did1).subst(self.tcx, substs1);
+                let sig2 = self.tcx.fn_sig(*did2).subst(self.tcx, substs2);
                 let mut values = self.cmp_fn_sig(&sig1, &sig2);
                 let path1 = format!(" {{{}}}", self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(*did1, substs1));
                 let path2 = format!(" {{{}}}", self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(*did2, substs2));
@@ -1356,7 +1372,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             (ty::FnDef(did1, substs1), ty::FnPtr(sig2)) => {
-                let sig1 = self.tcx.bound_fn_sig(*did1).subst(self.tcx, substs1);
+                let sig1 = self.tcx.fn_sig(*did1).subst(self.tcx, substs1);
                 let mut values = self.cmp_fn_sig(&sig1, sig2);
                 values.0.push_highlighted(format!(
                     " {{{}}}",
@@ -1366,7 +1382,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             }
 
             (ty::FnPtr(sig1), ty::FnDef(did2, substs2)) => {
-                let sig2 = self.tcx.bound_fn_sig(*did2).subst(self.tcx, substs2);
+                let sig2 = self.tcx.fn_sig(*did2).subst(self.tcx, substs2);
                 let mut values = self.cmp_fn_sig(sig1, &sig2);
                 values.1.push_normal(format!(
                     " {{{}}}",
@@ -1433,8 +1449,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         impl<'tcx> OpaqueTypesVisitor<'tcx> {
             fn visit_expected_found(
                 tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-                expected: impl TypeVisitable<'tcx>,
-                found: impl TypeVisitable<'tcx>,
+                expected: impl TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
+                found: impl TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
                 ignore_span: Span,
             ) -> Self {
                 let mut types_visitor = OpaqueTypesVisitor {
@@ -1468,57 +1484,23 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 for (key, values) in types.iter() {
                     let count = values.len();
                     let kind = key.descr();
-                    let mut returned_async_output_error = false;
                     for &sp in values {
-                        if sp.is_desugaring(DesugaringKind::Async) && !returned_async_output_error {
-                            if [sp] != err.span.primary_spans() {
-                                let mut span: MultiSpan = sp.into();
-                                span.push_span_label(
-                                    sp,
-                                    format!(
-                                        "checked the `Output` of this `async fn`, {}{} {}{}",
-                                        if count > 1 { "one of the " } else { "" },
-                                        target,
-                                        kind,
-                                        pluralize!(count),
-                                    ),
-                                );
-                                err.span_note(
-                                    span,
-                                    "while checking the return type of the `async fn`",
-                                );
-                            } else {
-                                err.span_label(
-                                    sp,
-                                    format!(
-                                        "checked the `Output` of this `async fn`, {}{} {}{}",
-                                        if count > 1 { "one of the " } else { "" },
-                                        target,
-                                        kind,
-                                        pluralize!(count),
-                                    ),
-                                );
-                                err.note("while checking the return type of the `async fn`");
-                            }
-                            returned_async_output_error = true;
-                        } else {
-                            err.span_label(
-                                sp,
-                                format!(
-                                    "{}{} {}{}",
-                                    if count == 1 { "the " } else { "one of the " },
-                                    target,
-                                    kind,
-                                    pluralize!(count),
-                                ),
-                            );
-                        }
+                        err.span_label(
+                            sp,
+                            format!(
+                                "{}{} {}{}",
+                                if count == 1 { "the " } else { "one of the " },
+                                target,
+                                kind,
+                                pluralize!(count),
+                            ),
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'tcx> ty::visit::TypeVisitor<'tcx> for OpaqueTypesVisitor<'tcx> {
+        impl<'tcx> ty::visit::TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for OpaqueTypesVisitor<'tcx> {
             fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
                 if let Some((kind, def_id)) = TyCategory::from_ty(self.tcx, t) {
                     let span = self.tcx.def_span(def_id);
@@ -1535,7 +1517,11 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                     //    |
                     //    = note: expected unit type `()`
                     //                 found closure `[closure@$DIR/issue-20862.rs:2:5: 2:14 x:_]`
-                    if !self.ignore_span.overlaps(span) {
+                    //
+                    // Also ignore opaque `Future`s that come from async fns.
+                    if !self.ignore_span.overlaps(span)
+                        && !span.is_desugaring(DesugaringKind::Async)
+                    {
                         self.types.entry(kind).or_default().insert(span);
                     }
                 }
@@ -1611,16 +1597,31 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 {
                     format!("expected this to be `{}`", expected)
                 } else {
-                    terr.to_string()
+                    terr.to_string(self.tcx).to_string()
                 };
                 label_or_note(sp, &terr);
                 label_or_note(span, &msg);
             } else {
-                label_or_note(span, &terr.to_string());
+                label_or_note(span, &terr.to_string(self.tcx));
                 label_or_note(sp, &msg);
             }
         } else {
-            label_or_note(span, &terr.to_string());
+            if let Some(values) = values
+                && let Some((e, f)) = values.ty()
+                && let TypeError::ArgumentSorts(..) | TypeError::Sorts(_) = terr
+            {
+                let e = self.tcx.erase_regions(e);
+                let f = self.tcx.erase_regions(f);
+                let expected = with_forced_trimmed_paths!(e.sort_string(self.tcx));
+                let found = with_forced_trimmed_paths!(f.sort_string(self.tcx));
+                if expected == found {
+                    label_or_note(span, &terr.to_string(self.tcx));
+                } else {
+                    label_or_note(span, &format!("expected {expected}, found {found}"));
+                }
+            } else {
+                label_or_note(span, &terr.to_string(self.tcx));
+            }
         }
 
         if let Some((expected, found, exp_p, found_p)) = expected_found {
@@ -1688,7 +1689,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                                 format!("{name} is defined in the current crate")
                             } else {
                                 let crate_name = self.tcx.crate_name(defid.krate);
-                                format!("{name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}")
+                                format!("{name} is defined in crate `{crate_name}`")
                             };
                             diagnostic.span_note(def_span, msg);
                         };
@@ -1791,14 +1792,24 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                             }
                         }))
                     {
-                        diag.note_expected_found_extra(
-                            &expected_label,
-                            expected,
-                            &found_label,
-                            found,
-                            &sort_string(values.expected, exp_p),
-                            &sort_string(values.found, found_p),
-                        );
+                        if let Some(ExpectedFound { found: found_ty, .. }) = exp_found {
+                            // `Future` is a special opaque type that the compiler
+                            // will try to hide in some case such as `async fn`, so
+                            // to make an error more use friendly we will
+                            // avoid to suggest a mismatch type with a
+                            // type that the user usually are not usign
+                            // directly such as `impl Future<Output = u8>`.
+                            if !self.tcx.ty_is_opaque_future(found_ty) {
+                                diag.note_expected_found_extra(
+                                    &expected_label,
+                                    expected,
+                                    &found_label,
+                                    found,
+                                    &sort_string(values.expected, exp_p),
+                                    &sort_string(values.found, found_p),
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 _ => {
@@ -1841,19 +1852,25 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 self.suggest_as_ref_where_appropriate(span, &exp_found, diag);
                 self.suggest_accessing_field_where_appropriate(cause, &exp_found, diag);
                 self.suggest_await_on_expect_found(cause, span, &exp_found, diag);
+                self.suggest_function_pointers(cause, span, &exp_found, diag);
             }
         }
 
-        // In some (most?) cases cause.body_id points to actual body, but in some cases
-        // it's an actual definition. According to the comments (e.g. in
-        // rustc_hir_analysis/check/compare_impl_item.rs:compare_predicate_entailment) the latter
-        // is relied upon by some other code. This might (or might not) need cleanup.
-        let body_owner_def_id =
-            self.tcx.hir().opt_local_def_id(cause.body_id).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                self.tcx.hir().body_owner_def_id(hir::BodyId { hir_id: cause.body_id })
-            });
         self.check_and_note_conflicting_crates(diag, terr);
-        self.tcx.note_and_explain_type_err(diag, terr, cause, span, body_owner_def_id.to_def_id());
+
+        self.note_and_explain_type_err(diag, terr, cause, span, cause.body_id.to_def_id());
+        if let Some(exp_found) = exp_found
+            && let exp_found = TypeError::Sorts(exp_found)
+            && exp_found != terr
+        {
+            self.note_and_explain_type_err(
+                diag,
+                exp_found,
+                cause,
+                span,
+                cause.body_id.to_def_id(),
+            );
+        }
 
         if let Some(ValuePairs::PolyTraitRefs(exp_found)) = values
             && let ty::Closure(def_id, _) = exp_found.expected.skip_binder().self_ty().kind()
@@ -1929,7 +1946,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                         (ty::Uint(ty::UintTy::U8), ty::Char) => {
                             if let Ok(code) = self.tcx.sess().source_map().span_to_snippet(span)
                                 && let Some(code) = code.strip_prefix('\'').and_then(|s| s.strip_suffix('\''))
-                                && code.chars().next().map_or(false, |c| c.is_ascii())
+                                && !code.starts_with("\\u") // forbid all Unicode escapes
+                                && code.chars().next().map_or(false, |c| c.is_ascii()) // forbids literal Unicode characters beyond ASCII
                             {
                                 err.span_suggestion(
                                     span,
@@ -1976,6 +1994,70 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                         (ty::Bool, ty::Tuple(list)) => if list.len() == 0 {
                             self.suggest_let_for_letchains(&mut err, &trace.cause, span);
                         }
+                        (ty::Array(_, _), ty::Array(_, _)) => 'block: {
+                            let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+                            let TypeError::FixedArraySize(sz) = terr else {
+                                break 'block;
+                            };
+                            let tykind = match hir.find_by_def_id(trace.cause.body_id) {
+                                Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, _, body_id),
+                                    ..
+                                })) => {
+                                    let body = hir.body(*body_id);
+                                    struct LetVisitor<'v> {
+                                        span: Span,
+                                        result: Option<&'v hir::Ty<'v>>,
+                                    }
+                                    impl<'v> Visitor<'v> for LetVisitor<'v> {
+                                        fn visit_stmt(&mut self, s: &'v hir::Stmt<'v>) {
+                                            if self.result.is_some() {
+                                                return;
+                                            }
+                                            // Find a local statement where the initializer has
+                                            // the same span as the error and the type is specified.
+                                            if let hir::Stmt {
+                                                kind: hir::StmtKind::Local(hir::Local {
+                                                    init: Some(hir::Expr {
+                                                        span: init_span,
+                                                        ..
+                                                    }),
+                                                    ty: Some(array_ty),
+                                                    ..
+                                                }),
+                                                ..
+                                            } = s
+                                            && init_span == &self.span {
+                                                self.result = Some(*array_ty);
+                                            }
+                                        }
+                                    }
+                                    let mut visitor = LetVisitor {span, result: None};
+                                    visitor.visit_body(body);
+                                    visitor.result.map(|r| &r.peel_refs().kind)
+                                }
+                                Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Const(ty, _),
+                                    ..
+                                })) => {
+                                    Some(&ty.peel_refs().kind)
+                                }
+                                _ => None
+                            };
+
+                            if let Some(tykind) = tykind
+                                && let hir::TyKind::Array(_, length) = tykind
+                                && let hir::ArrayLen::Body(hir::AnonConst { hir_id, .. }) = length
+                                && let Some(span) = self.tcx.hir().opt_span(*hir_id)
+                            {
+                                err.span_suggestion(
+                                    span,
+                                    "consider specifying the actual array length",
+                                    sz.found,
+                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
@@ -2123,7 +2205,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
     }
 
     /// Returns a string of the form "expected `{}`, found `{}`".
-    fn expected_found_str<T: fmt::Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+    fn expected_found_str<T: fmt::Display + TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(
         &self,
         exp_found: ty::error::ExpectedFound<T>,
     ) -> Option<(DiagnosticStyledString, DiagnosticStyledString, Option<PathBuf>, Option<PathBuf>)>
@@ -2552,7 +2634,11 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             );
 
             err.note_expected_found(&"", sup_expected, &"", sup_found);
-            err.emit();
+            if sub_region.is_error() | sup_region.is_error() {
+                err.delay_as_bug();
+            } else {
+                err.emit();
+            }
             return;
         }
 
@@ -2568,7 +2654,11 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         );
 
         self.note_region_origin(&mut err, &sub_origin);
-        err.emit();
+        if sub_region.is_error() | sup_region.is_error() {
+            err.delay_as_bug();
+        } else {
+            err.emit();
+        }
     }
 
     /// Determine whether an error associated with the given span and definition
@@ -2585,7 +2675,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
     /// with the other type. A TyVar inference type is compatible with any type, and an IntVar or
     /// FloatVar inference type are compatible with themselves or their concrete types (Int and
     /// Float types, respectively). When comparing two ADTs, these rules apply recursively.
-    pub fn same_type_modulo_infer(&self, a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
+    pub fn same_type_modulo_infer<T: relate::Relate<'tcx>>(&self, a: T, b: T) -> bool {
         let (a, b) = self.resolve_vars_if_possible((a, b));
         SameTypeModuloInfer(self).relate(a, b).is_ok()
     }
@@ -2847,6 +2937,7 @@ impl IntoDiagnosticArg for ObligationCauseAsDiagArg<'_> {
 pub enum TyCategory {
     Closure,
     Opaque,
+    OpaqueFuture,
     Generator(hir::GeneratorKind),
     Foreign,
 }
@@ -2856,6 +2947,7 @@ impl TyCategory {
         match self {
             Self::Closure => "closure",
             Self::Opaque => "opaque type",
+            Self::OpaqueFuture => "future",
             Self::Generator(gk) => gk.descr(),
             Self::Foreign => "foreign type",
         }
@@ -2864,7 +2956,11 @@ impl TyCategory {
     pub fn from_ty(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, ty: Ty<'_>) -> Option<(Self, DefId)> {
         match *ty.kind() {
             ty::Closure(def_id, _) => Some((Self::Closure, def_id)),
-            ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ty::AliasTy { def_id, .. }) => Some((Self::Opaque, def_id)),
+            ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ty::AliasTy { def_id, .. }) => {
+                let kind =
+                    if tcx.ty_is_opaque_future(ty) { Self::OpaqueFuture } else { Self::Opaque };
+                Some((kind, def_id))
+            }
             ty::Generator(def_id, ..) => {
                 Some((Self::Generator(tcx.generator_kind(def_id).unwrap()), def_id))
             }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
index b8c843a8a..e242900fd 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/need_type_info.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl InferenceDiagnosticsParentData {
             tcx.def_key(parent_def_id).disambiguated_data.data.get_opt_name()?.to_string();
 
         Some(InferenceDiagnosticsParentData {
-            prefix: tcx.def_kind(parent_def_id).descr(parent_def_id),
+            prefix: tcx.def_descr(parent_def_id),
             name: parent_name,
         })
     }
@@ -158,8 +158,12 @@ fn fmt_printer<'a, 'tcx>(infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'tcx>, ns: Namespace) -> FmtPrinte
         if infcx.probe_ty_var(ty_vid).is_ok() {
             warn!("resolved ty var in error message");
         }
-        if let TypeVariableOriginKind::TypeParameterDefinition(name, _) =
-            infcx.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().var_origin(ty_vid).kind
+
+        let mut infcx_inner = infcx.inner.borrow_mut();
+        let ty_vars = infcx_inner.type_variables();
+        let var_origin = ty_vars.var_origin(ty_vid);
+        if let TypeVariableOriginKind::TypeParameterDefinition(name, _) = var_origin.kind
+            && !var_origin.span.from_expansion()
         {
             Some(name)
         } else {
@@ -254,7 +258,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                     if let TypeVariableOriginKind::TypeParameterDefinition(name, def_id) =
                         var_origin.kind
                     {
-                        if name != kw::SelfUpper {
+                        if name != kw::SelfUpper && !var_origin.span.from_expansion() {
                             return InferenceDiagnosticsData {
                                 name: name.to_string(),
                                 span: Some(var_origin.span),
@@ -780,7 +784,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
         // The sources are listed in order of preference here.
         let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
         let ctx = CostCtxt { tcx };
-        let base_cost = match source.kind {
+        match source.kind {
             InferSourceKind::LetBinding { ty, .. } => ctx.ty_cost(ty),
             InferSourceKind::ClosureArg { ty, .. } => ctx.ty_cost(ty),
             InferSourceKind::GenericArg { def_id, generic_args, .. } => {
@@ -797,17 +801,17 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             InferSourceKind::ClosureReturn { ty, should_wrap_expr, .. } => {
                 30 + ctx.ty_cost(ty) + if should_wrap_expr.is_some() { 10 } else { 0 }
             }
-        };
-
-        let suggestion_may_apply = if source.from_expansion() { 10000 } else { 0 };
-
-        base_cost + suggestion_may_apply
+        }
     }
 
     /// Uses `fn source_cost` to determine whether this inference source is preferable to
     /// previous sources. We generally prefer earlier sources.
     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn update_infer_source(&mut self, mut new_source: InferSource<'tcx>) {
+        if new_source.from_expansion() {
+            return;
+        }
+
         let cost = self.source_cost(&new_source) + self.attempt;
         debug!(?cost);
         self.attempt += 1;
@@ -819,6 +823,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
             // `let x: _ = iter.collect();`, as this is a very common case.
             *def_id = Some(did);
         }
+
         if cost < self.infer_source_cost {
             self.infer_source_cost = cost;
             self.infer_source = Some(new_source);
@@ -1056,8 +1061,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FindInferSourceVisitor<'a, 'tcx> {
                 };
 
                 let parent_def_id = generics.parent.unwrap();
-                if tcx.def_kind(parent_def_id) == DefKind::Impl {
-                    let parent_ty = tcx.bound_type_of(parent_def_id).subst(tcx, substs);
+                if let DefKind::Impl { .. } = tcx.def_kind(parent_def_id) {
+                    let parent_ty = tcx.type_of(parent_def_id).subst(tcx, substs);
                     match (parent_ty.kind(), &ty.kind) {
                         (
                             ty::Adt(def, substs),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
index 39f4d5022..fec04af23 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/find_anon_type.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rustc_hir as hir;
 use rustc_hir::intravisit::{self, Visitor};
 use rustc_middle::hir::map::Map;
 use rustc_middle::hir::nested_filter;
-use rustc_middle::middle::resolve_lifetime as rl;
+use rustc_middle::middle::resolve_bound_vars as rbv;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Region, TyCtxt};
 
 /// This function calls the `visit_ty` method for the parameters
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindNestedTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
             hir::TyKind::Ref(ref lifetime, _) => {
                 // the lifetime of the Ref
                 let hir_id = lifetime.hir_id;
-                match (self.tcx.named_region(hir_id), self.bound_region) {
+                match (self.tcx.named_bound_var(hir_id), self.bound_region) {
                     // Find the index of the named region that was part of the
                     // error. We will then search the function parameters for a bound
                     // region at the right depth with the same index
-                    (Some(rl::Region::EarlyBound(id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
+                    (Some(rbv::ResolvedArg::EarlyBound(id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
                         debug!("EarlyBound id={:?} def_id={:?}", id, def_id);
                         if id == def_id {
                             self.found_type = Some(arg);
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindNestedTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
                     // error. We will then search the function parameters for a bound
                     // region at the right depth with the same index
                     (
-                        Some(rl::Region::LateBound(debruijn_index, _, id)),
+                        Some(rbv::ResolvedArg::LateBound(debruijn_index, _, id)),
                         ty::BrNamed(def_id, _),
                     ) => {
                         debug!(
@@ -131,10 +131,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for FindNestedTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
 
                     (
                         Some(
-                            rl::Region::Static
-                            | rl::Region::Free(_, _)
-                            | rl::Region::EarlyBound(_)
-                            | rl::Region::LateBound(_, _, _),
+                            rbv::ResolvedArg::StaticLifetime
+                            | rbv::ResolvedArg::Free(_, _)
+                            | rbv::ResolvedArg::EarlyBound(_)
+                            | rbv::ResolvedArg::LateBound(_, _, _)
+                            | rbv::ResolvedArg::Error(_),
                         )
                         | None,
                         _,
@@ -186,9 +187,9 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for TyPathVisitor<'tcx> {
     }
 
     fn visit_lifetime(&mut self, lifetime: &hir::Lifetime) {
-        match (self.tcx.named_region(lifetime.hir_id), self.bound_region) {
+        match (self.tcx.named_bound_var(lifetime.hir_id), self.bound_region) {
             // the lifetime of the TyPath!
-            (Some(rl::Region::EarlyBound(id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
+            (Some(rbv::ResolvedArg::EarlyBound(id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
                 debug!("EarlyBound id={:?} def_id={:?}", id, def_id);
                 if id == def_id {
                     self.found_it = true;
@@ -196,7 +197,7 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for TyPathVisitor<'tcx> {
                 }
             }
 
-            (Some(rl::Region::LateBound(debruijn_index, _, id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
+            (Some(rbv::ResolvedArg::LateBound(debruijn_index, _, id)), ty::BrNamed(def_id, _)) => {
                 debug!("FindNestedTypeVisitor::visit_ty: LateBound depth = {:?}", debruijn_index,);
                 debug!("id={:?}", id);
                 debug!("def_id={:?}", def_id);
@@ -208,10 +209,11 @@ impl<'tcx> Visitor<'tcx> for TyPathVisitor<'tcx> {
 
             (
                 Some(
-                    rl::Region::Static
-                    | rl::Region::EarlyBound(_)
-                    | rl::Region::LateBound(_, _, _)
-                    | rl::Region::Free(_, _),
+                    rbv::ResolvedArg::StaticLifetime
+                    | rbv::ResolvedArg::EarlyBound(_)
+                    | rbv::ResolvedArg::LateBound(_, _, _)
+                    | rbv::ResolvedArg::Free(_, _)
+                    | rbv::ResolvedArg::Error(_),
                 )
                 | None,
                 _,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
index 1067ccda2..2c63a3904 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/mismatched_static_lifetime.rs
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             };
 
             // Next, let's figure out the set of trait objects with implicit static bounds
-            let ty = self.tcx().type_of(*impl_def_id);
+            let ty = self.tcx().type_of(*impl_def_id).subst_identity();
             let mut v = super::static_impl_trait::TraitObjectVisitor(FxIndexSet::default());
             v.visit_ty(ty);
             let mut traits = vec![];
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_error.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_error.rs
index 99431567e..c1ea0a0d9 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_error.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_error.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::ExpectedFound;
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::{FmtPrinter, Print, RegionHighlightMode};
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, RePlaceholder, ReVar, Region, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, RePlaceholder, Region, TyCtxt};
 
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 sup_placeholder @ Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(_), _)),
                 _,
             )) => self.try_report_trait_placeholder_mismatch(
-                Some(self.tcx().mk_region(ReVar(*vid))),
+                Some(self.tcx().mk_re_var(*vid)),
                 cause,
                 Some(*sub_placeholder),
                 Some(*sup_placeholder),
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 _,
                 _,
             )) => self.try_report_trait_placeholder_mismatch(
-                Some(self.tcx().mk_region(ReVar(*vid))),
+                Some(self.tcx().mk_re_var(*vid)),
                 cause,
                 Some(*sub_placeholder),
                 None,
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 sup_placeholder @ Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(_), _)),
                 _,
             )) => self.try_report_trait_placeholder_mismatch(
-                Some(self.tcx().mk_region(ReVar(*vid))),
+                Some(self.tcx().mk_re_var(*vid)),
                 cause,
                 None,
                 Some(*sup_placeholder),
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 sup_placeholder @ Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(_), _)),
                 _,
             )) => self.try_report_trait_placeholder_mismatch(
-                Some(self.tcx().mk_region(ReVar(*vid))),
+                Some(self.tcx().mk_re_var(*vid)),
                 cause,
                 None,
                 Some(*sup_placeholder),
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 SubregionOrigin::Subtype(box TypeTrace { cause, values }),
                 sup_placeholder @ Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(_), _)),
             )) => self.try_report_trait_placeholder_mismatch(
-                Some(self.tcx().mk_region(ReVar(*vid))),
+                Some(self.tcx().mk_re_var(*vid)),
                 cause,
                 None,
                 Some(*sup_placeholder),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_relation.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_relation.rs
index 9534bce54..e8d94f0c0 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_relation.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/placeholder_relation.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-use crate::infer::{
-    error_reporting::nice_region_error::NiceRegionError, RegionResolutionError, SubregionOrigin,
+use crate::{
+    errors::PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied,
+    infer::{
+        error_reporting::nice_region_error::NiceRegionError, RegionResolutionError, SubregionOrigin,
+    },
 };
 use rustc_data_structures::intern::Interned;
 use rustc_errors::{DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed};
@@ -16,8 +19,7 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                 Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(ty::Placeholder { name: sub_name, .. }), _)),
                 Region(Interned(RePlaceholder(ty::Placeholder { name: sup_name, .. }), _)),
             )) => {
-                let msg = "lifetime bound not satisfied";
-                let mut err = self.tcx().sess.struct_span_err(*span, msg);
+                let span = *span;
                 let (sub_span, sub_symbol) = match sub_name {
                     ty::BrNamed(def_id, symbol) => {
                         (Some(self.tcx().def_span(def_id)), Some(symbol))
@@ -32,41 +34,47 @@ impl<'tcx> NiceRegionError<'_, 'tcx> {
                     ty::BrAnon(_, span) => (*span, None),
                     ty::BrEnv => (None, None),
                 };
-                match (sub_span, sup_span, sub_symbol, sup_symbol) {
-                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), Some(sub_symbol), Some(sup_symbol)) => {
-                        err.span_note(
+                let diag = match (sub_span, sup_span, sub_symbol, sup_symbol) {
+                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), Some(&sub_symbol), Some(&sup_symbol)) => {
+                        PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied::HasBoth {
+                            span,
                             sub_span,
-                            format!("the lifetime `{sub_symbol}` defined here..."),
-                        );
-                        err.span_note(
                             sup_span,
-                            format!("...must outlive the lifetime `{sup_symbol}` defined here"),
-                        );
+                            sub_symbol,
+                            sup_symbol,
+                            note: (),
+                        }
                     }
-                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), _, Some(sup_symbol)) => {
-                        err.span_note(sub_span, "the lifetime defined here...");
-                        err.span_note(
+                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), _, Some(&sup_symbol)) => {
+                        PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied::HasSup {
+                            span,
+                            sub_span,
                             sup_span,
-                            format!("...must outlive the lifetime `{sup_symbol}` defined here"),
-                        );
+                            sup_symbol,
+                            note: (),
+                        }
                     }
-                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), Some(sub_symbol), _) => {
-                        err.span_note(
+                    (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), Some(&sub_symbol), _) => {
+                        PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied::HasSub {
+                            span,
                             sub_span,
-                            format!("the lifetime `{sub_symbol}` defined here..."),
-                        );
-                        err.span_note(sup_span, "...must outlive the lifetime defined here");
+                            sup_span,
+                            sub_symbol,
+                            note: (),
+                        }
                     }
                     (Some(sub_span), Some(sup_span), _, _) => {
-                        err.span_note(sub_span, "the lifetime defined here...");
-                        err.span_note(sup_span, "...must outlive the lifetime defined here");
+                        PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied::HasNone {
+                            span,
+                            sub_span,
+                            sup_span,
+                            note: (),
+                        }
                     }
-                    _ => {}
-                }
-                err.note("this is a known limitation that will be removed in the future (see issue #100013 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/100013> for more information)");
-                Some(err)
+                    _ => PlaceholderRelationLfNotSatisfied::OnlyPrimarySpan { span, note: () },
+                };
+                Some(self.tcx().sess.create_err(diag))
             }
-
             _ => None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
index 49ad3ce50..b06ff10d8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/static_impl_trait.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
         let sp = var_origin.span();
         let return_sp = sub_origin.span();
         let param = self.find_param_with_region(*sup_r, *sub_r)?;
+        let simple_ident = param.param.pat.simple_ident();
         let lifetime_name = if sup_r.has_name() { sup_r.to_string() } else { "'_".to_owned() };
 
         let (mention_influencer, influencer_point) =
@@ -187,7 +188,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             req_introduces_loc: subdiag,
 
             has_lifetime: sup_r.has_name(),
-            lifetime: sup_r.to_string(),
+            lifetime: lifetime_name.clone(),
+            has_param_name: simple_ident.is_some(),
+            param_name: simple_ident.map(|x| x.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
             spans_empty,
             bound,
         };
@@ -536,7 +539,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
 /// Collect all the trait objects in a type that could have received an implicit `'static` lifetime.
 pub struct TraitObjectVisitor(pub FxIndexSet<DefId>);
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for TraitObjectVisitor {
+impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for TraitObjectVisitor {
     fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
         match t.kind() {
             ty::Dynamic(preds, re, _) if re.is_static() => {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
index 40c0c806e..2875448ee 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/trait_impl_difference.rs
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
             }
         }
 
-        impl<'tcx> ty::visit::TypeVisitor<'tcx> for HighlightBuilder<'tcx> {
+        impl<'tcx> ty::visit::TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for HighlightBuilder<'tcx> {
             fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
                 if !r.has_name() && self.counter <= 3 {
                     self.highlight.highlighting_region(r, self.counter);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/util.rs
index fd26d7d29..db4b8af46 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/util.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/nice_region_error/util.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub fn find_param_with_region<'tcx>(
 
     let owner_id = hir.body_owner(body_id);
     let fn_decl = hir.fn_decl_by_hir_id(owner_id).unwrap();
-    let poly_fn_sig = tcx.fn_sig(id);
+    let poly_fn_sig = tcx.fn_sig(id).subst_identity();
 
     let fn_sig = tcx.liberate_late_bound_regions(id, poly_fn_sig);
     let body = hir.body(body_id);
@@ -90,20 +90,18 @@ pub fn find_param_with_region<'tcx>(
                     r
                 }
             });
-            if found_anon_region {
+            found_anon_region.then(|| {
                 let ty_hir_id = fn_decl.inputs[index].hir_id;
                 let param_ty_span = hir.span(ty_hir_id);
                 let is_first = index == 0;
-                Some(AnonymousParamInfo {
+                AnonymousParamInfo {
                     param,
                     param_ty: new_param_ty,
                     param_ty_span,
                     bound_region,
                     is_first,
-                })
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
+                }
+            })
         })
 }
 
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
         br: ty::BoundRegionKind,
         hir_sig: &hir::FnSig<'_>,
     ) -> Option<Span> {
-        let fn_ty = self.tcx().type_of(scope_def_id);
+        let fn_ty = self.tcx().type_of(scope_def_id).subst_identity();
         if let ty::FnDef(_, _) = fn_ty.kind() {
             let ret_ty = fn_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx()).output();
             let span = hir_sig.decl.output.span();
@@ -145,7 +143,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> NiceRegionError<'a, 'tcx> {
 
     fn includes_region(
         &self,
-        ty: Binder<'tcx, impl TypeVisitable<'tcx>>,
+        ty: Binder<'tcx, impl TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>,
         region: ty::BoundRegionKind,
     ) -> bool {
         let late_bound_regions = self.tcx().collect_referenced_late_bound_regions(&ty);
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
index b18cbd404..7ffe1fd20 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-use crate::errors::RegionOriginNote;
+use crate::errors::{
+    note_and_explain, FullfillReqLifetime, LfBoundNotSatisfied, OutlivesBound, OutlivesContent,
+    RefLongerThanData, RegionOriginNote, WhereClauseSuggestions,
+};
+use crate::fluent_generated as fluent;
 use crate::infer::error_reporting::{note_and_explain_region, TypeErrCtxt};
 use crate::infer::{self, SubregionOrigin};
 use rustc_errors::{
-    fluent, struct_span_err, AddToDiagnostic, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder,
-    ErrorGuaranteed,
+    AddToDiagnostic, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed, IntoDiagnostic,
 };
 use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCauseCode;
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         sub: Region<'tcx>,
         sup: Region<'tcx>,
     ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed> {
-        match origin {
+        let mut err = match origin {
             infer::Subtype(box trace) => {
                 let terr = TypeError::RegionsDoesNotOutlive(sup, sub);
                 let mut err = self.report_and_explain_type_error(trace, terr);
@@ -119,130 +122,105 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 err
             }
             infer::Reborrow(span) => {
-                let mut err = struct_span_err!(
-                    self.tcx.sess,
-                    span,
-                    E0312,
-                    "lifetime of reference outlives lifetime of borrowed content..."
-                );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let reference_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "...the reference is valid for ",
                     sub,
-                    "...",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::RefValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Continues,
                 );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let content_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "...but the borrowed content is only valid for ",
                     sup,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::ContentValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                err
+                OutlivesContent {
+                    span,
+                    notes: reference_valid.into_iter().chain(content_valid).collect(),
+                }
+                .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
             infer::RelateObjectBound(span) => {
-                let mut err = struct_span_err!(
-                    self.tcx.sess,
-                    span,
-                    E0476,
-                    "lifetime of the source pointer does not outlive lifetime bound of the \
-                     object type"
-                );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let object_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "object type is valid for ",
                     sub,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::TypeObjValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let pointer_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "source pointer is only valid for ",
                     sup,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::SourcePointerValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                err
+                OutlivesBound {
+                    span,
+                    notes: object_valid.into_iter().chain(pointer_valid).collect(),
+                }
+                .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
             infer::RelateParamBound(span, ty, opt_span) => {
-                let mut err = struct_span_err!(
-                    self.tcx.sess,
-                    span,
-                    E0477,
-                    "the type `{}` does not fulfill the required lifetime",
-                    self.ty_to_string(ty)
+                let prefix = match *sub {
+                    ty::ReStatic => note_and_explain::PrefixKind::TypeSatisfy,
+                    _ => note_and_explain::PrefixKind::TypeOutlive,
+                };
+                let suffix = if opt_span.is_some() {
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::ReqByBinding
+                } else {
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty
+                };
+                let note = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
+                    self.tcx, sub, opt_span, prefix, suffix,
                 );
-                match *sub {
-                    ty::ReStatic => note_and_explain_region(
-                        self.tcx,
-                        &mut err,
-                        "type must satisfy ",
-                        sub,
-                        if opt_span.is_some() { " as required by this binding" } else { "" },
-                        opt_span,
-                    ),
-                    _ => note_and_explain_region(
-                        self.tcx,
-                        &mut err,
-                        "type must outlive ",
-                        sub,
-                        if opt_span.is_some() { " as required by this binding" } else { "" },
-                        opt_span,
-                    ),
-                }
-                err
+                FullfillReqLifetime { span, ty: self.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty), note }
+                    .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
             infer::RelateRegionParamBound(span) => {
-                let mut err =
-                    struct_span_err!(self.tcx.sess, span, E0478, "lifetime bound not satisfied");
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let param_instantiated = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "lifetime parameter instantiated with ",
                     sup,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::LfParamInstantiatedWith,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let param_must_outlive = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "but lifetime parameter must outlive ",
                     sub,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::LfParamMustOutlive,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                err
+                LfBoundNotSatisfied {
+                    span,
+                    notes: param_instantiated.into_iter().chain(param_must_outlive).collect(),
+                }
+                .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
             infer::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ty, span) => {
-                let mut err = struct_span_err!(
-                    self.tcx.sess,
-                    span,
-                    E0491,
-                    "in type `{}`, reference has a longer lifetime than the data it references",
-                    self.ty_to_string(ty)
-                );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let pointer_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "the pointer is valid for ",
                     sub,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::PointerValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let data_valid = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "but the referenced data is only valid for ",
                     sup,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::DataValidFor,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                err
+                RefLongerThanData {
+                    span,
+                    ty: self.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty),
+                    notes: pointer_valid.into_iter().chain(data_valid).collect(),
+                }
+                .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
             infer::CompareImplItemObligation { span, impl_item_def_id, trait_item_def_id } => {
                 let mut err = self.report_extra_impl_obligation(
@@ -279,27 +257,31 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                 err
             }
             infer::AscribeUserTypeProvePredicate(span) => {
-                let mut err =
-                    struct_span_err!(self.tcx.sess, span, E0478, "lifetime bound not satisfied");
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let instantiated = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "lifetime instantiated with ",
                     sup,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::LfInstantiatedWith,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                note_and_explain_region(
+                let must_outlive = note_and_explain::RegionExplanation::new(
                     self.tcx,
-                    &mut err,
-                    "but lifetime must outlive ",
                     sub,
-                    "",
                     None,
+                    note_and_explain::PrefixKind::LfMustOutlive,
+                    note_and_explain::SuffixKind::Empty,
                 );
-                err
+                LfBoundNotSatisfied {
+                    span,
+                    notes: instantiated.into_iter().chain(must_outlive).collect(),
+                }
+                .into_diagnostic(&self.tcx.sess.parse_sess.span_diagnostic)
             }
+        };
+        if sub.is_error() || sup.is_error() {
+            err.delay_as_bug();
         }
+        err
     }
 
     pub fn suggest_copy_trait_method_bounds(
@@ -343,22 +325,17 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
 
         let Some(generics) = self.tcx.hir().get_generics(impl_item_def_id) else { return; };
 
-        if trait_predicates.is_empty() {
-            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                generics.where_clause_span,
-                "remove the `where` clause",
-                String::new(),
-                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
-            );
+        let suggestion = if trait_predicates.is_empty() {
+            WhereClauseSuggestions::Remove { span: generics.where_clause_span }
         } else {
             let space = if generics.where_clause_span.is_empty() { " " } else { "" };
-            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                generics.where_clause_span,
-                "copy the `where` clause predicates from the trait",
-                format!("{space}where {}", trait_predicates.join(", ")),
-                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
-            );
-        }
+            WhereClauseSuggestions::CopyPredicates {
+                span: generics.where_clause_span,
+                space,
+                trait_predicates: trait_predicates.join(", "),
+            }
+        };
+        err.subdiagnostic(suggestion);
     }
 
     pub(super) fn report_placeholder_failure(
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note_and_explain.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note_and_explain.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b33729d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/note_and_explain.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+use super::TypeErrCtxt;
+use rustc_errors::Applicability::{MachineApplicable, MaybeIncorrect};
+use rustc_errors::{pluralize, Diagnostic, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_hir::{self as hir, def::DefKind};
+use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCauseCode;
+use rustc_middle::ty::error::ExpectedFound;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::Printer;
+use rustc_middle::{
+    traits::ObligationCause,
+    ty::{self, error::TypeError, print::FmtPrinter, suggest_constraining_type_param, Ty},
+};
+use rustc_span::{def_id::DefId, sym, BytePos, Span, Symbol};
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn note_and_explain_type_err(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        err: TypeError<'tcx>,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        sp: Span,
+        body_owner_def_id: DefId,
+    ) {
+        use ty::error::TypeError::*;
+        debug!("note_and_explain_type_err err={:?} cause={:?}", err, cause);
+
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        match err {
+            ArgumentSorts(values, _) | Sorts(values) => {
+                match (values.expected.kind(), values.found.kind()) {
+                    (ty::Closure(..), ty::Closure(..)) => {
+                        diag.note("no two closures, even if identical, have the same type");
+                        diag.help("consider boxing your closure and/or using it as a trait object");
+                    }
+                    (ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..), ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..)) => {
+                        // Issue #63167
+                        diag.note("distinct uses of `impl Trait` result in different opaque types");
+                    }
+                    (ty::Float(_), ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_)))
+                        if let Ok(
+                            // Issue #53280
+                            snippet,
+                        ) = tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(sp) =>
+                    {
+                        if snippet.chars().all(|c| c.is_digit(10) || c == '-' || c == '_') {
+                            diag.span_suggestion(
+                                sp,
+                                "use a float literal",
+                                format!("{}.0", snippet),
+                                MachineApplicable,
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (ty::Param(expected), ty::Param(found)) => {
+                        let generics = tcx.generics_of(body_owner_def_id);
+                        let e_span = tcx.def_span(generics.type_param(expected, tcx).def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(e_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(e_span, "expected type parameter");
+                        }
+                        let f_span = tcx.def_span(generics.type_param(found, tcx).def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(f_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(f_span, "found type parameter");
+                        }
+                        diag.note(
+                            "a type parameter was expected, but a different one was found; \
+                             you might be missing a type parameter or trait bound",
+                        );
+                        diag.note(
+                            "for more information, visit \
+                             https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html\
+                             #traits-as-parameters",
+                        );
+                    }
+                    (ty::Alias(ty::Projection, _), ty::Alias(ty::Projection, _)) => {
+                        diag.note("an associated type was expected, but a different one was found");
+                    }
+                    (ty::Param(p), ty::Alias(ty::Projection, proj)) | (ty::Alias(ty::Projection, proj), ty::Param(p))
+                        if tcx.def_kind(proj.def_id) != DefKind::ImplTraitPlaceholder =>
+                    {
+                        let p_def_id = tcx
+                            .generics_of(body_owner_def_id)
+                            .type_param(p, tcx)
+                            .def_id;
+                        let p_span = tcx.def_span(p_def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(p_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(p_span, "this type parameter");
+                        }
+                        let hir = tcx.hir();
+                        let mut note = true;
+                        let parent = p_def_id
+                            .as_local()
+                            .and_then(|id| {
+                                let local_id = hir.local_def_id_to_hir_id(id);
+                                let generics = tcx.hir().find_parent(local_id)?.generics()?;
+                                Some((id, generics))
+                            });
+                        if let Some((local_id, generics)) = parent
+                        {
+                            // Synthesize the associated type restriction `Add<Output = Expected>`.
+                            // FIXME: extract this logic for use in other diagnostics.
+                            let (trait_ref, assoc_substs) = proj.trait_ref_and_own_substs(tcx);
+                            let item_name = tcx.item_name(proj.def_id);
+                            let item_args = self.format_generic_args(assoc_substs);
+
+                            // Here, we try to see if there's an existing
+                            // trait implementation that matches the one that
+                            // we're suggesting to restrict. If so, find the
+                            // "end", whether it be at the end of the trait
+                            // or the end of the generic arguments.
+                            let mut matching_span = None;
+                            let mut matched_end_of_args = false;
+                            for bound in generics.bounds_for_param(local_id) {
+                                let potential_spans = bound
+                                    .bounds
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .find_map(|bound| {
+                                        let bound_trait_path = bound.trait_ref()?.path;
+                                        let def_id = bound_trait_path.res.opt_def_id()?;
+                                        let generic_args = bound_trait_path.segments.iter().last().map(|path| path.args());
+                                        (def_id == trait_ref.def_id).then_some((bound_trait_path.span, generic_args))
+                                    });
+
+                                if let Some((end_of_trait, end_of_args)) = potential_spans {
+                                    let args_span = end_of_args.and_then(|args| args.span());
+                                    matched_end_of_args = args_span.is_some();
+                                    matching_span = args_span
+                                        .or_else(|| Some(end_of_trait))
+                                        .map(|span| span.shrink_to_hi());
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            if matched_end_of_args {
+                                // Append suggestion to the end of our args
+                                let path = format!(", {}{} = {}",item_name, item_args, p);
+                                note = !suggest_constraining_type_param(
+                                    tcx,
+                                    generics,
+                                    diag,
+                                    &format!("{}", proj.self_ty()),
+                                    &path,
+                                    None,
+                                    matching_span,
+                                );
+                            } else {
+                                // Suggest adding a bound to an existing trait
+                                // or if the trait doesn't exist, add the trait
+                                // and the suggested bounds.
+                                let path = format!("<{}{} = {}>", item_name, item_args, p);
+                                note = !suggest_constraining_type_param(
+                                    tcx,
+                                    generics,
+                                    diag,
+                                    &format!("{}", proj.self_ty()),
+                                    &path,
+                                    None,
+                                    matching_span,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if note {
+                            diag.note("you might be missing a type parameter or trait bound");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (ty::Param(p), ty::Dynamic(..) | ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..))
+                    | (ty::Dynamic(..) | ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ..), ty::Param(p)) => {
+                        let generics = tcx.generics_of(body_owner_def_id);
+                        let p_span = tcx.def_span(generics.type_param(p, tcx).def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(p_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(p_span, "this type parameter");
+                        }
+                        diag.help("type parameters must be constrained to match other types");
+                        if tcx.sess.teach(&diag.get_code().unwrap()) {
+                            diag.help(
+                                "given a type parameter `T` and a method `foo`:
+```
+trait Trait<T> { fn foo(&self) -> T; }
+```
+the only ways to implement method `foo` are:
+- constrain `T` with an explicit type:
+```
+impl Trait<String> for X {
+    fn foo(&self) -> String { String::new() }
+}
+```
+- add a trait bound to `T` and call a method on that trait that returns `Self`:
+```
+impl<T: std::default::Default> Trait<T> for X {
+    fn foo(&self) -> T { <T as std::default::Default>::default() }
+}
+```
+- change `foo` to return an argument of type `T`:
+```
+impl<T> Trait<T> for X {
+    fn foo(&self, x: T) -> T { x }
+}
+```",
+                            );
+                        }
+                        diag.note(
+                            "for more information, visit \
+                             https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html\
+                             #traits-as-parameters",
+                        );
+                    }
+                    (ty::Param(p), ty::Closure(..) | ty::Generator(..)) => {
+                        let generics = tcx.generics_of(body_owner_def_id);
+                        let p_span = tcx.def_span(generics.type_param(p, tcx).def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(p_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(p_span, "this type parameter");
+                        }
+                        diag.help(&format!(
+                            "every closure has a distinct type and so could not always match the \
+                             caller-chosen type of parameter `{}`",
+                            p
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    (ty::Param(p), _) | (_, ty::Param(p)) => {
+                        let generics = tcx.generics_of(body_owner_def_id);
+                        let p_span = tcx.def_span(generics.type_param(p, tcx).def_id);
+                        if !sp.contains(p_span) {
+                            diag.span_label(p_span, "this type parameter");
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (ty::Alias(ty::Projection, proj_ty), _) if tcx.def_kind(proj_ty.def_id) != DefKind::ImplTraitPlaceholder => {
+                        self.expected_projection(
+                            diag,
+                            proj_ty,
+                            values,
+                            body_owner_def_id,
+                            cause.code(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    (_, ty::Alias(ty::Projection, proj_ty)) if tcx.def_kind(proj_ty.def_id) != DefKind::ImplTraitPlaceholder => {
+                        let msg = format!(
+                            "consider constraining the associated type `{}` to `{}`",
+                            values.found, values.expected,
+                        );
+                        if !(self.suggest_constraining_opaque_associated_type(
+                            diag,
+                            &msg,
+                            proj_ty,
+                            values.expected,
+                        ) || self.suggest_constraint(
+                            diag,
+                            &msg,
+                            body_owner_def_id,
+                            proj_ty,
+                            values.expected,
+                        )) {
+                            diag.help(&msg);
+                            diag.note(
+                                "for more information, visit \
+                                https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-03-advanced-traits.html",
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    (ty::FnPtr(_), ty::FnDef(def, _))
+                    if let hir::def::DefKind::Fn = tcx.def_kind(def) => {
+                        diag.note(
+                            "when the arguments and return types match, functions can be coerced \
+                             to function pointers",
+                        );
+                    }
+                    _ => {}
+                }
+                debug!(
+                    "note_and_explain_type_err expected={:?} ({:?}) found={:?} ({:?})",
+                    values.expected,
+                    values.expected.kind(),
+                    values.found,
+                    values.found.kind(),
+                );
+            }
+            CyclicTy(ty) => {
+                // Watch out for various cases of cyclic types and try to explain.
+                if ty.is_closure() || ty.is_generator() {
+                    diag.note(
+                        "closures cannot capture themselves or take themselves as argument;\n\
+                         this error may be the result of a recent compiler bug-fix,\n\
+                         see issue #46062 <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/46062>\n\
+                         for more information",
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            TargetFeatureCast(def_id) => {
+                let target_spans = tcx.get_attrs(def_id, sym::target_feature).map(|attr| attr.span);
+                diag.note(
+                    "functions with `#[target_feature]` can only be coerced to `unsafe` function pointers"
+                );
+                diag.span_labels(target_spans, "`#[target_feature]` added here");
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_constraint(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        msg: &str,
+        body_owner_def_id: DefId,
+        proj_ty: &ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        let assoc = tcx.associated_item(proj_ty.def_id);
+        let (trait_ref, assoc_substs) = proj_ty.trait_ref_and_own_substs(tcx);
+        if let Some(item) = tcx.hir().get_if_local(body_owner_def_id) {
+            if let Some(hir_generics) = item.generics() {
+                // Get the `DefId` for the type parameter corresponding to `A` in `<A as T>::Foo`.
+                // This will also work for `impl Trait`.
+                let def_id = if let ty::Param(param_ty) = proj_ty.self_ty().kind() {
+                    let generics = tcx.generics_of(body_owner_def_id);
+                    generics.type_param(param_ty, tcx).def_id
+                } else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+                let Some(def_id) = def_id.as_local() else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+
+                // First look in the `where` clause, as this might be
+                // `fn foo<T>(x: T) where T: Trait`.
+                for pred in hir_generics.bounds_for_param(def_id) {
+                    if self.constrain_generic_bound_associated_type_structured_suggestion(
+                        diag,
+                        &trait_ref,
+                        pred.bounds,
+                        assoc,
+                        assoc_substs,
+                        ty,
+                        msg,
+                        false,
+                    ) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// An associated type was expected and a different type was found.
+    ///
+    /// We perform a few different checks to see what we can suggest:
+    ///
+    ///  - In the current item, look for associated functions that return the expected type and
+    ///    suggest calling them. (Not a structured suggestion.)
+    ///  - If any of the item's generic bounds can be constrained, we suggest constraining the
+    ///    associated type to the found type.
+    ///  - If the associated type has a default type and was expected inside of a `trait`, we
+    ///    mention that this is disallowed.
+    ///  - If all other things fail, and the error is not because of a mismatch between the `trait`
+    ///    and the `impl`, we provide a generic `help` to constrain the assoc type or call an assoc
+    ///    fn that returns the type.
+    fn expected_projection(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        proj_ty: &ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
+        values: ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        body_owner_def_id: DefId,
+        cause_code: &ObligationCauseCode<'_>,
+    ) {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        let msg = format!(
+            "consider constraining the associated type `{}` to `{}`",
+            values.expected, values.found
+        );
+        let body_owner = tcx.hir().get_if_local(body_owner_def_id);
+        let current_method_ident = body_owner.and_then(|n| n.ident()).map(|i| i.name);
+
+        // We don't want to suggest calling an assoc fn in a scope where that isn't feasible.
+        let callable_scope = matches!(
+            body_owner,
+            Some(
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(..), .. })
+                    | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem { kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(..), .. })
+                    | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem { kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(..), .. }),
+            )
+        );
+        let impl_comparison =
+            matches!(cause_code, ObligationCauseCode::CompareImplItemObligation { .. });
+        let assoc = tcx.associated_item(proj_ty.def_id);
+        if !callable_scope || impl_comparison {
+            // We do not want to suggest calling functions when the reason of the
+            // type error is a comparison of an `impl` with its `trait` or when the
+            // scope is outside of a `Body`.
+        } else {
+            // If we find a suitable associated function that returns the expected type, we don't
+            // want the more general suggestion later in this method about "consider constraining
+            // the associated type or calling a method that returns the associated type".
+            let point_at_assoc_fn = self.point_at_methods_that_satisfy_associated_type(
+                diag,
+                assoc.container_id(tcx),
+                current_method_ident,
+                proj_ty.def_id,
+                values.expected,
+            );
+            // Possibly suggest constraining the associated type to conform to the
+            // found type.
+            if self.suggest_constraint(diag, &msg, body_owner_def_id, proj_ty, values.found)
+                || point_at_assoc_fn
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.suggest_constraining_opaque_associated_type(diag, &msg, proj_ty, values.found);
+
+        if self.point_at_associated_type(diag, body_owner_def_id, values.found) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if !impl_comparison {
+            // Generic suggestion when we can't be more specific.
+            if callable_scope {
+                diag.help(&format!(
+                    "{} or calling a method that returns `{}`",
+                    msg, values.expected
+                ));
+            } else {
+                diag.help(&msg);
+            }
+            diag.note(
+                "for more information, visit \
+                 https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-03-advanced-traits.html",
+            );
+        }
+        if tcx.sess.teach(&diag.get_code().unwrap()) {
+            diag.help(
+                "given an associated type `T` and a method `foo`:
+```
+trait Trait {
+type T;
+fn foo(&self) -> Self::T;
+}
+```
+the only way of implementing method `foo` is to constrain `T` with an explicit associated type:
+```
+impl Trait for X {
+type T = String;
+fn foo(&self) -> Self::T { String::new() }
+}
+```",
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When the expected `impl Trait` is not defined in the current item, it will come from
+    /// a return type. This can occur when dealing with `TryStream` (#71035).
+    fn suggest_constraining_opaque_associated_type(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        msg: &str,
+        proj_ty: &ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        let assoc = tcx.associated_item(proj_ty.def_id);
+        if let ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ty::AliasTy { def_id, .. }) = *proj_ty.self_ty().kind() {
+            let opaque_local_def_id = def_id.as_local();
+            let opaque_hir_ty = if let Some(opaque_local_def_id) = opaque_local_def_id {
+                match &tcx.hir().expect_item(opaque_local_def_id).kind {
+                    hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(opaque_hir_ty) => opaque_hir_ty,
+                    _ => bug!("The HirId comes from a `ty::Opaque`"),
+                }
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            };
+
+            let (trait_ref, assoc_substs) = proj_ty.trait_ref_and_own_substs(tcx);
+
+            self.constrain_generic_bound_associated_type_structured_suggestion(
+                diag,
+                &trait_ref,
+                opaque_hir_ty.bounds,
+                assoc,
+                assoc_substs,
+                ty,
+                msg,
+                true,
+            )
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn point_at_methods_that_satisfy_associated_type(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        assoc_container_id: DefId,
+        current_method_ident: Option<Symbol>,
+        proj_ty_item_def_id: DefId,
+        expected: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        let items = tcx.associated_items(assoc_container_id);
+        // Find all the methods in the trait that could be called to construct the
+        // expected associated type.
+        // FIXME: consider suggesting the use of associated `const`s.
+        let methods: Vec<(Span, String)> = items
+            .in_definition_order()
+            .filter(|item| {
+                ty::AssocKind::Fn == item.kind
+                    && Some(item.name) != current_method_ident
+                    && !tcx.is_doc_hidden(item.def_id)
+            })
+            .filter_map(|item| {
+                let method = tcx.fn_sig(item.def_id).subst_identity();
+                match *method.output().skip_binder().kind() {
+                    ty::Alias(ty::Projection, ty::AliasTy { def_id: item_def_id, .. })
+                        if item_def_id == proj_ty_item_def_id =>
+                    {
+                        Some((
+                            tcx.def_span(item.def_id),
+                            format!("consider calling `{}`", tcx.def_path_str(item.def_id)),
+                        ))
+                    }
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        if !methods.is_empty() {
+            // Use a single `help:` to show all the methods in the trait that can
+            // be used to construct the expected associated type.
+            let mut span: MultiSpan =
+                methods.iter().map(|(sp, _)| *sp).collect::<Vec<Span>>().into();
+            let msg = format!(
+                "{some} method{s} {are} available that return{r} `{ty}`",
+                some = if methods.len() == 1 { "a" } else { "some" },
+                s = pluralize!(methods.len()),
+                are = pluralize!("is", methods.len()),
+                r = if methods.len() == 1 { "s" } else { "" },
+                ty = expected
+            );
+            for (sp, label) in methods.into_iter() {
+                span.push_span_label(sp, label);
+            }
+            diag.span_help(span, &msg);
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn point_at_associated_type(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        body_owner_def_id: DefId,
+        found: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        let Some(hir_id) = body_owner_def_id.as_local() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let hir_id = tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(hir_id);
+        // When `body_owner` is an `impl` or `trait` item, look in its associated types for
+        // `expected` and point at it.
+        let parent_id = tcx.hir().get_parent_item(hir_id);
+        let item = tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(parent_id.def_id);
+
+        debug!("expected_projection parent item {:?}", item);
+
+        let param_env = tcx.param_env(body_owner_def_id);
+
+        match item {
+            Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Trait(.., items), .. })) => {
+                // FIXME: account for `#![feature(specialization)]`
+                for item in &items[..] {
+                    match item.kind {
+                        hir::AssocItemKind::Type => {
+                            // FIXME: account for returning some type in a trait fn impl that has
+                            // an assoc type as a return type (#72076).
+                            if let hir::Defaultness::Default { has_value: true } =
+                                tcx.impl_defaultness(item.id.owner_id)
+                            {
+                                let assoc_ty = tcx.type_of(item.id.owner_id).subst_identity();
+                                if self.infcx.can_eq(param_env, assoc_ty, found) {
+                                    diag.span_label(
+                                        item.span,
+                                        "associated type defaults can't be assumed inside the \
+                                            trait defining them",
+                                    );
+                                    return true;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { items, .. }),
+                ..
+            })) => {
+                for item in &items[..] {
+                    if let hir::AssocItemKind::Type = item.kind {
+                        let assoc_ty = tcx.type_of(item.id.owner_id).subst_identity();
+
+                        if self.infcx.can_eq(param_env, assoc_ty, found) {
+                            diag.span_label(item.span, "expected this associated type");
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Given a slice of `hir::GenericBound`s, if any of them corresponds to the `trait_ref`
+    /// requirement, provide a structured suggestion to constrain it to a given type `ty`.
+    ///
+    /// `is_bound_surely_present` indicates whether we know the bound we're looking for is
+    /// inside `bounds`. If that's the case then we can consider `bounds` containing only one
+    /// trait bound as the one we're looking for. This can help in cases where the associated
+    /// type is defined on a supertrait of the one present in the bounds.
+    fn constrain_generic_bound_associated_type_structured_suggestion(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_ref: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+        bounds: hir::GenericBounds<'_>,
+        assoc: ty::AssocItem,
+        assoc_substs: &[ty::GenericArg<'tcx>],
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        msg: &str,
+        is_bound_surely_present: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // FIXME: we would want to call `resolve_vars_if_possible` on `ty` before suggesting.
+
+        let trait_bounds = bounds.iter().filter_map(|bound| match bound {
+            hir::GenericBound::Trait(ptr, hir::TraitBoundModifier::None) => Some(ptr),
+            _ => None,
+        });
+
+        let matching_trait_bounds = trait_bounds
+            .clone()
+            .filter(|ptr| ptr.trait_ref.trait_def_id() == Some(trait_ref.def_id))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let span = match &matching_trait_bounds[..] {
+            &[ptr] => ptr.span,
+            &[] if is_bound_surely_present => match &trait_bounds.collect::<Vec<_>>()[..] {
+                &[ptr] => ptr.span,
+                _ => return false,
+            },
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+
+        self.constrain_associated_type_structured_suggestion(
+            diag,
+            span,
+            assoc,
+            assoc_substs,
+            ty,
+            msg,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Given a span corresponding to a bound, provide a structured suggestion to set an
+    /// associated type to a given type `ty`.
+    fn constrain_associated_type_structured_suggestion(
+        &self,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        assoc: ty::AssocItem,
+        assoc_substs: &[ty::GenericArg<'tcx>],
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        msg: &str,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        if let Ok(has_params) =
+            tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span).map(|snippet| snippet.ends_with('>'))
+        {
+            let (span, sugg) = if has_params {
+                let pos = span.hi() - BytePos(1);
+                let span = Span::new(pos, pos, span.ctxt(), span.parent());
+                (span, format!(", {} = {}", assoc.ident(tcx), ty))
+            } else {
+                let item_args = self.format_generic_args(assoc_substs);
+                (span.shrink_to_hi(), format!("<{}{} = {}>", assoc.ident(tcx), item_args, ty))
+            };
+            diag.span_suggestion_verbose(span, msg, sugg, MaybeIncorrect);
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_generic_args(&self, args: &[ty::GenericArg<'tcx>]) -> String {
+        FmtPrinter::new(self.tcx, hir::def::Namespace::TypeNS)
+            .path_generic_args(Ok, args)
+            .expect("could not write to `String`.")
+            .into_buffer()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/suggest.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/suggest.rs
index 5b02956a1..55dcfd05e 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/suggest.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/error_reporting/suggest.rs
@@ -8,24 +8,25 @@ use rustc_middle::traits::{
     StatementAsExpression,
 };
 use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self as ty, Ty, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self as ty, IsSuggestable, Ty, TypeVisitableExt};
 use rustc_span::{sym, BytePos, Span};
 
-use crate::errors::SuggAddLetForLetChains;
+use crate::errors::{
+    ConsiderAddingAwait, SuggAddLetForLetChains, SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding,
+};
 
 use super::TypeErrCtxt;
 
 impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
     pub(super) fn suggest_remove_semi_or_return_binding(
         &self,
-        err: &mut Diagnostic,
         first_id: Option<hir::HirId>,
         first_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         first_span: Span,
         second_id: Option<hir::HirId>,
         second_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
         second_span: Span,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Option<SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding> {
         let remove_semicolon = [
             (first_id, self.resolve_vars_if_possible(second_ty)),
             (second_id, self.resolve_vars_if_possible(first_ty)),
@@ -37,35 +38,29 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         });
         match remove_semicolon {
             Some((sp, StatementAsExpression::NeedsBoxing)) => {
-                err.multipart_suggestion(
-                    "consider removing this semicolon and boxing the expressions",
-                    vec![
-                        (first_span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box::new(".to_string()),
-                        (first_span.shrink_to_hi(), ")".to_string()),
-                        (second_span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box::new(".to_string()),
-                        (second_span.shrink_to_hi(), ")".to_string()),
-                        (sp, String::new()),
-                    ],
-                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
-                );
+                Some(SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding::RemoveAndBox {
+                    first_lo: first_span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                    first_hi: first_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                    second_lo: second_span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                    second_hi: second_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                    sp,
+                })
             }
             Some((sp, StatementAsExpression::CorrectType)) => {
-                err.span_suggestion_short(
-                    sp,
-                    "consider removing this semicolon",
-                    "",
-                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
-                );
+                Some(SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding::Remove { sp })
             }
             None => {
+                let mut ret = None;
                 for (id, ty) in [(first_id, second_ty), (second_id, first_ty)] {
                     if let Some(id) = id
                         && let hir::Node::Block(blk) = self.tcx.hir().get(id)
-                        && self.consider_returning_binding(blk, ty, err)
+                        && let Some(diag) = self.consider_returning_binding_diag(blk, ty)
                     {
+                        ret = Some(diag);
                         break;
                     }
                 }
+                ret
             }
         }
     }
@@ -198,7 +193,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             return;
         }
 
-        match (
+        let subdiag = match (
             self.get_impl_future_output_ty(exp_found.expected),
             self.get_impl_future_output_ty(exp_found.found),
         ) {
@@ -207,82 +202,68 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
             {
                 ObligationCauseCode::IfExpression(box IfExpressionCause { then_id, .. }) => {
                     let then_span = self.find_block_span_from_hir_id(*then_id);
-                    diag.multipart_suggestion(
-                        "consider `await`ing on both `Future`s",
-                        vec![
-                            (then_span.shrink_to_hi(), ".await".to_string()),
-                            (exp_span.shrink_to_hi(), ".await".to_string()),
-                        ],
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
+                    Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::BothFuturesSugg {
+                        first: then_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                        second: exp_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                    })
                 }
                 ObligationCauseCode::MatchExpressionArm(box MatchExpressionArmCause {
                     prior_arms,
                     ..
                 }) => {
                     if let [.., arm_span] = &prior_arms[..] {
-                        diag.multipart_suggestion(
-                            "consider `await`ing on both `Future`s",
-                            vec![
-                                (arm_span.shrink_to_hi(), ".await".to_string()),
-                                (exp_span.shrink_to_hi(), ".await".to_string()),
-                            ],
-                            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                        );
+                        Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::BothFuturesSugg {
+                            first: arm_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                            second: exp_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                        })
                     } else {
-                        diag.help("consider `await`ing on both `Future`s");
+                        Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::BothFuturesHelp)
                     }
                 }
-                _ => {
-                    diag.help("consider `await`ing on both `Future`s");
-                }
+                _ => Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::BothFuturesHelp),
             },
             (_, Some(ty)) if self.same_type_modulo_infer(exp_found.expected, ty) => {
-                diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                    exp_span.shrink_to_hi(),
-                    "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
-                    ".await",
-                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                );
+                // FIXME: Seems like we can't have a suggestion and a note with different spans in a single subdiagnostic
+                diag.subdiagnostic(ConsiderAddingAwait::FutureSugg {
+                    span: exp_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                });
+                Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::FutureSuggNote { span: exp_span })
             }
             (Some(ty), _) if self.same_type_modulo_infer(ty, exp_found.found) => match cause.code()
             {
                 ObligationCauseCode::Pattern { span: Some(then_span), .. } => {
-                    diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                        then_span.shrink_to_hi(),
-                        "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
-                        ".await",
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
+                    Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::FutureSugg { span: then_span.shrink_to_hi() })
                 }
                 ObligationCauseCode::IfExpression(box IfExpressionCause { then_id, .. }) => {
                     let then_span = self.find_block_span_from_hir_id(*then_id);
-                    diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                        then_span.shrink_to_hi(),
-                        "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
-                        ".await",
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
+                    Some(ConsiderAddingAwait::FutureSugg { span: then_span.shrink_to_hi() })
                 }
                 ObligationCauseCode::MatchExpressionArm(box MatchExpressionArmCause {
                     ref prior_arms,
                     ..
-                }) => {
-                    diag.multipart_suggestion_verbose(
-                        "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
-                        prior_arms
-                            .iter()
-                            .map(|arm| (arm.shrink_to_hi(), ".await".to_string()))
-                            .collect(),
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
-                }
-                _ => {}
+                }) => Some({
+                    ConsiderAddingAwait::FutureSuggMultiple {
+                        spans: prior_arms.iter().map(|arm| arm.shrink_to_hi()).collect(),
+                    }
+                }),
+                _ => None,
             },
-            _ => {}
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(subdiag) = subdiag {
+            diag.subdiagnostic(subdiag);
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn suggest_await_on_future(&self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, sp: Span) {
+        diag.span_suggestion_verbose(
+            sp.shrink_to_hi(),
+            "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
+            ".await",
+            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+        );
+    }
+
     pub(super) fn suggest_accessing_field_where_appropriate(
         &self,
         cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
@@ -351,6 +332,118 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(super) fn suggest_function_pointers(
+        &self,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        span: Span,
+        exp_found: &ty::error::ExpectedFound<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        diag: &mut Diagnostic,
+    ) {
+        debug!("suggest_function_pointers(cause={:?}, exp_found={:?})", cause, exp_found);
+        let ty::error::ExpectedFound { expected, found } = exp_found;
+        let expected_inner = expected.peel_refs();
+        let found_inner = found.peel_refs();
+        if !expected_inner.is_fn() || !found_inner.is_fn() {
+            return;
+        }
+        match (&expected_inner.kind(), &found_inner.kind()) {
+            (ty::FnPtr(sig), ty::FnDef(did, substs)) => {
+                let expected_sig = &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(*sig);
+                let found_sig =
+                    &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(self.tcx.fn_sig(*did).subst(self.tcx, substs));
+
+                let fn_name = self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(*did, substs);
+
+                if !self.same_type_modulo_infer(*found_sig, *expected_sig)
+                    || !sig.is_suggestable(self.tcx, true)
+                    || ty::util::is_intrinsic(self.tcx, *did)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let (msg, sug) = match (expected.is_ref(), found.is_ref()) {
+                    (true, false) => {
+                        let msg = "consider using a reference";
+                        let sug = format!("&{fn_name}");
+                        (msg, sug)
+                    }
+                    (false, true) => {
+                        let msg = "consider removing the reference";
+                        let sug = format!("{fn_name}");
+                        (msg, sug)
+                    }
+                    (true, true) => {
+                        diag.note("fn items are distinct from fn pointers");
+                        let msg = "consider casting to a fn pointer";
+                        let sug = format!("&({fn_name} as {sig})");
+                        (msg, sug)
+                    }
+                    (false, false) => {
+                        diag.note("fn items are distinct from fn pointers");
+                        let msg = "consider casting to a fn pointer";
+                        let sug = format!("{fn_name} as {sig}");
+                        (msg, sug)
+                    }
+                };
+                diag.span_suggestion_verbose(span, msg, sug, Applicability::MaybeIncorrect);
+            }
+            (ty::FnDef(did1, substs1), ty::FnDef(did2, substs2)) => {
+                let expected_sig =
+                    &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(self.tcx.fn_sig(*did1).subst(self.tcx, substs1));
+                let found_sig =
+                    &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(self.tcx.fn_sig(*did2).subst(self.tcx, substs2));
+
+                if self.same_type_modulo_infer(*expected_sig, *found_sig) {
+                    diag.note("different fn items have unique types, even if their signatures are the same");
+                }
+
+                if !self.same_type_modulo_infer(*found_sig, *expected_sig)
+                    || !found_sig.is_suggestable(self.tcx, true)
+                    || !expected_sig.is_suggestable(self.tcx, true)
+                    || ty::util::is_intrinsic(self.tcx, *did1)
+                    || ty::util::is_intrinsic(self.tcx, *did2)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let fn_name = self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(*did2, substs2);
+                let sug = if found.is_ref() {
+                    format!("&({fn_name} as {found_sig})")
+                } else {
+                    format!("{fn_name} as {found_sig}")
+                };
+
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "consider casting both fn items to fn pointers using `as {expected_sig}`"
+                );
+
+                diag.span_suggestion_hidden(span, msg, sug, Applicability::MaybeIncorrect);
+            }
+            (ty::FnDef(did, substs), ty::FnPtr(sig)) => {
+                let expected_sig =
+                    &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(self.tcx.fn_sig(*did).subst(self.tcx, substs));
+                let found_sig = &(self.normalize_fn_sig)(*sig);
+
+                if !self.same_type_modulo_infer(*found_sig, *expected_sig) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let fn_name = self.tcx.def_path_str_with_substs(*did, substs);
+
+                let casting = if expected.is_ref() {
+                    format!("&({fn_name} as {found_sig})")
+                } else {
+                    format!("{fn_name} as {found_sig}")
+                };
+
+                diag.help(&format!("consider casting the fn item to a fn pointer: `{}`", casting));
+            }
+            _ => {
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
     pub fn should_suggest_as_ref(&self, expected: Ty<'tcx>, found: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<&str> {
         if let (ty::Adt(exp_def, exp_substs), ty::Ref(_, found_ty, _)) =
             (expected.kind(), found.kind())
@@ -411,8 +504,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         span: Span,
     ) {
         let hir = self.tcx.hir();
-        let fn_hir_id = hir.parent_id(cause.body_id);
-        if let Some(node) = self.tcx.hir().find(fn_hir_id) &&
+        if let Some(node) = self.tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(cause.body_id) &&
             let hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
                     kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(_sig, _, body_id), ..
                 }) = node {
@@ -549,16 +641,15 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
 
     /// Suggest returning a local binding with a compatible type if the block
     /// has no return expression.
-    pub fn consider_returning_binding(
+    pub fn consider_returning_binding_diag(
         &self,
         blk: &'tcx hir::Block<'tcx>,
         expected_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-        err: &mut Diagnostic,
-    ) -> bool {
+    ) -> Option<SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding> {
         let blk = blk.innermost_block();
         // Do not suggest if we have a tail expr.
         if blk.expr.is_some() {
-            return false;
+            return None;
         }
         let mut shadowed = FxIndexSet::default();
         let mut candidate_idents = vec![];
@@ -627,7 +718,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
         match &candidate_idents[..] {
             [(ident, _ty)] => {
                 let sm = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
-                if let Some(stmt) = blk.stmts.last() {
+                let (span, sugg) = if let Some(stmt) = blk.stmts.last() {
                     let stmt_span = sm.stmt_span(stmt.span, blk.span);
                     let sugg = if sm.is_multiline(blk.span)
                         && let Some(spacing) = sm.indentation_before(stmt_span)
@@ -636,12 +727,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                     } else {
                         format!(" {ident}")
                     };
-                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
-                        stmt_span.shrink_to_hi(),
-                        format!("consider returning the local binding `{ident}`"),
-                        sugg,
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
+                    (stmt_span.shrink_to_hi(), sugg)
                 } else {
                     let sugg = if sm.is_multiline(blk.span)
                         && let Some(spacing) = sm.indentation_before(blk.span.shrink_to_lo())
@@ -651,21 +737,34 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
                         format!(" {ident} ")
                     };
                     let left_span = sm.span_through_char(blk.span, '{').shrink_to_hi();
-                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                    (
                         sm.span_extend_while(left_span, |c| c.is_whitespace()).unwrap_or(left_span),
-                        format!("consider returning the local binding `{ident}`"),
                         sugg,
-                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
-                    );
-                }
-                true
+                    )
+                };
+                Some(SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding::Add { sp: span, code: sugg, ident: *ident })
             }
             values if (1..3).contains(&values.len()) => {
                 let spans = values.iter().map(|(ident, _)| ident.span).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                err.span_note(spans, "consider returning one of these bindings");
+                Some(SuggestRemoveSemiOrReturnBinding::AddOne { spans: spans.into() })
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn consider_returning_binding(
+        &self,
+        blk: &'tcx hir::Block<'tcx>,
+        expected_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let diag = self.consider_returning_binding_diag(blk, expected_ty);
+        match diag {
+            Some(diag) => {
+                err.subdiagnostic(diag);
                 true
             }
-            _ => false,
+            None => false,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
index 8f53b1ccd..f09f93abf 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/freshen.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ use super::InferCtxt;
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::ToType;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFolder;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperFoldable, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperFoldable, TypeVisitableExt};
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 
 pub struct TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
@@ -58,14 +58,9 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn freshen_ty<F>(
-        &mut self,
-        opt_ty: Option<Ty<'tcx>>,
-        key: ty::InferTy,
-        freshener: F,
-    ) -> Ty<'tcx>
+    fn freshen_ty<F>(&mut self, opt_ty: Option<Ty<'tcx>>, key: ty::InferTy, mk_fresh: F) -> Ty<'tcx>
     where
-        F: FnOnce(u32) -> ty::InferTy,
+        F: FnOnce(u32) -> Ty<'tcx>,
     {
         if let Some(ty) = opt_ty {
             return ty.fold_with(self);
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
             Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
                 let index = self.ty_freshen_count;
                 self.ty_freshen_count += 1;
-                let t = self.infcx.tcx.mk_ty_infer(freshener(index));
+                let t = mk_fresh(index);
                 entry.insert(t);
                 t
             }
@@ -110,8 +105,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
@@ -126,92 +121,36 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
             | ty::ReFree(_)
             | ty::ReVar(_)
             | ty::RePlaceholder(..)
+            | ty::ReError(_)
             | ty::ReErased => {
                 // replace all free regions with 'erased
-                self.tcx().lifetimes.re_erased
+                self.interner().lifetimes.re_erased
             }
             ty::ReStatic => {
                 if self.keep_static {
                     r
                 } else {
-                    self.tcx().lifetimes.re_erased
+                    self.interner().lifetimes.re_erased
                 }
             }
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         if !t.needs_infer() && !t.has_erasable_regions() {
-            return t;
-        }
+            t
+        } else {
+            match *t.kind() {
+                ty::Infer(v) => self.fold_infer_ty(v).unwrap_or(t),
 
-        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+                // This code is hot enough that a non-debug assertion here makes a noticeable
+                // difference on benchmarks like `wg-grammar`.
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) => bug!("unexpected type {:?}", t),
 
-        match *t.kind() {
-            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(v)) => {
-                let opt_ty = self.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().probe(v).known();
-                self.freshen_ty(opt_ty, ty::TyVar(v), ty::FreshTy)
+                _ => t.super_fold_with(self),
             }
-
-            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(v)) => self.freshen_ty(
-                self.infcx
-                    .inner
-                    .borrow_mut()
-                    .int_unification_table()
-                    .probe_value(v)
-                    .map(|v| v.to_type(tcx)),
-                ty::IntVar(v),
-                ty::FreshIntTy,
-            ),
-
-            ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(v)) => self.freshen_ty(
-                self.infcx
-                    .inner
-                    .borrow_mut()
-                    .float_unification_table()
-                    .probe_value(v)
-                    .map(|v| v.to_type(tcx)),
-                ty::FloatVar(v),
-                ty::FreshFloatTy,
-            ),
-
-            ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(ct) | ty::FreshIntTy(ct) | ty::FreshFloatTy(ct)) => {
-                if ct >= self.ty_freshen_count {
-                    bug!(
-                        "Encountered a freshend type with id {} \
-                          but our counter is only at {}",
-                        ct,
-                        self.ty_freshen_count
-                    );
-                }
-                t
-            }
-
-            ty::Generator(..)
-            | ty::Bool
-            | ty::Char
-            | ty::Int(..)
-            | ty::Uint(..)
-            | ty::Float(..)
-            | ty::Adt(..)
-            | ty::Str
-            | ty::Error(_)
-            | ty::Array(..)
-            | ty::Slice(..)
-            | ty::RawPtr(..)
-            | ty::Ref(..)
-            | ty::FnDef(..)
-            | ty::FnPtr(_)
-            | ty::Dynamic(..)
-            | ty::Never
-            | ty::Tuple(..)
-            | ty::Alias(..)
-            | ty::Foreign(..)
-            | ty::Param(..)
-            | ty::Closure(..)
-            | ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => t.super_fold_with(self),
-
-            ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) => bug!("unexpected type {:?}", t),
         }
     }
 
@@ -252,3 +191,54 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFreshener<'a, 'tcx> {
+    // This is separate from `fold_ty` to keep that method small and inlinable.
+    #[inline(never)]
+    fn fold_infer_ty(&mut self, v: ty::InferTy) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
+        match v {
+            ty::TyVar(v) => {
+                let opt_ty = self.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().probe(v).known();
+                Some(self.freshen_ty(opt_ty, ty::TyVar(v), |n| self.infcx.tcx.mk_fresh_ty(n)))
+            }
+
+            ty::IntVar(v) => Some(
+                self.freshen_ty(
+                    self.infcx
+                        .inner
+                        .borrow_mut()
+                        .int_unification_table()
+                        .probe_value(v)
+                        .map(|v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
+                    ty::IntVar(v),
+                    |n| self.infcx.tcx.mk_fresh_int_ty(n),
+                ),
+            ),
+
+            ty::FloatVar(v) => Some(
+                self.freshen_ty(
+                    self.infcx
+                        .inner
+                        .borrow_mut()
+                        .float_unification_table()
+                        .probe_value(v)
+                        .map(|v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
+                    ty::FloatVar(v),
+                    |n| self.infcx.tcx.mk_fresh_float_ty(n),
+                ),
+            ),
+
+            ty::FreshTy(ct) | ty::FreshIntTy(ct) | ty::FreshFloatTy(ct) => {
+                if ct >= self.ty_freshen_count {
+                    bug!(
+                        "Encountered a freshend type with id {} \
+                          but our counter is only at {}",
+                        ct,
+                        self.ty_freshen_count
+                    );
+                }
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/fudge.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/fudge.rs
index 6dd6c4e1f..86c2c2be4 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/fudge.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/fudge.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     pub fn fudge_inference_if_ok<T, E, F>(&self, f: F) -> Result<T, E>
     where
         F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>,
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let variable_lengths = self.variable_lengths();
         let (mut fudger, value) = self.probe(|_| {
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ pub struct InferenceFudger<'a, 'tcx> {
     const_vars: (Range<ConstVid<'tcx>>, Vec<ConstVariableOrigin>),
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for InferenceFudger<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for InferenceFudger<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/glb.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/glb.rs
index 21b68ce99..49df393d8 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/glb.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/glb.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 //! Greatest lower bound. See [`lattice`].
 
-use super::combine::CombineFields;
+use super::combine::{CombineFields, ObligationEmittingRelation};
 use super::lattice::{self, LatticeDir};
 use super::InferCtxt;
 use super::Subtype;
 
-use crate::infer::combine::ConstEquateRelation;
-use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
+use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligations};
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 
 /// "Greatest lower bound" (common subtype)
 pub struct Glb<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
@@ -79,7 +78,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Glb<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})", self.tag(), a, b);
 
         let origin = Subtype(Box::new(self.fields.trace.clone()));
-        Ok(self.fields.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().glb_regions(
+        // GLB(&'static u8, &'a u8) == &RegionLUB('static, 'a) u8 == &'static u8
+        Ok(self.fields.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().lub_regions(
             self.tcx(),
             origin,
             a,
@@ -135,10 +135,6 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> LatticeDir<'infcx, 'tcx> for Glb<'combine, 'infcx,
         &self.fields.trace.cause
     }
 
-    fn add_obligations(&mut self, obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>) {
-        self.fields.obligations.extend(obligations)
-    }
-
     fn relate_bound(&mut self, v: Ty<'tcx>, a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ()> {
         let mut sub = self.fields.sub(self.a_is_expected);
         sub.relate(v, a)?;
@@ -151,8 +147,12 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> LatticeDir<'infcx, 'tcx> for Glb<'combine, 'infcx,
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> ConstEquateRelation<'tcx> for Glb<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
-        self.fields.add_const_equate_obligation(self.a_is_expected, a, b);
+impl<'tcx> ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> for Glb<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ty::ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.fields.register_predicates(obligations);
+    }
+
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.fields.register_obligations(obligations);
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
index 817ae10c7..d1897cf24 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/higher_ranked/mod.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use super::{HigherRankedType, InferCtxt};
 use crate::infer::CombinedSnapshot;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::FnMutDelegate;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Binder, TypeFoldable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Binder, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'tcx> {
     /// Checks whether `for<..> sub <: for<..> sup` holds.
@@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> CombineFields<'a, 'tcx> {
         // First, we instantiate each bound region in the supertype with a
         // fresh placeholder region. Note that this automatically creates
         // a new universe if needed.
-        let sup_prime = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(sup);
+        let sup_prime = self.infcx.instantiate_binder_with_placeholders(sup);
 
         // Next, we instantiate each bound region in the subtype
         // with a fresh region variable. These region variables --
         // but no other pre-existing region variables -- can name
         // the placeholders.
-        let sub_prime = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(span, HigherRankedType, sub);
+        let sub_prime = self.infcx.instantiate_binder_with_fresh_vars(span, HigherRankedType, sub);
 
         debug!("a_prime={:?}", sub_prime);
         debug!("b_prime={:?}", sup_prime);
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     ///
     /// [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/hrtb.html
     #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self), ret)]
-    pub fn replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders<T>(&self, binder: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>) -> T
+    pub fn instantiate_binder_with_placeholders<T>(&self, binder: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx> + Copy,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>> + Copy,
     {
         if let Some(inner) = binder.no_bound_vars() {
             return inner;
@@ -82,16 +82,16 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
         let delegate = FnMutDelegate {
             regions: &mut |br: ty::BoundRegion| {
-                self.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
+                self.tcx.mk_re_placeholder(ty::PlaceholderRegion {
                     universe: next_universe,
                     name: br.kind,
-                }))
+                })
             },
             types: &mut |bound_ty: ty::BoundTy| {
-                self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
+                self.tcx.mk_placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
                     universe: next_universe,
-                    name: bound_ty.var,
-                }))
+                    name: bound_ty.kind,
+                })
             },
             consts: &mut |bound_var: ty::BoundVar, ty| {
                 self.tcx
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lattice.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lattice.rs
index 4dbb4b4d7..f377ac1d1 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lattice.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lattice.rs
@@ -17,11 +17,12 @@
 //!
 //! [lattices]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(order)
 
+use super::combine::ObligationEmittingRelation;
 use super::type_variable::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
 use super::InferCtxt;
 
-use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{RelateResult, TypeRelation};
+use crate::traits::ObligationCause;
+use rustc_middle::ty::relate::RelateResult;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyVar;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
 
@@ -30,13 +31,11 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty};
 ///
 /// GLB moves "down" the lattice (to smaller values); LUB moves
 /// "up" the lattice (to bigger values).
-pub trait LatticeDir<'f, 'tcx>: TypeRelation<'tcx> {
+pub trait LatticeDir<'f, 'tcx>: ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> {
     fn infcx(&self) -> &'f InferCtxt<'tcx>;
 
     fn cause(&self) -> &ObligationCause<'tcx>;
 
-    fn add_obligations(&mut self, obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>);
-
     fn define_opaque_types(&self) -> bool;
 
     // Relates the type `v` to `a` and `b` such that `v` represents
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ where
         | (_, &ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ty::AliasTy { def_id, .. }))
             if this.define_opaque_types() && def_id.is_local() =>
         {
-            this.add_obligations(
+            this.register_obligations(
                 infcx
                     .handle_opaque_type(a, b, this.a_is_expected(), this.cause(), this.param_env())?
                     .obligations,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
index ce8aec804..2c4803550 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lexical_region_resolve/mod.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use rustc_index::vec::{Idx, IndexVec};
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
 use rustc_middle::ty::PlaceholderRegion;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{ReEarlyBound, ReErased, ReFree, ReStatic};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ReEarlyBound, ReErased, ReError, ReFree, ReStatic};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ReLateBound, RePlaceholder, ReVar};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{Region, RegionVid};
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ pub enum RegionResolutionError<'tcx> {
     /// `o` requires that `a <= b`, but this does not hold
     ConcreteFailure(SubregionOrigin<'tcx>, Region<'tcx>, Region<'tcx>),
 
-    /// `GenericBoundFailure(p, s, a)
+    /// `GenericBoundFailure(p, s, a)`:
     ///
     /// The parameter/associated-type `p` must be known to outlive the lifetime
     /// `a` (but none of the known bounds are sufficient).
@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 Ok(self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static)
             }
 
+            ReError(_) => Ok(a_region),
+
             ReEarlyBound(_) | ReFree(_) => {
                 // All empty regions are less than early-bound, free,
                 // and scope regions.
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                     // name the placeholder, then the placeholder is
                     // larger; otherwise, the only ancestor is `'static`.
                     Err(placeholder) if empty_ui.can_name(placeholder.universe) => {
-                        self.tcx().mk_region(RePlaceholder(placeholder))
+                        self.tcx().mk_re_placeholder(placeholder)
                     }
                     Err(_) => self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static,
                 };
@@ -436,6 +438,10 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
             }
             (VarValue::Value(a), VarValue::Empty(_)) => {
                 match *a {
+                    // this is always on an error path,
+                    // so it doesn't really matter if it's shorter or longer than an empty region
+                    ReError(_) => false,
+
                     ReLateBound(..) | ReErased => {
                         bug!("cannot relate region: {:?}", a);
                     }
@@ -465,6 +471,10 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
             }
             (VarValue::Empty(a_ui), VarValue::Value(b)) => {
                 match *b {
+                    // this is always on an error path,
+                    // so it doesn't really matter if it's shorter or longer than an empty region
+                    ReError(_) => false,
+
                     ReLateBound(..) | ReErased => {
                         bug!("cannot relate region: {:?}", b);
                     }
@@ -546,6 +556,10 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> LexicalResolver<'cx, 'tcx> {
                 );
             }
 
+            (ReError(_), _) => a,
+
+            (_, ReError(_)) => b,
+
             (ReStatic, _) | (_, ReStatic) => {
                 // nothing lives longer than `'static`
                 self.tcx().lifetimes.re_static
@@ -1018,7 +1032,7 @@ impl<'tcx> fmt::Debug for RegionAndOrigin<'tcx> {
 impl<'tcx> LexicalRegionResolutions<'tcx> {
     fn normalize<T>(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, value: T) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         tcx.fold_regions(value, |r, _db| self.resolve_region(tcx, r))
     }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lub.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lub.rs
index c07ac1d3a..c871ccb21 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lub.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lub.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 //! Least upper bound. See [`lattice`].
 
-use super::combine::CombineFields;
+use super::combine::{CombineFields, ObligationEmittingRelation};
 use super::lattice::{self, LatticeDir};
 use super::InferCtxt;
 use super::Subtype;
 
-use crate::infer::combine::ConstEquateRelation;
-use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
+use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligations};
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 
 /// "Least upper bound" (common supertype)
 pub struct Lub<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
@@ -79,7 +78,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
         debug!("{}.regions({:?}, {:?})", self.tag(), a, b);
 
         let origin = Subtype(Box::new(self.fields.trace.clone()));
-        Ok(self.fields.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().lub_regions(
+        // LUB(&'static u8, &'a u8) == &RegionGLB('static, 'a) u8 == &'a u8
+        Ok(self.fields.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().glb_regions(
             self.tcx(),
             origin,
             a,
@@ -126,12 +126,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> ConstEquateRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
-        self.fields.add_const_equate_obligation(self.a_is_expected, a, b);
-    }
-}
-
 impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> LatticeDir<'infcx, 'tcx> for Lub<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
     fn infcx(&self) -> &'infcx InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.fields.infcx
@@ -141,10 +135,6 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> LatticeDir<'infcx, 'tcx> for Lub<'combine, 'infcx,
         &self.fields.trace.cause
     }
 
-    fn add_obligations(&mut self, obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>) {
-        self.fields.obligations.extend(obligations)
-    }
-
     fn relate_bound(&mut self, v: Ty<'tcx>, a: Ty<'tcx>, b: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ()> {
         let mut sub = self.fields.sub(self.a_is_expected);
         sub.relate(a, v)?;
@@ -156,3 +146,13 @@ impl<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> LatticeDir<'infcx, 'tcx> for Lub<'combine, 'infcx,
         self.fields.define_opaque_types
     }
 }
+
+impl<'tcx> ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ty::ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.fields.register_predicates(obligations);
+    }
+
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.fields.register_obligations(obligations)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
index f0e42c1fc..bd1f96635 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/mod.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ pub use self::LateBoundRegionConversionTime::*;
 pub use self::RegionVariableOrigin::*;
 pub use self::SubregionOrigin::*;
 pub use self::ValuePairs::*;
+pub use combine::ObligationEmittingRelation;
 
 use self::opaque_types::OpaqueTypeStorage;
 pub(crate) use self::undo_log::{InferCtxtUndoLogs, Snapshot, UndoLog};
@@ -28,9 +29,9 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::fold::BoundVarReplacerDelegate;
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{TypeFoldable, TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::RelateResult;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, InternalSubsts, SubstsRef};
-use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeVisitable, TypeVisitableExt};
 pub use rustc_middle::ty::IntVarValue;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, InferConst, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, InferConst, InferTy, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{ConstVid, FloatVid, IntVid, TyVid};
 use rustc_span::symbol::Symbol;
 use rustc_span::Span;
@@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ pub struct InferCtxtInner<'tcx> {
     undo_log: InferCtxtUndoLogs<'tcx>,
 
     /// Caches for opaque type inference.
-    pub opaque_type_storage: OpaqueTypeStorage<'tcx>,
+    opaque_type_storage: OpaqueTypeStorage<'tcx>,
 }
 
 impl<'tcx> InferCtxtInner<'tcx> {
@@ -194,41 +195,17 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxtInner<'tcx> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn int_unification_table(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> ut::UnificationTable<
-        ut::InPlace<
-            ty::IntVid,
-            &mut ut::UnificationStorage<ty::IntVid>,
-            &mut InferCtxtUndoLogs<'tcx>,
-        >,
-    > {
+    fn int_unification_table(&mut self) -> UnificationTable<'_, 'tcx, ty::IntVid> {
         self.int_unification_storage.with_log(&mut self.undo_log)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn float_unification_table(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> ut::UnificationTable<
-        ut::InPlace<
-            ty::FloatVid,
-            &mut ut::UnificationStorage<ty::FloatVid>,
-            &mut InferCtxtUndoLogs<'tcx>,
-        >,
-    > {
+    fn float_unification_table(&mut self) -> UnificationTable<'_, 'tcx, ty::FloatVid> {
         self.float_unification_storage.with_log(&mut self.undo_log)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn const_unification_table(
-        &mut self,
-    ) -> ut::UnificationTable<
-        ut::InPlace<
-            ty::ConstVid<'tcx>,
-            &mut ut::UnificationStorage<ty::ConstVid<'tcx>>,
-            &mut InferCtxtUndoLogs<'tcx>,
-        >,
-    > {
+    fn const_unification_table(&mut self) -> UnificationTable<'_, 'tcx, ty::ConstVid<'tcx>> {
         self.const_unification_storage.with_log(&mut self.undo_log)
     }
 
@@ -263,7 +240,7 @@ pub struct InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// short lived InferCtxt within queries. The opaque type obligations are forwarded
     /// to the outside until the end up in an `InferCtxt` for typeck or borrowck.
     ///
-    /// It is default value is `DefiningAnchor::Error`, this way it is easier to catch errors that
+    /// Its default value is `DefiningAnchor::Error`, this way it is easier to catch errors that
     /// might come up during inference or typeck.
     pub defining_use_anchor: DefiningAnchor,
 
@@ -616,7 +593,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxtBuilder<'tcx> {
         canonical: &Canonical<'tcx, T>,
     ) -> (InferCtxt<'tcx>, T, CanonicalVarValues<'tcx>)
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         let infcx = self.build();
         let (value, subst) = infcx.instantiate_canonical_with_fresh_inference_vars(span, canonical);
@@ -696,7 +673,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.in_snapshot.get()
     }
 
-    pub fn freshen<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(&self, t: T) -> T {
+    pub fn freshen<T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(&self, t: T) -> T {
         t.fold_with(&mut self.freshener())
     }
 
@@ -879,30 +856,20 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().add_given(sub, sup);
     }
 
-    pub fn can_sub<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> UnitResult<'tcx>
+    pub fn can_sub<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> bool
     where
         T: at::ToTrace<'tcx>,
     {
         let origin = &ObligationCause::dummy();
-        self.probe(|_| {
-            self.at(origin, param_env).sub(a, b).map(|InferOk { obligations: _, .. }| {
-                // Ignore obligations, since we are unrolling
-                // everything anyway.
-            })
-        })
+        self.probe(|_| self.at(origin, param_env).sub(a, b).is_ok())
     }
 
-    pub fn can_eq<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> UnitResult<'tcx>
+    pub fn can_eq<T>(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, a: T, b: T) -> bool
     where
         T: at::ToTrace<'tcx>,
     {
         let origin = &ObligationCause::dummy();
-        self.probe(|_| {
-            self.at(origin, param_env).eq(a, b).map(|InferOk { obligations: _, .. }| {
-                // Ignore obligations, since we are unrolling
-                // everything anyway.
-            })
-        })
+        self.probe(|_| self.at(origin, param_env).eq(a, b).is_ok())
     }
 
     #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
@@ -995,7 +962,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
         Ok(self.commit_if_ok(|_snapshot| {
             let ty::SubtypePredicate { a_is_expected, a, b } =
-                self.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(predicate);
+                self.instantiate_binder_with_placeholders(predicate);
 
             let ok = self.at(cause, param_env).sub_exp(a_is_expected, a, b)?;
 
@@ -1008,7 +975,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         cause: &traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>,
         predicate: ty::PolyRegionOutlivesPredicate<'tcx>,
     ) {
-        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b) = self.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(predicate);
+        let ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b) = self.instantiate_binder_with_placeholders(predicate);
         let origin =
             SubregionOrigin::from_obligation_cause(cause, || RelateRegionParamBound(cause.span));
         self.sub_regions(origin, r_b, r_a); // `b : a` ==> `a <= b`
@@ -1102,7 +1069,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     ) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         let region_var =
             self.inner.borrow_mut().unwrap_region_constraints().new_region_var(universe, origin);
-        self.tcx.mk_region(ty::ReVar(region_var))
+        self.tcx.mk_re_var(region_var)
     }
 
     /// Return the universe that the region `r` was created in. For
@@ -1120,11 +1087,13 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     }
 
     /// Just a convenient wrapper of `next_region_var` for using during NLL.
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
     pub fn next_nll_region_var(&self, origin: NllRegionVariableOrigin) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
         self.next_region_var(RegionVariableOrigin::Nll(origin))
     }
 
     /// Just a convenient wrapper of `next_region_var` for using during NLL.
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
     pub fn next_nll_region_var_in_universe(
         &self,
         origin: NllRegionVariableOrigin,
@@ -1175,7 +1144,15 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                         origin,
                         val: ConstVariableValue::Unknown { universe: self.universe() },
                     });
-                self.tcx.mk_const(const_var_id, self.tcx.type_of(param.def_id)).into()
+                self.tcx
+                    .mk_const(
+                        const_var_id,
+                        self.tcx
+                            .type_of(param.def_id)
+                            .no_bound_vars()
+                            .expect("const parameter types cannot be generic"),
+                    )
+                    .into()
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1370,7 +1347,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// will be resolving them as well, e.g. in a loop).
     pub fn shallow_resolve<T>(&self, value: T) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         value.fold_with(&mut ShallowResolver { infcx: self })
     }
@@ -1387,10 +1364,10 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// at will.
     pub fn resolve_vars_if_possible<T>(&self, value: T) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
-        if !value.needs_infer() {
-            return value; // Avoid duplicated subst-folding.
+        if !value.has_non_region_infer() {
+            return value;
         }
         let mut r = resolve::OpportunisticVarResolver::new(self);
         value.fold_with(&mut r)
@@ -1398,7 +1375,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
 
     pub fn resolve_numeric_literals_with_default<T>(&self, value: T) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         if !value.needs_infer() {
             return value; // Avoid duplicated subst-folding.
@@ -1413,7 +1390,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         value: &T,
     ) -> Option<(ty::Term<'tcx>, Option<Span>)>
     where
-        T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>,
+        T: TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
     {
         value.visit_with(&mut resolve::UnresolvedTypeOrConstFinder::new(self)).break_value()
     }
@@ -1428,17 +1405,14 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn fully_resolve<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(&self, value: T) -> FixupResult<'tcx, T> {
-        /*!
-         * Attempts to resolve all type/region/const variables in
-         * `value`. Region inference must have been run already (e.g.,
-         * by calling `resolve_regions_and_report_errors`). If some
-         * variable was never unified, an `Err` results.
-         *
-         * This method is idempotent, but it not typically not invoked
-         * except during the writeback phase.
-         */
-
+    /// Attempts to resolve all type/region/const variables in
+    /// `value`. Region inference must have been run already (e.g.,
+    /// by calling `resolve_regions_and_report_errors`). If some
+    /// variable was never unified, an `Err` results.
+    ///
+    /// This method is idempotent, but it not typically not invoked
+    /// except during the writeback phase.
+    pub fn fully_resolve<T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(&self, value: T) -> FixupResult<'tcx, T> {
         let value = resolve::fully_resolve(self, value);
         assert!(
             value.as_ref().map_or(true, |value| !value.needs_infer()),
@@ -1447,14 +1421,21 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         value
     }
 
-    pub fn replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars<T>(
+    // Instantiates the bound variables in a given binder with fresh inference
+    // variables in the current universe.
+    //
+    // Use this method if you'd like to find some substitution of the binder's
+    // variables (e.g. during a method call). If there isn't a [`LateBoundRegionConversionTime`]
+    // that corresponds to your use case, consider whether or not you should
+    // use [`InferCtxt::instantiate_binder_with_placeholders`] instead.
+    pub fn instantiate_binder_with_fresh_vars<T>(
         &self,
         span: Span,
         lbrct: LateBoundRegionConversionTime,
         value: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
     ) -> T
     where
-        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx> + Copy,
+        T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>> + Copy,
     {
         if let Some(inner) = value.no_bound_vars() {
             return inner;
@@ -1746,7 +1727,6 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeErrCtxt<'_, 'tcx> {
     // in this case. The typechecker should only ever report type errors involving mismatched
     // types using one of these methods, and should not call span_err directly for such
     // errors.
-
     pub fn type_error_struct_with_diag<M>(
         &self,
         sp: Span,
@@ -1844,8 +1824,8 @@ struct InferenceLiteralEraser<'tcx> {
     tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for InferenceLiteralEraser<'tcx> {
-    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for InferenceLiteralEraser<'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.tcx
     }
 
@@ -1862,17 +1842,41 @@ struct ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
     infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'tcx>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
     /// If `ty` is a type variable of some kind, resolve it one level
     /// (but do not resolve types found in the result). If `typ` is
     /// not a type variable, just return it unmodified.
+    #[inline]
     fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
-        match *ty.kind() {
-            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(v)) => {
+        if let ty::Infer(v) = ty.kind() { self.fold_infer_ty(*v).unwrap_or(ty) } else { ty }
+    }
+
+    fn fold_const(&mut self, ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
+        if let ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid)) = ct.kind() {
+            self.infcx
+                .inner
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .const_unification_table()
+                .probe_value(vid)
+                .val
+                .known()
+                .unwrap_or(ct)
+        } else {
+            ct
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    // This is separate from `fold_ty` to keep that method small and inlinable.
+    #[inline(never)]
+    fn fold_infer_ty(&mut self, v: InferTy) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
+        match v {
+            ty::TyVar(v) => {
                 // Not entirely obvious: if `typ` is a type variable,
                 // it can be resolved to an int/float variable, which
                 // can then be recursively resolved, hence the
@@ -1886,41 +1890,26 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
                 // Note: if these two lines are combined into one we get
                 // dynamic borrow errors on `self.inner`.
                 let known = self.infcx.inner.borrow_mut().type_variables().probe(v).known();
-                known.map_or(ty, |t| self.fold_ty(t))
+                known.map(|t| self.fold_ty(t))
             }
 
-            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(v)) => self
+            ty::IntVar(v) => self
                 .infcx
                 .inner
                 .borrow_mut()
                 .int_unification_table()
                 .probe_value(v)
-                .map_or(ty, |v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
+                .map(|v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
 
-            ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(v)) => self
+            ty::FloatVar(v) => self
                 .infcx
                 .inner
                 .borrow_mut()
                 .float_unification_table()
                 .probe_value(v)
-                .map_or(ty, |v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
-
-            _ => ty,
-        }
-    }
+                .map(|v| v.to_type(self.infcx.tcx)),
 
-    fn fold_const(&mut self, ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
-        if let ty::ConstKind::Infer(InferConst::Var(vid)) = ct.kind() {
-            self.infcx
-                .inner
-                .borrow_mut()
-                .const_unification_table()
-                .probe_value(vid)
-                .val
-                .known()
-                .unwrap_or(ct)
-        } else {
-            ct
+            ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_) => None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -2044,24 +2033,24 @@ fn replace_param_and_infer_substs_with_placeholder<'tcx>(
 ) -> SubstsRef<'tcx> {
     struct ReplaceParamAndInferWithPlaceholder<'tcx> {
         tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
-        idx: usize,
+        idx: u32,
     }
 
-    impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ReplaceParamAndInferWithPlaceholder<'tcx> {
-        fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+    impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ReplaceParamAndInferWithPlaceholder<'tcx> {
+        fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
             self.tcx
         }
 
         fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
             if let ty::Infer(_) = t.kind() {
-                self.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
+                self.tcx.mk_placeholder(ty::PlaceholderType {
                     universe: ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
-                    name: ty::BoundVar::from_usize({
+                    name: ty::BoundTyKind::Anon({
                         let idx = self.idx;
                         self.idx += 1;
                         idx
                     }),
-                }))
+                })
             } else {
                 t.super_fold_with(self)
             }
@@ -2077,7 +2066,7 @@ fn replace_param_and_infer_substs_with_placeholder<'tcx>(
                 self.tcx.mk_const(
                     ty::PlaceholderConst {
                         universe: ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
-                        name: ty::BoundVar::from_usize({
+                        name: ty::BoundVar::from_u32({
                             let idx = self.idx;
                             self.idx += 1;
                             idx
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
index f235cb5ab..573cd91a2 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs
@@ -21,26 +21,21 @@
 //!   thing we relate in chalk are basically domain goals and their
 //!   constituents)
 
-use crate::infer::combine::ConstEquateRelation;
 use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
 use crate::infer::{ConstVarValue, ConstVariableValue};
 use crate::infer::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
-use crate::traits::{Obligation, PredicateObligation};
+use crate::traits::{Obligation, PredicateObligations};
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
 use rustc_middle::traits::ObligationCause;
 use rustc_middle::ty::error::TypeError;
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{self, Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor};
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable, TypeVisitableExt, TypeVisitor};
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, InferConst, Ty, TyCtxt};
-use rustc_span::Span;
+use rustc_span::{Span, Symbol};
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 
-#[derive(PartialEq)]
-pub enum NormalizationStrategy {
-    Lazy,
-    Eager,
-}
+use super::combine::ObligationEmittingRelation;
 
 pub struct TypeRelating<'me, 'tcx, D>
 where
@@ -55,7 +50,7 @@ where
     ///
     /// - Covariant means `a <: b`.
     /// - Contravariant means `b <: a`.
-    /// - Invariant means `a == b.
+    /// - Invariant means `a == b`.
     /// - Bivariant means that it doesn't matter.
     ambient_variance: ty::Variance,
 
@@ -92,7 +87,7 @@ pub trait TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> {
         info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
     );
 
-    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>);
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>);
 
     /// Creates a new universe index. Used when instantiating placeholders.
     fn create_next_universe(&mut self) -> ty::UniverseIndex;
@@ -105,7 +100,11 @@ pub trait TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> {
     /// we will invoke this method to instantiate `'a` with an
     /// inference variable (though `'b` would be instantiated first,
     /// as a placeholder).
-    fn next_existential_region_var(&mut self, was_placeholder: bool) -> ty::Region<'tcx>;
+    fn next_existential_region_var(
+        &mut self,
+        was_placeholder: bool,
+        name: Option<Symbol>,
+    ) -> ty::Region<'tcx>;
 
     /// Creates a new region variable representing a
     /// higher-ranked region that is instantiated universally.
@@ -125,9 +124,6 @@ pub trait TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> {
     /// relation stating that `'?0: 'a`).
     fn generalize_existential(&mut self, universe: ty::UniverseIndex) -> ty::Region<'tcx>;
 
-    /// Define the normalization strategy to use, eager or lazy.
-    fn normalization() -> NormalizationStrategy;
-
     /// Enables some optimizations if we do not expect inference variables
     /// in the RHS of the relation.
     fn forbid_inference_vars() -> bool;
@@ -196,7 +192,7 @@ where
                     let placeholder = ty::PlaceholderRegion { universe, name: br.kind };
                     delegate.next_placeholder_region(placeholder)
                 } else {
-                    delegate.next_existential_region_var(true)
+                    delegate.next_existential_region_var(true, br.kind.get_name())
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -265,38 +261,6 @@ where
         self.delegate.push_outlives(sup, sub, info);
     }
 
-    /// Relate a projection type and some value type lazily. This will always
-    /// succeed, but we push an additional `ProjectionEq` goal depending
-    /// on the value type:
-    /// - if the value type is any type `T` which is not a projection, we push
-    ///   `ProjectionEq(projection = T)`.
-    /// - if the value type is another projection `other_projection`, we create
-    ///   a new inference variable `?U` and push the two goals
-    ///   `ProjectionEq(projection = ?U)`, `ProjectionEq(other_projection = ?U)`.
-    fn relate_projection_ty(
-        &mut self,
-        projection_ty: ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
-        value_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
-    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
-        use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
-
-        match *value_ty.kind() {
-            ty::Alias(ty::Projection, other_projection_ty) => {
-                let var = self.infcx.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
-                    kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::MiscVariable,
-                    span: DUMMY_SP,
-                });
-                // FIXME(lazy-normalization): This will always ICE, because the recursive
-                // call will end up in the _ arm below.
-                self.relate_projection_ty(projection_ty, var);
-                self.relate_projection_ty(other_projection_ty, var);
-                var
-            }
-
-            _ => bug!("should never be invoked with eager normalization"),
-        }
-    }
-
     /// Relate a type inference variable with a value type. This works
     /// by creating a "generalization" G of the value where all the
     /// lifetimes are replaced with fresh inference values. This
@@ -335,12 +299,6 @@ where
                 return Ok(value_ty);
             }
 
-            ty::Alias(ty::Projection, projection_ty)
-                if D::normalization() == NormalizationStrategy::Lazy =>
-            {
-                return Ok(self.relate_projection_ty(projection_ty, self.infcx.tcx.mk_ty_var(vid)));
-            }
-
             _ => (),
         }
 
@@ -627,18 +585,6 @@ where
                 self.relate_opaques(a, b)
             }
 
-            (&ty::Alias(ty::Projection, projection_ty), _)
-                if D::normalization() == NormalizationStrategy::Lazy =>
-            {
-                Ok(self.relate_projection_ty(projection_ty, b))
-            }
-
-            (_, &ty::Alias(ty::Projection, projection_ty))
-                if D::normalization() == NormalizationStrategy::Lazy =>
-            {
-                Ok(self.relate_projection_ty(projection_ty, a))
-            }
-
             _ => {
                 debug!(?a, ?b, ?self.ambient_variance);
 
@@ -663,13 +609,13 @@ where
         debug!(?v_b);
 
         if self.ambient_covariance() {
-            // Covariance: a <= b. Hence, `b: a`.
-            self.push_outlives(v_b, v_a, self.ambient_variance_info);
+            // Covariant: &'a u8 <: &'b u8. Hence, `'a: 'b`.
+            self.push_outlives(v_a, v_b, self.ambient_variance_info);
         }
 
         if self.ambient_contravariance() {
-            // Contravariant: b <= a. Hence, `a: b`.
-            self.push_outlives(v_a, v_b, self.ambient_variance_info);
+            // Contravariant: &'b u8 <: &'a u8. Hence, `'b: 'a`.
+            self.push_outlives(v_b, v_a, self.ambient_variance_info);
         }
 
         Ok(a)
@@ -813,16 +759,23 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx, D> ConstEquateRelation<'tcx> for TypeRelating<'_, 'tcx, D>
+impl<'tcx, D> ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> for TypeRelating<'_, 'tcx, D>
 where
     D: TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx>,
 {
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, _a: ty::Const<'tcx>, _b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
-        // We don't have to worry about the equality of consts during borrow checking
-        // as consts always have a static lifetime.
-        // FIXME(oli-obk): is this really true? We can at least have HKL and with
-        // inline consts we may have further lifetimes that may be unsound to treat as
-        // 'static.
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ty::ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.delegate.register_obligations(
+            obligations
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|to_pred| {
+                    Obligation::new(self.tcx(), ObligationCause::dummy(), self.param_env(), to_pred)
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.delegate.register_obligations(obligations);
     }
 }
 
@@ -840,8 +793,8 @@ struct ScopeInstantiator<'me, 'tcx> {
     bound_region_scope: &'me mut BoundRegionScope<'tcx>,
 }
 
-impl<'me, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for ScopeInstantiator<'me, 'tcx> {
-    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>>(
+impl<'me, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ScopeInstantiator<'me, 'tcx> {
+    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(
         &mut self,
         t: &ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
     ) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
index c54c66eab..d5c824d4c 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/opaque_types.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::infer::{DefiningAnchor, InferCtxt, InferOk};
 use crate::traits;
 use hir::def::DefKind;
 use hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
-use hir::{HirId, OpaqueTyOrigin};
+use hir::OpaqueTyOrigin;
 use rustc_data_structures::sync::Lrc;
 use rustc_data_structures::vec_map::VecMap;
 use rustc_hir as hir;
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use rustc_middle::ty::fold::BottomUpFolder;
 use rustc_middle::ty::GenericArgKind;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{
     self, OpaqueHiddenType, OpaqueTypeKey, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperVisitable,
-    TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor,
+    TypeVisitable, TypeVisitableExt, TypeVisitor,
 };
 use rustc_span::Span;
 
@@ -45,10 +45,10 @@ pub struct OpaqueTypeDecl<'tcx> {
 impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
     /// This is a backwards compatibility hack to prevent breaking changes from
     /// lazy TAIT around RPIT handling.
-    pub fn replace_opaque_types_with_inference_vars<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+    pub fn replace_opaque_types_with_inference_vars<T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(
         &self,
         value: T,
-        body_id: HirId,
+        body_id: LocalDefId,
         span: Span,
         param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
     ) -> InferOk<'tcx, T> {
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         }
         let mut obligations = vec![];
         let replace_opaque_type = |def_id: DefId| {
-            def_id
-                .as_local()
-                .map_or(false, |def_id| self.opaque_type_origin(def_id, span).is_some())
+            def_id.as_local().map_or(false, |def_id| self.opaque_type_origin(def_id).is_some())
         };
         let value = value.fold_with(&mut BottomUpFolder {
             tcx: self.tcx,
@@ -144,9 +142,9 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                         //     let x = || foo(); // returns the Opaque assoc with `foo`
                         // }
                         // ```
-                        self.opaque_type_origin(def_id, cause.span)?
+                        self.opaque_type_origin(def_id)?
                     }
-                    DefiningAnchor::Bubble => self.opaque_ty_origin_unchecked(def_id, cause.span),
+                    DefiningAnchor::Bubble => self.opaque_type_origin_unchecked(def_id),
                     DefiningAnchor::Error => return None,
                 };
                 if let ty::Alias(ty::Opaque, ty::AliasTy { def_id: b_def_id, .. }) = *b.kind() {
@@ -155,9 +153,8 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                     // no one encounters it in practice.
                     // It does occur however in `fn fut() -> impl Future<Output = i32> { async { 42 } }`,
                     // where it is of no concern, so we only check for TAITs.
-                    if let Some(OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias) = b_def_id
-                        .as_local()
-                        .and_then(|b_def_id| self.opaque_type_origin(b_def_id, cause.span))
+                    if let Some(OpaqueTyOrigin::TyAlias) =
+                        b_def_id.as_local().and_then(|b_def_id| self.opaque_type_origin(b_def_id))
                     {
                         self.tcx.sess.emit_err(OpaqueHiddenTypeDiag {
                             span: cause.span,
@@ -371,24 +368,18 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         });
     }
 
+    /// Returns the origin of the opaque type `def_id` if we're currently
+    /// in its defining scope.
     #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace", ret)]
-    pub fn opaque_type_origin(&self, def_id: LocalDefId, span: Span) -> Option<OpaqueTyOrigin> {
+    pub fn opaque_type_origin(&self, def_id: LocalDefId) -> Option<OpaqueTyOrigin> {
         let opaque_hir_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id);
         let parent_def_id = match self.defining_use_anchor {
             DefiningAnchor::Bubble | DefiningAnchor::Error => return None,
             DefiningAnchor::Bind(bind) => bind,
         };
-        let item_kind = &self.tcx.hir().expect_item(def_id).kind;
-
-        let hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(hir::OpaqueTy { origin, .. }) = item_kind else {
-            span_bug!(
-                span,
-                "weird opaque type: {:#?}, {:#?}",
-                def_id,
-                item_kind
-            )
-        };
-        let in_definition_scope = match *origin {
+
+        let origin = self.opaque_type_origin_unchecked(def_id);
+        let in_definition_scope = match origin {
             // Async `impl Trait`
             hir::OpaqueTyOrigin::AsyncFn(parent) => parent == parent_def_id,
             // Anonymous `impl Trait`
@@ -398,16 +389,17 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
                 may_define_opaque_type(self.tcx, parent_def_id, opaque_hir_id)
             }
         };
-        trace!(?origin);
-        in_definition_scope.then_some(*origin)
+        in_definition_scope.then_some(origin)
     }
 
+    /// Returns the origin of the opaque type `def_id` even if we are not in its
+    /// defining scope.
     #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace", ret)]
-    fn opaque_ty_origin_unchecked(&self, def_id: LocalDefId, span: Span) -> OpaqueTyOrigin {
+    fn opaque_type_origin_unchecked(&self, def_id: LocalDefId) -> OpaqueTyOrigin {
         match self.tcx.hir().expect_item(def_id).kind {
             hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(hir::OpaqueTy { origin, .. }) => origin,
             ref itemkind => {
-                span_bug!(span, "weird opaque type: {:?}, {:#?}", def_id, itemkind)
+                bug!("weird opaque type: {:?}, {:#?}", def_id, itemkind)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -431,11 +423,11 @@ pub struct ConstrainOpaqueTypeRegionVisitor<'tcx, OP: FnMut(ty::Region<'tcx>)> {
     pub op: OP,
 }
 
-impl<'tcx, OP> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for ConstrainOpaqueTypeRegionVisitor<'tcx, OP>
+impl<'tcx, OP> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ConstrainOpaqueTypeRegionVisitor<'tcx, OP>
 where
     OP: FnMut(ty::Region<'tcx>),
 {
-    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>>(
+    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(
         &mut self,
         t: &ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
     ) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
@@ -553,8 +545,11 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
             origin,
         );
         if let Some(prev) = prev {
-            obligations =
-                self.at(&cause, param_env).eq_exp(a_is_expected, prev, hidden_ty)?.obligations;
+            obligations = self
+                .at(&cause, param_env)
+                .define_opaque_types(true)
+                .eq_exp(a_is_expected, prev, hidden_ty)?
+                .obligations;
         }
 
         let item_bounds = tcx.bound_explicit_item_bounds(def_id.to_def_id());
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
index 3d86279b0..ff23087fe 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/components.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashSet;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 use smallvec::{smallvec, SmallVec};
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn compute_components<'tcx>(
             }
 
             // All regions are bound inside a witness
-            ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => (),
+            ty::GeneratorWitness(..) | ty::GeneratorWitnessMIR(..) => (),
 
             // OutlivesTypeParameterEnv -- the actual checking that `X:'a`
             // is implied by the environment is done in regionck.
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
index 4daa25767..83f3d5a74 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ pub fn explicit_outlives_bounds<'tcx>(
         .filter_map(move |kind| match kind {
             ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::Projection(..))
             | ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::Trait(..))
+            | ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::ConstArgHasType(..))
+            | ty::PredicateKind::AliasEq(..)
             | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(..)
             | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(..)
             | ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(..)
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
index 0194549a8..bbe7d4c63 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/obligations.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode};
 use rustc_data_structures::undo_log::UndoLogs;
 use rustc_middle::mir::ConstraintCategory;
 use rustc_middle::ty::subst::GenericArgKind;
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Region, SubstsRef, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Region, SubstsRef, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitableExt};
 use smallvec::smallvec;
 
 impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
index 10b474efd..3c6cc2b90 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/test_type_match.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
 
 use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
-use rustc_middle::ty::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::TypeVisitableExt;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{
     self,
     error::TypeError,
@@ -186,7 +186,8 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Match<'tcx> {
 
     #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
     fn tys(&mut self, pattern: Ty<'tcx>, value: Ty<'tcx>) -> RelateResult<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> {
-        if let ty::Error(_) = pattern.kind() {
+        // FIXME(non_lifetime_binders): What to do here?
+        if matches!(pattern.kind(), ty::Error(_) | ty::Bound(..)) {
             // Unlike normal `TypeRelation` rules, `ty::Error` does not equal any type.
             self.no_match()
         } else if pattern == value {
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
index 94de9bc2d..bae246418 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/outlives/verify.rs
@@ -207,6 +207,7 @@ impl<'cx, 'tcx> VerifyBoundCx<'cx, 'tcx> {
     ///
     /// In some cases, such as when `erased_ty` represents a `ty::Param`, however,
     /// the result is precise.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
     fn declared_generic_bounds_from_env_for_erased_ty(
         &self,
         erased_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/projection.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/projection.rs
index 4667d99ff..f79504770 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/projection.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/projection.rs
@@ -21,16 +21,28 @@ impl<'tcx> InferCtxt<'tcx> {
         recursion_depth: usize,
         obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
     ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
-        let def_id = projection_ty.def_id;
-        let ty_var = self.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
-            kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::NormalizeProjectionType,
-            span: self.tcx.def_span(def_id),
-        });
-        let projection =
-            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::ProjectionPredicate { projection_ty, term: ty_var.into() });
-        let obligation =
-            Obligation::with_depth(self.tcx, cause, recursion_depth, param_env, projection);
-        obligations.push(obligation);
-        ty_var
+        if self.tcx.trait_solver_next() {
+            // FIXME(-Ztrait-solver=next): Instead of branching here,
+            // completely change the normalization routine with the new solver.
+            //
+            // The new solver correctly handles projection equality so this hack
+            // is not necessary. if re-enabled it should emit `PredicateKind::AliasEq`
+            // not `PredicateKind::Clause(Clause::Projection(..))` as in the new solver
+            // `Projection` is used as `normalizes-to` which will fail for `<T as Trait>::Assoc eq ?0`.
+            return projection_ty.to_ty(self.tcx);
+        } else {
+            let def_id = projection_ty.def_id;
+            let ty_var = self.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
+                kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::NormalizeProjectionType,
+                span: self.tcx.def_span(def_id),
+            });
+            let projection = ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::Clause(ty::Clause::Projection(
+                ty::ProjectionPredicate { projection_ty, term: ty_var.into() },
+            )));
+            let obligation =
+                Obligation::with_depth(self.tcx, cause, recursion_depth, param_env, projection);
+            obligations.push(obligation);
+            ty_var
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/leak_check.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/leak_check.rs
index c46edc33f..e413b2bb5 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/leak_check.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/leak_check.rs
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ impl<'me, 'tcx> LeakCheck<'me, 'tcx> {
         placeholder1: ty::PlaceholderRegion,
         placeholder2: ty::PlaceholderRegion,
     ) -> TypeError<'tcx> {
-        self.error(placeholder1, self.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder2)))
+        self.error(placeholder1, self.tcx.mk_re_placeholder(placeholder2))
     }
 
     fn error(
@@ -413,19 +413,19 @@ impl<'tcx> MiniGraph<'tcx> {
         for undo_entry in undo_log {
             match undo_entry {
                 &AddConstraint(Constraint::VarSubVar(a, b)) => {
-                    each_edge(tcx.mk_region(ReVar(a)), tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
+                    each_edge(tcx.mk_re_var(a), tcx.mk_re_var(b));
                 }
                 &AddConstraint(Constraint::RegSubVar(a, b)) => {
-                    each_edge(a, tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
+                    each_edge(a, tcx.mk_re_var(b));
                 }
                 &AddConstraint(Constraint::VarSubReg(a, b)) => {
-                    each_edge(tcx.mk_region(ReVar(a)), b);
+                    each_edge(tcx.mk_re_var(a), b);
                 }
                 &AddConstraint(Constraint::RegSubReg(a, b)) => {
                     each_edge(a, b);
                 }
                 &AddGiven(a, b) => {
-                    each_edge(a, tcx.mk_region(ReVar(b)));
+                    each_edge(a, tcx.mk_re_var(b));
                 }
                 &AddVerify(i) => span_bug!(
                     verifys[i].origin.span(),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
index 0428481b7..872f61747 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/region_constraints/mod.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ pub enum VerifyBound<'tcx> {
 /// in that case we can show `'b: 'c`. But if `'?x` winds up being something
 /// else, the bound isn't relevant.
 ///
-/// In the [`VerifyBound`], this struct is enclosed in `Binder to account
+/// In the [`VerifyBound`], this struct is enclosed in `Binder` to account
 /// for cases like
 ///
 /// ```rust
@@ -651,7 +651,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
                 let unified_region = self.unification_table().probe_value(rid);
                 unified_region.0.unwrap_or_else(|| {
                     let root = self.unification_table().find(rid).vid;
-                    tcx.reuse_or_mk_region(region, ty::ReVar(root))
+                    tcx.mk_re_var(root)
                 })
             }
             _ => region,
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
     ) -> Region<'tcx> {
         let vars = TwoRegions { a, b };
         if let Some(&c) = self.combine_map(t).get(&vars) {
-            return tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c));
+            return tcx.mk_re_var(c);
         }
         let a_universe = self.universe(a);
         let b_universe = self.universe(b);
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
         let c = self.new_region_var(c_universe, MiscVariable(origin.span()));
         self.combine_map(t).insert(vars, c);
         self.undo_log.push(AddCombination(t, vars));
-        let new_r = tcx.mk_region(ReVar(c));
+        let new_r = tcx.mk_re_var(c);
         for old_r in [a, b] {
             match t {
                 Glb => self.make_subregion(origin.clone(), new_r, old_r),
@@ -696,9 +696,11 @@ impl<'tcx> RegionConstraintCollector<'_, 'tcx> {
 
     pub fn universe(&self, region: Region<'tcx>) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
         match *region {
-            ty::ReStatic | ty::ReErased | ty::ReFree(..) | ty::ReEarlyBound(..) => {
-                ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT
-            }
+            ty::ReStatic
+            | ty::ReErased
+            | ty::ReFree(..)
+            | ty::ReEarlyBound(..)
+            | ty::ReError(_) => ty::UniverseIndex::ROOT,
             ty::RePlaceholder(placeholder) => placeholder.universe,
             ty::ReVar(vid) => self.var_universe(vid),
             ty::ReLateBound(..) => bug!("universe(): encountered bound region {:?}", region),
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/resolve.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/resolve.rs
index 65b90aa3d..5bb358329 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/resolve.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/resolve.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use super::type_variable::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
 use super::{FixupError, FixupResult, InferCtxt, Span};
 use rustc_middle::infer::unify_key::{ConstVariableOrigin, ConstVariableOriginKind};
 use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{FallibleTypeFolder, TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
-use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitor};
-use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Const, InferConst, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitableExt, TypeVisitor};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Const, InferConst, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable};
 
 use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 
@@ -16,26 +16,29 @@ use std::ops::ControlFlow;
 /// useful for printing messages etc but also required at various
 /// points for correctness.
 pub struct OpportunisticVarResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
-    infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'tcx>,
+    // The shallow resolver is used to resolve inference variables at every
+    // level of the type.
+    shallow_resolver: crate::infer::ShallowResolver<'a, 'tcx>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, 'tcx> OpportunisticVarResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn new(infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
-        OpportunisticVarResolver { infcx }
+        OpportunisticVarResolver { shallow_resolver: crate::infer::ShallowResolver { infcx } }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for OpportunisticVarResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
-        self.infcx.tcx
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for OpportunisticVarResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        TypeFolder::interner(&self.shallow_resolver)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
     fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
         if !t.has_non_region_infer() {
             t // micro-optimize -- if there is nothing in this type that this fold affects...
         } else {
-            let t = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(t);
+            let t = self.shallow_resolver.fold_ty(t);
             t.super_fold_with(self)
         }
     }
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for OpportunisticVarResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
         if !ct.has_non_region_infer() {
             ct // micro-optimize -- if there is nothing in this const that this fold affects...
         } else {
-            let ct = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(ct);
+            let ct = self.shallow_resolver.fold_const(ct);
             ct.super_fold_with(self)
         }
     }
@@ -67,8 +70,8 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> OpportunisticRegionResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for OpportunisticRegionResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for OpportunisticRegionResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
@@ -89,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for OpportunisticRegionResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
                     .borrow_mut()
                     .unwrap_region_constraints()
                     .opportunistic_resolve_var(rid);
-                TypeFolder::tcx(self).reuse_or_mk_region(r, ty::ReVar(resolved))
+                TypeFolder::interner(self).mk_re_var(resolved)
             }
             _ => r,
         }
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> UnresolvedTypeOrConstFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for UnresolvedTypeOrConstFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for UnresolvedTypeOrConstFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
     type BreakTy = (ty::Term<'tcx>, Option<Span>);
     fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
         let t = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(t);
@@ -194,7 +197,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for UnresolvedTypeOrConstFinder<'a, 'tcx> {
 /// then an `Err` result is returned.
 pub fn fully_resolve<'tcx, T>(infcx: &InferCtxt<'tcx>, value: T) -> FixupResult<'tcx, T>
 where
-    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+    T: TypeFoldable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>,
 {
     value.try_fold_with(&mut FullTypeResolver { infcx })
 }
@@ -205,10 +208,10 @@ struct FullTypeResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
     infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'tcx>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, 'tcx> FallibleTypeFolder<'tcx> for FullTypeResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
+impl<'a, 'tcx> FallibleTypeFolder<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for FullTypeResolver<'a, 'tcx> {
     type Error = FixupError<'tcx>;
 
-    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+    fn interner(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
         self.infcx.tcx
     }
 
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
index bd38b52ba..3e8c2052d 100644
--- a/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
+++ b/compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use super::combine::{CombineFields, RelationDir};
-use super::SubregionOrigin;
+use super::{ObligationEmittingRelation, SubregionOrigin};
 
-use crate::infer::combine::ConstEquateRelation;
-use crate::traits::Obligation;
+use crate::traits::{Obligation, PredicateObligations};
 use rustc_middle::ty::relate::{Cause, Relate, RelateResult, TypeRelation};
-use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitableExt;
 use rustc_middle::ty::TyVar;
 use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
 use std::mem;
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
 
             (&ty::Error(e), _) | (_, &ty::Error(e)) => {
                 infcx.set_tainted_by_errors(e);
-                Ok(self.tcx().ty_error_with_guaranteed(e))
+                Ok(self.tcx().ty_error(e))
             }
 
             (
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
                 let a_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(a_types);
                 let b_types = infcx.tcx.anonymize_bound_vars(b_types);
                 if a_types.bound_vars() == b_types.bound_vars() {
-                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(
+                    let (a_types, b_types) = infcx.instantiate_binder_with_placeholders(
                         a_types.map_bound(|a_types| (a_types, b_types.skip_binder())),
                     );
                     for (a, b) in std::iter::zip(a_types, b_types) {
@@ -191,12 +190,13 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
         // from the "cause" field, we could perhaps give more tailored
         // error messages.
         let origin = SubregionOrigin::Subtype(Box::new(self.fields.trace.clone()));
+        // Subtype(&'a u8, &'b u8) => Outlives('a: 'b) => SubRegion('b, 'a)
         self.fields
             .infcx
             .inner
             .borrow_mut()
             .unwrap_region_constraints()
-            .make_subregion(origin, a, b);
+            .make_subregion(origin, b, a);
 
         Ok(a)
     }
@@ -227,8 +227,12 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'tcx> ConstEquateRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
-    fn const_equate_obligation(&mut self, a: ty::Const<'tcx>, b: ty::Const<'tcx>) {
-        self.fields.add_const_equate_obligation(self.a_is_expected, a, b);
+impl<'tcx> ObligationEmittingRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'_, '_, 'tcx> {
+    fn register_predicates(&mut self, obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item: ty::ToPredicate<'tcx>>) {
+        self.fields.register_predicates(obligations);
+    }
+
+    fn register_obligations(&mut self, obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>) {
+        self.fields.register_obligations(obligations);
     }
 }