Adding upstream version 1.64.0+dfsg1.upstream/1.64.0+dfsg1

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

42 files changed, 22709 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/Cargo.toml b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..566f236f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustc_trait_selection"
+version = "0.0.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+doctest = false
+
+[dependencies]
+rustc_parse_format = { path = "../rustc_parse_format" }
+tracing = "0.1"
+rustc_attr = { path = "../rustc_attr" }
+rustc_middle = { path = "../rustc_middle" }
+rustc_ast = { path = "../rustc_ast" }
+rustc_data_structures = { path = "../rustc_data_structures" }
+rustc_errors = { path = "../rustc_errors" }
+rustc_hir = { path = "../rustc_hir" }
+rustc_index = { path = "../rustc_index" }
+rustc_infer = { path = "../rustc_infer" }
+rustc_lint_defs = { path = "../rustc_lint_defs" }
+rustc_macros = { path = "../rustc_macros" }
+rustc_query_system = { path = "../rustc_query_system" }
+rustc_session = { path = "../rustc_session" }
+rustc_span = { path = "../rustc_span" }
+rustc_target = { path = "../rustc_target" }
+rustc_transmute = { path = "../rustc_transmute", features = ["rustc"] }
+smallvec = { version = "1.8.1", features = ["union", "may_dangle"] }
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/autoderef.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/autoderef.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b7e8984a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/autoderef.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::{self, TraitEngine};
+use rustc_errors::struct_span_err;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_infer::infer::InferCtxt;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TraitRef, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ToPredicate, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_session::Limit;
+use rustc_span::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
+use rustc_span::Span;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum AutoderefKind {
+    Builtin,
+    Overloaded,
+}
+
+struct AutoderefSnapshot<'tcx> {
+    at_start: bool,
+    reached_recursion_limit: bool,
+    steps: Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, AutoderefKind)>,
+    cur_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    obligations: Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+pub struct Autoderef<'a, 'tcx> {
+    // Meta infos:
+    infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+    overloaded_span: Span,
+    body_id: hir::HirId,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+
+    // Current state:
+    state: AutoderefSnapshot<'tcx>,
+
+    // Configurations:
+    include_raw_pointers: bool,
+    silence_errors: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> Iterator for Autoderef<'a, 'tcx> {
+    type Item = (Ty<'tcx>, usize);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+
+        debug!("autoderef: steps={:?}, cur_ty={:?}", self.state.steps, self.state.cur_ty);
+        if self.state.at_start {
+            self.state.at_start = false;
+            debug!("autoderef stage #0 is {:?}", self.state.cur_ty);
+            return Some((self.state.cur_ty, 0));
+        }
+
+        // If we have reached the recursion limit, error gracefully.
+        if !tcx.recursion_limit().value_within_limit(self.state.steps.len()) {
+            if !self.silence_errors {
+                report_autoderef_recursion_limit_error(tcx, self.span, self.state.cur_ty);
+            }
+            self.state.reached_recursion_limit = true;
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        if self.state.cur_ty.is_ty_var() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, deref if type is derefable:
+        let (kind, new_ty) =
+            if let Some(mt) = self.state.cur_ty.builtin_deref(self.include_raw_pointers) {
+                (AutoderefKind::Builtin, mt.ty)
+            } else if let Some(ty) = self.overloaded_deref_ty(self.state.cur_ty) {
+                (AutoderefKind::Overloaded, ty)
+            } else {
+                return None;
+            };
+
+        if new_ty.references_error() {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.state.steps.push((self.state.cur_ty, kind));
+        debug!(
+            "autoderef stage #{:?} is {:?} from {:?}",
+            self.step_count(),
+            new_ty,
+            (self.state.cur_ty, kind)
+        );
+        self.state.cur_ty = new_ty;
+
+        Some((self.state.cur_ty, self.step_count()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> Autoderef<'a, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(
+        infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        body_id: hir::HirId,
+        span: Span,
+        base_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        overloaded_span: Span,
+    ) -> Autoderef<'a, 'tcx> {
+        Autoderef {
+            infcx,
+            span,
+            overloaded_span,
+            body_id,
+            param_env,
+            state: AutoderefSnapshot {
+                steps: vec![],
+                cur_ty: infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(base_ty),
+                obligations: vec![],
+                at_start: true,
+                reached_recursion_limit: false,
+            },
+            include_raw_pointers: false,
+            silence_errors: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn overloaded_deref_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
+        debug!("overloaded_deref_ty({:?})", ty);
+
+        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+
+        // <ty as Deref>
+        let trait_ref = TraitRef {
+            def_id: tcx.lang_items().deref_trait()?,
+            substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]),
+        };
+
+        let cause = traits::ObligationCause::misc(self.span, self.body_id);
+
+        let obligation = traits::Obligation::new(
+            cause.clone(),
+            self.param_env,
+            ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(tcx),
+        );
+        if !self.infcx.predicate_may_hold(&obligation) {
+            debug!("overloaded_deref_ty: cannot match obligation");
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let mut fulfillcx = traits::FulfillmentContext::new_in_snapshot();
+        let normalized_ty = fulfillcx.normalize_projection_type(
+            &self.infcx,
+            self.param_env,
+            ty::ProjectionTy {
+                item_def_id: tcx.lang_items().deref_target()?,
+                substs: trait_ref.substs,
+            },
+            cause,
+        );
+        let errors = fulfillcx.select_where_possible(&self.infcx);
+        if !errors.is_empty() {
+            // This shouldn't happen, except for evaluate/fulfill mismatches,
+            // but that's not a reason for an ICE (`predicate_may_hold` is conservative
+            // by design).
+            debug!("overloaded_deref_ty: encountered errors {:?} while fulfilling", errors);
+            return None;
+        }
+        let obligations = fulfillcx.pending_obligations();
+        debug!("overloaded_deref_ty({:?}) = ({:?}, {:?})", ty, normalized_ty, obligations);
+        self.state.obligations.extend(obligations);
+
+        Some(self.infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(normalized_ty))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the final type we ended up with, which may be an inference
+    /// variable (we will resolve it first, if we want).
+    pub fn final_ty(&self, resolve: bool) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        if resolve {
+            self.infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(self.state.cur_ty)
+        } else {
+            self.state.cur_ty
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn step_count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.state.steps.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_obligations(self) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        self.state.obligations
+    }
+
+    pub fn steps(&self) -> &[(Ty<'tcx>, AutoderefKind)] {
+        &self.state.steps
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    pub fn overloaded_span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.overloaded_span
+    }
+
+    pub fn reached_recursion_limit(&self) -> bool {
+        self.state.reached_recursion_limit
+    }
+
+    /// also dereference through raw pointer types
+    /// e.g., assuming ptr_to_Foo is the type `*const Foo`
+    /// fcx.autoderef(span, ptr_to_Foo)  => [*const Foo]
+    /// fcx.autoderef(span, ptr_to_Foo).include_raw_ptrs() => [*const Foo, Foo]
+    pub fn include_raw_pointers(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.include_raw_pointers = true;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn silence_errors(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.silence_errors = true;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn report_autoderef_recursion_limit_error<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, span: Span, ty: Ty<'tcx>) {
+    // We've reached the recursion limit, error gracefully.
+    let suggested_limit = match tcx.recursion_limit() {
+        Limit(0) => Limit(2),
+        limit => limit * 2,
+    };
+    struct_span_err!(
+        tcx.sess,
+        span,
+        E0055,
+        "reached the recursion limit while auto-dereferencing `{:?}`",
+        ty
+    )
+    .span_label(span, "deref recursion limit reached")
+    .help(&format!(
+        "consider increasing the recursion limit by adding a \
+             `#![recursion_limit = \"{}\"]` attribute to your crate (`{}`)",
+        suggested_limit,
+        tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE),
+    ))
+    .emit();
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/infer.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/infer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d30374f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/infer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::{self, TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt};
+
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_infer::traits::ObligationCause;
+use rustc_middle::arena::ArenaAllocatable;
+use rustc_middle::infer::canonical::{Canonical, CanonicalizedQueryResponse, QueryResponse};
+use rustc_middle::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
+use rustc_middle::ty::ToPredicate;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+pub use rustc_infer::infer::*;
+
+pub trait InferCtxtExt<'tcx> {
+    fn type_is_copy_modulo_regions(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn partially_normalize_associated_types_in<T>(
+        &self,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> InferOk<'tcx, T>
+    where
+        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+
+    /// Check whether a `ty` implements given trait(trait_def_id).
+    /// The inputs are:
+    ///
+    /// - the def-id of the trait
+    /// - the self type
+    /// - the *other* type parameters of the trait, excluding the self-type
+    /// - the parameter environment
+    ///
+    /// Invokes `evaluate_obligation`, so in the event that evaluating
+    /// `Ty: Trait` causes overflow, EvaluatedToRecur (or EvaluatedToUnknown)
+    /// will be returned.
+    fn type_implements_trait(
+        &self,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        params: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    ) -> traits::EvaluationResult;
+}
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxtExt<'tcx> for InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    fn type_is_copy_modulo_regions(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let ty = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty);
+
+        if !(param_env, ty).needs_infer() {
+            return ty.is_copy_modulo_regions(self.tcx.at(span), param_env);
+        }
+
+        let copy_def_id = self.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Copy, None);
+
+        // This can get called from typeck (by euv), and `moves_by_default`
+        // rightly refuses to work with inference variables, but
+        // moves_by_default has a cache, which we want to use in other
+        // cases.
+        traits::type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions(self, param_env, ty, copy_def_id, span)
+    }
+
+    /// Normalizes associated types in `value`, potentially returning
+    /// new obligations that must further be processed.
+    fn partially_normalize_associated_types_in<T>(
+        &self,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> InferOk<'tcx, T>
+    where
+        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+    {
+        debug!("partially_normalize_associated_types_in(value={:?})", value);
+        let mut selcx = traits::SelectionContext::new(self);
+        let traits::Normalized { value, obligations } =
+            traits::normalize(&mut selcx, param_env, cause, value);
+        debug!(
+            "partially_normalize_associated_types_in: result={:?} predicates={:?}",
+            value, obligations
+        );
+        InferOk { value, obligations }
+    }
+
+    fn type_implements_trait(
+        &self,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        params: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    ) -> traits::EvaluationResult {
+        debug!(
+            "type_implements_trait: trait_def_id={:?}, type={:?}, params={:?}, param_env={:?}",
+            trait_def_id, ty, params, param_env
+        );
+
+        let trait_ref =
+            ty::TraitRef { def_id: trait_def_id, substs: self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, params) };
+
+        let obligation = traits::Obligation {
+            cause: traits::ObligationCause::dummy(),
+            param_env,
+            recursion_depth: 0,
+            predicate: ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(self.tcx),
+        };
+        self.evaluate_obligation(&obligation).unwrap_or(traits::EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToErr)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait InferCtxtBuilderExt<'tcx> {
+    fn enter_canonical_trait_query<K, R>(
+        &mut self,
+        canonical_key: &Canonical<'tcx, K>,
+        operation: impl FnOnce(&InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>, &mut dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>, K) -> Fallible<R>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, R>>
+    where
+        K: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>: ArenaAllocatable<'tcx>;
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> InferCtxtBuilderExt<'tcx> for InferCtxtBuilder<'tcx> {
+    /// The "main method" for a canonicalized trait query. Given the
+    /// canonical key `canonical_key`, this method will create a new
+    /// inference context, instantiate the key, and run your operation
+    /// `op`. The operation should yield up a result (of type `R`) as
+    /// well as a set of trait obligations that must be fully
+    /// satisfied. These obligations will be processed and the
+    /// canonical result created.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `NoSolution` in the event of any error.
+    ///
+    /// (It might be mildly nicer to implement this on `TyCtxt`, and
+    /// not `InferCtxtBuilder`, but that is a bit tricky right now.
+    /// In part because we would need a `for<'tcx>` sort of
+    /// bound for the closure and in part because it is convenient to
+    /// have `'tcx` be free on this function so that we can talk about
+    /// `K: TypeFoldable<'tcx>`.)
+    fn enter_canonical_trait_query<K, R>(
+        &mut self,
+        canonical_key: &Canonical<'tcx, K>,
+        operation: impl FnOnce(&InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>, &mut dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>, K) -> Fallible<R>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, R>>
+    where
+        K: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        R: Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+        Canonical<'tcx, QueryResponse<'tcx, R>>: ArenaAllocatable<'tcx>,
+    {
+        self.enter_with_canonical(
+            DUMMY_SP,
+            canonical_key,
+            |ref infcx, key, canonical_inference_vars| {
+                let mut fulfill_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'_>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+                let value = operation(infcx, &mut *fulfill_cx, key)?;
+                infcx.make_canonicalized_query_response(
+                    canonical_inference_vars,
+                    value,
+                    &mut *fulfill_cx,
+                )
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/lib.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..282ee632c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+//! This crate defines the trait resolution method.
+//!
+//! - **Traits.** Trait resolution is implemented in the `traits` module.
+//!
+//! For more information about how rustc works, see the [rustc-dev-guide].
+//!
+//! [rustc-dev-guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/
+//!
+//! # Note
+//!
+//! This API is completely unstable and subject to change.
+
+#![allow(rustc::potential_query_instability)]
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/nightly-rustc/")]
+#![feature(box_patterns)]
+#![feature(control_flow_enum)]
+#![feature(drain_filter)]
+#![feature(hash_drain_filter)]
+#![feature(label_break_value)]
+#![feature(let_chains)]
+#![feature(let_else)]
+#![feature(if_let_guard)]
+#![feature(never_type)]
+#![recursion_limit = "512"] // For rustdoc
+
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate rustc_macros;
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_pointer_width = "64"))]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate rustc_data_structures;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate tracing;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate rustc_middle;
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate smallvec;
+
+pub mod autoderef;
+pub mod infer;
+pub mod traits;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/auto_trait.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/auto_trait.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..294c81d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/auto_trait.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,903 @@
+//! Support code for rustdoc and external tools.
+//! You really don't want to be using this unless you need to.
+
+use super::*;
+
+use crate::infer::region_constraints::{Constraint, RegionConstraintData};
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits::project::ProjectAndUnifyResult;
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::ErrorHandled;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{Region, RegionVid, Term};
+
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet};
+
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::iter;
+
+// FIXME(twk): this is obviously not nice to duplicate like that
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum RegionTarget<'tcx> {
+    Region(Region<'tcx>),
+    RegionVid(RegionVid),
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct RegionDeps<'tcx> {
+    larger: FxHashSet<RegionTarget<'tcx>>,
+    smaller: FxHashSet<RegionTarget<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+pub enum AutoTraitResult<A> {
+    ExplicitImpl,
+    PositiveImpl(A),
+    NegativeImpl,
+}
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+impl<A> AutoTraitResult<A> {
+    fn is_auto(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, AutoTraitResult::PositiveImpl(_) | AutoTraitResult::NegativeImpl)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct AutoTraitInfo<'cx> {
+    pub full_user_env: ty::ParamEnv<'cx>,
+    pub region_data: RegionConstraintData<'cx>,
+    pub vid_to_region: FxHashMap<ty::RegionVid, ty::Region<'cx>>,
+}
+
+pub struct AutoTraitFinder<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> AutoTraitFinder<'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
+        AutoTraitFinder { tcx }
+    }
+
+    /// Makes a best effort to determine whether and under which conditions an auto trait is
+    /// implemented for a type. For example, if you have
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// struct Foo<T> { data: Box<T> }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// then this might return that Foo<T>: Send if T: Send (encoded in the AutoTraitResult type).
+    /// The analysis attempts to account for custom impls as well as other complex cases. This
+    /// result is intended for use by rustdoc and other such consumers.
+    ///
+    /// (Note that due to the coinductive nature of Send, the full and correct result is actually
+    /// quite simple to generate. That is, when a type has no custom impl, it is Send iff its field
+    /// types are all Send. So, in our example, we might have that Foo<T>: Send if Box<T>: Send.
+    /// But this is often not the best way to present to the user.)
+    ///
+    /// Warning: The API should be considered highly unstable, and it may be refactored or removed
+    /// in the future.
+    pub fn find_auto_trait_generics<A>(
+        &self,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        orig_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        trait_did: DefId,
+        mut auto_trait_callback: impl FnMut(AutoTraitInfo<'tcx>) -> A,
+    ) -> AutoTraitResult<A> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+
+        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef { def_id: trait_did, substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]) };
+
+        let trait_pred = ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref);
+
+        let bail_out = tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+            let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+            let result = selcx.select(&Obligation::new(
+                ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                orig_env,
+                trait_pred.to_poly_trait_predicate(),
+            ));
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(Some(ImplSource::UserDefined(_))) => {
+                    debug!(
+                        "find_auto_trait_generics({:?}): \
+                         manual impl found, bailing out",
+                        trait_ref
+                    );
+                    return true;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
+
+            let result = selcx.select(&Obligation::new(
+                ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                orig_env,
+                trait_pred.to_poly_trait_predicate_negative_polarity(),
+            ));
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(Some(ImplSource::UserDefined(_))) => {
+                    debug!(
+                        "find_auto_trait_generics({:?}): \
+                         manual impl found, bailing out",
+                        trait_ref
+                    );
+                    true
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            }
+        });
+
+        // If an explicit impl exists, it always takes priority over an auto impl
+        if bail_out {
+            return AutoTraitResult::ExplicitImpl;
+        }
+
+        tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+            let mut fresh_preds = FxHashSet::default();
+
+            // Due to the way projections are handled by SelectionContext, we need to run
+            // evaluate_predicates twice: once on the original param env, and once on the result of
+            // the first evaluate_predicates call.
+            //
+            // The problem is this: most of rustc, including SelectionContext and traits::project,
+            // are designed to work with a concrete usage of a type (e.g., Vec<u8>
+            // fn<T>() { Vec<T> }. This information will generally never change - given
+            // the 'T' in fn<T>() { ... }, we'll never know anything else about 'T'.
+            // If we're unable to prove that 'T' implements a particular trait, we're done -
+            // there's nothing left to do but error out.
+            //
+            // However, synthesizing an auto trait impl works differently. Here, we start out with
+            // a set of initial conditions - the ParamEnv of the struct/enum/union we're dealing
+            // with - and progressively discover the conditions we need to fulfill for it to
+            // implement a certain auto trait. This ends up breaking two assumptions made by trait
+            // selection and projection:
+            //
+            // * We can always cache the result of a particular trait selection for the lifetime of
+            // an InfCtxt
+            // * Given a projection bound such as '<T as SomeTrait>::SomeItem = K', if 'T:
+            // SomeTrait' doesn't hold, then we don't need to care about the 'SomeItem = K'
+            //
+            // We fix the first assumption by manually clearing out all of the InferCtxt's caches
+            // in between calls to SelectionContext.select. This allows us to keep all of the
+            // intermediate types we create bound to the 'tcx lifetime, rather than needing to lift
+            // them between calls.
+            //
+            // We fix the second assumption by reprocessing the result of our first call to
+            // evaluate_predicates. Using the example of '<T as SomeTrait>::SomeItem = K', our first
+            // pass will pick up 'T: SomeTrait', but not 'SomeItem = K'. On our second pass,
+            // traits::project will see that 'T: SomeTrait' is in our ParamEnv, allowing
+            // SelectionContext to return it back to us.
+
+            let Some((new_env, user_env)) = self.evaluate_predicates(
+                &infcx,
+                trait_did,
+                ty,
+                orig_env,
+                orig_env,
+                &mut fresh_preds,
+                false,
+            ) else {
+                return AutoTraitResult::NegativeImpl;
+            };
+
+            let (full_env, full_user_env) = self
+                .evaluate_predicates(
+                    &infcx,
+                    trait_did,
+                    ty,
+                    new_env,
+                    user_env,
+                    &mut fresh_preds,
+                    true,
+                )
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    panic!("Failed to fully process: {:?} {:?} {:?}", ty, trait_did, orig_env)
+                });
+
+            debug!(
+                "find_auto_trait_generics({:?}): fulfilling \
+                 with {:?}",
+                trait_ref, full_env
+            );
+            infcx.clear_caches();
+
+            // At this point, we already have all of the bounds we need. FulfillmentContext is used
+            // to store all of the necessary region/lifetime bounds in the InferContext, as well as
+            // an additional sanity check.
+            let mut fulfill = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(tcx);
+            fulfill.register_bound(&infcx, full_env, ty, trait_did, ObligationCause::dummy());
+            let errors = fulfill.select_all_or_error(&infcx);
+
+            if !errors.is_empty() {
+                panic!("Unable to fulfill trait {:?} for '{:?}': {:?}", trait_did, ty, errors);
+            }
+
+            infcx.process_registered_region_obligations(&Default::default(), full_env);
+
+            let region_data = infcx
+                .inner
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .unwrap_region_constraints()
+                .region_constraint_data()
+                .clone();
+
+            let vid_to_region = self.map_vid_to_region(&region_data);
+
+            let info = AutoTraitInfo { full_user_env, region_data, vid_to_region };
+
+            AutoTraitResult::PositiveImpl(auto_trait_callback(info))
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> AutoTraitFinder<'tcx> {
+    /// The core logic responsible for computing the bounds for our synthesized impl.
+    ///
+    /// To calculate the bounds, we call `SelectionContext.select` in a loop. Like
+    /// `FulfillmentContext`, we recursively select the nested obligations of predicates we
+    /// encounter. However, whenever we encounter an `UnimplementedError` involving a type
+    /// parameter, we add it to our `ParamEnv`. Since our goal is to determine when a particular
+    /// type implements an auto trait, Unimplemented errors tell us what conditions need to be met.
+    ///
+    /// This method ends up working somewhat similarly to `FulfillmentContext`, but with a few key
+    /// differences. `FulfillmentContext` works under the assumption that it's dealing with concrete
+    /// user code. According, it considers all possible ways that a `Predicate` could be met, which
+    /// isn't always what we want for a synthesized impl. For example, given the predicate `T:
+    /// Iterator`, `FulfillmentContext` can end up reporting an Unimplemented error for `T:
+    /// IntoIterator` -- since there's an implementation of `Iterator` where `T: IntoIterator`,
+    /// `FulfillmentContext` will drive `SelectionContext` to consider that impl before giving up.
+    /// If we were to rely on `FulfillmentContext`s decision, we might end up synthesizing an impl
+    /// like this:
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    /// impl<T> Send for Foo<T> where T: IntoIterator
+    /// ```
+    /// While it might be technically true that Foo implements Send where `T: IntoIterator`,
+    /// the bound is overly restrictive - it's really only necessary that `T: Iterator`.
+    ///
+    /// For this reason, `evaluate_predicates` handles predicates with type variables specially.
+    /// When we encounter an `Unimplemented` error for a bound such as `T: Iterator`, we immediately
+    /// add it to our `ParamEnv`, and add it to our stack for recursive evaluation. When we later
+    /// select it, we'll pick up any nested bounds, without ever inferring that `T: IntoIterator`
+    /// needs to hold.
+    ///
+    /// One additional consideration is supertrait bounds. Normally, a `ParamEnv` is only ever
+    /// constructed once for a given type. As part of the construction process, the `ParamEnv` will
+    /// have any supertrait bounds normalized -- e.g., if we have a type `struct Foo<T: Copy>`, the
+    /// `ParamEnv` will contain `T: Copy` and `T: Clone`, since `Copy: Clone`. When we construct our
+    /// own `ParamEnv`, we need to do this ourselves, through `traits::elaborate_predicates`, or
+    /// else `SelectionContext` will choke on the missing predicates. However, this should never
+    /// show up in the final synthesized generics: we don't want our generated docs page to contain
+    /// something like `T: Copy + Clone`, as that's redundant. Therefore, we keep track of a
+    /// separate `user_env`, which only holds the predicates that will actually be displayed to the
+    /// user.
+    fn evaluate_predicates(
+        &self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        trait_did: DefId,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        user_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        fresh_preds: &mut FxHashSet<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+        only_projections: bool,
+    ) -> Option<(ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>)> {
+        let tcx = infcx.tcx;
+
+        // Don't try to process any nested obligations involving predicates
+        // that are already in the `ParamEnv` (modulo regions): we already
+        // know that they must hold.
+        for predicate in param_env.caller_bounds() {
+            fresh_preds.insert(self.clean_pred(infcx, predicate));
+        }
+
+        let mut select = SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+
+        let mut already_visited = FxHashSet::default();
+        let mut predicates = VecDeque::new();
+        predicates.push_back(ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitPredicate {
+            trait_ref: ty::TraitRef {
+                def_id: trait_did,
+                substs: infcx.tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]),
+            },
+            constness: ty::BoundConstness::NotConst,
+            // Auto traits are positive
+            polarity: ty::ImplPolarity::Positive,
+        }));
+
+        let computed_preds = param_env.caller_bounds().iter();
+        let mut user_computed_preds: FxHashSet<_> = user_env.caller_bounds().iter().collect();
+
+        let mut new_env = param_env;
+        let dummy_cause = ObligationCause::dummy();
+
+        while let Some(pred) = predicates.pop_front() {
+            infcx.clear_caches();
+
+            if !already_visited.insert(pred) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Call `infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible` to see if we can
+            // get rid of any inference variables.
+            let obligation =
+                infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(Obligation::new(dummy_cause.clone(), new_env, pred));
+            let result = select.select(&obligation);
+
+            match result {
+                Ok(Some(ref impl_source)) => {
+                    // If we see an explicit negative impl (e.g., `impl !Send for MyStruct`),
+                    // we immediately bail out, since it's impossible for us to continue.
+
+                    if let ImplSource::UserDefined(ImplSourceUserDefinedData {
+                        impl_def_id, ..
+                    }) = impl_source
+                    {
+                        // Blame 'tidy' for the weird bracket placement.
+                        if infcx.tcx.impl_polarity(*impl_def_id) == ty::ImplPolarity::Negative {
+                            debug!(
+                                "evaluate_nested_obligations: found explicit negative impl\
+                                        {:?}, bailing out",
+                                impl_def_id
+                            );
+                            return None;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let obligations = impl_source.clone().nested_obligations().into_iter();
+
+                    if !self.evaluate_nested_obligations(
+                        ty,
+                        obligations,
+                        &mut user_computed_preds,
+                        fresh_preds,
+                        &mut predicates,
+                        &mut select,
+                        only_projections,
+                    ) {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(None) => {}
+                Err(SelectionError::Unimplemented) => {
+                    if self.is_param_no_infer(pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs) {
+                        already_visited.remove(&pred);
+                        self.add_user_pred(&mut user_computed_preds, pred.to_predicate(self.tcx));
+                        predicates.push_back(pred);
+                    } else {
+                        debug!(
+                            "evaluate_nested_obligations: `Unimplemented` found, bailing: \
+                             {:?} {:?} {:?}",
+                            ty,
+                            pred,
+                            pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs
+                        );
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => panic!("Unexpected error for '{:?}': {:?}", ty, result),
+            };
+
+            let normalized_preds = elaborate_predicates(
+                tcx,
+                computed_preds.clone().chain(user_computed_preds.iter().cloned()),
+            )
+            .map(|o| o.predicate);
+            new_env = ty::ParamEnv::new(
+                tcx.mk_predicates(normalized_preds),
+                param_env.reveal(),
+                param_env.constness(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        let final_user_env = ty::ParamEnv::new(
+            tcx.mk_predicates(user_computed_preds.into_iter()),
+            user_env.reveal(),
+            user_env.constness(),
+        );
+        debug!(
+            "evaluate_nested_obligations(ty={:?}, trait_did={:?}): succeeded with '{:?}' \
+             '{:?}'",
+            ty, trait_did, new_env, final_user_env
+        );
+
+        Some((new_env, final_user_env))
+    }
+
+    /// This method is designed to work around the following issue:
+    /// When we compute auto trait bounds, we repeatedly call `SelectionContext.select`,
+    /// progressively building a `ParamEnv` based on the results we get.
+    /// However, our usage of `SelectionContext` differs from its normal use within the compiler,
+    /// in that we capture and re-reprocess predicates from `Unimplemented` errors.
+    ///
+    /// This can lead to a corner case when dealing with region parameters.
+    /// During our selection loop in `evaluate_predicates`, we might end up with
+    /// two trait predicates that differ only in their region parameters:
+    /// one containing a HRTB lifetime parameter, and one containing a 'normal'
+    /// lifetime parameter. For example:
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    /// T as MyTrait<'a>
+    /// T as MyTrait<'static>
+    /// ```
+    /// If we put both of these predicates in our computed `ParamEnv`, we'll
+    /// confuse `SelectionContext`, since it will (correctly) view both as being applicable.
+    ///
+    /// To solve this, we pick the 'more strict' lifetime bound -- i.e., the HRTB
+    /// Our end goal is to generate a user-visible description of the conditions
+    /// under which a type implements an auto trait. A trait predicate involving
+    /// a HRTB means that the type needs to work with any choice of lifetime,
+    /// not just one specific lifetime (e.g., `'static`).
+    fn add_user_pred(
+        &self,
+        user_computed_preds: &mut FxHashSet<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+        new_pred: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let mut should_add_new = true;
+        user_computed_preds.retain(|&old_pred| {
+            if let (ty::PredicateKind::Trait(new_trait), ty::PredicateKind::Trait(old_trait)) =
+                (new_pred.kind().skip_binder(), old_pred.kind().skip_binder())
+            {
+                if new_trait.def_id() == old_trait.def_id() {
+                    let new_substs = new_trait.trait_ref.substs;
+                    let old_substs = old_trait.trait_ref.substs;
+
+                    if !new_substs.types().eq(old_substs.types()) {
+                        // We can't compare lifetimes if the types are different,
+                        // so skip checking `old_pred`.
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    for (new_region, old_region) in
+                        iter::zip(new_substs.regions(), old_substs.regions())
+                    {
+                        match (*new_region, *old_region) {
+                            // If both predicates have an `ReLateBound` (a HRTB) in the
+                            // same spot, we do nothing.
+                            (ty::ReLateBound(_, _), ty::ReLateBound(_, _)) => {}
+
+                            (ty::ReLateBound(_, _), _) | (_, ty::ReVar(_)) => {
+                                // One of these is true:
+                                // The new predicate has a HRTB in a spot where the old
+                                // predicate does not (if they both had a HRTB, the previous
+                                // match arm would have executed). A HRBT is a 'stricter'
+                                // bound than anything else, so we want to keep the newer
+                                // predicate (with the HRBT) in place of the old predicate.
+                                //
+                                // OR
+                                //
+                                // The old predicate has a region variable where the new
+                                // predicate has some other kind of region. An region
+                                // variable isn't something we can actually display to a user,
+                                // so we choose their new predicate (which doesn't have a region
+                                // variable).
+                                //
+                                // In both cases, we want to remove the old predicate,
+                                // from `user_computed_preds`, and replace it with the new
+                                // one. Having both the old and the new
+                                // predicate in a `ParamEnv` would confuse `SelectionContext`.
+                                //
+                                // We're currently in the predicate passed to 'retain',
+                                // so we return `false` to remove the old predicate from
+                                // `user_computed_preds`.
+                                return false;
+                            }
+                            (_, ty::ReLateBound(_, _)) | (ty::ReVar(_), _) => {
+                                // This is the opposite situation as the previous arm.
+                                // One of these is true:
+                                //
+                                // The old predicate has a HRTB lifetime in a place where the
+                                // new predicate does not.
+                                //
+                                // OR
+                                //
+                                // The new predicate has a region variable where the old
+                                // predicate has some other type of region.
+                                //
+                                // We want to leave the old
+                                // predicate in `user_computed_preds`, and skip adding
+                                // new_pred to `user_computed_params`.
+                                should_add_new = false
+                            }
+                            _ => {}
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            true
+        });
+
+        if should_add_new {
+            user_computed_preds.insert(new_pred);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This is very similar to `handle_lifetimes`. However, instead of matching `ty::Region`s
+    /// to each other, we match `ty::RegionVid`s to `ty::Region`s.
+    fn map_vid_to_region<'cx>(
+        &self,
+        regions: &RegionConstraintData<'cx>,
+    ) -> FxHashMap<ty::RegionVid, ty::Region<'cx>> {
+        let mut vid_map: FxHashMap<RegionTarget<'cx>, RegionDeps<'cx>> = FxHashMap::default();
+        let mut finished_map = FxHashMap::default();
+
+        for constraint in regions.constraints.keys() {
+            match constraint {
+                &Constraint::VarSubVar(r1, r2) => {
+                    {
+                        let deps1 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::RegionVid(r1)).or_default();
+                        deps1.larger.insert(RegionTarget::RegionVid(r2));
+                    }
+
+                    let deps2 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::RegionVid(r2)).or_default();
+                    deps2.smaller.insert(RegionTarget::RegionVid(r1));
+                }
+                &Constraint::RegSubVar(region, vid) => {
+                    {
+                        let deps1 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::Region(region)).or_default();
+                        deps1.larger.insert(RegionTarget::RegionVid(vid));
+                    }
+
+                    let deps2 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::RegionVid(vid)).or_default();
+                    deps2.smaller.insert(RegionTarget::Region(region));
+                }
+                &Constraint::VarSubReg(vid, region) => {
+                    finished_map.insert(vid, region);
+                }
+                &Constraint::RegSubReg(r1, r2) => {
+                    {
+                        let deps1 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::Region(r1)).or_default();
+                        deps1.larger.insert(RegionTarget::Region(r2));
+                    }
+
+                    let deps2 = vid_map.entry(RegionTarget::Region(r2)).or_default();
+                    deps2.smaller.insert(RegionTarget::Region(r1));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        while !vid_map.is_empty() {
+            let target = *vid_map.keys().next().expect("Keys somehow empty");
+            let deps = vid_map.remove(&target).expect("Entry somehow missing");
+
+            for smaller in deps.smaller.iter() {
+                for larger in deps.larger.iter() {
+                    match (smaller, larger) {
+                        (&RegionTarget::Region(_), &RegionTarget::Region(_)) => {
+                            if let Entry::Occupied(v) = vid_map.entry(*smaller) {
+                                let smaller_deps = v.into_mut();
+                                smaller_deps.larger.insert(*larger);
+                                smaller_deps.larger.remove(&target);
+                            }
+
+                            if let Entry::Occupied(v) = vid_map.entry(*larger) {
+                                let larger_deps = v.into_mut();
+                                larger_deps.smaller.insert(*smaller);
+                                larger_deps.smaller.remove(&target);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (&RegionTarget::RegionVid(v1), &RegionTarget::Region(r1)) => {
+                            finished_map.insert(v1, r1);
+                        }
+                        (&RegionTarget::Region(_), &RegionTarget::RegionVid(_)) => {
+                            // Do nothing; we don't care about regions that are smaller than vids.
+                        }
+                        (&RegionTarget::RegionVid(_), &RegionTarget::RegionVid(_)) => {
+                            if let Entry::Occupied(v) = vid_map.entry(*smaller) {
+                                let smaller_deps = v.into_mut();
+                                smaller_deps.larger.insert(*larger);
+                                smaller_deps.larger.remove(&target);
+                            }
+
+                            if let Entry::Occupied(v) = vid_map.entry(*larger) {
+                                let larger_deps = v.into_mut();
+                                larger_deps.smaller.insert(*smaller);
+                                larger_deps.smaller.remove(&target);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        finished_map
+    }
+
+    fn is_param_no_infer(&self, substs: SubstsRef<'_>) -> bool {
+        self.is_of_param(substs.type_at(0)) && !substs.types().any(|t| t.has_infer_types())
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_of_param(&self, ty: Ty<'_>) -> bool {
+        match ty.kind() {
+            ty::Param(_) => true,
+            ty::Projection(p) => self.is_of_param(p.self_ty()),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_self_referential_projection(&self, p: ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'_>) -> bool {
+        if let Term::Ty(ty) = p.term().skip_binder() {
+            matches!(ty.kind(), ty::Projection(proj) if proj == &p.skip_binder().projection_ty)
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate_nested_obligations(
+        &self,
+        ty: Ty<'_>,
+        nested: impl Iterator<Item = Obligation<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>>>,
+        computed_preds: &mut FxHashSet<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+        fresh_preds: &mut FxHashSet<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+        predicates: &mut VecDeque<ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>>,
+        select: &mut SelectionContext<'_, 'tcx>,
+        only_projections: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let dummy_cause = ObligationCause::dummy();
+
+        for obligation in nested {
+            let is_new_pred =
+                fresh_preds.insert(self.clean_pred(select.infcx(), obligation.predicate));
+
+            // Resolve any inference variables that we can, to help selection succeed
+            let predicate = select.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+
+            // We only add a predicate as a user-displayable bound if
+            // it involves a generic parameter, and doesn't contain
+            // any inference variables.
+            //
+            // Displaying a bound involving a concrete type (instead of a generic
+            // parameter) would be pointless, since it's always true
+            // (e.g. u8: Copy)
+            // Displaying an inference variable is impossible, since they're
+            // an internal compiler detail without a defined visual representation
+            //
+            // We check this by calling is_of_param on the relevant types
+            // from the various possible predicates
+
+            let bound_predicate = predicate.kind();
+            match bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                ty::PredicateKind::Trait(p) => {
+                    // Add this to `predicates` so that we end up calling `select`
+                    // with it. If this predicate ends up being unimplemented,
+                    // then `evaluate_predicates` will handle adding it the `ParamEnv`
+                    // if possible.
+                    predicates.push_back(bound_predicate.rebind(p));
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(p) => {
+                    let p = bound_predicate.rebind(p);
+                    debug!(
+                        "evaluate_nested_obligations: examining projection predicate {:?}",
+                        predicate
+                    );
+
+                    // As described above, we only want to display
+                    // bounds which include a generic parameter but don't include
+                    // an inference variable.
+                    // Additionally, we check if we've seen this predicate before,
+                    // to avoid rendering duplicate bounds to the user.
+                    if self.is_param_no_infer(p.skip_binder().projection_ty.substs)
+                        && !p.term().skip_binder().has_infer_types()
+                        && is_new_pred
+                    {
+                        debug!(
+                            "evaluate_nested_obligations: adding projection predicate \
+                            to computed_preds: {:?}",
+                            predicate
+                        );
+
+                        // Under unusual circumstances, we can end up with a self-referential
+                        // projection predicate. For example:
+                        // <T as MyType>::Value == <T as MyType>::Value
+                        // Not only is displaying this to the user pointless,
+                        // having it in the ParamEnv will cause an issue if we try to call
+                        // poly_project_and_unify_type on the predicate, since this kind of
+                        // predicate will normally never end up in a ParamEnv.
+                        //
+                        // For these reasons, we ignore these weird predicates,
+                        // ensuring that we're able to properly synthesize an auto trait impl
+                        if self.is_self_referential_projection(p) {
+                            debug!(
+                                "evaluate_nested_obligations: encountered a projection
+                                 predicate equating a type with itself! Skipping"
+                            );
+                        } else {
+                            self.add_user_pred(computed_preds, predicate);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // There are three possible cases when we project a predicate:
+                    //
+                    // 1. We encounter an error. This means that it's impossible for
+                    // our current type to implement the auto trait - there's bound
+                    // that we could add to our ParamEnv that would 'fix' this kind
+                    // of error, as it's not caused by an unimplemented type.
+                    //
+                    // 2. We successfully project the predicate (Ok(Some(_))), generating
+                    //  some subobligations. We then process these subobligations
+                    //  like any other generated sub-obligations.
+                    //
+                    // 3. We receive an 'ambiguous' result (Ok(None))
+                    // If we were actually trying to compile a crate,
+                    // we would need to re-process this obligation later.
+                    // However, all we care about is finding out what bounds
+                    // are needed for our type to implement a particular auto trait.
+                    // We've already added this obligation to our computed ParamEnv
+                    // above (if it was necessary). Therefore, we don't need
+                    // to do any further processing of the obligation.
+                    //
+                    // Note that we *must* try to project *all* projection predicates
+                    // we encounter, even ones without inference variable.
+                    // This ensures that we detect any projection errors,
+                    // which indicate that our type can *never* implement the given
+                    // auto trait. In that case, we will generate an explicit negative
+                    // impl (e.g. 'impl !Send for MyType'). However, we don't
+                    // try to process any of the generated subobligations -
+                    // they contain no new information, since we already know
+                    // that our type implements the projected-through trait,
+                    // and can lead to weird region issues.
+                    //
+                    // Normally, we'll generate a negative impl as a result of encountering
+                    // a type with an explicit negative impl of an auto trait
+                    // (for example, raw pointers have !Send and !Sync impls)
+                    // However, through some **interesting** manipulations of the type
+                    // system, it's actually possible to write a type that never
+                    // implements an auto trait due to a projection error, not a normal
+                    // negative impl error. To properly handle this case, we need
+                    // to ensure that we catch any potential projection errors,
+                    // and turn them into an explicit negative impl for our type.
+                    debug!("Projecting and unifying projection predicate {:?}", predicate);
+
+                    match project::poly_project_and_unify_type(select, &obligation.with(p)) {
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(e) => {
+                            debug!(
+                                "evaluate_nested_obligations: Unable to unify predicate \
+                                 '{:?}' '{:?}', bailing out",
+                                ty, e
+                            );
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::Recursive => {
+                            debug!("evaluate_nested_obligations: recursive projection predicate");
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(v) => {
+                            // We only care about sub-obligations
+                            // when we started out trying to unify
+                            // some inference variables. See the comment above
+                            // for more information
+                            if p.term().skip_binder().has_infer_types() {
+                                if !self.evaluate_nested_obligations(
+                                    ty,
+                                    v.into_iter(),
+                                    computed_preds,
+                                    fresh_preds,
+                                    predicates,
+                                    select,
+                                    only_projections,
+                                ) {
+                                    return false;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::FailedNormalization => {
+                            // It's ok not to make progress when have no inference variables -
+                            // in that case, we were only performing unification to check if an
+                            // error occurred (which would indicate that it's impossible for our
+                            // type to implement the auto trait).
+                            // However, we should always make progress (either by generating
+                            // subobligations or getting an error) when we started off with
+                            // inference variables
+                            if p.term().skip_binder().has_infer_types() {
+                                panic!("Unexpected result when selecting {:?} {:?}", ty, obligation)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(binder) => {
+                    let binder = bound_predicate.rebind(binder);
+                    select.infcx().region_outlives_predicate(&dummy_cause, binder)
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(binder) => {
+                    let binder = bound_predicate.rebind(binder);
+                    match (
+                        binder.no_bound_vars(),
+                        binder.map_bound_ref(|pred| pred.0).no_bound_vars(),
+                    ) {
+                        (None, Some(t_a)) => {
+                            select.infcx().register_region_obligation_with_cause(
+                                t_a,
+                                select.infcx().tcx.lifetimes.re_static,
+                                &dummy_cause,
+                            );
+                        }
+                        (Some(ty::OutlivesPredicate(t_a, r_b)), _) => {
+                            select.infcx().register_region_obligation_with_cause(
+                                t_a,
+                                r_b,
+                                &dummy_cause,
+                            );
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    };
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(c1, c2) => {
+                    let evaluate = |c: ty::Const<'tcx>| {
+                        if let ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(unevaluated) = c.kind() {
+                            match select.infcx().const_eval_resolve(
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                                unevaluated,
+                                Some(obligation.cause.span),
+                            ) {
+                                Ok(Some(valtree)) => {
+                                    Ok(ty::Const::from_value(select.tcx(), valtree, c.ty()))
+                                }
+                                Ok(None) => {
+                                    let tcx = self.tcx;
+                                    let def_id = unevaluated.def.did;
+                                    let reported = tcx.sess.struct_span_err(tcx.def_span(def_id), &format!("unable to construct a constant value for the unevaluated constant {:?}", unevaluated)).emit();
+
+                                    Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(reported))
+                                }
+                                Err(err) => Err(err),
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Ok(c)
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    match (evaluate(c1), evaluate(c2)) {
+                        (Ok(c1), Ok(c2)) => {
+                            match select
+                                .infcx()
+                                .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                                .eq(c1, c2)
+                            {
+                                Ok(_) => (),
+                                Err(_) => return false,
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => return false,
+                    }
+                }
+                // There's not really much we can do with these predicates -
+                // we start out with a `ParamEnv` with no inference variables,
+                // and these don't correspond to adding any new bounds to
+                // the `ParamEnv`.
+                ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => {}
+            };
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    pub fn clean_pred(
+        &self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        p: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> ty::Predicate<'tcx> {
+        infcx.freshen(p)
+    }
+}
+
+// Replaces all ReVars in a type with ty::Region's, using the provided map
+pub struct RegionReplacer<'a, 'tcx> {
+    vid_to_region: &'a FxHashMap<ty::RegionVid, ty::Region<'tcx>>,
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for RegionReplacer<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
+        (match *r {
+            ty::ReVar(vid) => self.vid_to_region.get(&vid).cloned(),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| r.super_fold_with(self))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/chalk_fulfill.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/chalk_fulfill.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ef7ac9a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/chalk_fulfill.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+//! Defines a Chalk-based `TraitEngine`
+
+use crate::infer::canonical::OriginalQueryValues;
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits::query::NoSolution;
+use crate::traits::{
+    ChalkEnvironmentAndGoal, FulfillmentError, FulfillmentErrorCode, ObligationCause,
+    PredicateObligation, SelectionError, TraitEngine,
+};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxIndexSet};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TypeVisitable};
+
+pub struct FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+    obligations: FxIndexSet<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+
+    relationships: FxHashMap<ty::TyVid, ty::FoundRelationships>,
+}
+
+impl FulfillmentContext<'_> {
+    pub(crate) fn new() -> Self {
+        FulfillmentContext {
+            obligations: FxIndexSet::default(),
+            relationships: FxHashMap::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TraitEngine<'tcx> for FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+    fn normalize_projection_type(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        _param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+        _cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        infcx.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Projection(projection_ty))
+    }
+
+    fn register_predicate_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        assert!(!infcx.is_in_snapshot());
+        let obligation = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation);
+
+        super::relationships::update(self, infcx, &obligation);
+
+        self.obligations.insert(obligation);
+    }
+
+    fn select_all_or_error(&mut self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        {
+            let errors = self.select_where_possible(infcx);
+
+            if !errors.is_empty() {
+                return errors;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // any remaining obligations are errors
+        self.obligations
+            .iter()
+            .map(|obligation| FulfillmentError {
+                obligation: obligation.clone(),
+                code: FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeAmbiguity,
+                // FIXME - does Chalk have a notation of 'root obligation'?
+                // This is just for diagnostics, so it's okay if this is wrong
+                root_obligation: obligation.clone(),
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn select_where_possible(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        assert!(!infcx.is_in_snapshot());
+
+        let mut errors = Vec::new();
+        let mut next_round = FxIndexSet::default();
+        let mut making_progress;
+
+        loop {
+            making_progress = false;
+
+            // We iterate over all obligations, and record if we are able
+            // to unambiguously prove at least one obligation.
+            for obligation in self.obligations.drain(..) {
+                let obligation = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation);
+                let environment = obligation.param_env.caller_bounds();
+                let goal = ChalkEnvironmentAndGoal { environment, goal: obligation.predicate };
+                let mut orig_values = OriginalQueryValues::default();
+                if goal.references_error() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                let canonical_goal =
+                    infcx.canonicalize_query_preserving_universes(goal, &mut orig_values);
+
+                match infcx.tcx.evaluate_goal(canonical_goal) {
+                    Ok(response) => {
+                        if response.is_proven() {
+                            making_progress = true;
+
+                            match infcx.instantiate_query_response_and_region_obligations(
+                                &obligation.cause,
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                                &orig_values,
+                                &response,
+                            ) {
+                                Ok(infer_ok) => next_round.extend(
+                                    infer_ok.obligations.into_iter().map(|obligation| {
+                                        assert!(!infcx.is_in_snapshot());
+                                        infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation)
+                                    }),
+                                ),
+
+                                Err(_err) => errors.push(FulfillmentError {
+                                    obligation: obligation.clone(),
+                                    code: FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSelectionError(
+                                        SelectionError::Unimplemented,
+                                    ),
+                                    // FIXME - does Chalk have a notation of 'root obligation'?
+                                    // This is just for diagnostics, so it's okay if this is wrong
+                                    root_obligation: obligation,
+                                }),
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            // Ambiguous: retry at next round.
+                            next_round.insert(obligation);
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    Err(NoSolution) => errors.push(FulfillmentError {
+                        obligation: obligation.clone(),
+                        code: FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSelectionError(
+                            SelectionError::Unimplemented,
+                        ),
+                        // FIXME - does Chalk have a notation of 'root obligation'?
+                        // This is just for diagnostics, so it's okay if this is wrong
+                        root_obligation: obligation,
+                    }),
+                }
+            }
+            next_round = std::mem::replace(&mut self.obligations, next_round);
+
+            if !making_progress {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        errors
+    }
+
+    fn pending_obligations(&self) -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        self.obligations.iter().cloned().collect()
+    }
+
+    fn relationships(&mut self) -> &mut FxHashMap<ty::TyVid, ty::FoundRelationships> {
+        &mut self.relationships
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/codegen.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/codegen.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0700748c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/codegen.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// This file contains various trait resolution methods used by codegen.
+// They all assume regions can be erased and monomorphic types.  It
+// seems likely that they should eventually be merged into more
+// general routines.
+
+use crate::infer::{DefiningAnchor, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use crate::traits::{
+    ImplSource, Obligation, ObligationCause, SelectionContext, TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt,
+    Unimplemented,
+};
+use rustc_middle::traits::CodegenObligationError;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt};
+
+/// Attempts to resolve an obligation to an `ImplSource`. The result is
+/// a shallow `ImplSource` resolution, meaning that we do not
+/// (necessarily) resolve all nested obligations on the impl. Note
+/// that type check should guarantee to us that all nested
+/// obligations *could be* resolved if we wanted to.
+///
+/// This also expects that `trait_ref` is fully normalized.
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx))]
+pub fn codegen_fulfill_obligation<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    (param_env, trait_ref): (ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>, ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>),
+) -> Result<&'tcx ImplSource<'tcx, ()>, CodegenObligationError> {
+    // We expect the input to be fully normalized.
+    debug_assert_eq!(trait_ref, tcx.normalize_erasing_regions(param_env, trait_ref));
+
+    // Do the initial selection for the obligation. This yields the
+    // shallow result we are looking for -- that is, what specific impl.
+    let mut infcx_builder =
+        tcx.infer_ctxt().ignoring_regions().with_opaque_type_inference(DefiningAnchor::Bubble);
+    infcx_builder.enter(|infcx| {
+        //~^ HACK `Bubble` is required for
+        // this test to pass: type-alias-impl-trait/assoc-projection-ice.rs
+        let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+
+        let obligation_cause = ObligationCause::dummy();
+        let obligation =
+            Obligation::new(obligation_cause, param_env, trait_ref.to_poly_trait_predicate());
+
+        let selection = match selcx.select(&obligation) {
+            Ok(Some(selection)) => selection,
+            Ok(None) => return Err(CodegenObligationError::Ambiguity),
+            Err(Unimplemented) => return Err(CodegenObligationError::Unimplemented),
+            Err(e) => {
+                bug!("Encountered error `{:?}` selecting `{:?}` during codegen", e, trait_ref)
+            }
+        };
+
+        debug!(?selection);
+
+        // Currently, we use a fulfillment context to completely resolve
+        // all nested obligations. This is because they can inform the
+        // inference of the impl's type parameters.
+        let mut fulfill_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(tcx);
+        let impl_source = selection.map(|predicate| {
+            fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(&infcx, predicate);
+        });
+
+        // In principle, we only need to do this so long as `impl_source`
+        // contains unbound type parameters. It could be a slight
+        // optimization to stop iterating early.
+        let errors = fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(&infcx);
+        if !errors.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CodegenObligationError::FulfillmentError);
+        }
+
+        let impl_source = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(impl_source);
+        let impl_source = infcx.tcx.erase_regions(impl_source);
+
+        // Opaque types may have gotten their hidden types constrained, but we can ignore them safely
+        // as they will get constrained elsewhere, too.
+        // (ouz-a) This is required for `type-alias-impl-trait/assoc-projection-ice.rs` to pass
+        let _ = infcx.inner.borrow_mut().opaque_type_storage.take_opaque_types();
+
+        debug!("Cache miss: {trait_ref:?} => {impl_source:?}");
+        Ok(&*tcx.arena.alloc(impl_source))
+    })
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c8cdf4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/coherence.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+//! See Rustc Dev Guide chapters on [trait-resolution] and [trait-specialization] for more info on
+//! how this works.
+//!
+//! [trait-resolution]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html
+//! [trait-specialization]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/specialization.html
+
+use crate::infer::outlives::env::OutlivesEnvironment;
+use crate::infer::{CombinedSnapshot, InferOk};
+use crate::traits::select::IntercrateAmbiguityCause;
+use crate::traits::util::impl_subject_and_oblig;
+use crate::traits::SkipLeakCheck;
+use crate::traits::{
+    self, FulfillmentContext, Normalized, Obligation, ObligationCause, PredicateObligation,
+    PredicateObligations, SelectionContext, TraitEngineExt,
+};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxIndexSet;
+use rustc_errors::Diagnostic;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LOCAL_CRATE};
+use rustc_infer::infer::{InferCtxt, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use rustc_infer::traits::{util, TraitEngine};
+use rustc_middle::traits::specialization_graph::OverlapMode;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::{DeepRejectCtxt, TreatParams};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::Subst;
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ImplSubject, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitor};
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+use rustc_span::DUMMY_SP;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::iter;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+/// Whether we do the orphan check relative to this crate or
+/// to some remote crate.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+enum InCrate {
+    Local,
+    Remote,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub enum Conflict {
+    Upstream,
+    Downstream,
+}
+
+pub struct OverlapResult<'tcx> {
+    pub impl_header: ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
+    pub intercrate_ambiguity_causes: FxIndexSet<IntercrateAmbiguityCause>,
+
+    /// `true` if the overlap might've been permitted before the shift
+    /// to universes.
+    pub involves_placeholder: bool,
+}
+
+pub fn add_placeholder_note(err: &mut Diagnostic) {
+    err.note(
+        "this behavior recently changed as a result of a bug fix; \
+         see rust-lang/rust#56105 for details",
+    );
+}
+
+/// If there are types that satisfy both impls, invokes `on_overlap`
+/// with a suitably-freshened `ImplHeader` with those types
+/// substituted. Otherwise, invokes `no_overlap`.
+#[instrument(skip(tcx, skip_leak_check, on_overlap, no_overlap), level = "debug")]
+pub fn overlapping_impls<F1, F2, R>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    impl1_def_id: DefId,
+    impl2_def_id: DefId,
+    skip_leak_check: SkipLeakCheck,
+    overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    on_overlap: F1,
+    no_overlap: F2,
+) -> R
+where
+    F1: FnOnce(OverlapResult<'_>) -> R,
+    F2: FnOnce() -> R,
+{
+    // Before doing expensive operations like entering an inference context, do
+    // a quick check via fast_reject to tell if the impl headers could possibly
+    // unify.
+    let drcx = DeepRejectCtxt { treat_obligation_params: TreatParams::AsInfer };
+    let impl1_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl1_def_id);
+    let impl2_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl2_def_id);
+    let may_overlap = match (impl1_ref, impl2_ref) {
+        (Some(a), Some(b)) => iter::zip(a.substs, b.substs)
+            .all(|(arg1, arg2)| drcx.generic_args_may_unify(arg1, arg2)),
+        (None, None) => {
+            let self_ty1 = tcx.type_of(impl1_def_id);
+            let self_ty2 = tcx.type_of(impl2_def_id);
+            drcx.types_may_unify(self_ty1, self_ty2)
+        }
+        _ => bug!("unexpected impls: {impl1_def_id:?} {impl2_def_id:?}"),
+    };
+
+    if !may_overlap {
+        // Some types involved are definitely different, so the impls couldn't possibly overlap.
+        debug!("overlapping_impls: fast_reject early-exit");
+        return no_overlap();
+    }
+
+    let overlaps = tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::intercrate(&infcx);
+        overlap(selcx, skip_leak_check, impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id, overlap_mode).is_some()
+    });
+
+    if !overlaps {
+        return no_overlap();
+    }
+
+    // In the case where we detect an error, run the check again, but
+    // this time tracking intercrate ambiguity causes for better
+    // diagnostics. (These take time and can lead to false errors.)
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::intercrate(&infcx);
+        selcx.enable_tracking_intercrate_ambiguity_causes();
+        on_overlap(
+            overlap(selcx, skip_leak_check, impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id, overlap_mode).unwrap(),
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn with_fresh_ty_vars<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    impl_def_id: DefId,
+) -> ty::ImplHeader<'tcx> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+    let impl_substs = selcx.infcx().fresh_substs_for_item(DUMMY_SP, impl_def_id);
+
+    let header = ty::ImplHeader {
+        impl_def_id,
+        self_ty: tcx.bound_type_of(impl_def_id).subst(tcx, impl_substs),
+        trait_ref: tcx.bound_impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).map(|i| i.subst(tcx, impl_substs)),
+        predicates: tcx.predicates_of(impl_def_id).instantiate(tcx, impl_substs).predicates,
+    };
+
+    let Normalized { value: mut header, obligations } =
+        traits::normalize(selcx, param_env, ObligationCause::dummy(), header);
+
+    header.predicates.extend(obligations.into_iter().map(|o| o.predicate));
+    header
+}
+
+/// Can both impl `a` and impl `b` be satisfied by a common type (including
+/// where-clauses)? If so, returns an `ImplHeader` that unifies the two impls.
+fn overlap<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    skip_leak_check: SkipLeakCheck,
+    impl1_def_id: DefId,
+    impl2_def_id: DefId,
+    overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+) -> Option<OverlapResult<'tcx>> {
+    debug!(
+        "overlap(impl1_def_id={:?}, impl2_def_id={:?}, overlap_mode={:?})",
+        impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id, overlap_mode
+    );
+
+    selcx.infcx().probe_maybe_skip_leak_check(skip_leak_check.is_yes(), |snapshot| {
+        overlap_within_probe(selcx, impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id, overlap_mode, snapshot)
+    })
+}
+
+fn overlap_within_probe<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    impl1_def_id: DefId,
+    impl2_def_id: DefId,
+    overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    snapshot: &CombinedSnapshot<'_, 'tcx>,
+) -> Option<OverlapResult<'tcx>> {
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+
+    if overlap_mode.use_negative_impl() {
+        if negative_impl(selcx, impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id)
+            || negative_impl(selcx, impl2_def_id, impl1_def_id)
+        {
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // For the purposes of this check, we don't bring any placeholder
+    // types into scope; instead, we replace the generic types with
+    // fresh type variables, and hence we do our evaluations in an
+    // empty environment.
+    let param_env = ty::ParamEnv::empty();
+
+    let impl1_header = with_fresh_ty_vars(selcx, param_env, impl1_def_id);
+    let impl2_header = with_fresh_ty_vars(selcx, param_env, impl2_def_id);
+
+    let obligations = equate_impl_headers(selcx, &impl1_header, &impl2_header)?;
+    debug!("overlap: unification check succeeded");
+
+    if overlap_mode.use_implicit_negative() {
+        if implicit_negative(selcx, param_env, &impl1_header, impl2_header, obligations) {
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // We disable the leak when when creating the `snapshot` by using
+    // `infcx.probe_maybe_disable_leak_check`.
+    if infcx.leak_check(true, snapshot).is_err() {
+        debug!("overlap: leak check failed");
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let intercrate_ambiguity_causes = selcx.take_intercrate_ambiguity_causes();
+    debug!("overlap: intercrate_ambiguity_causes={:#?}", intercrate_ambiguity_causes);
+
+    let involves_placeholder =
+        matches!(selcx.infcx().region_constraints_added_in_snapshot(snapshot), Some(true));
+
+    let impl_header = selcx.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(impl1_header);
+    Some(OverlapResult { impl_header, intercrate_ambiguity_causes, involves_placeholder })
+}
+
+fn equate_impl_headers<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    impl1_header: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
+    impl2_header: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
+) -> Option<PredicateObligations<'tcx>> {
+    // Do `a` and `b` unify? If not, no overlap.
+    debug!("equate_impl_headers(impl1_header={:?}, impl2_header={:?}", impl1_header, impl2_header);
+    selcx
+        .infcx()
+        .at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), ty::ParamEnv::empty())
+        .eq_impl_headers(impl1_header, impl2_header)
+        .map(|infer_ok| infer_ok.obligations)
+        .ok()
+}
+
+/// Given impl1 and impl2 check if both impls can be satisfied by a common type (including
+/// where-clauses) If so, return false, otherwise return true, they are disjoint.
+fn implicit_negative<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    impl1_header: &ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
+    impl2_header: ty::ImplHeader<'tcx>,
+    obligations: PredicateObligations<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    // There's no overlap if obligations are unsatisfiable or if the obligation negated is
+    // satisfied.
+    //
+    // For example, given these two impl headers:
+    //
+    // `impl<'a> From<&'a str> for Box<dyn Error>`
+    // `impl<E> From<E> for Box<dyn Error> where E: Error`
+    //
+    // So we have:
+    //
+    // `Box<dyn Error>: From<&'?a str>`
+    // `Box<dyn Error>: From<?E>`
+    //
+    // After equating the two headers:
+    //
+    // `Box<dyn Error> = Box<dyn Error>`
+    // So, `?E = &'?a str` and then given the where clause `&'?a str: Error`.
+    //
+    // If the obligation `&'?a str: Error` holds, it means that there's overlap. If that doesn't
+    // hold we need to check if `&'?a str: !Error` holds, if doesn't hold there's overlap because
+    // at some point an impl for `&'?a str: Error` could be added.
+    debug!(
+        "implicit_negative(impl1_header={:?}, impl2_header={:?}, obligations={:?})",
+        impl1_header, impl2_header, obligations
+    );
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    let opt_failing_obligation = impl1_header
+        .predicates
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .chain(impl2_header.predicates)
+        .map(|p| infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(p))
+        .map(|p| Obligation {
+            cause: ObligationCause::dummy(),
+            param_env,
+            recursion_depth: 0,
+            predicate: p,
+        })
+        .chain(obligations)
+        .find(|o| !selcx.predicate_may_hold_fatal(o));
+
+    if let Some(failing_obligation) = opt_failing_obligation {
+        debug!("overlap: obligation unsatisfiable {:?}", failing_obligation);
+        true
+    } else {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// Given impl1 and impl2 check if both impls are never satisfied by a common type (including
+/// where-clauses) If so, return true, they are disjoint and false otherwise.
+fn negative_impl<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    impl1_def_id: DefId,
+    impl2_def_id: DefId,
+) -> bool {
+    debug!("negative_impl(impl1_def_id={:?}, impl2_def_id={:?})", impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id);
+    let tcx = selcx.infcx().tcx;
+
+    // Create an infcx, taking the predicates of impl1 as assumptions:
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        // create a parameter environment corresponding to a (placeholder) instantiation of impl1
+        let impl_env = tcx.param_env(impl1_def_id);
+        let subject1 = match traits::fully_normalize(
+            &infcx,
+            FulfillmentContext::new(),
+            ObligationCause::dummy(),
+            impl_env,
+            tcx.impl_subject(impl1_def_id),
+        ) {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(err) => bug!("failed to fully normalize {:?}: {:?}", impl1_def_id, err),
+        };
+
+        // Attempt to prove that impl2 applies, given all of the above.
+        let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+        let impl2_substs = infcx.fresh_substs_for_item(DUMMY_SP, impl2_def_id);
+        let (subject2, obligations) =
+            impl_subject_and_oblig(selcx, impl_env, impl2_def_id, impl2_substs);
+
+        !equate(&infcx, impl_env, subject1, subject2, obligations)
+    })
+}
+
+fn equate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    impl_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    subject1: ImplSubject<'tcx>,
+    subject2: ImplSubject<'tcx>,
+    obligations: impl Iterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> bool {
+    // do the impls unify? If not, not disjoint.
+    let Ok(InferOk { obligations: more_obligations, .. }) =
+        infcx.at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), impl_env).eq(subject1, subject2)
+    else {
+        debug!("explicit_disjoint: {:?} does not unify with {:?}", subject1, subject2);
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+    let opt_failing_obligation = obligations
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(more_obligations)
+        .find(|o| negative_impl_exists(selcx, impl_env, o));
+
+    if let Some(failing_obligation) = opt_failing_obligation {
+        debug!("overlap: obligation unsatisfiable {:?}", failing_obligation);
+        false
+    } else {
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+/// Try to prove that a negative impl exist for the given obligation and its super predicates.
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(selcx))]
+fn negative_impl_exists<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    o: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    let infcx = &selcx.infcx().fork();
+
+    if resolve_negative_obligation(infcx, param_env, o) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // Try to prove a negative obligation exists for super predicates
+    for o in util::elaborate_predicates(infcx.tcx, iter::once(o.predicate)) {
+        if resolve_negative_obligation(infcx, param_env, &o) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    false
+}
+
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(infcx))]
+fn resolve_negative_obligation<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    o: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    let tcx = infcx.tcx;
+
+    let Some(o) = o.flip_polarity(tcx) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    let mut fulfillment_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+    fulfillment_cx.register_predicate_obligation(infcx, o);
+
+    let errors = fulfillment_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx);
+
+    if !errors.is_empty() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // FIXME -- also add "assumed to be well formed" types into the `outlives_env`
+    let outlives_env = OutlivesEnvironment::new(param_env);
+    infcx.process_registered_region_obligations(outlives_env.region_bound_pairs(), param_env);
+
+    infcx.resolve_regions(&outlives_env).is_empty()
+}
+
+pub fn trait_ref_is_knowable<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+) -> Option<Conflict> {
+    debug!("trait_ref_is_knowable(trait_ref={:?})", trait_ref);
+    if orphan_check_trait_ref(tcx, trait_ref, InCrate::Remote).is_ok() {
+        // A downstream or cousin crate is allowed to implement some
+        // substitution of this trait-ref.
+        return Some(Conflict::Downstream);
+    }
+
+    if trait_ref_is_local_or_fundamental(tcx, trait_ref) {
+        // This is a local or fundamental trait, so future-compatibility
+        // is no concern. We know that downstream/cousin crates are not
+        // allowed to implement a substitution of this trait ref, which
+        // means impls could only come from dependencies of this crate,
+        // which we already know about.
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // This is a remote non-fundamental trait, so if another crate
+    // can be the "final owner" of a substitution of this trait-ref,
+    // they are allowed to implement it future-compatibly.
+    //
+    // However, if we are a final owner, then nobody else can be,
+    // and if we are an intermediate owner, then we don't care
+    // about future-compatibility, which means that we're OK if
+    // we are an owner.
+    if orphan_check_trait_ref(tcx, trait_ref, InCrate::Local).is_ok() {
+        debug!("trait_ref_is_knowable: orphan check passed");
+        None
+    } else {
+        debug!("trait_ref_is_knowable: nonlocal, nonfundamental, unowned");
+        Some(Conflict::Upstream)
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn trait_ref_is_local_or_fundamental<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    trait_ref.def_id.krate == LOCAL_CRATE || tcx.has_attr(trait_ref.def_id, sym::fundamental)
+}
+
+pub enum OrphanCheckErr<'tcx> {
+    NonLocalInputType(Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, bool /* Is this the first input type? */)>),
+    UncoveredTy(Ty<'tcx>, Option<Ty<'tcx>>),
+}
+
+/// Checks the coherence orphan rules. `impl_def_id` should be the
+/// `DefId` of a trait impl. To pass, either the trait must be local, or else
+/// two conditions must be satisfied:
+///
+/// 1. All type parameters in `Self` must be "covered" by some local type constructor.
+/// 2. Some local type must appear in `Self`.
+pub fn orphan_check(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, impl_def_id: DefId) -> Result<(), OrphanCheckErr<'_>> {
+    debug!("orphan_check({:?})", impl_def_id);
+
+    // We only except this routine to be invoked on implementations
+    // of a trait, not inherent implementations.
+    let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+    debug!("orphan_check: trait_ref={:?}", trait_ref);
+
+    // If the *trait* is local to the crate, ok.
+    if trait_ref.def_id.is_local() {
+        debug!("trait {:?} is local to current crate", trait_ref.def_id);
+        return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    orphan_check_trait_ref(tcx, trait_ref, InCrate::Local)
+}
+
+/// Checks whether a trait-ref is potentially implementable by a crate.
+///
+/// The current rule is that a trait-ref orphan checks in a crate C:
+///
+/// 1. Order the parameters in the trait-ref in subst order - Self first,
+///    others linearly (e.g., `<U as Foo<V, W>>` is U < V < W).
+/// 2. Of these type parameters, there is at least one type parameter
+///    in which, walking the type as a tree, you can reach a type local
+///    to C where all types in-between are fundamental types. Call the
+///    first such parameter the "local key parameter".
+///     - e.g., `Box<LocalType>` is OK, because you can visit LocalType
+///       going through `Box`, which is fundamental.
+///     - similarly, `FundamentalPair<Vec<()>, Box<LocalType>>` is OK for
+///       the same reason.
+///     - but (knowing that `Vec<T>` is non-fundamental, and assuming it's
+///       not local), `Vec<LocalType>` is bad, because `Vec<->` is between
+///       the local type and the type parameter.
+/// 3. Before this local type, no generic type parameter of the impl must
+///    be reachable through fundamental types.
+///     - e.g. `impl<T> Trait<LocalType> for Vec<T>` is fine, as `Vec` is not fundamental.
+///     - while `impl<T> Trait<LocalType> for Box<T>` results in an error, as `T` is
+///       reachable through the fundamental type `Box`.
+/// 4. Every type in the local key parameter not known in C, going
+///    through the parameter's type tree, must appear only as a subtree of
+///    a type local to C, with only fundamental types between the type
+///    local to C and the local key parameter.
+///     - e.g., `Vec<LocalType<T>>>` (or equivalently `Box<Vec<LocalType<T>>>`)
+///     is bad, because the only local type with `T` as a subtree is
+///     `LocalType<T>`, and `Vec<->` is between it and the type parameter.
+///     - similarly, `FundamentalPair<LocalType<T>, T>` is bad, because
+///     the second occurrence of `T` is not a subtree of *any* local type.
+///     - however, `LocalType<Vec<T>>` is OK, because `T` is a subtree of
+///     `LocalType<Vec<T>>`, which is local and has no types between it and
+///     the type parameter.
+///
+/// The orphan rules actually serve several different purposes:
+///
+/// 1. They enable link-safety - i.e., 2 mutually-unknowing crates (where
+///    every type local to one crate is unknown in the other) can't implement
+///    the same trait-ref. This follows because it can be seen that no such
+///    type can orphan-check in 2 such crates.
+///
+///    To check that a local impl follows the orphan rules, we check it in
+///    InCrate::Local mode, using type parameters for the "generic" types.
+///
+/// 2. They ground negative reasoning for coherence. If a user wants to
+///    write both a conditional blanket impl and a specific impl, we need to
+///    make sure they do not overlap. For example, if we write
+///    ```ignore (illustrative)
+///    impl<T> IntoIterator for Vec<T>
+///    impl<T: Iterator> IntoIterator for T
+///    ```
+///    We need to be able to prove that `Vec<$0>: !Iterator` for every type $0.
+///    We can observe that this holds in the current crate, but we need to make
+///    sure this will also hold in all unknown crates (both "independent" crates,
+///    which we need for link-safety, and also child crates, because we don't want
+///    child crates to get error for impl conflicts in a *dependency*).
+///
+///    For that, we only allow negative reasoning if, for every assignment to the
+///    inference variables, every unknown crate would get an orphan error if they
+///    try to implement this trait-ref. To check for this, we use InCrate::Remote
+///    mode. That is sound because we already know all the impls from known crates.
+///
+/// 3. For non-`#[fundamental]` traits, they guarantee that parent crates can
+///    add "non-blanket" impls without breaking negative reasoning in dependent
+///    crates. This is the "rebalancing coherence" (RFC 1023) restriction.
+///
+///    For that, we only a allow crate to perform negative reasoning on
+///    non-local-non-`#[fundamental]` only if there's a local key parameter as per (2).
+///
+///    Because we never perform negative reasoning generically (coherence does
+///    not involve type parameters), this can be interpreted as doing the full
+///    orphan check (using InCrate::Local mode), substituting non-local known
+///    types for all inference variables.
+///
+///    This allows for crates to future-compatibly add impls as long as they
+///    can't apply to types with a key parameter in a child crate - applying
+///    the rules, this basically means that every type parameter in the impl
+///    must appear behind a non-fundamental type (because this is not a
+///    type-system requirement, crate owners might also go for "semantic
+///    future-compatibility" involving things such as sealed traits, but
+///    the above requirement is sufficient, and is necessary in "open world"
+///    cases).
+///
+/// Note that this function is never called for types that have both type
+/// parameters and inference variables.
+fn orphan_check_trait_ref<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    in_crate: InCrate,
+) -> Result<(), OrphanCheckErr<'tcx>> {
+    debug!("orphan_check_trait_ref(trait_ref={:?}, in_crate={:?})", trait_ref, in_crate);
+
+    if trait_ref.needs_infer() && trait_ref.needs_subst() {
+        bug!(
+            "can't orphan check a trait ref with both params and inference variables {:?}",
+            trait_ref
+        );
+    }
+
+    let mut checker = OrphanChecker::new(tcx, in_crate);
+    match trait_ref.visit_with(&mut checker) {
+        ControlFlow::Continue(()) => Err(OrphanCheckErr::NonLocalInputType(checker.non_local_tys)),
+        ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::ParamTy(ty)) => {
+            // Does there exist some local type after the `ParamTy`.
+            checker.search_first_local_ty = true;
+            if let Some(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(local_ty)) =
+                trait_ref.visit_with(&mut checker).break_value()
+            {
+                Err(OrphanCheckErr::UncoveredTy(ty, Some(local_ty)))
+            } else {
+                Err(OrphanCheckErr::UncoveredTy(ty, None))
+            }
+        }
+        ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(_)) => Ok(()),
+    }
+}
+
+struct OrphanChecker<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    in_crate: InCrate,
+    in_self_ty: bool,
+    /// Ignore orphan check failures and exclusively search for the first
+    /// local type.
+    search_first_local_ty: bool,
+    non_local_tys: Vec<(Ty<'tcx>, bool)>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> OrphanChecker<'tcx> {
+    fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, in_crate: InCrate) -> Self {
+        OrphanChecker {
+            tcx,
+            in_crate,
+            in_self_ty: true,
+            search_first_local_ty: false,
+            non_local_tys: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn found_non_local_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx>> {
+        self.non_local_tys.push((t, self.in_self_ty));
+        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+    }
+
+    fn found_param_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx>> {
+        if self.search_first_local_ty {
+            ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+        } else {
+            ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::ParamTy(t))
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn def_id_is_local(&mut self, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
+        match self.in_crate {
+            InCrate::Local => def_id.is_local(),
+            InCrate::Remote => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx> {
+    ParamTy(Ty<'tcx>),
+    LocalTy(Ty<'tcx>),
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for OrphanChecker<'tcx> {
+    type BreakTy = OrphanCheckEarlyExit<'tcx>;
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, _r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+    }
+
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        let result = match *ty.kind() {
+            ty::Bool
+            | ty::Char
+            | ty::Int(..)
+            | ty::Uint(..)
+            | ty::Float(..)
+            | ty::Str
+            | ty::FnDef(..)
+            | ty::FnPtr(_)
+            | ty::Array(..)
+            | ty::Slice(..)
+            | ty::RawPtr(..)
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Tuple(..)
+            | ty::Projection(..) => self.found_non_local_ty(ty),
+
+            ty::Param(..) => self.found_param_ty(ty),
+
+            ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) | ty::Infer(..) => match self.in_crate {
+                InCrate::Local => self.found_non_local_ty(ty),
+                // The inference variable might be unified with a local
+                // type in that remote crate.
+                InCrate::Remote => ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty)),
+            },
+
+            // For fundamental types, we just look inside of them.
+            ty::Ref(_, ty, _) => ty.visit_with(self),
+            ty::Adt(def, substs) => {
+                if self.def_id_is_local(def.did()) {
+                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
+                } else if def.is_fundamental() {
+                    substs.visit_with(self)
+                } else {
+                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
+                }
+            }
+            ty::Foreign(def_id) => {
+                if self.def_id_is_local(def_id) {
+                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
+                } else {
+                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
+                }
+            }
+            ty::Dynamic(tt, ..) => {
+                let principal = tt.principal().map(|p| p.def_id());
+                if principal.map_or(false, |p| self.def_id_is_local(p)) {
+                    ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
+                } else {
+                    self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
+                }
+            }
+            ty::Error(_) => ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty)),
+            ty::Closure(..) | ty::Generator(..) | ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => {
+                self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    DUMMY_SP,
+                    format!("ty_is_local invoked on closure or generator: {:?}", ty),
+                );
+                ControlFlow::Break(OrphanCheckEarlyExit::LocalTy(ty))
+            }
+            ty::Opaque(..) => {
+                // This merits some explanation.
+                // Normally, opaque types are not involved when performing
+                // coherence checking, since it is illegal to directly
+                // implement a trait on an opaque type. However, we might
+                // end up looking at an opaque type during coherence checking
+                // if an opaque type gets used within another type (e.g. as
+                // the type of a field) when checking for auto trait or `Sized`
+                // impls. This requires us to decide whether or not an opaque
+                // type should be considered 'local' or not.
+                //
+                // We choose to treat all opaque types as non-local, even
+                // those that appear within the same crate. This seems
+                // somewhat surprising at first, but makes sense when
+                // you consider that opaque types are supposed to hide
+                // the underlying type *within the same crate*. When an
+                // opaque type is used from outside the module
+                // where it is declared, it should be impossible to observe
+                // anything about it other than the traits that it implements.
+                //
+                // The alternative would be to look at the underlying type
+                // to determine whether or not the opaque type itself should
+                // be considered local. However, this could make it a breaking change
+                // to switch the underlying ('defining') type from a local type
+                // to a remote type. This would violate the rule that opaque
+                // types should be completely opaque apart from the traits
+                // that they implement, so we don't use this behavior.
+                self.found_non_local_ty(ty)
+            }
+        };
+        // A bit of a hack, the `OrphanChecker` is only used to visit a `TraitRef`, so
+        // the first type we visit is always the self type.
+        self.in_self_ty = false;
+        result
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: Constants should participate in orphan checking.
+    fn visit_const(&mut self, _c: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/const_evaluatable.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/const_evaluatable.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..254bc4ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/const_evaluatable.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+//! Checking that constant values used in types can be successfully evaluated.
+//!
+//! For concrete constants, this is fairly simple as we can just try and evaluate it.
+//!
+//! When dealing with polymorphic constants, for example `std::mem::size_of::<T>() - 1`,
+//! this is not as easy.
+//!
+//! In this case we try to build an abstract representation of this constant using
+//! `thir_abstract_const` which can then be checked for structural equality with other
+//! generic constants mentioned in the `caller_bounds` of the current environment.
+use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
+use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
+use rustc_infer::infer::InferCtxt;
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::ErrorHandled;
+use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::{
+    walk_abstract_const, AbstractConst, FailureKind, Node, NotConstEvaluatable,
+};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_session::lint;
+use rustc_span::Span;
+
+use std::iter;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+pub struct ConstUnifyCtxt<'tcx> {
+    pub tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    pub param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> ConstUnifyCtxt<'tcx> {
+    // Substitutes generics repeatedly to allow AbstractConsts to unify where a
+    // ConstKind::Unevaluated could be turned into an AbstractConst that would unify e.g.
+    // Param(N) should unify with Param(T), substs: [Unevaluated("T2", [Unevaluated("T3", [Param(N)])])]
+    #[inline]
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn try_replace_substs_in_root(
+        &self,
+        mut abstr_const: AbstractConst<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<AbstractConst<'tcx>> {
+        while let Node::Leaf(ct) = abstr_const.root(self.tcx) {
+            match AbstractConst::from_const(self.tcx, ct) {
+                Ok(Some(act)) => abstr_const = act,
+                Ok(None) => break,
+                Err(_) => return None,
+            }
+        }
+
+        Some(abstr_const)
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to unify two abstract constants using structural equality.
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    pub fn try_unify(&self, a: AbstractConst<'tcx>, b: AbstractConst<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        let a = if let Some(a) = self.try_replace_substs_in_root(a) {
+            a
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        };
+
+        let b = if let Some(b) = self.try_replace_substs_in_root(b) {
+            b
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        };
+
+        let a_root = a.root(self.tcx);
+        let b_root = b.root(self.tcx);
+        debug!(?a_root, ?b_root);
+
+        match (a_root, b_root) {
+            (Node::Leaf(a_ct), Node::Leaf(b_ct)) => {
+                let a_ct = a_ct.eval(self.tcx, self.param_env);
+                debug!("a_ct evaluated: {:?}", a_ct);
+                let b_ct = b_ct.eval(self.tcx, self.param_env);
+                debug!("b_ct evaluated: {:?}", b_ct);
+
+                if a_ct.ty() != b_ct.ty() {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                match (a_ct.kind(), b_ct.kind()) {
+                    // We can just unify errors with everything to reduce the amount of
+                    // emitted errors here.
+                    (ty::ConstKind::Error(_), _) | (_, ty::ConstKind::Error(_)) => true,
+                    (ty::ConstKind::Param(a_param), ty::ConstKind::Param(b_param)) => {
+                        a_param == b_param
+                    }
+                    (ty::ConstKind::Value(a_val), ty::ConstKind::Value(b_val)) => a_val == b_val,
+                    // If we have `fn a<const N: usize>() -> [u8; N + 1]` and `fn b<const M: usize>() -> [u8; 1 + M]`
+                    // we do not want to use `assert_eq!(a(), b())` to infer that `N` and `M` have to be `1`. This
+                    // means that we only allow inference variables if they are equal.
+                    (ty::ConstKind::Infer(a_val), ty::ConstKind::Infer(b_val)) => a_val == b_val,
+                    // We expand generic anonymous constants at the start of this function, so this
+                    // branch should only be taking when dealing with associated constants, at
+                    // which point directly comparing them seems like the desired behavior.
+                    //
+                    // FIXME(generic_const_exprs): This isn't actually the case.
+                    // We also take this branch for concrete anonymous constants and
+                    // expand generic anonymous constants with concrete substs.
+                    (ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(a_uv), ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(b_uv)) => {
+                        a_uv == b_uv
+                    }
+                    // FIXME(generic_const_exprs): We may want to either actually try
+                    // to evaluate `a_ct` and `b_ct` if they are are fully concrete or something like
+                    // this, for now we just return false here.
+                    _ => false,
+                }
+            }
+            (Node::Binop(a_op, al, ar), Node::Binop(b_op, bl, br)) if a_op == b_op => {
+                self.try_unify(a.subtree(al), b.subtree(bl))
+                    && self.try_unify(a.subtree(ar), b.subtree(br))
+            }
+            (Node::UnaryOp(a_op, av), Node::UnaryOp(b_op, bv)) if a_op == b_op => {
+                self.try_unify(a.subtree(av), b.subtree(bv))
+            }
+            (Node::FunctionCall(a_f, a_args), Node::FunctionCall(b_f, b_args))
+                if a_args.len() == b_args.len() =>
+            {
+                self.try_unify(a.subtree(a_f), b.subtree(b_f))
+                    && iter::zip(a_args, b_args)
+                        .all(|(&an, &bn)| self.try_unify(a.subtree(an), b.subtree(bn)))
+            }
+            (Node::Cast(a_kind, a_operand, a_ty), Node::Cast(b_kind, b_operand, b_ty))
+                if (a_ty == b_ty) && (a_kind == b_kind) =>
+            {
+                self.try_unify(a.subtree(a_operand), b.subtree(b_operand))
+            }
+            // use this over `_ => false` to make adding variants to `Node` less error prone
+            (Node::Cast(..), _)
+            | (Node::FunctionCall(..), _)
+            | (Node::UnaryOp(..), _)
+            | (Node::Binop(..), _)
+            | (Node::Leaf(..), _) => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug")]
+pub fn try_unify_abstract_consts<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    (a, b): (ty::Unevaluated<'tcx, ()>, ty::Unevaluated<'tcx, ()>),
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    (|| {
+        if let Some(a) = AbstractConst::new(tcx, a)? {
+            if let Some(b) = AbstractConst::new(tcx, b)? {
+                let const_unify_ctxt = ConstUnifyCtxt { tcx, param_env };
+                return Ok(const_unify_ctxt.try_unify(a, b));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(false)
+    })()
+    .unwrap_or_else(|_: ErrorGuaranteed| true)
+    // FIXME(generic_const_exprs): We should instead have this
+    // method return the resulting `ty::Const` and return `ConstKind::Error`
+    // on `ErrorGuaranteed`.
+}
+
+/// Check if a given constant can be evaluated.
+#[instrument(skip(infcx), level = "debug")]
+pub fn is_const_evaluatable<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    uv: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx, ()>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Result<(), NotConstEvaluatable> {
+    let tcx = infcx.tcx;
+
+    if tcx.features().generic_const_exprs {
+        if let Some(ct) = AbstractConst::new(tcx, uv)? {
+            if satisfied_from_param_env(tcx, ct, param_env)? {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            match ct.unify_failure_kind(tcx) {
+                FailureKind::MentionsInfer => {
+                    return Err(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsInfer);
+                }
+                FailureKind::MentionsParam => {
+                    return Err(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsParam);
+                }
+                // returned below
+                FailureKind::Concrete => {}
+            }
+        }
+        let concrete = infcx.const_eval_resolve(param_env, uv.expand(), Some(span));
+        match concrete {
+            Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric) => {
+                Err(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(infcx.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    span,
+                    format!("Missing value for constant, but no error reported?"),
+                )))
+            }
+            Err(ErrorHandled::Linted) => {
+                let reported = infcx
+                    .tcx
+                    .sess
+                    .delay_span_bug(span, "constant in type had error reported as lint");
+                Err(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(reported))
+            }
+            Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(e)) => Err(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(e)),
+            Ok(_) => Ok(()),
+        }
+    } else {
+        // FIXME: We should only try to evaluate a given constant here if it is fully concrete
+        // as we don't want to allow things like `[u8; std::mem::size_of::<*mut T>()]`.
+        //
+        // We previously did not check this, so we only emit a future compat warning if
+        // const evaluation succeeds and the given constant is still polymorphic for now
+        // and hopefully soon change this to an error.
+        //
+        // See #74595 for more details about this.
+        let concrete = infcx.const_eval_resolve(param_env, uv.expand(), Some(span));
+
+        match concrete {
+          // If we're evaluating a foreign constant, under a nightly compiler without generic
+          // const exprs, AND it would've passed if that expression had been evaluated with
+          // generic const exprs, then suggest using generic const exprs.
+          Err(_) if tcx.sess.is_nightly_build()
+            && let Ok(Some(ct)) = AbstractConst::new(tcx, uv)
+            && satisfied_from_param_env(tcx, ct, param_env) == Ok(true) => {
+              tcx.sess
+                  .struct_span_fatal(
+                      // Slightly better span than just using `span` alone
+                      if span == rustc_span::DUMMY_SP { tcx.def_span(uv.def.did) } else { span },
+                      "failed to evaluate generic const expression",
+                  )
+                  .note("the crate this constant originates from uses `#![feature(generic_const_exprs)]`")
+                  .span_suggestion_verbose(
+                      rustc_span::DUMMY_SP,
+                      "consider enabling this feature",
+                      "#![feature(generic_const_exprs)]\n",
+                      rustc_errors::Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                  )
+                  .emit()
+            }
+
+            Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric) => Err(if uv.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+                NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsInfer
+                } else if uv.has_param_types_or_consts() {
+                NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsParam
+            } else {
+                let guar = infcx.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(span, format!("Missing value for constant, but no error reported?"));
+                NotConstEvaluatable::Error(guar)
+            }),
+            Err(ErrorHandled::Linted) => {
+                let reported =
+                    infcx.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(span, "constant in type had error reported as lint");
+                Err(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(reported))
+            }
+            Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(e)) => Err(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(e)),
+            Ok(_) => {
+              if uv.substs.has_param_types_or_consts() {
+                  assert!(matches!(infcx.tcx.def_kind(uv.def.did), DefKind::AnonConst));
+                  let mir_body = infcx.tcx.mir_for_ctfe_opt_const_arg(uv.def);
+
+                  if mir_body.is_polymorphic {
+                      let Some(local_def_id) = uv.def.did.as_local() else { return Ok(()) };
+                      tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(
+                          lint::builtin::CONST_EVALUATABLE_UNCHECKED,
+                          tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(local_def_id),
+                          span,
+                          |err| {
+                              err.build("cannot use constants which depend on generic parameters in types").emit();
+                        })
+                  }
+              }
+
+              Ok(())
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug")]
+fn satisfied_from_param_env<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    ct: AbstractConst<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+) -> Result<bool, NotConstEvaluatable> {
+    for pred in param_env.caller_bounds() {
+        match pred.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv) => {
+                if let Some(b_ct) = AbstractConst::new(tcx, uv)? {
+                    let const_unify_ctxt = ConstUnifyCtxt { tcx, param_env };
+
+                    // Try to unify with each subtree in the AbstractConst to allow for
+                    // `N + 1` being const evaluatable even if theres only a `ConstEvaluatable`
+                    // predicate for `(N + 1) * 2`
+                    let result = walk_abstract_const(tcx, b_ct, |b_ct| {
+                        match const_unify_ctxt.try_unify(ct, b_ct) {
+                            true => ControlFlow::BREAK,
+                            false => ControlFlow::CONTINUE,
+                        }
+                    });
+
+                    if let ControlFlow::Break(()) = result {
+                        debug!("is_const_evaluatable: abstract_const ~~> ok");
+                        return Ok(true);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {} // don't care
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(false)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/engine.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/engine.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6c177f638
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/engine.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use super::TraitEngine;
+use super::{ChalkFulfillmentContext, FulfillmentContext};
+use crate::infer::InferCtxtExt;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_infer::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk};
+use rustc_infer::traits::{
+    FulfillmentError, Obligation, ObligationCause, PredicateObligation, TraitEngineExt as _,
+};
+use rustc_middle::ty::error::TypeError;
+use rustc_middle::ty::ToPredicate;
+use rustc_middle::ty::TypeFoldable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
+
+pub trait TraitEngineExt<'tcx> {
+    fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Box<Self>;
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TraitEngineExt<'tcx> for dyn TraitEngine<'tcx> {
+    fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Box<Self> {
+        if tcx.sess.opts.unstable_opts.chalk {
+            Box::new(ChalkFulfillmentContext::new())
+        } else {
+            Box::new(FulfillmentContext::new())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Used if you want to have pleasant experience when dealing
+/// with obligations outside of hir or mir typeck.
+pub struct ObligationCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    pub infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    engine: RefCell<Box<dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> ObligationCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>) -> Self {
+        Self { infcx, engine: RefCell::new(<dyn TraitEngine<'_>>::new(infcx.tcx)) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_obligation(&self, obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>) {
+        self.engine.borrow_mut().register_predicate_obligation(self.infcx, obligation);
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_obligations(
+        &self,
+        obligations: impl IntoIterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    ) {
+        // Can't use `register_predicate_obligations` because the iterator
+        // may also use this `ObligationCtxt`.
+        for obligation in obligations {
+            self.engine.borrow_mut().register_predicate_obligation(self.infcx, obligation)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn register_infer_ok_obligations<T>(&self, infer_ok: InferOk<'tcx, T>) -> T {
+        let InferOk { value, obligations } = infer_ok;
+        self.engine.borrow_mut().register_predicate_obligations(self.infcx, obligations);
+        value
+    }
+
+    /// Requires that `ty` must implement the trait with `def_id` in
+    /// the given environment. This trait must not have any type
+    /// parameters (except for `Self`).
+    pub fn register_bound(
+        &self,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        def_id: DefId,
+    ) {
+        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef { def_id, substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]) };
+        self.register_obligation(Obligation {
+            cause,
+            recursion_depth: 0,
+            param_env,
+            predicate: ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(tcx),
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub fn normalize<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &self,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> T {
+        let infer_ok = self.infcx.partially_normalize_associated_types_in(cause, param_env, value);
+        self.register_infer_ok_obligations(infer_ok)
+    }
+
+    pub fn equate_types(
+        &self,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        expected: Ty<'tcx>,
+        actual: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), TypeError<'tcx>> {
+        match self.infcx.at(cause, param_env).eq(expected, actual) {
+            Ok(InferOk { obligations, value: () }) => {
+                self.register_obligations(obligations);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn select_all_or_error(&self) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        self.engine.borrow_mut().select_all_or_error(self.infcx)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e442c5c91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2765 @@
+pub mod on_unimplemented;
+pub mod suggestions;
+
+use super::{
+    EvaluationResult, FulfillmentContext, FulfillmentError, FulfillmentErrorCode,
+    MismatchedProjectionTypes, Obligation, ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode,
+    OnUnimplementedDirective, OnUnimplementedNote, OutputTypeParameterMismatch, Overflow,
+    PredicateObligation, SelectionContext, SelectionError, TraitNotObjectSafe,
+};
+
+use crate::infer::error_reporting::{TyCategory, TypeAnnotationNeeded as ErrorCode};
+use crate::infer::type_variable::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
+use crate::infer::{self, InferCtxt, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_errors::{
+    pluralize, struct_span_err, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder, ErrorGuaranteed,
+    MultiSpan, Style,
+};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
+use rustc_hir::GenericParam;
+use rustc_hir::Item;
+use rustc_hir::Node;
+use rustc_infer::traits::TraitEngine;
+use rustc_middle::traits::select::OverflowError;
+use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::NotConstEvaluatable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::error::ExpectedFound;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{
+    self, SubtypePredicate, ToPolyTraitRef, ToPredicate, TraitRef, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable,
+    TypeVisitable,
+};
+use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym};
+use rustc_span::{ExpnKind, Span, DUMMY_SP};
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::normalize::AtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::specialize::to_pretty_impl_header;
+use on_unimplemented::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use suggestions::InferCtxtExt as _;
+
+pub use rustc_infer::traits::error_reporting::*;
+
+// When outputting impl candidates, prefer showing those that are more similar.
+//
+// We also compare candidates after skipping lifetimes, which has a lower
+// priority than exact matches.
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum CandidateSimilarity {
+    Exact { ignoring_lifetimes: bool },
+    Fuzzy { ignoring_lifetimes: bool },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct ImplCandidate<'tcx> {
+    pub trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    pub similarity: CandidateSimilarity,
+}
+
+pub trait InferCtxtExt<'tcx> {
+    fn report_fulfillment_errors(
+        &self,
+        errors: &[FulfillmentError<'tcx>],
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    ) -> ErrorGuaranteed;
+
+    fn report_overflow_error<T>(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &Obligation<'tcx, T>,
+        suggest_increasing_limit: bool,
+    ) -> !
+    where
+        T: fmt::Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+
+    fn report_overflow_error_cycle(&self, cycle: &[PredicateObligation<'tcx>]) -> !;
+
+    /// The `root_obligation` parameter should be the `root_obligation` field
+    /// from a `FulfillmentError`. If no `FulfillmentError` is available,
+    /// then it should be the same as `obligation`.
+    fn report_selection_error(
+        &self,
+        obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        root_obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        error: &SelectionError<'tcx>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    );
+
+    /// Given some node representing a fn-like thing in the HIR map,
+    /// returns a span and `ArgKind` information that describes the
+    /// arguments it expects. This can be supplied to
+    /// `report_arg_count_mismatch`.
+    fn get_fn_like_arguments(&self, node: Node<'_>) -> Option<(Span, Vec<ArgKind>)>;
+
+    /// Reports an error when the number of arguments needed by a
+    /// trait match doesn't match the number that the expression
+    /// provides.
+    fn report_arg_count_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        span: Span,
+        found_span: Option<Span>,
+        expected_args: Vec<ArgKind>,
+        found_args: Vec<ArgKind>,
+        is_closure: bool,
+    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed>;
+
+    /// Checks if the type implements one of `Fn`, `FnMut`, or `FnOnce`
+    /// in that order, and returns the generic type corresponding to the
+    /// argument of that trait (corresponding to the closure arguments).
+    fn type_implements_fn_trait(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        ty: ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>,
+        constness: ty::BoundConstness,
+        polarity: ty::ImplPolarity,
+    ) -> Result<(ty::ClosureKind, ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>), ()>;
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxtExt<'tcx> for InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn report_fulfillment_errors(
+        &self,
+        errors: &[FulfillmentError<'tcx>],
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    ) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+        #[derive(Debug)]
+        struct ErrorDescriptor<'tcx> {
+            predicate: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+            index: Option<usize>, // None if this is an old error
+        }
+
+        let mut error_map: FxHashMap<_, Vec<_>> = self
+            .reported_trait_errors
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|(&span, predicates)| {
+                (
+                    span,
+                    predicates
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|&predicate| ErrorDescriptor { predicate, index: None })
+                        .collect(),
+                )
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        for (index, error) in errors.iter().enumerate() {
+            // We want to ignore desugarings here: spans are equivalent even
+            // if one is the result of a desugaring and the other is not.
+            let mut span = error.obligation.cause.span;
+            let expn_data = span.ctxt().outer_expn_data();
+            if let ExpnKind::Desugaring(_) = expn_data.kind {
+                span = expn_data.call_site;
+            }
+
+            error_map.entry(span).or_default().push(ErrorDescriptor {
+                predicate: error.obligation.predicate,
+                index: Some(index),
+            });
+
+            self.reported_trait_errors
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .entry(span)
+                .or_default()
+                .push(error.obligation.predicate);
+        }
+
+        // We do this in 2 passes because we want to display errors in order, though
+        // maybe it *is* better to sort errors by span or something.
+        let mut is_suppressed = vec![false; errors.len()];
+        for (_, error_set) in error_map.iter() {
+            // We want to suppress "duplicate" errors with the same span.
+            for error in error_set {
+                if let Some(index) = error.index {
+                    // Suppress errors that are either:
+                    // 1) strictly implied by another error.
+                    // 2) implied by an error with a smaller index.
+                    for error2 in error_set {
+                        if error2.index.map_or(false, |index2| is_suppressed[index2]) {
+                            // Avoid errors being suppressed by already-suppressed
+                            // errors, to prevent all errors from being suppressed
+                            // at once.
+                            continue;
+                        }
+
+                        if self.error_implies(error2.predicate, error.predicate)
+                            && !(error2.index >= error.index
+                                && self.error_implies(error.predicate, error2.predicate))
+                        {
+                            info!("skipping {:?} (implied by {:?})", error, error2);
+                            is_suppressed[index] = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (error, suppressed) in iter::zip(errors, is_suppressed) {
+            if !suppressed {
+                self.report_fulfillment_error(error, body_id, fallback_has_occurred);
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(DUMMY_SP, "expected fullfillment errors")
+    }
+
+    /// Reports that an overflow has occurred and halts compilation. We
+    /// halt compilation unconditionally because it is important that
+    /// overflows never be masked -- they basically represent computations
+    /// whose result could not be truly determined and thus we can't say
+    /// if the program type checks or not -- and they are unusual
+    /// occurrences in any case.
+    fn report_overflow_error<T>(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &Obligation<'tcx, T>,
+        suggest_increasing_limit: bool,
+    ) -> !
+    where
+        T: fmt::Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+    {
+        let predicate = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate.clone());
+        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+            self.tcx.sess,
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            E0275,
+            "overflow evaluating the requirement `{}`",
+            predicate
+        );
+
+        if suggest_increasing_limit {
+            self.suggest_new_overflow_limit(&mut err);
+        }
+
+        self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+            &mut err,
+            &obligation.predicate,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.code(),
+            &mut vec![],
+            &mut Default::default(),
+        );
+
+        err.emit();
+        self.tcx.sess.abort_if_errors();
+        bug!();
+    }
+
+    /// Reports that a cycle was detected which led to overflow and halts
+    /// compilation. This is equivalent to `report_overflow_error` except
+    /// that we can give a more helpful error message (and, in particular,
+    /// we do not suggest increasing the overflow limit, which is not
+    /// going to help).
+    fn report_overflow_error_cycle(&self, cycle: &[PredicateObligation<'tcx>]) -> ! {
+        let cycle = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(cycle.to_owned());
+        assert!(!cycle.is_empty());
+
+        debug!(?cycle, "report_overflow_error_cycle");
+
+        // The 'deepest' obligation is most likely to have a useful
+        // cause 'backtrace'
+        self.report_overflow_error(cycle.iter().max_by_key(|p| p.recursion_depth).unwrap(), false);
+    }
+
+    fn report_selection_error(
+        &self,
+        mut obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        root_obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        error: &SelectionError<'tcx>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    ) {
+        self.set_tainted_by_errors();
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        let mut span = obligation.cause.span;
+
+        let mut err = match *error {
+            SelectionError::Ambiguous(ref impls) => {
+                let mut err = self.tcx.sess.struct_span_err(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    &format!("multiple applicable `impl`s for `{}`", obligation.predicate),
+                );
+                self.annotate_source_of_ambiguity(&mut err, impls, obligation.predicate);
+                err.emit();
+                return;
+            }
+            SelectionError::Unimplemented => {
+                // If this obligation was generated as a result of well-formedness checking, see if we
+                // can get a better error message by performing HIR-based well-formedness checking.
+                if let ObligationCauseCode::WellFormed(Some(wf_loc)) =
+                    root_obligation.cause.code().peel_derives()
+                {
+                    if let Some(cause) = self
+                        .tcx
+                        .diagnostic_hir_wf_check((tcx.erase_regions(obligation.predicate), *wf_loc))
+                    {
+                        obligation.cause = cause.clone();
+                        span = obligation.cause.span;
+                    }
+                }
+                if let ObligationCauseCode::CompareImplItemObligation {
+                    impl_item_def_id,
+                    trait_item_def_id,
+                    kind: _,
+                } = *obligation.cause.code()
+                {
+                    self.report_extra_impl_obligation(
+                        span,
+                        impl_item_def_id,
+                        trait_item_def_id,
+                        &format!("`{}`", obligation.predicate),
+                    )
+                    .emit();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let bound_predicate = obligation.predicate.kind();
+                match bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                    ty::PredicateKind::Trait(trait_predicate) => {
+                        let trait_predicate = bound_predicate.rebind(trait_predicate);
+                        let mut trait_predicate = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(trait_predicate);
+
+                        trait_predicate.remap_constness_diag(obligation.param_env);
+                        let predicate_is_const = ty::BoundConstness::ConstIfConst
+                            == trait_predicate.skip_binder().constness;
+
+                        if self.tcx.sess.has_errors().is_some()
+                            && trait_predicate.references_error()
+                        {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        let trait_ref = trait_predicate.to_poly_trait_ref();
+                        let (post_message, pre_message, type_def) = self
+                            .get_parent_trait_ref(obligation.cause.code())
+                            .map(|(t, s)| {
+                                (
+                                    format!(" in `{}`", t),
+                                    format!("within `{}`, ", t),
+                                    s.map(|s| (format!("within this `{}`", t), s)),
+                                )
+                            })
+                            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+                        let OnUnimplementedNote {
+                            message,
+                            label,
+                            note,
+                            enclosing_scope,
+                            append_const_msg,
+                        } = self.on_unimplemented_note(trait_ref, &obligation);
+                        let have_alt_message = message.is_some() || label.is_some();
+                        let is_try_conversion = self.is_try_conversion(span, trait_ref.def_id());
+                        let is_unsize =
+                            Some(trait_ref.def_id()) == self.tcx.lang_items().unsize_trait();
+                        let (message, note, append_const_msg) = if is_try_conversion {
+                            (
+                                Some(format!(
+                                    "`?` couldn't convert the error to `{}`",
+                                    trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                                )),
+                                Some(
+                                    "the question mark operation (`?`) implicitly performs a \
+                                     conversion on the error value using the `From` trait"
+                                        .to_owned(),
+                                ),
+                                Some(None),
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            (message, note, append_const_msg)
+                        };
+
+                        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+                            self.tcx.sess,
+                            span,
+                            E0277,
+                            "{}",
+                            message
+                                .and_then(|cannot_do_this| {
+                                    match (predicate_is_const, append_const_msg) {
+                                        // do nothing if predicate is not const
+                                        (false, _) => Some(cannot_do_this),
+                                        // suggested using default post message
+                                        (true, Some(None)) => {
+                                            Some(format!("{cannot_do_this} in const contexts"))
+                                        }
+                                        // overridden post message
+                                        (true, Some(Some(post_message))) => {
+                                            Some(format!("{cannot_do_this}{post_message}"))
+                                        }
+                                        // fallback to generic message
+                                        (true, None) => None,
+                                    }
+                                })
+                                .unwrap_or_else(|| format!(
+                                    "the trait bound `{}` is not satisfied{}",
+                                    trait_predicate, post_message,
+                                ))
+                        );
+
+                        if is_try_conversion {
+                            let none_error = self
+                                .tcx
+                                .get_diagnostic_item(sym::none_error)
+                                .map(|def_id| tcx.type_of(def_id));
+                            let should_convert_option_to_result =
+                                Some(trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1)) == none_error;
+                            let should_convert_result_to_option =
+                                Some(trait_ref.self_ty().skip_binder()) == none_error;
+                            if should_convert_option_to_result {
+                                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                                    "consider converting the `Option<T>` into a `Result<T, _>` \
+                                     using `Option::ok_or` or `Option::ok_or_else`",
+                                    ".ok_or_else(|| /* error value */)",
+                                    Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
+                                );
+                            } else if should_convert_result_to_option {
+                                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                                    "consider converting the `Result<T, _>` into an `Option<T>` \
+                                     using `Result::ok`",
+                                    ".ok()",
+                                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                                );
+                            }
+                            if let Some(ret_span) = self.return_type_span(&obligation) {
+                                err.span_label(
+                                    ret_span,
+                                    &format!(
+                                        "expected `{}` because of this",
+                                        trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty()
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if Some(trait_ref.def_id()) == tcx.lang_items().drop_trait()
+                            && predicate_is_const
+                        {
+                            err.note("`~const Drop` was renamed to `~const Destruct`");
+                            err.note("See <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/94901> for more details");
+                        }
+
+                        let explanation = if let ObligationCauseCode::MainFunctionType =
+                            obligation.cause.code()
+                        {
+                            "consider using `()`, or a `Result`".to_owned()
+                        } else {
+                            format!(
+                                "{}the trait `{}` is not implemented for `{}`",
+                                pre_message,
+                                trait_predicate.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                                trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                            )
+                        };
+
+                        if self.suggest_add_reference_to_arg(
+                            &obligation,
+                            &mut err,
+                            trait_predicate,
+                            have_alt_message,
+                        ) {
+                            self.note_obligation_cause(&mut err, &obligation);
+                            err.emit();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        if let Some(ref s) = label {
+                            // If it has a custom `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]`
+                            // error message, let's display it as the label!
+                            err.span_label(span, s);
+                            if !matches!(trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty().kind(), ty::Param(_)) {
+                                // When the self type is a type param We don't need to "the trait
+                                // `std::marker::Sized` is not implemented for `T`" as we will point
+                                // at the type param with a label to suggest constraining it.
+                                err.help(&explanation);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            err.span_label(span, explanation);
+                        }
+
+                        if let ObligationCauseCode::ObjectCastObligation(concrete_ty, obj_ty) = obligation.cause.code().peel_derives() &&
+                           Some(trait_ref.def_id()) == self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait() {
+                            self.suggest_borrowing_for_object_cast(&mut err, &root_obligation, *concrete_ty, *obj_ty);
+                        }
+
+                        if trait_predicate.is_const_if_const() && obligation.param_env.is_const() {
+                            let non_const_predicate = trait_ref.without_const();
+                            let non_const_obligation = Obligation {
+                                cause: obligation.cause.clone(),
+                                param_env: obligation.param_env.without_const(),
+                                predicate: non_const_predicate.to_predicate(tcx),
+                                recursion_depth: obligation.recursion_depth,
+                            };
+                            if self.predicate_may_hold(&non_const_obligation) {
+                                err.span_note(
+                                    span,
+                                    &format!(
+                                        "the trait `{}` is implemented for `{}`, \
+                                        but that implementation is not `const`",
+                                        non_const_predicate.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                                        trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                                    ),
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if let Some((msg, span)) = type_def {
+                            err.span_label(span, &msg);
+                        }
+                        if let Some(ref s) = note {
+                            // If it has a custom `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]` note, let's display it
+                            err.note(s.as_str());
+                        }
+                        if let Some(ref s) = enclosing_scope {
+                            let body = tcx
+                                .hir()
+                                .opt_local_def_id(obligation.cause.body_id)
+                                .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                                    tcx.hir().body_owner_def_id(hir::BodyId {
+                                        hir_id: obligation.cause.body_id,
+                                    })
+                                });
+
+                            let enclosing_scope_span =
+                                tcx.hir().span_with_body(tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(body));
+
+                            err.span_label(enclosing_scope_span, s);
+                        }
+
+                        self.suggest_floating_point_literal(&obligation, &mut err, &trait_ref);
+                        self.suggest_dereferencing_index(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+                        let mut suggested =
+                            self.suggest_dereferences(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+                        suggested |= self.suggest_fn_call(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+                        suggested |=
+                            self.suggest_remove_reference(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+                        suggested |= self.suggest_semicolon_removal(
+                            &obligation,
+                            &mut err,
+                            span,
+                            trait_predicate,
+                        );
+                        self.note_version_mismatch(&mut err, &trait_ref);
+                        self.suggest_remove_await(&obligation, &mut err);
+                        self.suggest_derive(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+
+                        if Some(trait_ref.def_id()) == tcx.lang_items().try_trait() {
+                            self.suggest_await_before_try(
+                                &mut err,
+                                &obligation,
+                                trait_predicate,
+                                span,
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        if self.suggest_impl_trait(&mut err, span, &obligation, trait_predicate) {
+                            err.emit();
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if is_unsize {
+                            // If the obligation failed due to a missing implementation of the
+                            // `Unsize` trait, give a pointer to why that might be the case
+                            err.note(
+                                "all implementations of `Unsize` are provided \
+                                automatically by the compiler, see \
+                                <https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/marker/trait.Unsize.html> \
+                                for more information",
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        let is_fn_trait = [
+                            self.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait(),
+                            self.tcx.lang_items().fn_mut_trait(),
+                            self.tcx.lang_items().fn_once_trait(),
+                        ]
+                        .contains(&Some(trait_ref.def_id()));
+                        let is_target_feature_fn = if let ty::FnDef(def_id, _) =
+                            *trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty().kind()
+                        {
+                            !self.tcx.codegen_fn_attrs(def_id).target_features.is_empty()
+                        } else {
+                            false
+                        };
+                        if is_fn_trait && is_target_feature_fn {
+                            err.note(
+                                "`#[target_feature]` functions do not implement the `Fn` traits",
+                            );
+                        }
+
+                        // Try to report a help message
+                        if is_fn_trait
+                            && let Ok((implemented_kind, params)) = self.type_implements_fn_trait(
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                                trait_ref.self_ty(),
+                                trait_predicate.skip_binder().constness,
+                                trait_predicate.skip_binder().polarity,
+                            )
+                        {
+                            // If the type implements `Fn`, `FnMut`, or `FnOnce`, suppress the following
+                            // suggestion to add trait bounds for the type, since we only typically implement
+                            // these traits once.
+
+                            // Note if the `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is less general than the trait we're trying
+                            // to implement.
+                            let selected_kind =
+                                ty::ClosureKind::from_def_id(self.tcx, trait_ref.def_id())
+                                    .expect("expected to map DefId to ClosureKind");
+                            if !implemented_kind.extends(selected_kind) {
+                                err.note(
+                                    &format!(
+                                        "`{}` implements `{}`, but it must implement `{}`, which is more general",
+                                        trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                                        implemented_kind,
+                                        selected_kind
+                                    )
+                                );
+                            }
+
+                            // Note any argument mismatches
+                            let given_ty = params.skip_binder();
+                            let expected_ty = trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1);
+                            if let ty::Tuple(given) = given_ty.kind()
+                                && let ty::Tuple(expected) = expected_ty.kind()
+                            {
+                                if expected.len() != given.len() {
+                                    // Note number of types that were expected and given
+                                    err.note(
+                                        &format!(
+                                            "expected a closure taking {} argument{}, but one taking {} argument{} was given",
+                                            given.len(),
+                                            pluralize!(given.len()),
+                                            expected.len(),
+                                            pluralize!(expected.len()),
+                                        )
+                                    );
+                                } else if !self.same_type_modulo_infer(given_ty, expected_ty) {
+                                    // Print type mismatch
+                                    let (expected_args, given_args) =
+                                        self.cmp(given_ty, expected_ty);
+                                    err.note_expected_found(
+                                        &"a closure with arguments",
+                                        expected_args,
+                                        &"a closure with arguments",
+                                        given_args,
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else if !trait_ref.has_infer_types_or_consts()
+                            && self.predicate_can_apply(obligation.param_env, trait_ref)
+                        {
+                            // If a where-clause may be useful, remind the
+                            // user that they can add it.
+                            //
+                            // don't display an on-unimplemented note, as
+                            // these notes will often be of the form
+                            //     "the type `T` can't be frobnicated"
+                            // which is somewhat confusing.
+                            self.suggest_restricting_param_bound(
+                                &mut err,
+                                trait_predicate,
+                                None,
+                                obligation.cause.body_id,
+                            );
+                        } else if !suggested {
+                            // Can't show anything else useful, try to find similar impls.
+                            let impl_candidates = self.find_similar_impl_candidates(trait_predicate);
+                            if !self.report_similar_impl_candidates(
+                                impl_candidates,
+                                trait_ref,
+                                obligation.cause.body_id,
+                                &mut err,
+                            ) {
+                                // This is *almost* equivalent to
+                                // `obligation.cause.code().peel_derives()`, but it gives us the
+                                // trait predicate for that corresponding root obligation. This
+                                // lets us get a derived obligation from a type parameter, like
+                                // when calling `string.strip_suffix(p)` where `p` is *not* an
+                                // implementer of `Pattern<'_>`.
+                                let mut code = obligation.cause.code();
+                                let mut trait_pred = trait_predicate;
+                                let mut peeled = false;
+                                while let Some((parent_code, parent_trait_pred)) = code.parent() {
+                                    code = parent_code;
+                                    if let Some(parent_trait_pred) = parent_trait_pred {
+                                        trait_pred = parent_trait_pred;
+                                        peeled = true;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                let def_id = trait_pred.def_id();
+                                // Mention *all* the `impl`s for the *top most* obligation, the
+                                // user might have meant to use one of them, if any found. We skip
+                                // auto-traits or fundamental traits that might not be exactly what
+                                // the user might expect to be presented with. Instead this is
+                                // useful for less general traits.
+                                if peeled
+                                    && !self.tcx.trait_is_auto(def_id)
+                                    && !self.tcx.lang_items().items().contains(&Some(def_id))
+                                {
+                                    let trait_ref = trait_pred.to_poly_trait_ref();
+                                    let impl_candidates =
+                                        self.find_similar_impl_candidates(trait_pred);
+                                    self.report_similar_impl_candidates(
+                                        impl_candidates,
+                                        trait_ref,
+                                        obligation.cause.body_id,
+                                        &mut err,
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Changing mutability doesn't make a difference to whether we have
+                        // an `Unsize` impl (Fixes ICE in #71036)
+                        if !is_unsize {
+                            self.suggest_change_mut(&obligation, &mut err, trait_predicate);
+                        }
+
+                        // If this error is due to `!: Trait` not implemented but `(): Trait` is
+                        // implemented, and fallback has occurred, then it could be due to a
+                        // variable that used to fallback to `()` now falling back to `!`. Issue a
+                        // note informing about the change in behaviour.
+                        if trait_predicate.skip_binder().self_ty().is_never()
+                            && fallback_has_occurred
+                        {
+                            let predicate = trait_predicate.map_bound(|mut trait_pred| {
+                                trait_pred.trait_ref.substs = self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(
+                                    self.tcx.mk_unit(),
+                                    &trait_pred.trait_ref.substs[1..],
+                                );
+                                trait_pred
+                            });
+                            let unit_obligation = obligation.with(predicate.to_predicate(tcx));
+                            if self.predicate_may_hold(&unit_obligation) {
+                                err.note(
+                                    "this error might have been caused by changes to \
+                                    Rust's type-inference algorithm (see issue #48950 \
+                                    <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/48950> \
+                                    for more information)",
+                                );
+                                err.help("did you intend to use the type `()` here instead?");
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // Return early if the trait is Debug or Display and the invocation
+                        // originates within a standard library macro, because the output
+                        // is otherwise overwhelming and unhelpful (see #85844 for an
+                        // example).
+
+                        let in_std_macro =
+                            match obligation.cause.span.ctxt().outer_expn_data().macro_def_id {
+                                Some(macro_def_id) => {
+                                    let crate_name = tcx.crate_name(macro_def_id.krate);
+                                    crate_name == sym::std || crate_name == sym::core
+                                }
+                                None => false,
+                            };
+
+                        if in_std_macro
+                            && matches!(
+                                self.tcx.get_diagnostic_name(trait_ref.def_id()),
+                                Some(sym::Debug | sym::Display)
+                            )
+                        {
+                            err.emit();
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        err
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(predicate) => {
+                        // Errors for Subtype predicates show up as
+                        // `FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSubtypeError`,
+                        // not selection error.
+                        span_bug!(span, "subtype requirement gave wrong error: `{:?}`", predicate)
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(predicate) => {
+                        // Errors for Coerce predicates show up as
+                        // `FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSubtypeError`,
+                        // not selection error.
+                        span_bug!(span, "coerce requirement gave wrong error: `{:?}`", predicate)
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..)
+                    | ty::PredicateKind::Projection(..)
+                    | ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(..) => {
+                        let predicate = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+                        struct_span_err!(
+                            self.tcx.sess,
+                            span,
+                            E0280,
+                            "the requirement `{}` is not satisfied",
+                            predicate
+                        )
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(trait_def_id) => {
+                        let violations = self.tcx.object_safety_violations(trait_def_id);
+                        report_object_safety_error(self.tcx, span, trait_def_id, violations)
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(closure_def_id, closure_substs, kind) => {
+                        let found_kind = self.closure_kind(closure_substs).unwrap();
+                        let closure_span = self.tcx.def_span(closure_def_id);
+                        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+                            self.tcx.sess,
+                            closure_span,
+                            E0525,
+                            "expected a closure that implements the `{}` trait, \
+                             but this closure only implements `{}`",
+                            kind,
+                            found_kind
+                        );
+
+                        err.span_label(
+                            closure_span,
+                            format!("this closure implements `{}`, not `{}`", found_kind, kind),
+                        );
+                        err.span_label(
+                            obligation.cause.span,
+                            format!("the requirement to implement `{}` derives from here", kind),
+                        );
+
+                        // Additional context information explaining why the closure only implements
+                        // a particular trait.
+                        if let Some(typeck_results) = self.in_progress_typeck_results {
+                            let hir_id = self
+                                .tcx
+                                .hir()
+                                .local_def_id_to_hir_id(closure_def_id.expect_local());
+                            let typeck_results = typeck_results.borrow();
+                            match (found_kind, typeck_results.closure_kind_origins().get(hir_id)) {
+                                (ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce, Some((span, place))) => {
+                                    err.span_label(
+                                        *span,
+                                        format!(
+                                            "closure is `FnOnce` because it moves the \
+                                         variable `{}` out of its environment",
+                                            ty::place_to_string_for_capture(tcx, place)
+                                        ),
+                                    );
+                                }
+                                (ty::ClosureKind::FnMut, Some((span, place))) => {
+                                    err.span_label(
+                                        *span,
+                                        format!(
+                                            "closure is `FnMut` because it mutates the \
+                                         variable `{}` here",
+                                            ty::place_to_string_for_capture(tcx, place)
+                                        ),
+                                    );
+                                }
+                                _ => {}
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        err.emit();
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(ty) => {
+                        if !self.tcx.sess.opts.unstable_opts.chalk {
+                            // WF predicates cannot themselves make
+                            // errors. They can only block due to
+                            // ambiguity; otherwise, they always
+                            // degenerate into other obligations
+                            // (which may fail).
+                            span_bug!(span, "WF predicate not satisfied for {:?}", ty);
+                        } else {
+                            // FIXME: we'll need a better message which takes into account
+                            // which bounds actually failed to hold.
+                            self.tcx.sess.struct_span_err(
+                                span,
+                                &format!("the type `{}` is not well-formed (chalk)", ty),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..) => {
+                        // Errors for `ConstEvaluatable` predicates show up as
+                        // `SelectionError::ConstEvalFailure`,
+                        // not `Unimplemented`.
+                        span_bug!(
+                            span,
+                            "const-evaluatable requirement gave wrong error: `{:?}`",
+                            obligation
+                        )
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(..) => {
+                        // Errors for `ConstEquate` predicates show up as
+                        // `SelectionError::ConstEvalFailure`,
+                        // not `Unimplemented`.
+                        span_bug!(
+                            span,
+                            "const-equate requirement gave wrong error: `{:?}`",
+                            obligation
+                        )
+                    }
+
+                    ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => span_bug!(
+                        span,
+                        "TypeWellFormedFromEnv predicate should only exist in the environment"
+                    ),
+                }
+            }
+
+            OutputTypeParameterMismatch(found_trait_ref, expected_trait_ref, _) => {
+                let found_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(found_trait_ref);
+                let expected_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(expected_trait_ref);
+
+                if expected_trait_ref.self_ty().references_error() {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let Some(found_trait_ty) = found_trait_ref.self_ty().no_bound_vars() else {
+                    return;
+                };
+
+                let found_did = match *found_trait_ty.kind() {
+                    ty::Closure(did, _)
+                    | ty::Foreign(did)
+                    | ty::FnDef(did, _)
+                    | ty::Generator(did, ..) => Some(did),
+                    ty::Adt(def, _) => Some(def.did()),
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+
+                let found_span = found_did.and_then(|did| self.tcx.hir().span_if_local(did));
+
+                if self.reported_closure_mismatch.borrow().contains(&(span, found_span)) {
+                    // We check closures twice, with obligations flowing in different directions,
+                    // but we want to complain about them only once.
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                self.reported_closure_mismatch.borrow_mut().insert((span, found_span));
+
+                let found = match found_trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1).kind() {
+                    ty::Tuple(ref tys) => vec![ArgKind::empty(); tys.len()],
+                    _ => vec![ArgKind::empty()],
+                };
+
+                let expected_ty = expected_trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1);
+                let expected = match expected_ty.kind() {
+                    ty::Tuple(ref tys) => {
+                        tys.iter().map(|t| ArgKind::from_expected_ty(t, Some(span))).collect()
+                    }
+                    _ => vec![ArgKind::Arg("_".to_owned(), expected_ty.to_string())],
+                };
+
+                if found.len() == expected.len() {
+                    self.report_closure_arg_mismatch(
+                        span,
+                        found_span,
+                        found_trait_ref,
+                        expected_trait_ref,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let (closure_span, found) = found_did
+                        .and_then(|did| {
+                            let node = self.tcx.hir().get_if_local(did)?;
+                            let (found_span, found) = self.get_fn_like_arguments(node)?;
+                            Some((Some(found_span), found))
+                        })
+                        .unwrap_or((found_span, found));
+
+                    self.report_arg_count_mismatch(
+                        span,
+                        closure_span,
+                        expected,
+                        found,
+                        found_trait_ty.is_closure(),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+
+            TraitNotObjectSafe(did) => {
+                let violations = self.tcx.object_safety_violations(did);
+                report_object_safety_error(self.tcx, span, did, violations)
+            }
+
+            SelectionError::NotConstEvaluatable(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsInfer) => {
+                bug!(
+                    "MentionsInfer should have been handled in `traits/fulfill.rs` or `traits/select/mod.rs`"
+                )
+            }
+            SelectionError::NotConstEvaluatable(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsParam) => {
+                if !self.tcx.features().generic_const_exprs {
+                    let mut err = self.tcx.sess.struct_span_err(
+                        span,
+                        "constant expression depends on a generic parameter",
+                    );
+                    // FIXME(const_generics): we should suggest to the user how they can resolve this
+                    // issue. However, this is currently not actually possible
+                    // (see https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/66962#issuecomment-575907083).
+                    //
+                    // Note that with `feature(generic_const_exprs)` this case should not
+                    // be reachable.
+                    err.note("this may fail depending on what value the parameter takes");
+                    err.emit();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                match obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+                    ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv) => {
+                        let mut err =
+                            self.tcx.sess.struct_span_err(span, "unconstrained generic constant");
+                        let const_span = self.tcx.def_span(uv.def.did);
+                        match self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(const_span) {
+                            Ok(snippet) => err.help(&format!(
+                                "try adding a `where` bound using this expression: `where [(); {}]:`",
+                                snippet
+                            )),
+                            _ => err.help("consider adding a `where` bound using this expression"),
+                        };
+                        err
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        span_bug!(
+                            span,
+                            "unexpected non-ConstEvaluatable predicate, this should not be reachable"
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Already reported in the query.
+            SelectionError::NotConstEvaluatable(NotConstEvaluatable::Error(_)) => {
+                // FIXME(eddyb) remove this once `ErrorGuaranteed` becomes a proof token.
+                self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(span, "`ErrorGuaranteed` without an error");
+                return;
+            }
+            // Already reported.
+            Overflow(OverflowError::Error(_)) => {
+                self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(span, "`OverflowError` has been reported");
+                return;
+            }
+            Overflow(_) => {
+                bug!("overflow should be handled before the `report_selection_error` path");
+            }
+            SelectionError::ErrorReporting => {
+                bug!("ErrorReporting Overflow should not reach `report_selection_err` call")
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.note_obligation_cause(&mut err, &obligation);
+        self.point_at_returns_when_relevant(&mut err, &obligation);
+
+        err.emit();
+    }
+
+    /// Given some node representing a fn-like thing in the HIR map,
+    /// returns a span and `ArgKind` information that describes the
+    /// arguments it expects. This can be supplied to
+    /// `report_arg_count_mismatch`.
+    fn get_fn_like_arguments(&self, node: Node<'_>) -> Option<(Span, Vec<ArgKind>)> {
+        let sm = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        Some(match node {
+            Node::Expr(&hir::Expr {
+                kind: hir::ExprKind::Closure(&hir::Closure { body, fn_decl_span, .. }),
+                ..
+            }) => (
+                fn_decl_span,
+                hir.body(body)
+                    .params
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|arg| {
+                        if let hir::Pat { kind: hir::PatKind::Tuple(ref args, _), span, .. } =
+                            *arg.pat
+                        {
+                            Some(ArgKind::Tuple(
+                                Some(span),
+                                args.iter()
+                                    .map(|pat| {
+                                        sm.span_to_snippet(pat.span)
+                                            .ok()
+                                            .map(|snippet| (snippet, "_".to_owned()))
+                                    })
+                                    .collect::<Option<Vec<_>>>()?,
+                            ))
+                        } else {
+                            let name = sm.span_to_snippet(arg.pat.span).ok()?;
+                            Some(ArgKind::Arg(name, "_".to_owned()))
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Option<Vec<ArgKind>>>()?,
+            ),
+            Node::Item(&hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(ref sig, ..), .. })
+            | Node::ImplItem(&hir::ImplItem { kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(ref sig, _), .. })
+            | Node::TraitItem(&hir::TraitItem {
+                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(ref sig, _), ..
+            }) => (
+                sig.span,
+                sig.decl
+                    .inputs
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|arg| match arg.kind {
+                        hir::TyKind::Tup(ref tys) => ArgKind::Tuple(
+                            Some(arg.span),
+                            vec![("_".to_owned(), "_".to_owned()); tys.len()],
+                        ),
+                        _ => ArgKind::empty(),
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<ArgKind>>(),
+            ),
+            Node::Ctor(ref variant_data) => {
+                let span = variant_data.ctor_hir_id().map_or(DUMMY_SP, |id| hir.span(id));
+                (span, vec![ArgKind::empty(); variant_data.fields().len()])
+            }
+            _ => panic!("non-FnLike node found: {:?}", node),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Reports an error when the number of arguments needed by a
+    /// trait match doesn't match the number that the expression
+    /// provides.
+    fn report_arg_count_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        span: Span,
+        found_span: Option<Span>,
+        expected_args: Vec<ArgKind>,
+        found_args: Vec<ArgKind>,
+        is_closure: bool,
+    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        let kind = if is_closure { "closure" } else { "function" };
+
+        let args_str = |arguments: &[ArgKind], other: &[ArgKind]| {
+            let arg_length = arguments.len();
+            let distinct = matches!(other, &[ArgKind::Tuple(..)]);
+            match (arg_length, arguments.get(0)) {
+                (1, Some(&ArgKind::Tuple(_, ref fields))) => {
+                    format!("a single {}-tuple as argument", fields.len())
+                }
+                _ => format!(
+                    "{} {}argument{}",
+                    arg_length,
+                    if distinct && arg_length > 1 { "distinct " } else { "" },
+                    pluralize!(arg_length)
+                ),
+            }
+        };
+
+        let expected_str = args_str(&expected_args, &found_args);
+        let found_str = args_str(&found_args, &expected_args);
+
+        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+            self.tcx.sess,
+            span,
+            E0593,
+            "{} is expected to take {}, but it takes {}",
+            kind,
+            expected_str,
+            found_str,
+        );
+
+        err.span_label(span, format!("expected {} that takes {}", kind, expected_str));
+
+        if let Some(found_span) = found_span {
+            err.span_label(found_span, format!("takes {}", found_str));
+
+            // move |_| { ... }
+            // ^^^^^^^^-- def_span
+            //
+            // move |_| { ... }
+            // ^^^^^-- prefix
+            let prefix_span = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_until_non_whitespace(found_span);
+            // move |_| { ... }
+            //      ^^^-- pipe_span
+            let pipe_span =
+                if let Some(span) = found_span.trim_start(prefix_span) { span } else { found_span };
+
+            // Suggest to take and ignore the arguments with expected_args_length `_`s if
+            // found arguments is empty (assume the user just wants to ignore args in this case).
+            // For example, if `expected_args_length` is 2, suggest `|_, _|`.
+            if found_args.is_empty() && is_closure {
+                let underscores = vec!["_"; expected_args.len()].join(", ");
+                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                    pipe_span,
+                    &format!(
+                        "consider changing the closure to take and ignore the expected argument{}",
+                        pluralize!(expected_args.len())
+                    ),
+                    format!("|{}|", underscores),
+                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if let &[ArgKind::Tuple(_, ref fields)] = &found_args[..] {
+                if fields.len() == expected_args.len() {
+                    let sugg = fields
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|(name, _)| name.to_owned())
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(", ");
+                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                        found_span,
+                        "change the closure to take multiple arguments instead of a single tuple",
+                        format!("|{}|", sugg),
+                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            if let &[ArgKind::Tuple(_, ref fields)] = &expected_args[..]
+                && fields.len() == found_args.len()
+                && is_closure
+            {
+                let sugg = format!(
+                    "|({}){}|",
+                    found_args
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|arg| match arg {
+                            ArgKind::Arg(name, _) => name.to_owned(),
+                            _ => "_".to_owned(),
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                        .join(", "),
+                    // add type annotations if available
+                    if found_args.iter().any(|arg| match arg {
+                        ArgKind::Arg(_, ty) => ty != "_",
+                        _ => false,
+                    }) {
+                        format!(
+                            ": ({})",
+                            fields
+                                .iter()
+                                .map(|(_, ty)| ty.to_owned())
+                                .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                                .join(", ")
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        String::new()
+                    },
+                );
+                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                    found_span,
+                    "change the closure to accept a tuple instead of individual arguments",
+                    sugg,
+                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        err
+    }
+
+    fn type_implements_fn_trait(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        ty: ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>,
+        constness: ty::BoundConstness,
+        polarity: ty::ImplPolarity,
+    ) -> Result<(ty::ClosureKind, ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>), ()> {
+        self.commit_if_ok(|_| {
+            for trait_def_id in [
+                self.tcx.lang_items().fn_trait(),
+                self.tcx.lang_items().fn_mut_trait(),
+                self.tcx.lang_items().fn_once_trait(),
+            ] {
+                let Some(trait_def_id) = trait_def_id else { continue };
+                // Make a fresh inference variable so we can determine what the substitutions
+                // of the trait are.
+                let var = self.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
+                    span: DUMMY_SP,
+                    kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::MiscVariable,
+                });
+                let substs = self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty.skip_binder(), &[var.into()]);
+                let obligation = Obligation::new(
+                    ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                    param_env,
+                    ty.rebind(ty::TraitPredicate {
+                        trait_ref: ty::TraitRef::new(trait_def_id, substs),
+                        constness,
+                        polarity,
+                    })
+                    .to_predicate(self.tcx),
+                );
+                let mut fulfill_cx = FulfillmentContext::new_in_snapshot();
+                fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(self, obligation);
+                if fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(self).is_empty() {
+                    return Ok((
+                        ty::ClosureKind::from_def_id(self.tcx, trait_def_id)
+                            .expect("expected to map DefId to ClosureKind"),
+                        ty.rebind(self.resolve_vars_if_possible(var)),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+
+            Err(())
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+trait InferCtxtPrivExt<'hir, 'tcx> {
+    // returns if `cond` not occurring implies that `error` does not occur - i.e., that
+    // `error` occurring implies that `cond` occurs.
+    fn error_implies(&self, cond: ty::Predicate<'tcx>, error: ty::Predicate<'tcx>) -> bool;
+
+    fn report_fulfillment_error(
+        &self,
+        error: &FulfillmentError<'tcx>,
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    );
+
+    fn report_projection_error(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        error: &MismatchedProjectionTypes<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn fuzzy_match_tys(
+        &self,
+        a: Ty<'tcx>,
+        b: Ty<'tcx>,
+        ignoring_lifetimes: bool,
+    ) -> Option<CandidateSimilarity>;
+
+    fn describe_generator(&self, body_id: hir::BodyId) -> Option<&'static str>;
+
+    fn find_similar_impl_candidates(
+        &self,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<ImplCandidate<'tcx>>;
+
+    fn report_similar_impl_candidates(
+        &self,
+        impl_candidates: Vec<ImplCandidate<'tcx>>,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        body_id: hir::HirId,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    /// Gets the parent trait chain start
+    fn get_parent_trait_ref(
+        &self,
+        code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<(String, Option<Span>)>;
+
+    /// If the `Self` type of the unsatisfied trait `trait_ref` implements a trait
+    /// with the same path as `trait_ref`, a help message about
+    /// a probable version mismatch is added to `err`
+    fn note_version_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_ref: &ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    /// Creates a `PredicateObligation` with `new_self_ty` replacing the existing type in the
+    /// `trait_ref`.
+    ///
+    /// For this to work, `new_self_ty` must have no escaping bound variables.
+    fn mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        trait_ref_and_ty: ty::Binder<'tcx, (ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)>,
+    ) -> PredicateObligation<'tcx>;
+
+    fn maybe_report_ambiguity(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+    );
+
+    fn predicate_can_apply(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        pred: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn note_obligation_cause(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>);
+
+    fn suggest_unsized_bound_if_applicable(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn annotate_source_of_ambiguity(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        impls: &[DefId],
+        predicate: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn maybe_suggest_unsized_generics(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic, span: Span, node: Node<'hir>);
+
+    fn maybe_indirection_for_unsized(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        item: &'hir Item<'hir>,
+        param: &'hir GenericParam<'hir>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn is_recursive_obligation(
+        &self,
+        obligated_types: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        cause_code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxtPrivExt<'a, 'tcx> for InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    // returns if `cond` not occurring implies that `error` does not occur - i.e., that
+    // `error` occurring implies that `cond` occurs.
+    fn error_implies(&self, cond: ty::Predicate<'tcx>, error: ty::Predicate<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        if cond == error {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // FIXME: It should be possible to deal with `ForAll` in a cleaner way.
+        let bound_error = error.kind();
+        let (cond, error) = match (cond.kind().skip_binder(), bound_error.skip_binder()) {
+            (ty::PredicateKind::Trait(..), ty::PredicateKind::Trait(error)) => {
+                (cond, bound_error.rebind(error))
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // FIXME: make this work in other cases too.
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+
+        for obligation in super::elaborate_predicates(self.tcx, std::iter::once(cond)) {
+            let bound_predicate = obligation.predicate.kind();
+            if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(implication) = bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                let error = error.to_poly_trait_ref();
+                let implication = bound_predicate.rebind(implication.trait_ref);
+                // FIXME: I'm just not taking associated types at all here.
+                // Eventually I'll need to implement param-env-aware
+                // `Γ₁ ⊦ φ₁ => Γ₂ ⊦ φ₂` logic.
+                let param_env = ty::ParamEnv::empty();
+                if self.can_sub(param_env, error, implication).is_ok() {
+                    debug!("error_implies: {:?} -> {:?} -> {:?}", cond, error, implication);
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        false
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn report_fulfillment_error(
+        &self,
+        error: &FulfillmentError<'tcx>,
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+        fallback_has_occurred: bool,
+    ) {
+        match error.code {
+            FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSelectionError(ref selection_error) => {
+                self.report_selection_error(
+                    error.obligation.clone(),
+                    &error.root_obligation,
+                    selection_error,
+                    fallback_has_occurred,
+                );
+            }
+            FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeProjectionError(ref e) => {
+                self.report_projection_error(&error.obligation, e);
+            }
+            FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeAmbiguity => {
+                self.maybe_report_ambiguity(&error.obligation, body_id);
+            }
+            FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSubtypeError(ref expected_found, ref err) => {
+                self.report_mismatched_types(
+                    &error.obligation.cause,
+                    expected_found.expected,
+                    expected_found.found,
+                    err.clone(),
+                )
+                .emit();
+            }
+            FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeConstEquateError(ref expected_found, ref err) => {
+                self.report_mismatched_consts(
+                    &error.obligation.cause,
+                    expected_found.expected,
+                    expected_found.found,
+                    err.clone(),
+                )
+                .emit();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip_all)]
+    fn report_projection_error(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        error: &MismatchedProjectionTypes<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let predicate = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+
+        if predicate.references_error() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.probe(|_| {
+            let err_buf;
+            let mut err = &error.err;
+            let mut values = None;
+
+            // try to find the mismatched types to report the error with.
+            //
+            // this can fail if the problem was higher-ranked, in which
+            // cause I have no idea for a good error message.
+            let bound_predicate = predicate.kind();
+            if let ty::PredicateKind::Projection(data) = bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(self);
+                let data = self.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    infer::LateBoundRegionConversionTime::HigherRankedType,
+                    bound_predicate.rebind(data),
+                );
+                let mut obligations = vec![];
+                let normalized_ty = super::normalize_projection_type(
+                    &mut selcx,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    data.projection_ty,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    0,
+                    &mut obligations,
+                );
+
+                debug!(?obligation.cause, ?obligation.param_env);
+
+                debug!(?normalized_ty, data.ty = ?data.term);
+
+                let is_normalized_ty_expected = !matches!(
+                    obligation.cause.code().peel_derives(),
+                    ObligationCauseCode::ItemObligation(_)
+                        | ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(_, _)
+                        | ObligationCauseCode::ObjectCastObligation(..)
+                        | ObligationCauseCode::OpaqueType
+                );
+                if let Err(error) = self.at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env).eq_exp(
+                    is_normalized_ty_expected,
+                    normalized_ty,
+                    data.term,
+                ) {
+                    values = Some(infer::ValuePairs::Terms(ExpectedFound::new(
+                        is_normalized_ty_expected,
+                        normalized_ty,
+                        data.term,
+                    )));
+                    err_buf = error;
+                    err = &err_buf;
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut diag = struct_span_err!(
+                self.tcx.sess,
+                obligation.cause.span,
+                E0271,
+                "type mismatch resolving `{}`",
+                predicate
+            );
+            let secondary_span = match predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(proj) => self
+                    .tcx
+                    .opt_associated_item(proj.projection_ty.item_def_id)
+                    .and_then(|trait_assoc_item| {
+                        self.tcx
+                            .trait_of_item(proj.projection_ty.item_def_id)
+                            .map(|id| (trait_assoc_item, id))
+                    })
+                    .and_then(|(trait_assoc_item, id)| {
+                        let trait_assoc_ident = trait_assoc_item.ident(self.tcx);
+                        self.tcx.find_map_relevant_impl(id, proj.projection_ty.self_ty(), |did| {
+                            self.tcx
+                                .associated_items(did)
+                                .in_definition_order()
+                                .find(|assoc| assoc.ident(self.tcx) == trait_assoc_ident)
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .and_then(|item| match self.tcx.hir().get_if_local(item.def_id) {
+                        Some(
+                            hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Type(_, Some(ty)),
+                                ..
+                            })
+                            | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
+                                kind: hir::ImplItemKind::TyAlias(ty),
+                                ..
+                            }),
+                        ) => Some((ty.span, format!("type mismatch resolving `{}`", predicate))),
+                        _ => None,
+                    }),
+                _ => None,
+            };
+            self.note_type_err(
+                &mut diag,
+                &obligation.cause,
+                secondary_span,
+                values,
+                err,
+                true,
+                false,
+            );
+            self.note_obligation_cause(&mut diag, obligation);
+            diag.emit();
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn fuzzy_match_tys(
+        &self,
+        mut a: Ty<'tcx>,
+        mut b: Ty<'tcx>,
+        ignoring_lifetimes: bool,
+    ) -> Option<CandidateSimilarity> {
+        /// returns the fuzzy category of a given type, or None
+        /// if the type can be equated to any type.
+        fn type_category(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, t: Ty<'_>) -> Option<u32> {
+            match t.kind() {
+                ty::Bool => Some(0),
+                ty::Char => Some(1),
+                ty::Str => Some(2),
+                ty::Adt(def, _) if tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::String, def.did()) => Some(2),
+                ty::Int(..)
+                | ty::Uint(..)
+                | ty::Float(..)
+                | ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(..) | ty::FloatVar(..)) => Some(4),
+                ty::Ref(..) | ty::RawPtr(..) => Some(5),
+                ty::Array(..) | ty::Slice(..) => Some(6),
+                ty::FnDef(..) | ty::FnPtr(..) => Some(7),
+                ty::Dynamic(..) => Some(8),
+                ty::Closure(..) => Some(9),
+                ty::Tuple(..) => Some(10),
+                ty::Param(..) => Some(11),
+                ty::Projection(..) => Some(12),
+                ty::Opaque(..) => Some(13),
+                ty::Never => Some(14),
+                ty::Adt(..) => Some(15),
+                ty::Generator(..) => Some(16),
+                ty::Foreign(..) => Some(17),
+                ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => Some(18),
+                ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) | ty::Infer(..) | ty::Error(_) => None,
+            }
+        }
+
+        let strip_references = |mut t: Ty<'tcx>| -> Ty<'tcx> {
+            loop {
+                match t.kind() {
+                    ty::Ref(_, inner, _) | ty::RawPtr(ty::TypeAndMut { ty: inner, .. }) => {
+                        t = *inner
+                    }
+                    _ => break t,
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        if !ignoring_lifetimes {
+            a = strip_references(a);
+            b = strip_references(b);
+        }
+
+        let cat_a = type_category(self.tcx, a)?;
+        let cat_b = type_category(self.tcx, b)?;
+        if a == b {
+            Some(CandidateSimilarity::Exact { ignoring_lifetimes })
+        } else if cat_a == cat_b {
+            match (a.kind(), b.kind()) {
+                (ty::Adt(def_a, _), ty::Adt(def_b, _)) => def_a == def_b,
+                (ty::Foreign(def_a), ty::Foreign(def_b)) => def_a == def_b,
+                // Matching on references results in a lot of unhelpful
+                // suggestions, so let's just not do that for now.
+                //
+                // We still upgrade successful matches to `ignoring_lifetimes: true`
+                // to prioritize that impl.
+                (ty::Ref(..) | ty::RawPtr(..), ty::Ref(..) | ty::RawPtr(..)) => {
+                    self.fuzzy_match_tys(a, b, true).is_some()
+                }
+                _ => true,
+            }
+            .then_some(CandidateSimilarity::Fuzzy { ignoring_lifetimes })
+        } else if ignoring_lifetimes {
+            None
+        } else {
+            self.fuzzy_match_tys(a, b, true)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn describe_generator(&self, body_id: hir::BodyId) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        self.tcx.hir().body(body_id).generator_kind.map(|gen_kind| match gen_kind {
+            hir::GeneratorKind::Gen => "a generator",
+            hir::GeneratorKind::Async(hir::AsyncGeneratorKind::Block) => "an async block",
+            hir::GeneratorKind::Async(hir::AsyncGeneratorKind::Fn) => "an async function",
+            hir::GeneratorKind::Async(hir::AsyncGeneratorKind::Closure) => "an async closure",
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn find_similar_impl_candidates(
+        &self,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<ImplCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        self.tcx
+            .all_impls(trait_pred.def_id())
+            .filter_map(|def_id| {
+                if self.tcx.impl_polarity(def_id) == ty::ImplPolarity::Negative
+                    || !trait_pred
+                        .skip_binder()
+                        .is_constness_satisfied_by(self.tcx.constness(def_id))
+                {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                let imp = self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(def_id).unwrap();
+
+                self.fuzzy_match_tys(trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty(), imp.self_ty(), false)
+                    .map(|similarity| ImplCandidate { trait_ref: imp, similarity })
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn report_similar_impl_candidates(
+        &self,
+        impl_candidates: Vec<ImplCandidate<'tcx>>,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        body_id: hir::HirId,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let report = |mut candidates: Vec<TraitRef<'tcx>>, err: &mut Diagnostic| {
+            candidates.sort();
+            candidates.dedup();
+            let len = candidates.len();
+            if candidates.len() == 0 {
+                return false;
+            }
+            if candidates.len() == 1 {
+                err.highlighted_help(vec![
+                    (
+                        format!("the trait `{}` ", candidates[0].print_only_trait_path()),
+                        Style::NoStyle,
+                    ),
+                    ("is".to_string(), Style::Highlight),
+                    (" implemented for `".to_string(), Style::NoStyle),
+                    (candidates[0].self_ty().to_string(), Style::Highlight),
+                    ("`".to_string(), Style::NoStyle),
+                ]);
+                return true;
+            }
+            let trait_ref = TraitRef::identity(self.tcx, candidates[0].def_id);
+            // Check if the trait is the same in all cases. If so, we'll only show the type.
+            let mut traits: Vec<_> =
+                candidates.iter().map(|c| c.print_only_trait_path().to_string()).collect();
+            traits.sort();
+            traits.dedup();
+
+            let mut candidates: Vec<String> = candidates
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| {
+                    if traits.len() == 1 {
+                        format!("\n  {}", c.self_ty())
+                    } else {
+                        format!("\n  {}", c)
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+
+            candidates.sort();
+            candidates.dedup();
+            let end = if candidates.len() <= 9 { candidates.len() } else { 8 };
+            err.help(&format!(
+                "the following other types implement trait `{}`:{}{}",
+                trait_ref.print_only_trait_path(),
+                candidates[..end].join(""),
+                if len > 9 { format!("\nand {} others", len - 8) } else { String::new() }
+            ));
+            true
+        };
+
+        let def_id = trait_ref.def_id();
+        if impl_candidates.is_empty() {
+            if self.tcx.trait_is_auto(def_id)
+                || self.tcx.lang_items().items().contains(&Some(def_id))
+                || self.tcx.get_diagnostic_name(def_id).is_some()
+            {
+                // Mentioning implementers of `Copy`, `Debug` and friends is not useful.
+                return false;
+            }
+            let normalized_impl_candidates: Vec<_> = self
+                .tcx
+                .all_impls(def_id)
+                // Ignore automatically derived impls and `!Trait` impls.
+                .filter(|&def_id| {
+                    self.tcx.impl_polarity(def_id) != ty::ImplPolarity::Negative
+                        || self.tcx.is_builtin_derive(def_id)
+                })
+                .filter_map(|def_id| self.tcx.impl_trait_ref(def_id))
+                .filter(|trait_ref| {
+                    let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+                    // Avoid mentioning type parameters.
+                    if let ty::Param(_) = self_ty.kind() {
+                        false
+                    }
+                    // Avoid mentioning types that are private to another crate
+                    else if let ty::Adt(def, _) = self_ty.peel_refs().kind() {
+                        // FIXME(compiler-errors): This could be generalized, both to
+                        // be more granular, and probably look past other `#[fundamental]`
+                        // types, too.
+                        self.tcx
+                            .visibility(def.did())
+                            .is_accessible_from(body_id.owner.to_def_id(), self.tcx)
+                    } else {
+                        true
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect();
+            return report(normalized_impl_candidates, err);
+        }
+
+        let normalize = |candidate| {
+            self.tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|ref infcx| {
+                let normalized = infcx
+                    .at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), ty::ParamEnv::empty())
+                    .normalize(candidate)
+                    .ok();
+                match normalized {
+                    Some(normalized) => normalized.value,
+                    None => candidate,
+                }
+            })
+        };
+
+        // Sort impl candidates so that ordering is consistent for UI tests.
+        // because the ordering of `impl_candidates` may not be deterministic:
+        // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/57475#issuecomment-455519507
+        //
+        // Prefer more similar candidates first, then sort lexicographically
+        // by their normalized string representation.
+        let mut normalized_impl_candidates_and_similarities = impl_candidates
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|ImplCandidate { trait_ref, similarity }| {
+                let normalized = normalize(trait_ref);
+                (similarity, normalized)
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        normalized_impl_candidates_and_similarities.sort();
+        normalized_impl_candidates_and_similarities.dedup();
+
+        let normalized_impl_candidates = normalized_impl_candidates_and_similarities
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(_, normalized)| normalized)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        report(normalized_impl_candidates, err)
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the parent trait chain start
+    fn get_parent_trait_ref(
+        &self,
+        code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<(String, Option<Span>)> {
+        match code {
+            ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(data) => {
+                let parent_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.parent_trait_pred);
+                match self.get_parent_trait_ref(&data.parent_code) {
+                    Some(t) => Some(t),
+                    None => {
+                        let ty = parent_trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty();
+                        let span = TyCategory::from_ty(self.tcx, ty)
+                            .map(|(_, def_id)| self.tcx.def_span(def_id));
+                        Some((ty.to_string(), span))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { parent_code, .. } => {
+                self.get_parent_trait_ref(&parent_code)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the `Self` type of the unsatisfied trait `trait_ref` implements a trait
+    /// with the same path as `trait_ref`, a help message about
+    /// a probable version mismatch is added to `err`
+    fn note_version_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_ref: &ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let get_trait_impl = |trait_def_id| {
+            self.tcx.find_map_relevant_impl(trait_def_id, trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty(), Some)
+        };
+        let required_trait_path = self.tcx.def_path_str(trait_ref.def_id());
+        let traits_with_same_path: std::collections::BTreeSet<_> = self
+            .tcx
+            .all_traits()
+            .filter(|trait_def_id| *trait_def_id != trait_ref.def_id())
+            .filter(|trait_def_id| self.tcx.def_path_str(*trait_def_id) == required_trait_path)
+            .collect();
+        let mut suggested = false;
+        for trait_with_same_path in traits_with_same_path {
+            if let Some(impl_def_id) = get_trait_impl(trait_with_same_path) {
+                let impl_span = self.tcx.def_span(impl_def_id);
+                err.span_help(impl_span, "trait impl with same name found");
+                let trait_crate = self.tcx.crate_name(trait_with_same_path.krate);
+                let crate_msg = format!(
+                    "perhaps two different versions of crate `{}` are being used?",
+                    trait_crate
+                );
+                err.note(&crate_msg);
+                suggested = true;
+            }
+        }
+        suggested
+    }
+
+    fn mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        trait_ref_and_ty: ty::Binder<'tcx, (ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)>,
+    ) -> PredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+        let trait_pred = trait_ref_and_ty.map_bound_ref(|(tr, new_self_ty)| ty::TraitPredicate {
+            trait_ref: ty::TraitRef {
+                substs: self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(*new_self_ty, &tr.trait_ref.substs[1..]),
+                ..tr.trait_ref
+            },
+            ..*tr
+        });
+
+        Obligation::new(ObligationCause::dummy(), param_env, trait_pred.to_predicate(self.tcx))
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn maybe_report_ambiguity(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        body_id: Option<hir::BodyId>,
+    ) {
+        // Unable to successfully determine, probably means
+        // insufficient type information, but could mean
+        // ambiguous impls. The latter *ought* to be a
+        // coherence violation, so we don't report it here.
+
+        let predicate = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+
+        debug!(?predicate, obligation.cause.code = tracing::field::debug(&obligation.cause.code()));
+
+        // Ambiguity errors are often caused as fallout from earlier errors.
+        // We ignore them if this `infcx` is tainted in some cases below.
+
+        let bound_predicate = predicate.kind();
+        let mut err = match bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(data) => {
+                let trait_ref = bound_predicate.rebind(data.trait_ref);
+                debug!(?trait_ref);
+
+                if predicate.references_error() {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // This is kind of a hack: it frequently happens that some earlier
+                // error prevents types from being fully inferred, and then we get
+                // a bunch of uninteresting errors saying something like "<generic
+                // #0> doesn't implement Sized".  It may even be true that we
+                // could just skip over all checks where the self-ty is an
+                // inference variable, but I was afraid that there might be an
+                // inference variable created, registered as an obligation, and
+                // then never forced by writeback, and hence by skipping here we'd
+                // be ignoring the fact that we don't KNOW the type works
+                // out. Though even that would probably be harmless, given that
+                // we're only talking about builtin traits, which are known to be
+                // inhabited. We used to check for `self.tcx.sess.has_errors()` to
+                // avoid inundating the user with unnecessary errors, but we now
+                // check upstream for type errors and don't add the obligations to
+                // begin with in those cases.
+                if self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait() == Some(trait_ref.def_id()) {
+                    if !self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                        self.emit_inference_failure_err(
+                            body_id,
+                            span,
+                            trait_ref.self_ty().skip_binder().into(),
+                            ErrorCode::E0282,
+                            false,
+                        )
+                        .emit();
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // Typically, this ambiguity should only happen if
+                // there are unresolved type inference variables
+                // (otherwise it would suggest a coherence
+                // failure). But given #21974 that is not necessarily
+                // the case -- we can have multiple where clauses that
+                // are only distinguished by a region, which results
+                // in an ambiguity even when all types are fully
+                // known, since we don't dispatch based on region
+                // relationships.
+
+                // Pick the first substitution that still contains inference variables as the one
+                // we're going to emit an error for. If there are none (see above), fall back to
+                // a more general error.
+                let subst = data.trait_ref.substs.iter().find(|s| s.has_infer_types_or_consts());
+
+                let mut err = if let Some(subst) = subst {
+                    self.emit_inference_failure_err(body_id, span, subst, ErrorCode::E0283, true)
+                } else {
+                    struct_span_err!(
+                        self.tcx.sess,
+                        span,
+                        E0283,
+                        "type annotations needed: cannot satisfy `{}`",
+                        predicate,
+                    )
+                };
+
+                let obligation = Obligation::new(
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    trait_ref.to_poly_trait_predicate(),
+                );
+                let mut selcx = SelectionContext::with_query_mode(
+                    &self,
+                    crate::traits::TraitQueryMode::Standard,
+                );
+                match selcx.select_from_obligation(&obligation) {
+                    Err(SelectionError::Ambiguous(impls)) if impls.len() > 1 => {
+                        self.annotate_source_of_ambiguity(&mut err, &impls, predicate);
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        if self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                            err.cancel();
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        err.note(&format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let ObligationCauseCode::ItemObligation(def_id) = *obligation.cause.code() {
+                    self.suggest_fully_qualified_path(&mut err, def_id, span, trait_ref.def_id());
+                } else if let (
+                    Ok(ref snippet),
+                    &ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(def_id, _),
+                ) =
+                    (self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span), obligation.cause.code())
+                {
+                    let generics = self.tcx.generics_of(def_id);
+                    if generics.params.iter().any(|p| p.name != kw::SelfUpper)
+                        && !snippet.ends_with('>')
+                        && !generics.has_impl_trait()
+                        && !self.tcx.fn_trait_kind_from_lang_item(def_id).is_some()
+                    {
+                        // FIXME: To avoid spurious suggestions in functions where type arguments
+                        // where already supplied, we check the snippet to make sure it doesn't
+                        // end with a turbofish. Ideally we would have access to a `PathSegment`
+                        // instead. Otherwise we would produce the following output:
+                        //
+                        // error[E0283]: type annotations needed
+                        //   --> $DIR/issue-54954.rs:3:24
+                        //    |
+                        // LL | const ARR_LEN: usize = Tt::const_val::<[i8; 123]>();
+                        //    |                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+                        //    |                        |
+                        //    |                        cannot infer type
+                        //    |                        help: consider specifying the type argument
+                        //    |                        in the function call:
+                        //    |                        `Tt::const_val::<[i8; 123]>::<T>`
+                        // ...
+                        // LL |     const fn const_val<T: Sized>() -> usize {
+                        //    |                        - required by this bound in `Tt::const_val`
+                        //    |
+                        //    = note: cannot satisfy `_: Tt`
+
+                        // Clear any more general suggestions in favor of our specific one
+                        err.clear_suggestions();
+
+                        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                            span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                            &format!(
+                                "consider specifying the type argument{} in the function call",
+                                pluralize!(generics.params.len()),
+                            ),
+                            format!(
+                                "::<{}>",
+                                generics
+                                    .params
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .map(|p| p.name.to_string())
+                                    .collect::<Vec<String>>()
+                                    .join(", ")
+                            ),
+                            Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let (Some(body_id), Some(ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Type(_))) =
+                    (body_id, subst.map(|subst| subst.unpack()))
+                {
+                    struct FindExprBySpan<'hir> {
+                        span: Span,
+                        result: Option<&'hir hir::Expr<'hir>>,
+                    }
+
+                    impl<'v> hir::intravisit::Visitor<'v> for FindExprBySpan<'v> {
+                        fn visit_expr(&mut self, ex: &'v hir::Expr<'v>) {
+                            if self.span == ex.span {
+                                self.result = Some(ex);
+                            } else {
+                                hir::intravisit::walk_expr(self, ex);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let mut expr_finder = FindExprBySpan { span, result: None };
+
+                    expr_finder.visit_expr(&self.tcx.hir().body(body_id).value);
+
+                    if let Some(hir::Expr {
+                        kind: hir::ExprKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(None, path)), .. }
+                    ) = expr_finder.result
+                        && let [
+                            ..,
+                            trait_path_segment @ hir::PathSegment {
+                                res: Some(rustc_hir::def::Res::Def(rustc_hir::def::DefKind::Trait, trait_id)),
+                                ..
+                            },
+                            hir::PathSegment {
+                                ident: assoc_item_name,
+                                res: Some(rustc_hir::def::Res::Def(_, item_id)),
+                                ..
+                            }
+                        ] = path.segments
+                        && data.trait_ref.def_id == *trait_id
+                        && self.tcx.trait_of_item(*item_id) == Some(*trait_id)
+                        && !self.is_tainted_by_errors()
+                    {
+                        let (verb, noun) = match self.tcx.associated_item(item_id).kind {
+                            ty::AssocKind::Const => ("refer to the", "constant"),
+                            ty::AssocKind::Fn => ("call", "function"),
+                            ty::AssocKind::Type => ("refer to the", "type"), // this is already covered by E0223, but this single match arm doesn't hurt here
+                        };
+
+                        // Replace the more general E0283 with a more specific error
+                        err.cancel();
+                        err = self.tcx.sess.struct_span_err_with_code(
+                            span,
+                            &format!(
+                                "cannot {verb} associated {noun} on trait without specifying the corresponding `impl` type",
+                             ),
+                            rustc_errors::error_code!(E0790),
+                        );
+
+                        if let Some(local_def_id) = data.trait_ref.def_id.as_local()
+                            && let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { ident: trait_name, kind: hir::ItemKind::Trait(_, _, _, _, trait_item_refs), .. })) = self.tcx.hir().find_by_def_id(local_def_id)
+                            && let Some(method_ref) = trait_item_refs.iter().find(|item_ref| item_ref.ident == *assoc_item_name) {
+                            err.span_label(method_ref.span, format!("`{}::{}` defined here", trait_name, assoc_item_name));
+                        }
+
+                        err.span_label(span, format!("cannot {verb} associated {noun} of trait"));
+
+                        let trait_impls = self.tcx.trait_impls_of(data.trait_ref.def_id);
+
+                        if trait_impls.blanket_impls().is_empty()
+                            && let Some((impl_ty, _)) = trait_impls.non_blanket_impls().iter().next()
+                            && let Some(impl_def_id) = impl_ty.def() {
+                            let message = if trait_impls.non_blanket_impls().len() == 1 {
+                                "use the fully-qualified path to the only available implementation".to_string()
+                            } else {
+                                format!(
+                                    "use a fully-qualified path to a specific available implementation ({} found)",
+                                    trait_impls.non_blanket_impls().len()
+                                )
+                            };
+
+                            err.multipart_suggestion(
+                                message,
+                                vec![
+                                    (trait_path_segment.ident.span.shrink_to_lo(), format!("<{} as ", self.tcx.def_path(impl_def_id).to_string_no_crate_verbose())),
+                                    (trait_path_segment.ident.span.shrink_to_hi(), format!(">"))
+                                ],
+                                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                };
+
+                err
+            }
+
+            ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg) => {
+                // Same hacky approach as above to avoid deluging user
+                // with error messages.
+                if arg.references_error()
+                    || self.tcx.sess.has_errors().is_some()
+                    || self.is_tainted_by_errors()
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                self.emit_inference_failure_err(body_id, span, arg, ErrorCode::E0282, false)
+            }
+
+            ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(data) => {
+                if data.references_error()
+                    || self.tcx.sess.has_errors().is_some()
+                    || self.is_tainted_by_errors()
+                {
+                    // no need to overload user in such cases
+                    return;
+                }
+                let SubtypePredicate { a_is_expected: _, a, b } = data;
+                // both must be type variables, or the other would've been instantiated
+                assert!(a.is_ty_var() && b.is_ty_var());
+                self.emit_inference_failure_err(body_id, span, a.into(), ErrorCode::E0282, true)
+            }
+            ty::PredicateKind::Projection(data) => {
+                if predicate.references_error() || self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                    return;
+                }
+                let subst = data
+                    .projection_ty
+                    .substs
+                    .iter()
+                    .chain(Some(data.term.into_arg()))
+                    .find(|g| g.has_infer_types_or_consts());
+                if let Some(subst) = subst {
+                    let mut err = self.emit_inference_failure_err(
+                        body_id,
+                        span,
+                        subst,
+                        ErrorCode::E0284,
+                        true,
+                    );
+                    err.note(&format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+                    err
+                } else {
+                    // If we can't find a substitution, just print a generic error
+                    let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+                        self.tcx.sess,
+                        span,
+                        E0284,
+                        "type annotations needed: cannot satisfy `{}`",
+                        predicate,
+                    );
+                    err.span_label(span, &format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+                    err
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(data) => {
+                if predicate.references_error() || self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                    return;
+                }
+                let subst = data.substs.iter().find(|g| g.has_infer_types_or_consts());
+                if let Some(subst) = subst {
+                    let err = self.emit_inference_failure_err(
+                        body_id,
+                        span,
+                        subst,
+                        ErrorCode::E0284,
+                        true,
+                    );
+                    err
+                } else {
+                    // If we can't find a substitution, just print a generic error
+                    let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+                        self.tcx.sess,
+                        span,
+                        E0284,
+                        "type annotations needed: cannot satisfy `{}`",
+                        predicate,
+                    );
+                    err.span_label(span, &format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+                    err
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                if self.tcx.sess.has_errors().is_some() || self.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                    return;
+                }
+                let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+                    self.tcx.sess,
+                    span,
+                    E0284,
+                    "type annotations needed: cannot satisfy `{}`",
+                    predicate,
+                );
+                err.span_label(span, &format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+                err
+            }
+        };
+        self.note_obligation_cause(&mut err, obligation);
+        err.emit();
+    }
+
+    fn annotate_source_of_ambiguity(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        impls: &[DefId],
+        predicate: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let mut spans = vec![];
+        let mut crates = vec![];
+        let mut post = vec![];
+        for def_id in impls {
+            match self.tcx.span_of_impl(*def_id) {
+                Ok(span) => spans.push(span),
+                Err(name) => {
+                    crates.push(name);
+                    if let Some(header) = to_pretty_impl_header(self.tcx, *def_id) {
+                        post.push(header);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let msg = format!("multiple `impl`s satisfying `{}` found", predicate);
+        let mut crate_names: Vec<_> = crates.iter().map(|n| format!("`{}`", n)).collect();
+        crate_names.sort();
+        crate_names.dedup();
+        post.sort();
+        post.dedup();
+
+        if self.is_tainted_by_errors()
+            && (crate_names.len() == 1
+                && spans.len() == 0
+                && ["`core`", "`alloc`", "`std`"].contains(&crate_names[0].as_str())
+                || predicate.visit_with(&mut HasNumericInferVisitor).is_break())
+        {
+            // Avoid complaining about other inference issues for expressions like
+            // `42 >> 1`, where the types are still `{integer}`, but we want to
+            // Do we need `trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty().is_numeric() &&` too?
+            // NOTE(eddyb) this was `.cancel()`, but `err`
+            // is borrowed, so we can't fully defuse it.
+            err.downgrade_to_delayed_bug();
+            return;
+        }
+        let post = if post.len() > 4 {
+            format!(
+                ":\n{}\nand {} more",
+                post.iter().map(|p| format!("- {}", p)).take(4).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n"),
+                post.len() - 4,
+            )
+        } else if post.len() > 1 || (post.len() == 1 && post[0].contains('\n')) {
+            format!(":\n{}", post.iter().map(|p| format!("- {}", p)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n"),)
+        } else if post.len() == 1 {
+            format!(": `{}`", post[0])
+        } else {
+            String::new()
+        };
+
+        match (spans.len(), crates.len(), crate_names.len()) {
+            (0, 0, 0) => {
+                err.note(&format!("cannot satisfy `{}`", predicate));
+            }
+            (0, _, 1) => {
+                err.note(&format!("{} in the `{}` crate{}", msg, crates[0], post,));
+            }
+            (0, _, _) => {
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "{} in the following crates: {}{}",
+                    msg,
+                    crate_names.join(", "),
+                    post,
+                ));
+            }
+            (_, 0, 0) => {
+                let span: MultiSpan = spans.into();
+                err.span_note(span, &msg);
+            }
+            (_, 1, 1) => {
+                let span: MultiSpan = spans.into();
+                err.span_note(span, &msg);
+                err.note(
+                    &format!("and another `impl` found in the `{}` crate{}", crates[0], post,),
+                );
+            }
+            _ => {
+                let span: MultiSpan = spans.into();
+                err.span_note(span, &msg);
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "and more `impl`s found in the following crates: {}{}",
+                    crate_names.join(", "),
+                    post,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the trait predicate may apply for *some* assignment
+    /// to the type parameters.
+    fn predicate_can_apply(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        pred: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        struct ParamToVarFolder<'a, 'tcx> {
+            infcx: &'a InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+            var_map: FxHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>,
+        }
+
+        impl<'a, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ParamToVarFolder<'a, 'tcx> {
+            fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+                self.infcx.tcx
+            }
+
+            fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+                if let ty::Param(ty::ParamTy { name, .. }) = *ty.kind() {
+                    let infcx = self.infcx;
+                    *self.var_map.entry(ty).or_insert_with(|| {
+                        infcx.next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
+                            kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::TypeParameterDefinition(name, None),
+                            span: DUMMY_SP,
+                        })
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    ty.super_fold_with(self)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.probe(|_| {
+            let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(self);
+
+            let cleaned_pred =
+                pred.fold_with(&mut ParamToVarFolder { infcx: self, var_map: Default::default() });
+
+            let cleaned_pred = super::project::normalize(
+                &mut selcx,
+                param_env,
+                ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                cleaned_pred,
+            )
+            .value;
+
+            let obligation = Obligation::new(
+                ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                param_env,
+                cleaned_pred.without_const().to_predicate(selcx.tcx()),
+            );
+
+            self.predicate_may_hold(&obligation)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn note_obligation_cause(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) {
+        // First, attempt to add note to this error with an async-await-specific
+        // message, and fall back to regular note otherwise.
+        if !self.maybe_note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(err, obligation) {
+            self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                err,
+                &obligation.predicate,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.cause.code(),
+                &mut vec![],
+                &mut Default::default(),
+            );
+            self.suggest_unsized_bound_if_applicable(err, obligation);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip_all)]
+    fn suggest_unsized_bound_if_applicable(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let (
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred),
+            &ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(item_def_id, span),
+        ) = (
+            obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder(),
+            obligation.cause.code().peel_derives(),
+        )  else {
+            return;
+        };
+        debug!(?pred, ?item_def_id, ?span);
+
+        let (Some(node), true) = (
+            self.tcx.hir().get_if_local(item_def_id),
+            Some(pred.def_id()) == self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait(),
+        ) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        self.maybe_suggest_unsized_generics(err, span, node);
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip_all)]
+    fn maybe_suggest_unsized_generics<'hir>(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        node: Node<'hir>,
+    ) {
+        let Some(generics) = node.generics() else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let sized_trait = self.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait();
+        debug!(?generics.params);
+        debug!(?generics.predicates);
+        let Some(param) = generics.params.iter().find(|param| param.span == span) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let param_def_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id(param.hir_id);
+        // Check that none of the explicit trait bounds is `Sized`. Assume that an explicit
+        // `Sized` bound is there intentionally and we don't need to suggest relaxing it.
+        let explicitly_sized = generics
+            .bounds_for_param(param_def_id)
+            .flat_map(|bp| bp.bounds)
+            .any(|bound| bound.trait_ref().and_then(|tr| tr.trait_def_id()) == sized_trait);
+        if explicitly_sized {
+            return;
+        }
+        debug!(?param);
+        match node {
+            hir::Node::Item(
+                item @ hir::Item {
+                    // Only suggest indirection for uses of type parameters in ADTs.
+                    kind:
+                        hir::ItemKind::Enum(..) | hir::ItemKind::Struct(..) | hir::ItemKind::Union(..),
+                    ..
+                },
+            ) => {
+                if self.maybe_indirection_for_unsized(err, item, param) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        };
+        // Didn't add an indirection suggestion, so add a general suggestion to relax `Sized`.
+        let (span, separator) = if let Some(s) = generics.bounds_span_for_suggestions(param_def_id)
+        {
+            (s, " +")
+        } else {
+            (span.shrink_to_hi(), ":")
+        };
+        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+            span,
+            "consider relaxing the implicit `Sized` restriction",
+            format!("{} ?Sized", separator),
+            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn maybe_indirection_for_unsized<'hir>(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        item: &'hir Item<'hir>,
+        param: &'hir GenericParam<'hir>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Suggesting `T: ?Sized` is only valid in an ADT if `T` is only used in a
+        // borrow. `struct S<'a, T: ?Sized>(&'a T);` is valid, `struct S<T: ?Sized>(T);`
+        // is not. Look for invalid "bare" parameter uses, and suggest using indirection.
+        let mut visitor =
+            FindTypeParam { param: param.name.ident().name, invalid_spans: vec![], nested: false };
+        visitor.visit_item(item);
+        if visitor.invalid_spans.is_empty() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let mut multispan: MultiSpan = param.span.into();
+        multispan.push_span_label(
+            param.span,
+            format!("this could be changed to `{}: ?Sized`...", param.name.ident()),
+        );
+        for sp in visitor.invalid_spans {
+            multispan.push_span_label(
+                sp,
+                format!("...if indirection were used here: `Box<{}>`", param.name.ident()),
+            );
+        }
+        err.span_help(
+            multispan,
+            &format!(
+                "you could relax the implicit `Sized` bound on `{T}` if it were \
+                used through indirection like `&{T}` or `Box<{T}>`",
+                T = param.name.ident(),
+            ),
+        );
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn is_recursive_obligation(
+        &self,
+        obligated_types: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        cause_code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if let ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(ref data) = cause_code {
+            let parent_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.parent_trait_pred);
+            let self_ty = parent_trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty();
+            if obligated_types.iter().any(|ot| ot == &self_ty) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            if let ty::Adt(def, substs) = self_ty.kind()
+                && let [arg] = &substs[..]
+                && let ty::subst::GenericArgKind::Type(ty) = arg.unpack()
+                && let ty::Adt(inner_def, _) = ty.kind()
+                && inner_def == def
+            {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// Look for type `param` in an ADT being used only through a reference to confirm that suggesting
+/// `param: ?Sized` would be a valid constraint.
+struct FindTypeParam {
+    param: rustc_span::Symbol,
+    invalid_spans: Vec<Span>,
+    nested: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'v> Visitor<'v> for FindTypeParam {
+    fn visit_where_predicate(&mut self, _: &'v hir::WherePredicate<'v>) {
+        // Skip where-clauses, to avoid suggesting indirection for type parameters found there.
+    }
+
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: &hir::Ty<'_>) {
+        // We collect the spans of all uses of the "bare" type param, like in `field: T` or
+        // `field: (T, T)` where we could make `T: ?Sized` while skipping cases that are known to be
+        // valid like `field: &'a T` or `field: *mut T` and cases that *might* have further `Sized`
+        // obligations like `Box<T>` and `Vec<T>`, but we perform no extra analysis for those cases
+        // and suggest `T: ?Sized` regardless of their obligations. This is fine because the errors
+        // in that case should make what happened clear enough.
+        match ty.kind {
+            hir::TyKind::Ptr(_) | hir::TyKind::Rptr(..) | hir::TyKind::TraitObject(..) => {}
+            hir::TyKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(None, path))
+                if path.segments.len() == 1 && path.segments[0].ident.name == self.param =>
+            {
+                if !self.nested {
+                    debug!(?ty, "FindTypeParam::visit_ty");
+                    self.invalid_spans.push(ty.span);
+                }
+            }
+            hir::TyKind::Path(_) => {
+                let prev = self.nested;
+                self.nested = true;
+                hir::intravisit::walk_ty(self, ty);
+                self.nested = prev;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                hir::intravisit::walk_ty(self, ty);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn recursive_type_with_infinite_size_error<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    type_def_id: DefId,
+    spans: Vec<(Span, Option<hir::HirId>)>,
+) {
+    assert!(type_def_id.is_local());
+    let span = tcx.def_span(type_def_id);
+    let path = tcx.def_path_str(type_def_id);
+    let mut err =
+        struct_span_err!(tcx.sess, span, E0072, "recursive type `{}` has infinite size", path);
+    err.span_label(span, "recursive type has infinite size");
+    for &(span, _) in &spans {
+        err.span_label(span, "recursive without indirection");
+    }
+    let msg = format!(
+        "insert some indirection (e.g., a `Box`, `Rc`, or `&`) to make `{}` representable",
+        path,
+    );
+    if spans.len() <= 4 {
+        // FIXME(compiler-errors): This suggestion might be erroneous if Box is shadowed
+        err.multipart_suggestion(
+            &msg,
+            spans
+                .into_iter()
+                .flat_map(|(span, field_id)| {
+                    if let Some(generic_span) = get_option_generic_from_field_id(tcx, field_id) {
+                        // If we match an `Option` and can grab the span of the Option's generic, then
+                        // suggest boxing the generic arg for a non-null niche optimization.
+                        vec![
+                            (generic_span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box<".to_string()),
+                            (generic_span.shrink_to_hi(), ">".to_string()),
+                        ]
+                    } else {
+                        vec![
+                            (span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box<".to_string()),
+                            (span.shrink_to_hi(), ">".to_string()),
+                        ]
+                    }
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
+        );
+    } else {
+        err.help(&msg);
+    }
+    err.emit();
+}
+
+/// Extract the span for the generic type `T` of `Option<T>` in a field definition
+fn get_option_generic_from_field_id(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, field_id: Option<hir::HirId>) -> Option<Span> {
+    let node = tcx.hir().find(field_id?);
+
+    // Expect a field from our field_id
+    let Some(hir::Node::Field(field_def)) = node
+        else { bug!("Expected HirId corresponding to FieldDef, found: {:?}", node) };
+
+    // Match a type that is a simple QPath with no Self
+    let hir::TyKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(None, path)) = &field_def.ty.kind
+        else { return None };
+
+    // Check if the path we're checking resolves to Option
+    let hir::def::Res::Def(_, did) = path.res
+        else { return None };
+
+    // Bail if this path doesn't describe `::core::option::Option`
+    if !tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::Option, did) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    // Match a single generic arg in the 0th path segment
+    let generic_arg = path.segments.last()?.args?.args.get(0)?;
+
+    // Take the span out of the type, if it's a type
+    if let hir::GenericArg::Type(generic_ty) = generic_arg { Some(generic_ty.span) } else { None }
+}
+
+/// Summarizes information
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum ArgKind {
+    /// An argument of non-tuple type. Parameters are (name, ty)
+    Arg(String, String),
+
+    /// An argument of tuple type. For a "found" argument, the span is
+    /// the location in the source of the pattern. For an "expected"
+    /// argument, it will be None. The vector is a list of (name, ty)
+    /// strings for the components of the tuple.
+    Tuple(Option<Span>, Vec<(String, String)>),
+}
+
+impl ArgKind {
+    fn empty() -> ArgKind {
+        ArgKind::Arg("_".to_owned(), "_".to_owned())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an `ArgKind` from the expected type of an
+    /// argument. It has no name (`_`) and an optional source span.
+    pub fn from_expected_ty(t: Ty<'_>, span: Option<Span>) -> ArgKind {
+        match t.kind() {
+            ty::Tuple(tys) => ArgKind::Tuple(
+                span,
+                tys.iter().map(|ty| ("_".to_owned(), ty.to_string())).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            ),
+            _ => ArgKind::Arg("_".to_owned(), t.to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct HasNumericInferVisitor;
+
+impl<'tcx> ty::TypeVisitor<'tcx> for HasNumericInferVisitor {
+    type BreakTy = ();
+
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        if matches!(ty.kind(), ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(_) | ty::IntVar(_))) {
+            ControlFlow::Break(())
+        } else {
+            ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/on_unimplemented.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/on_unimplemented.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e6907637c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/on_unimplemented.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+use super::{
+    ObligationCauseCode, OnUnimplementedDirective, OnUnimplementedNote, PredicateObligation,
+};
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{Subst, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind};
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+use std::iter;
+
+use super::InferCtxtPrivExt;
+
+pub trait InferCtxtExt<'tcx> {
+    /*private*/
+    fn impl_similar_to(
+        &self,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<(DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>)>;
+
+    /*private*/
+    fn describe_enclosure(&self, hir_id: hir::HirId) -> Option<&'static str>;
+
+    fn on_unimplemented_note(
+        &self,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> OnUnimplementedNote;
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxtExt<'tcx> for InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn impl_similar_to(
+        &self,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<(DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>)> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        let param_env = obligation.param_env;
+        let trait_ref = tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(trait_ref);
+        let trait_self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+
+        let mut self_match_impls = vec![];
+        let mut fuzzy_match_impls = vec![];
+
+        self.tcx.for_each_relevant_impl(trait_ref.def_id, trait_self_ty, |def_id| {
+            let impl_substs = self.fresh_substs_for_item(obligation.cause.span, def_id);
+            let impl_trait_ref = tcx.bound_impl_trait_ref(def_id).unwrap().subst(tcx, impl_substs);
+
+            let impl_self_ty = impl_trait_ref.self_ty();
+
+            if let Ok(..) = self.can_eq(param_env, trait_self_ty, impl_self_ty) {
+                self_match_impls.push((def_id, impl_substs));
+
+                if iter::zip(
+                    trait_ref.substs.types().skip(1),
+                    impl_trait_ref.substs.types().skip(1),
+                )
+                .all(|(u, v)| self.fuzzy_match_tys(u, v, false).is_some())
+                {
+                    fuzzy_match_impls.push((def_id, impl_substs));
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        let impl_def_id_and_substs = if self_match_impls.len() == 1 {
+            self_match_impls[0]
+        } else if fuzzy_match_impls.len() == 1 {
+            fuzzy_match_impls[0]
+        } else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        tcx.has_attr(impl_def_id_and_substs.0, sym::rustc_on_unimplemented)
+            .then_some(impl_def_id_and_substs)
+    }
+
+    /// Used to set on_unimplemented's `ItemContext`
+    /// to be the enclosing (async) block/function/closure
+    fn describe_enclosure(&self, hir_id: hir::HirId) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let node = hir.find(hir_id)?;
+        match &node {
+            hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(sig, _, body_id), .. }) => {
+                self.describe_generator(*body_id).or_else(|| {
+                    Some(match sig.header {
+                        hir::FnHeader { asyncness: hir::IsAsync::Async, .. } => "an async function",
+                        _ => "a function",
+                    })
+                })
+            }
+            hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(_, hir::TraitFn::Provided(body_id)),
+                ..
+            }) => self.describe_generator(*body_id).or_else(|| Some("a trait method")),
+            hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
+                kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(sig, body_id),
+                ..
+            }) => self.describe_generator(*body_id).or_else(|| {
+                Some(match sig.header {
+                    hir::FnHeader { asyncness: hir::IsAsync::Async, .. } => "an async method",
+                    _ => "a method",
+                })
+            }),
+            hir::Node::Expr(hir::Expr {
+                kind: hir::ExprKind::Closure(hir::Closure { body, movability, .. }),
+                ..
+            }) => self.describe_generator(*body).or_else(|| {
+                Some(if movability.is_some() { "an async closure" } else { "a closure" })
+            }),
+            hir::Node::Expr(hir::Expr { .. }) => {
+                let parent_hid = hir.get_parent_node(hir_id);
+                if parent_hid != hir_id { self.describe_enclosure(parent_hid) } else { None }
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn on_unimplemented_note(
+        &self,
+        trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> OnUnimplementedNote {
+        let (def_id, substs) = self
+            .impl_similar_to(trait_ref, obligation)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| (trait_ref.def_id(), trait_ref.skip_binder().substs));
+        let trait_ref = trait_ref.skip_binder();
+
+        let mut flags = vec![(
+            sym::ItemContext,
+            self.describe_enclosure(obligation.cause.body_id).map(|s| s.to_owned()),
+        )];
+
+        match obligation.cause.code() {
+            ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(..)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(..)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::DerivedObligation(..) => {}
+            _ => {
+                // this is a "direct", user-specified, rather than derived,
+                // obligation.
+                flags.push((sym::direct, None));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let ObligationCauseCode::ItemObligation(item)
+        | ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(item, _) = *obligation.cause.code()
+        {
+            // FIXME: maybe also have some way of handling methods
+            // from other traits? That would require name resolution,
+            // which we might want to be some sort of hygienic.
+            //
+            // Currently I'm leaving it for what I need for `try`.
+            if self.tcx.trait_of_item(item) == Some(trait_ref.def_id) {
+                let method = self.tcx.item_name(item);
+                flags.push((sym::from_method, None));
+                flags.push((sym::from_method, Some(method.to_string())));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(k) = obligation.cause.span.desugaring_kind() {
+            flags.push((sym::from_desugaring, None));
+            flags.push((sym::from_desugaring, Some(format!("{:?}", k))));
+        }
+
+        // Add all types without trimmed paths.
+        ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths!({
+            let generics = self.tcx.generics_of(def_id);
+            let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+            // This is also included through the generics list as `Self`,
+            // but the parser won't allow you to use it
+            flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(self_ty.to_string())));
+            if let Some(def) = self_ty.ty_adt_def() {
+                // We also want to be able to select self's original
+                // signature with no type arguments resolved
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(self.tcx.type_of(def.did()).to_string())));
+            }
+
+            for param in generics.params.iter() {
+                let value = match param.kind {
+                    GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {
+                        substs[param.index as usize].to_string()
+                    }
+                    GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => continue,
+                };
+                let name = param.name;
+                flags.push((name, Some(value)));
+
+                if let GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } = param.kind {
+                    let param_ty = substs[param.index as usize].expect_ty();
+                    if let Some(def) = param_ty.ty_adt_def() {
+                        // We also want to be able to select the parameter's
+                        // original signature with no type arguments resolved
+                        flags.push((name, Some(self.tcx.type_of(def.did()).to_string())));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let Some(true) = self_ty.ty_adt_def().map(|def| def.did().is_local()) {
+                flags.push((sym::crate_local, None));
+            }
+
+            // Allow targeting all integers using `{integral}`, even if the exact type was resolved
+            if self_ty.is_integral() {
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("{integral}".to_owned())));
+            }
+
+            if self_ty.is_array_slice() {
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("&[]".to_owned())));
+            }
+
+            if self_ty.is_fn() {
+                let fn_sig = self_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx);
+                let shortname = match fn_sig.unsafety() {
+                    hir::Unsafety::Normal => "fn",
+                    hir::Unsafety::Unsafe => "unsafe fn",
+                };
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(shortname.to_owned())));
+            }
+
+            // Slices give us `[]`, `[{ty}]`
+            if let ty::Slice(aty) = self_ty.kind() {
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("[]".to_string())));
+                if let Some(def) = aty.ty_adt_def() {
+                    // We also want to be able to select the slice's type's original
+                    // signature with no type arguments resolved
+                    flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{}]", self.tcx.type_of(def.did())))));
+                }
+                if aty.is_integral() {
+                    flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("[{integral}]".to_string())));
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Arrays give us `[]`, `[{ty}; _]` and `[{ty}; N]`
+            if let ty::Array(aty, len) = self_ty.kind() {
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("[]".to_string())));
+                let len = len.kind().try_to_value().and_then(|v| v.try_to_machine_usize(self.tcx));
+                flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{}; _]", aty))));
+                if let Some(n) = len {
+                    flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{}; {}]", aty, n))));
+                }
+                if let Some(def) = aty.ty_adt_def() {
+                    // We also want to be able to select the array's type's original
+                    // signature with no type arguments resolved
+                    let def_ty = self.tcx.type_of(def.did());
+                    flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{def_ty}; _]"))));
+                    if let Some(n) = len {
+                        flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{def_ty}; {n}]"))));
+                    }
+                }
+                if aty.is_integral() {
+                    flags.push((sym::_Self, Some("[{integral}; _]".to_string())));
+                    if let Some(n) = len {
+                        flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(format!("[{{integral}}; {n}]"))));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if let ty::Dynamic(traits, _) = self_ty.kind() {
+                for t in traits.iter() {
+                    if let ty::ExistentialPredicate::Trait(trait_ref) = t.skip_binder() {
+                        flags.push((sym::_Self, Some(self.tcx.def_path_str(trait_ref.def_id))))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        if let Ok(Some(command)) = OnUnimplementedDirective::of_item(self.tcx, def_id) {
+            command.evaluate(self.tcx, trait_ref, &flags)
+        } else {
+            OnUnimplementedNote::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/suggestions.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/suggestions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..219413121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/error_reporting/suggestions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3119 @@
+use super::{
+    EvaluationResult, Obligation, ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode, PredicateObligation,
+    SelectionContext,
+};
+
+use crate::autoderef::Autoderef;
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits::normalize_to;
+
+use hir::HirId;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
+use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
+use rustc_errors::{
+    error_code, pluralize, struct_span_err, Applicability, Diagnostic, DiagnosticBuilder,
+    ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan, Style,
+};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::intravisit::Visitor;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_hir::{AsyncGeneratorKind, GeneratorKind, Node};
+use rustc_infer::infer::TyCtxtInferExt;
+use rustc_middle::hir::map;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{
+    self, suggest_arbitrary_trait_bound, suggest_constraining_type_param, AdtKind, DefIdTree,
+    GeneratorDiagnosticData, GeneratorInteriorTypeCause, Infer, InferTy, IsSuggestable,
+    ProjectionPredicate, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable,
+    TypeVisitable,
+};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{TypeAndMut, TypeckResults};
+use rustc_session::Limit;
+use rustc_span::def_id::LOCAL_CRATE;
+use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Ident, Symbol};
+use rustc_span::{BytePos, DesugaringKind, ExpnKind, Span, DUMMY_SP};
+use rustc_target::spec::abi;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use super::InferCtxtPrivExt;
+use crate::infer::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar {
+    // span of interior type
+    Interior(Span),
+    // span of upvar
+    Upvar(Span),
+}
+
+// This type provides a uniform interface to retrieve data on generators, whether it originated from
+// the local crate being compiled or from a foreign crate.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum GeneratorData<'tcx, 'a> {
+    Local(&'a TypeckResults<'tcx>),
+    Foreign(&'tcx GeneratorDiagnosticData<'tcx>),
+}
+
+impl<'tcx, 'a> GeneratorData<'tcx, 'a> {
+    // Try to get information about variables captured by the generator that matches a type we are
+    // looking for with `ty_matches` function. We uses it to find upvar which causes a failure to
+    // meet an obligation
+    fn try_get_upvar_span<F>(
+        &self,
+        infer_context: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+        generator_did: DefId,
+        ty_matches: F,
+    ) -> Option<GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar>
+    where
+        F: Fn(ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>) -> bool,
+    {
+        match self {
+            GeneratorData::Local(typeck_results) => {
+                infer_context.tcx.upvars_mentioned(generator_did).and_then(|upvars| {
+                    upvars.iter().find_map(|(upvar_id, upvar)| {
+                        let upvar_ty = typeck_results.node_type(*upvar_id);
+                        let upvar_ty = infer_context.resolve_vars_if_possible(upvar_ty);
+                        if ty_matches(ty::Binder::dummy(upvar_ty)) {
+                            Some(GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar::Upvar(upvar.span))
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        }
+                    })
+                })
+            }
+            GeneratorData::Foreign(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Try to get the span of a type being awaited on that matches the type we are looking with the
+    // `ty_matches` function. We uses it to find awaited type which causes a failure to meet an
+    // obligation
+    fn get_from_await_ty<F>(
+        &self,
+        visitor: AwaitsVisitor,
+        hir: map::Map<'tcx>,
+        ty_matches: F,
+    ) -> Option<Span>
+    where
+        F: Fn(ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>) -> bool,
+    {
+        match self {
+            GeneratorData::Local(typeck_results) => visitor
+                .awaits
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|id| hir.expect_expr(id))
+                .find(|await_expr| {
+                    ty_matches(ty::Binder::dummy(typeck_results.expr_ty_adjusted(&await_expr)))
+                })
+                .map(|expr| expr.span),
+            GeneratorData::Foreign(generator_diagnostic_data) => visitor
+                .awaits
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|id| hir.expect_expr(id))
+                .find(|await_expr| {
+                    ty_matches(ty::Binder::dummy(
+                        generator_diagnostic_data
+                            .adjustments
+                            .get(&await_expr.hir_id.local_id)
+                            .map_or::<&[ty::adjustment::Adjustment<'tcx>], _>(&[], |a| &a[..])
+                            .last()
+                            .map_or_else::<Ty<'tcx>, _, _>(
+                                || {
+                                    generator_diagnostic_data
+                                        .nodes_types
+                                        .get(&await_expr.hir_id.local_id)
+                                        .cloned()
+                                        .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                                            bug!(
+                                                "node_type: no type for node `{}`",
+                                                ty::tls::with(|tcx| tcx
+                                                    .hir()
+                                                    .node_to_string(await_expr.hir_id))
+                                            )
+                                        })
+                                },
+                                |adj| adj.target,
+                            ),
+                    ))
+                })
+                .map(|expr| expr.span),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the type, expression, span and optional scope span of all types
+    /// that are live across the yield of this generator
+    fn get_generator_interior_types(
+        &self,
+    ) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, &[GeneratorInteriorTypeCause<'tcx>]> {
+        match self {
+            GeneratorData::Local(typeck_result) => {
+                typeck_result.generator_interior_types.as_deref()
+            }
+            GeneratorData::Foreign(generator_diagnostic_data) => {
+                generator_diagnostic_data.generator_interior_types.as_deref()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Used to get the source of the data, note we don't have as much information for generators
+    // originated from foreign crates
+    fn is_foreign(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            GeneratorData::Local(_) => false,
+            GeneratorData::Foreign(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// This trait is public to expose the diagnostics methods to clippy.
+pub trait InferCtxtExt<'tcx> {
+    fn suggest_restricting_param_bound(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        proj_pred: Option<ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>>,
+        body_id: hir::HirId,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_dereferences(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn get_closure_name(&self, def_id: DefId, err: &mut Diagnostic, msg: &str) -> Option<Symbol>;
+
+    fn suggest_fn_call(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn suggest_add_reference_to_arg(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        has_custom_message: bool,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn suggest_borrowing_for_object_cast(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        object_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_remove_reference(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn suggest_remove_await(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>, err: &mut Diagnostic);
+
+    fn suggest_change_mut(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_semicolon_removal(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn return_type_span(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> Option<Span>;
+
+    fn suggest_impl_trait(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn point_at_returns_when_relevant(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn report_closure_arg_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        span: Span,
+        found_span: Option<Span>,
+        found: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        expected: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed>;
+
+    fn suggest_fully_qualified_path(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        item_def_id: DefId,
+        span: Span,
+        trait_ref: DefId,
+    );
+
+    fn maybe_note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        interior_or_upvar_span: GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar,
+        interior_extra_info: Option<(Option<Span>, Span, Option<hir::HirId>, Option<Span>)>,
+        is_async: bool,
+        outer_generator: Option<DefId>,
+        trait_pred: ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        target_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        typeck_results: Option<&ty::TypeckResults<'tcx>>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        next_code: Option<&ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>>,
+    );
+
+    fn note_obligation_cause_code<T>(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        predicate: &T,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cause_code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+        obligated_types: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        seen_requirements: &mut FxHashSet<DefId>,
+    ) where
+        T: fmt::Display;
+
+    fn suggest_new_overflow_limit(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic);
+
+    /// Suggest to await before try: future? => future.await?
+    fn suggest_await_before_try(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        span: Span,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_floating_point_literal(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_ref: &ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_derive(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    );
+
+    fn suggest_dereferencing_index(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    );
+}
+
+fn predicate_constraint(generics: &hir::Generics<'_>, pred: String) -> (Span, String) {
+    (
+        generics.tail_span_for_predicate_suggestion(),
+        format!("{} {}", generics.add_where_or_trailing_comma(), pred),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Type parameter needs more bounds. The trivial case is `T` `where T: Bound`, but
+/// it can also be an `impl Trait` param that needs to be decomposed to a type
+/// param for cleaner code.
+fn suggest_restriction<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    hir_id: HirId,
+    hir_generics: &hir::Generics<'tcx>,
+    msg: &str,
+    err: &mut Diagnostic,
+    fn_sig: Option<&hir::FnSig<'_>>,
+    projection: Option<&ty::ProjectionTy<'_>>,
+    trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    // When we are dealing with a trait, `super_traits` will be `Some`:
+    // Given `trait T: A + B + C {}`
+    //              -  ^^^^^^^^^ GenericBounds
+    //              |
+    //              &Ident
+    super_traits: Option<(&Ident, &hir::GenericBounds<'_>)>,
+) {
+    if hir_generics.where_clause_span.from_expansion()
+        || hir_generics.where_clause_span.desugaring_kind().is_some()
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+    let Some(item_id) = hir_id.as_owner() else { return; };
+    let generics = tcx.generics_of(item_id);
+    // Given `fn foo(t: impl Trait)` where `Trait` requires assoc type `A`...
+    if let Some((param, bound_str, fn_sig)) =
+        fn_sig.zip(projection).and_then(|(sig, p)| match p.self_ty().kind() {
+            // Shenanigans to get the `Trait` from the `impl Trait`.
+            ty::Param(param) => {
+                let param_def = generics.type_param(param, tcx);
+                if param_def.kind.is_synthetic() {
+                    let bound_str =
+                        param_def.name.as_str().strip_prefix("impl ")?.trim_start().to_string();
+                    return Some((param_def, bound_str, sig));
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    {
+        let type_param_name = hir_generics.params.next_type_param_name(Some(&bound_str));
+        let trait_pred = trait_pred.fold_with(&mut ReplaceImplTraitFolder {
+            tcx,
+            param,
+            replace_ty: ty::ParamTy::new(generics.count() as u32, Symbol::intern(&type_param_name))
+                .to_ty(tcx),
+        });
+        if !trait_pred.is_suggestable(tcx, false) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // We know we have an `impl Trait` that doesn't satisfy a required projection.
+
+        // Find all of the occurrences of `impl Trait` for `Trait` in the function arguments'
+        // types. There should be at least one, but there might be *more* than one. In that
+        // case we could just ignore it and try to identify which one needs the restriction,
+        // but instead we choose to suggest replacing all instances of `impl Trait` with `T`
+        // where `T: Trait`.
+        let mut ty_spans = vec![];
+        for input in fn_sig.decl.inputs {
+            ReplaceImplTraitVisitor { ty_spans: &mut ty_spans, param_did: param.def_id }
+                .visit_ty(input);
+        }
+        // The type param `T: Trait` we will suggest to introduce.
+        let type_param = format!("{}: {}", type_param_name, bound_str);
+
+        let mut sugg = vec![
+            if let Some(span) = hir_generics.span_for_param_suggestion() {
+                (span, format!(", {}", type_param))
+            } else {
+                (hir_generics.span, format!("<{}>", type_param))
+            },
+            // `fn foo(t: impl Trait)`
+            //                       ^ suggest `where <T as Trait>::A: Bound`
+            predicate_constraint(hir_generics, trait_pred.to_predicate(tcx).to_string()),
+        ];
+        sugg.extend(ty_spans.into_iter().map(|s| (s, type_param_name.to_string())));
+
+        // Suggest `fn foo<T: Trait>(t: T) where <T as Trait>::A: Bound`.
+        // FIXME: once `#![feature(associated_type_bounds)]` is stabilized, we should suggest
+        // `fn foo(t: impl Trait<A: Bound>)` instead.
+        err.multipart_suggestion(
+            "introduce a type parameter with a trait bound instead of using `impl Trait`",
+            sugg,
+            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+        );
+    } else {
+        if !trait_pred.is_suggestable(tcx, false) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Trivial case: `T` needs an extra bound: `T: Bound`.
+        let (sp, suggestion) = match (
+            hir_generics
+                .params
+                .iter()
+                .find(|p| !matches!(p.kind, hir::GenericParamKind::Type { synthetic: true, .. })),
+            super_traits,
+        ) {
+            (_, None) => {
+                predicate_constraint(hir_generics, trait_pred.to_predicate(tcx).to_string())
+            }
+            (None, Some((ident, []))) => (
+                ident.span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                format!(": {}", trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path()),
+            ),
+            (_, Some((_, [.., bounds]))) => (
+                bounds.span().shrink_to_hi(),
+                format!(" + {}", trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path()),
+            ),
+            (Some(_), Some((_, []))) => (
+                hir_generics.span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                format!(": {}", trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path()),
+            ),
+        };
+
+        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+            sp,
+            &format!("consider further restricting {}", msg),
+            suggestion,
+            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> InferCtxtExt<'tcx> for InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
+    fn suggest_restricting_param_bound(
+        &self,
+        mut err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        proj_pred: Option<ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>>,
+        body_id: hir::HirId,
+    ) {
+        let trait_pred = self.resolve_numeric_literals_with_default(trait_pred);
+
+        let self_ty = trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty();
+        let (param_ty, projection) = match self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Param(_) => (true, None),
+            ty::Projection(projection) => (false, Some(projection)),
+            _ => (false, None),
+        };
+
+        // FIXME: Add check for trait bound that is already present, particularly `?Sized` so we
+        //        don't suggest `T: Sized + ?Sized`.
+        let mut hir_id = body_id;
+        while let Some(node) = self.tcx.hir().find(hir_id) {
+            match node {
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    ident,
+                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Trait(_, _, generics, bounds, _),
+                    ..
+                }) if self_ty == self.tcx.types.self_param => {
+                    assert!(param_ty);
+                    // Restricting `Self` for a single method.
+                    suggest_restriction(
+                        self.tcx,
+                        hir_id,
+                        &generics,
+                        "`Self`",
+                        err,
+                        None,
+                        projection,
+                        trait_pred,
+                        Some((ident, bounds)),
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                    generics,
+                    kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(..),
+                    ..
+                }) if self_ty == self.tcx.types.self_param => {
+                    assert!(param_ty);
+                    // Restricting `Self` for a single method.
+                    suggest_restriction(
+                        self.tcx, hir_id, &generics, "`Self`", err, None, projection, trait_pred,
+                        None,
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                    generics,
+                    kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(fn_sig, ..),
+                    ..
+                })
+                | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem {
+                    generics,
+                    kind: hir::ImplItemKind::Fn(fn_sig, ..),
+                    ..
+                })
+                | hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(fn_sig, generics, _), ..
+                }) if projection.is_some() => {
+                    // Missing restriction on associated type of type parameter (unmet projection).
+                    suggest_restriction(
+                        self.tcx,
+                        hir_id,
+                        &generics,
+                        "the associated type",
+                        err,
+                        Some(fn_sig),
+                        projection,
+                        trait_pred,
+                        None,
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    kind:
+                        hir::ItemKind::Trait(_, _, generics, ..)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { generics, .. }),
+                    ..
+                }) if projection.is_some() => {
+                    // Missing restriction on associated type of type parameter (unmet projection).
+                    suggest_restriction(
+                        self.tcx,
+                        hir_id,
+                        &generics,
+                        "the associated type",
+                        err,
+                        None,
+                        projection,
+                        trait_pred,
+                        None,
+                    );
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    kind:
+                        hir::ItemKind::Struct(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Enum(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Union(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Trait(_, _, generics, ..)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { generics, .. })
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, generics, _)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::TyAlias(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::TraitAlias(generics, _)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(hir::OpaqueTy { generics, .. }),
+                    ..
+                })
+                | hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem { generics, .. })
+                | hir::Node::ImplItem(hir::ImplItem { generics, .. })
+                    if param_ty =>
+                {
+                    // We skip the 0'th subst (self) because we do not want
+                    // to consider the predicate as not suggestible if the
+                    // self type is an arg position `impl Trait` -- instead,
+                    // we handle that by adding ` + Bound` below.
+                    // FIXME(compiler-errors): It would be nice to do the same
+                    // this that we do in `suggest_restriction` and pull the
+                    // `impl Trait` into a new generic if it shows up somewhere
+                    // else in the predicate.
+                    if !trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs[1..]
+                        .iter()
+                        .all(|g| g.is_suggestable(self.tcx, false))
+                    {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    // Missing generic type parameter bound.
+                    let param_name = self_ty.to_string();
+                    let mut constraint = with_no_trimmed_paths!(
+                        trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path().to_string()
+                    );
+
+                    if let Some(proj_pred) = proj_pred {
+                        let ProjectionPredicate { projection_ty, term } = proj_pred.skip_binder();
+                        let item = self.tcx.associated_item(projection_ty.item_def_id);
+
+                        // FIXME: this case overlaps with code in TyCtxt::note_and_explain_type_err.
+                        // That should be extracted into a helper function.
+                        if constraint.ends_with('>') {
+                            constraint = format!(
+                                "{}, {}={}>",
+                                &constraint[..constraint.len() - 1],
+                                item.name,
+                                term
+                            );
+                        } else {
+                            constraint.push_str(&format!("<{}={}>", item.name, term));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if suggest_constraining_type_param(
+                        self.tcx,
+                        generics,
+                        &mut err,
+                        &param_name,
+                        &constraint,
+                        Some(trait_pred.def_id()),
+                    ) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                    kind:
+                        hir::ItemKind::Struct(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Enum(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Union(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Trait(_, _, generics, ..)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { generics, .. })
+                        | hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, generics, _)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::TyAlias(_, generics)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::TraitAlias(generics, _)
+                        | hir::ItemKind::OpaqueTy(hir::OpaqueTy { generics, .. }),
+                    ..
+                }) if !param_ty => {
+                    // Missing generic type parameter bound.
+                    if suggest_arbitrary_trait_bound(self.tcx, generics, &mut err, trait_pred) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                hir::Node::Crate(..) => return,
+
+                _ => {}
+            }
+
+            hir_id = self.tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(self.tcx.hir().get_parent_item(hir_id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// When after several dereferencing, the reference satisfies the trait
+    /// binding. This function provides dereference suggestion for this
+    /// specific situation.
+    fn suggest_dereferences(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // It only make sense when suggesting dereferences for arguments
+        let ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { .. } = obligation.cause.code() else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let param_env = obligation.param_env;
+        let body_id = obligation.cause.body_id;
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+        let mut real_trait_pred = trait_pred;
+        let mut code = obligation.cause.code();
+        while let Some((parent_code, parent_trait_pred)) = code.parent() {
+            code = parent_code;
+            if let Some(parent_trait_pred) = parent_trait_pred {
+                real_trait_pred = parent_trait_pred;
+            }
+
+            // Skipping binder here, remapping below
+            let real_ty = real_trait_pred.self_ty().skip_binder();
+
+            if let ty::Ref(region, base_ty, mutbl) = *real_ty.kind() {
+                let mut autoderef = Autoderef::new(self, param_env, body_id, span, base_ty, span);
+                if let Some(steps) = autoderef.find_map(|(ty, steps)| {
+                    // Re-add the `&`
+                    let ty = self.tcx.mk_ref(region, TypeAndMut { ty, mutbl });
+
+                    // Remapping bound vars here
+                    let real_trait_pred_and_ty =
+                        real_trait_pred.map_bound(|inner_trait_pred| (inner_trait_pred, ty));
+                    let obligation = self
+                        .mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(param_env, real_trait_pred_and_ty);
+                    Some(steps).filter(|_| self.predicate_may_hold(&obligation))
+                }) {
+                    if steps > 0 {
+                        if let Ok(src) = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span) {
+                            // Don't care about `&mut` because `DerefMut` is used less
+                            // often and user will not expect autoderef happens.
+                            if src.starts_with('&') && !src.starts_with("&mut ") {
+                                let derefs = "*".repeat(steps);
+                                err.span_suggestion(
+                                    span,
+                                    "consider dereferencing here",
+                                    format!("&{}{}", derefs, &src[1..]),
+                                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                                );
+                                return true;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if real_trait_pred != trait_pred {
+                    // This branch addresses #87437.
+
+                    // Remapping bound vars here
+                    let real_trait_pred_and_base_ty =
+                        real_trait_pred.map_bound(|inner_trait_pred| (inner_trait_pred, base_ty));
+                    let obligation = self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+                        param_env,
+                        real_trait_pred_and_base_ty,
+                    );
+                    if self.predicate_may_hold(&obligation) {
+                        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                            span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                            "consider dereferencing here",
+                            "*",
+                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                        );
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    /// Given a closure's `DefId`, return the given name of the closure.
+    ///
+    /// This doesn't account for reassignments, but it's only used for suggestions.
+    fn get_closure_name(&self, def_id: DefId, err: &mut Diagnostic, msg: &str) -> Option<Symbol> {
+        let get_name = |err: &mut Diagnostic, kind: &hir::PatKind<'_>| -> Option<Symbol> {
+            // Get the local name of this closure. This can be inaccurate because
+            // of the possibility of reassignment, but this should be good enough.
+            match &kind {
+                hir::PatKind::Binding(hir::BindingAnnotation::Unannotated, _, ident, None) => {
+                    Some(ident.name)
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    err.note(msg);
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let hir_id = hir.local_def_id_to_hir_id(def_id.as_local()?);
+        let parent_node = hir.get_parent_node(hir_id);
+        match hir.find(parent_node) {
+            Some(hir::Node::Stmt(hir::Stmt { kind: hir::StmtKind::Local(local), .. })) => {
+                get_name(err, &local.pat.kind)
+            }
+            // Different to previous arm because one is `&hir::Local` and the other
+            // is `P<hir::Local>`.
+            Some(hir::Node::Local(local)) => get_name(err, &local.pat.kind),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// We tried to apply the bound to an `fn` or closure. Check whether calling it would
+    /// evaluate to a type that *would* satisfy the trait binding. If it would, suggest calling
+    /// it: `bar(foo)` → `bar(foo())`. This case is *very* likely to be hit if `foo` is `async`.
+    fn suggest_fn_call(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Skipping binder here, remapping below
+        let self_ty = trait_pred.self_ty().skip_binder();
+
+        let (def_id, output_ty, callable) = match *self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Closure(def_id, substs) => (def_id, substs.as_closure().sig().output(), "closure"),
+            ty::FnDef(def_id, _) => (def_id, self_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx).output(), "function"),
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+        let msg = format!("use parentheses to call the {}", callable);
+
+        // "We should really create a single list of bound vars from the combined vars
+        // from the predicate and function, but instead we just liberate the function bound vars"
+        let output_ty = self.tcx.liberate_late_bound_regions(def_id, output_ty);
+
+        // Remapping bound vars here
+        let trait_pred_and_self = trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| (trait_pred, output_ty));
+
+        let new_obligation =
+            self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(obligation.param_env, trait_pred_and_self);
+
+        match self.evaluate_obligation(&new_obligation) {
+            Ok(
+                EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToOk
+                | EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions
+                | EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToOkModuloOpaqueTypes
+                | EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToAmbig,
+            ) => {}
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        // Get the name of the callable and the arguments to be used in the suggestion.
+        let (snippet, sugg) = match hir.get_if_local(def_id) {
+            Some(hir::Node::Expr(hir::Expr {
+                kind: hir::ExprKind::Closure(hir::Closure { fn_decl, fn_decl_span, .. }),
+                ..
+            })) => {
+                err.span_label(*fn_decl_span, "consider calling this closure");
+                let Some(name) = self.get_closure_name(def_id, err, &msg) else {
+                    return false;
+                };
+                let args = fn_decl.inputs.iter().map(|_| "_").collect::<Vec<_>>().join(", ");
+                let sugg = format!("({})", args);
+                (format!("{}{}", name, sugg), sugg)
+            }
+            Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                ident,
+                kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(.., body_id),
+                ..
+            })) => {
+                err.span_label(ident.span, "consider calling this function");
+                let body = hir.body(*body_id);
+                let args = body
+                    .params
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|arg| match &arg.pat.kind {
+                        hir::PatKind::Binding(_, _, ident, None)
+                        // FIXME: provide a better suggestion when encountering `SelfLower`, it
+                        // should suggest a method call.
+                        if ident.name != kw::SelfLower => ident.to_string(),
+                        _ => "_".to_string(),
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ");
+                let sugg = format!("({})", args);
+                (format!("{}{}", ident, sugg), sugg)
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+        if matches!(obligation.cause.code(), ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { .. })
+        {
+            // When the obligation error has been ensured to have been caused by
+            // an argument, the `obligation.cause.span` points at the expression
+            // of the argument, so we can provide a suggestion. Otherwise, we give
+            // a more general note.
+            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                obligation.cause.span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                &msg,
+                sugg,
+                Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
+            );
+        } else {
+            err.help(&format!("{}: `{}`", msg, snippet));
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_add_reference_to_arg(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        poly_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        has_custom_message: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+
+        let code = if let ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { parent_code, .. } =
+            obligation.cause.code()
+        {
+            &parent_code
+        } else if let ExpnKind::Desugaring(DesugaringKind::ForLoop) =
+            span.ctxt().outer_expn_data().kind
+        {
+            obligation.cause.code()
+        } else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        // List of traits for which it would be nonsensical to suggest borrowing.
+        // For instance, immutable references are always Copy, so suggesting to
+        // borrow would always succeed, but it's probably not what the user wanted.
+        let mut never_suggest_borrow: Vec<_> =
+            [LangItem::Copy, LangItem::Clone, LangItem::Unpin, LangItem::Sized]
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|lang_item| self.tcx.lang_items().require(*lang_item).ok())
+                .collect();
+
+        if let Some(def_id) = self.tcx.get_diagnostic_item(sym::Send) {
+            never_suggest_borrow.push(def_id);
+        }
+
+        let param_env = obligation.param_env;
+
+        // Try to apply the original trait binding obligation by borrowing.
+        let mut try_borrowing =
+            |old_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>, blacklist: &[DefId]| -> bool {
+                if blacklist.contains(&old_pred.def_id()) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                // We map bounds to `&T` and `&mut T`
+                let trait_pred_and_imm_ref = old_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| {
+                    (
+                        trait_pred,
+                        self.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.tcx.lifetimes.re_static, trait_pred.self_ty()),
+                    )
+                });
+                let trait_pred_and_mut_ref = old_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| {
+                    (
+                        trait_pred,
+                        self.tcx.mk_mut_ref(self.tcx.lifetimes.re_static, trait_pred.self_ty()),
+                    )
+                });
+
+                let mk_result = |trait_pred_and_new_ty| {
+                    let obligation =
+                        self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(param_env, trait_pred_and_new_ty);
+                    self.predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&obligation)
+                };
+                let imm_result = mk_result(trait_pred_and_imm_ref);
+                let mut_result = mk_result(trait_pred_and_mut_ref);
+
+                if imm_result || mut_result {
+                    if let Ok(snippet) = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span) {
+                        // We have a very specific type of error, where just borrowing this argument
+                        // might solve the problem. In cases like this, the important part is the
+                        // original type obligation, not the last one that failed, which is arbitrary.
+                        // Because of this, we modify the error to refer to the original obligation and
+                        // return early in the caller.
+
+                        let msg = format!("the trait bound `{}` is not satisfied", old_pred);
+                        if has_custom_message {
+                            err.note(&msg);
+                        } else {
+                            err.message =
+                                vec![(rustc_errors::DiagnosticMessage::Str(msg), Style::NoStyle)];
+                        }
+                        if snippet.starts_with('&') {
+                            // This is already a literal borrow and the obligation is failing
+                            // somewhere else in the obligation chain. Do not suggest non-sense.
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                        err.span_label(
+                            span,
+                            &format!(
+                                "expected an implementor of trait `{}`",
+                                old_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                            ),
+                        );
+
+                        // This if is to prevent a special edge-case
+                        if matches!(
+                            span.ctxt().outer_expn_data().kind,
+                            ExpnKind::Root | ExpnKind::Desugaring(DesugaringKind::ForLoop)
+                        ) {
+                            // We don't want a borrowing suggestion on the fields in structs,
+                            // ```
+                            // struct Foo {
+                            //  the_foos: Vec<Foo>
+                            // }
+                            // ```
+
+                            if imm_result && mut_result {
+                                err.span_suggestions(
+                                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                                    "consider borrowing here",
+                                    ["&".to_string(), "&mut ".to_string()].into_iter(),
+                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                                );
+                            } else {
+                                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                                    &format!(
+                                        "consider{} borrowing here",
+                                        if mut_result { " mutably" } else { "" }
+                                    ),
+                                    format!("&{}", if mut_result { "mut " } else { "" }),
+                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+                return false;
+            };
+
+        if let ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(cause) = &*code {
+            try_borrowing(cause.derived.parent_trait_pred, &[])
+        } else if let ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(_, _)
+        | ObligationCauseCode::ItemObligation(_) = code
+        {
+            try_borrowing(poly_trait_pred, &never_suggest_borrow)
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Suggest borrowing the type
+    fn suggest_borrowing_for_object_cast(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        object_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let ty::Dynamic(predicates, _) = object_ty.kind() else { return; };
+        let self_ref_ty = self.tcx.mk_imm_ref(self.tcx.lifetimes.re_erased, self_ty);
+
+        for predicate in predicates.iter() {
+            if !self.predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(
+                &obligation.with(predicate.with_self_ty(self.tcx, self_ref_ty)),
+            ) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        err.span_suggestion(
+            obligation.cause.span.shrink_to_lo(),
+            &format!(
+                "consider borrowing the value, since `&{self_ty}` can be coerced into `{object_ty}`"
+            ),
+            "&",
+            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Whenever references are used by mistake, like `for (i, e) in &vec.iter().enumerate()`,
+    /// suggest removing these references until we reach a type that implements the trait.
+    fn suggest_remove_reference(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+
+        let mut suggested = false;
+        if let Ok(snippet) = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span) {
+            let refs_number =
+                snippet.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).take_while(|c| *c == '&').count();
+            if let Some('\'') = snippet.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).nth(refs_number) {
+                // Do not suggest removal of borrow from type arguments.
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            // Skipping binder here, remapping below
+            let mut suggested_ty = trait_pred.self_ty().skip_binder();
+
+            for refs_remaining in 0..refs_number {
+                let ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, _) = suggested_ty.kind() else {
+                    break;
+                };
+                suggested_ty = *inner_ty;
+
+                // Remapping bound vars here
+                let trait_pred_and_suggested_ty =
+                    trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| (trait_pred, suggested_ty));
+
+                let new_obligation = self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    trait_pred_and_suggested_ty,
+                );
+
+                if self.predicate_may_hold(&new_obligation) {
+                    let sp = self
+                        .tcx
+                        .sess
+                        .source_map()
+                        .span_take_while(span, |c| c.is_whitespace() || *c == '&');
+
+                    let remove_refs = refs_remaining + 1;
+
+                    let msg = if remove_refs == 1 {
+                        "consider removing the leading `&`-reference".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        format!("consider removing {} leading `&`-references", remove_refs)
+                    };
+
+                    err.span_suggestion_short(sp, &msg, "", Applicability::MachineApplicable);
+                    suggested = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        suggested
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_remove_await(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>, err: &mut Diagnostic) {
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+
+        if let ObligationCauseCode::AwaitableExpr(hir_id) = obligation.cause.code().peel_derives() {
+            let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+            if let Some(node) = hir_id.and_then(|hir_id| hir.find(hir_id)) {
+                if let hir::Node::Expr(expr) = node {
+                    // FIXME: use `obligation.predicate.kind()...trait_ref.self_ty()` to see if we have `()`
+                    // and if not maybe suggest doing something else? If we kept the expression around we
+                    // could also check if it is an fn call (very likely) and suggest changing *that*, if
+                    // it is from the local crate.
+                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                        expr.span.shrink_to_hi().with_hi(span.hi()),
+                        "remove the `.await`",
+                        "",
+                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                    );
+                    // FIXME: account for associated `async fn`s.
+                    if let hir::Expr { span, kind: hir::ExprKind::Call(base, _), .. } = expr {
+                        if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred) =
+                            obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder()
+                        {
+                            err.span_label(
+                                *span,
+                                &format!("this call returns `{}`", pred.self_ty()),
+                            );
+                        }
+                        if let Some(typeck_results) =
+                            self.in_progress_typeck_results.map(|t| t.borrow())
+                            && let ty = typeck_results.expr_ty_adjusted(base)
+                            && let ty::FnDef(def_id, _substs) = ty.kind()
+                            && let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { ident, span, vis_span, .. })) =
+                                hir.get_if_local(*def_id)
+                        {
+                            let msg = format!(
+                                "alternatively, consider making `fn {}` asynchronous",
+                                ident
+                            );
+                            if vis_span.is_empty() {
+                                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                                    &msg,
+                                    "async ",
+                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                                );
+                            } else {
+                                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                                    vis_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                                    &msg,
+                                    " async",
+                                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                                );
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the trait bound is implemented for a different mutability and note it in the
+    /// final error.
+    fn suggest_change_mut(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let points_at_arg = matches!(
+            obligation.cause.code(),
+            ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { .. },
+        );
+
+        let span = obligation.cause.span;
+        if let Ok(snippet) = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span) {
+            let refs_number =
+                snippet.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).take_while(|c| *c == '&').count();
+            if let Some('\'') = snippet.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).nth(refs_number) {
+                // Do not suggest removal of borrow from type arguments.
+                return;
+            }
+            let trait_pred = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(trait_pred);
+            if trait_pred.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+                // Do not ICE while trying to find if a reborrow would succeed on a trait with
+                // unresolved bindings.
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // Skipping binder here, remapping below
+            if let ty::Ref(region, t_type, mutability) = *trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty().kind()
+            {
+                let suggested_ty = match mutability {
+                    hir::Mutability::Mut => self.tcx.mk_imm_ref(region, t_type),
+                    hir::Mutability::Not => self.tcx.mk_mut_ref(region, t_type),
+                };
+
+                // Remapping bound vars here
+                let trait_pred_and_suggested_ty =
+                    trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| (trait_pred, suggested_ty));
+
+                let new_obligation = self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    trait_pred_and_suggested_ty,
+                );
+                let suggested_ty_would_satisfy_obligation = self
+                    .evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(&new_obligation)
+                    .must_apply_modulo_regions();
+                if suggested_ty_would_satisfy_obligation {
+                    let sp = self
+                        .tcx
+                        .sess
+                        .source_map()
+                        .span_take_while(span, |c| c.is_whitespace() || *c == '&');
+                    if points_at_arg && mutability == hir::Mutability::Not && refs_number > 0 {
+                        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                            sp,
+                            "consider changing this borrow's mutability",
+                            "&mut ",
+                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        err.note(&format!(
+                            "`{}` is implemented for `{:?}`, but not for `{:?}`",
+                            trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                            suggested_ty,
+                            trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_semicolon_removal(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let parent_node = hir.get_parent_node(obligation.cause.body_id);
+        let node = hir.find(parent_node);
+        if let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(sig, _, body_id), .. })) = node
+            && let hir::ExprKind::Block(blk, _) = &hir.body(*body_id).value.kind
+            && sig.decl.output.span().overlaps(span)
+            && blk.expr.is_none()
+            && trait_pred.self_ty().skip_binder().is_unit()
+            && let Some(stmt) = blk.stmts.last()
+            && let hir::StmtKind::Semi(expr) = stmt.kind
+            // Only suggest this if the expression behind the semicolon implements the predicate
+            && let Some(typeck_results) = self.in_progress_typeck_results
+            && let Some(ty) = typeck_results.borrow().expr_ty_opt(expr)
+            && self.predicate_may_hold(&self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+                obligation.param_env, trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| (trait_pred, ty))
+            ))
+        {
+            err.span_label(
+                expr.span,
+                &format!(
+                    "this expression has type `{}`, which implements `{}`",
+                    ty,
+                    trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path()
+                )
+            );
+            err.span_suggestion(
+                self.tcx.sess.source_map().end_point(stmt.span),
+                "remove this semicolon",
+                "",
+                Applicability::MachineApplicable
+            );
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn return_type_span(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> Option<Span> {
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let parent_node = hir.get_parent_node(obligation.cause.body_id);
+        let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(sig, ..), .. })) = hir.find(parent_node) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        if let hir::FnRetTy::Return(ret_ty) = sig.decl.output { Some(ret_ty.span) } else { None }
+    }
+
+    /// If all conditions are met to identify a returned `dyn Trait`, suggest using `impl Trait` if
+    /// applicable and signal that the error has been expanded appropriately and needs to be
+    /// emitted.
+    fn suggest_impl_trait(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        span: Span,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        match obligation.cause.code().peel_derives() {
+            // Only suggest `impl Trait` if the return type is unsized because it is `dyn Trait`.
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedReturnType => {}
+            _ => return false,
+        }
+
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let fn_hir_id = hir.get_parent_node(obligation.cause.body_id);
+        let node = hir.find(fn_hir_id);
+        let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+            kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(sig, _, body_id),
+            ..
+        })) = node
+        else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        let body = hir.body(*body_id);
+        let trait_pred = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(trait_pred);
+        let ty = trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty();
+        let is_object_safe = match ty.kind() {
+            ty::Dynamic(predicates, _) => {
+                // If the `dyn Trait` is not object safe, do not suggest `Box<dyn Trait>`.
+                predicates
+                    .principal_def_id()
+                    .map_or(true, |def_id| self.tcx.object_safety_violations(def_id).is_empty())
+            }
+            // We only want to suggest `impl Trait` to `dyn Trait`s.
+            // For example, `fn foo() -> str` needs to be filtered out.
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+
+        let hir::FnRetTy::Return(ret_ty) = sig.decl.output else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        // Use `TypeVisitor` instead of the output type directly to find the span of `ty` for
+        // cases like `fn foo() -> (dyn Trait, i32) {}`.
+        // Recursively look for `TraitObject` types and if there's only one, use that span to
+        // suggest `impl Trait`.
+
+        // Visit to make sure there's a single `return` type to suggest `impl Trait`,
+        // otherwise suggest using `Box<dyn Trait>` or an enum.
+        let mut visitor = ReturnsVisitor::default();
+        visitor.visit_body(&body);
+
+        let typeck_results = self.in_progress_typeck_results.map(|t| t.borrow()).unwrap();
+        let Some(liberated_sig) = typeck_results.liberated_fn_sigs().get(fn_hir_id).copied() else { return false; };
+
+        let ret_types = visitor
+            .returns
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|expr| Some((expr.span, typeck_results.node_type_opt(expr.hir_id)?)))
+            .map(|(expr_span, ty)| (expr_span, self.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty)));
+        let (last_ty, all_returns_have_same_type, only_never_return) = ret_types.clone().fold(
+            (None, true, true),
+            |(last_ty, mut same, only_never_return): (std::option::Option<Ty<'_>>, bool, bool),
+             (_, ty)| {
+                let ty = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty);
+                same &=
+                    !matches!(ty.kind(), ty::Error(_))
+                        && last_ty.map_or(true, |last_ty| {
+                            // FIXME: ideally we would use `can_coerce` here instead, but `typeck` comes
+                            // *after* in the dependency graph.
+                            match (ty.kind(), last_ty.kind()) {
+                                (Infer(InferTy::IntVar(_)), Infer(InferTy::IntVar(_)))
+                                | (Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(_)), Infer(InferTy::FloatVar(_)))
+                                | (Infer(InferTy::FreshIntTy(_)), Infer(InferTy::FreshIntTy(_)))
+                                | (
+                                    Infer(InferTy::FreshFloatTy(_)),
+                                    Infer(InferTy::FreshFloatTy(_)),
+                                ) => true,
+                                _ => ty == last_ty,
+                            }
+                        });
+                (Some(ty), same, only_never_return && matches!(ty.kind(), ty::Never))
+            },
+        );
+        let mut spans_and_needs_box = vec![];
+
+        match liberated_sig.output().kind() {
+            ty::Dynamic(predicates, _) => {
+                let cause = ObligationCause::misc(ret_ty.span, fn_hir_id);
+                let param_env = ty::ParamEnv::empty();
+
+                if !only_never_return {
+                    for (expr_span, return_ty) in ret_types {
+                        let self_ty_satisfies_dyn_predicates = |self_ty| {
+                            predicates.iter().all(|predicate| {
+                                let pred = predicate.with_self_ty(self.tcx, self_ty);
+                                let obl = Obligation::new(cause.clone(), param_env, pred);
+                                self.predicate_may_hold(&obl)
+                            })
+                        };
+
+                        if let ty::Adt(def, substs) = return_ty.kind()
+                            && def.is_box()
+                            && self_ty_satisfies_dyn_predicates(substs.type_at(0))
+                        {
+                            spans_and_needs_box.push((expr_span, false));
+                        } else if self_ty_satisfies_dyn_predicates(return_ty) {
+                            spans_and_needs_box.push((expr_span, true));
+                        } else {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => return false,
+        };
+
+        let sm = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
+        if !ret_ty.span.overlaps(span) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let snippet = if let hir::TyKind::TraitObject(..) = ret_ty.kind {
+            if let Ok(snippet) = sm.span_to_snippet(ret_ty.span) {
+                snippet
+            } else {
+                return false;
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Substitute the type, so we can print a fixup given `type Alias = dyn Trait`
+            let name = liberated_sig.output().to_string();
+            let name =
+                name.strip_prefix('(').and_then(|name| name.strip_suffix(')')).unwrap_or(&name);
+            if !name.starts_with("dyn ") {
+                return false;
+            }
+            name.to_owned()
+        };
+
+        err.code(error_code!(E0746));
+        err.set_primary_message("return type cannot have an unboxed trait object");
+        err.children.clear();
+        let impl_trait_msg = "for information on `impl Trait`, see \
+            <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html\
+            #returning-types-that-implement-traits>";
+        let trait_obj_msg = "for information on trait objects, see \
+            <https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-02-trait-objects.html\
+            #using-trait-objects-that-allow-for-values-of-different-types>";
+
+        let has_dyn = snippet.split_whitespace().next().map_or(false, |s| s == "dyn");
+        let trait_obj = if has_dyn { &snippet[4..] } else { &snippet };
+        if only_never_return {
+            // No return paths, probably using `panic!()` or similar.
+            // Suggest `-> T`, `-> impl Trait`, and if `Trait` is object safe, `-> Box<dyn Trait>`.
+            suggest_trait_object_return_type_alternatives(
+                err,
+                ret_ty.span,
+                trait_obj,
+                is_object_safe,
+            );
+        } else if let (Some(last_ty), true) = (last_ty, all_returns_have_same_type) {
+            // Suggest `-> impl Trait`.
+            err.span_suggestion(
+                ret_ty.span,
+                &format!(
+                    "use `impl {1}` as the return type, as all return paths are of type `{}`, \
+                     which implements `{1}`",
+                    last_ty, trait_obj,
+                ),
+                format!("impl {}", trait_obj),
+                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+            );
+            err.note(impl_trait_msg);
+        } else {
+            if is_object_safe {
+                // Suggest `-> Box<dyn Trait>` and `Box::new(returned_value)`.
+                err.multipart_suggestion(
+                    "return a boxed trait object instead",
+                    vec![
+                        (ret_ty.span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box<".to_string()),
+                        (span.shrink_to_hi(), ">".to_string()),
+                    ],
+                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                );
+                for (span, needs_box) in spans_and_needs_box {
+                    if needs_box {
+                        err.multipart_suggestion(
+                            "... and box this value",
+                            vec![
+                                (span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box::new(".to_string()),
+                                (span.shrink_to_hi(), ")".to_string()),
+                            ],
+                            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // This is currently not possible to trigger because E0038 takes precedence, but
+                // leave it in for completeness in case anything changes in an earlier stage.
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "if trait `{}` were object-safe, you could return a trait object",
+                    trait_obj,
+                ));
+            }
+            err.note(trait_obj_msg);
+            err.note(&format!(
+                "if all the returned values were of the same type you could use `impl {}` as the \
+                 return type",
+                trait_obj,
+            ));
+            err.note(impl_trait_msg);
+            err.note("you can create a new `enum` with a variant for each returned type");
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn point_at_returns_when_relevant(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        match obligation.cause.code().peel_derives() {
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedReturnType => {}
+            _ => return,
+        }
+
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let parent_node = hir.get_parent_node(obligation.cause.body_id);
+        let node = hir.find(parent_node);
+        if let Some(hir::Node::Item(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Fn(_, _, body_id), .. })) =
+            node
+        {
+            let body = hir.body(*body_id);
+            // Point at all the `return`s in the function as they have failed trait bounds.
+            let mut visitor = ReturnsVisitor::default();
+            visitor.visit_body(&body);
+            let typeck_results = self.in_progress_typeck_results.map(|t| t.borrow()).unwrap();
+            for expr in &visitor.returns {
+                if let Some(returned_ty) = typeck_results.node_type_opt(expr.hir_id) {
+                    let ty = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(returned_ty);
+                    err.span_label(expr.span, &format!("this returned value is of type `{}`", ty));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn report_closure_arg_mismatch(
+        &self,
+        span: Span,
+        found_span: Option<Span>,
+        found: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        expected: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> DiagnosticBuilder<'tcx, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        pub(crate) fn build_fn_sig_ty<'tcx>(
+            tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+            trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+            let inputs = trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1);
+            let sig = match inputs.kind() {
+                ty::Tuple(inputs)
+                    if tcx.fn_trait_kind_from_lang_item(trait_ref.def_id()).is_some() =>
+                {
+                    tcx.mk_fn_sig(
+                        inputs.iter(),
+                        tcx.mk_ty_infer(ty::TyVar(ty::TyVid::from_u32(0))),
+                        false,
+                        hir::Unsafety::Normal,
+                        abi::Abi::Rust,
+                    )
+                }
+                _ => tcx.mk_fn_sig(
+                    std::iter::once(inputs),
+                    tcx.mk_ty_infer(ty::TyVar(ty::TyVid::from_u32(0))),
+                    false,
+                    hir::Unsafety::Normal,
+                    abi::Abi::Rust,
+                ),
+            };
+
+            tcx.mk_fn_ptr(trait_ref.rebind(sig))
+        }
+
+        let argument_kind = match expected.skip_binder().self_ty().kind() {
+            ty::Closure(..) => "closure",
+            ty::Generator(..) => "generator",
+            _ => "function",
+        };
+        let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+            self.tcx.sess,
+            span,
+            E0631,
+            "type mismatch in {argument_kind} arguments",
+        );
+
+        err.span_label(span, "expected due to this");
+
+        let found_span = found_span.unwrap_or(span);
+        err.span_label(found_span, "found signature defined here");
+
+        let expected = build_fn_sig_ty(self.tcx, expected);
+        let found = build_fn_sig_ty(self.tcx, found);
+
+        let (expected_str, found_str) =
+            self.tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| infcx.cmp(expected, found));
+
+        let signature_kind = format!("{argument_kind} signature");
+        err.note_expected_found(&signature_kind, expected_str, &signature_kind, found_str);
+
+        err
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_fully_qualified_path(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        item_def_id: DefId,
+        span: Span,
+        trait_ref: DefId,
+    ) {
+        if let Some(assoc_item) = self.tcx.opt_associated_item(item_def_id) {
+            if let ty::AssocKind::Const | ty::AssocKind::Type = assoc_item.kind {
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "{}s cannot be accessed directly on a `trait`, they can only be \
+                        accessed through a specific `impl`",
+                    assoc_item.kind.as_def_kind().descr(item_def_id)
+                ));
+                err.span_suggestion(
+                    span,
+                    "use the fully qualified path to an implementation",
+                    format!("<Type as {}>::{}", self.tcx.def_path_str(trait_ref), assoc_item.name),
+                    Applicability::HasPlaceholders,
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds an async-await specific note to the diagnostic when the future does not implement
+    /// an auto trait because of a captured type.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// note: future does not implement `Qux` as this value is used across an await
+    ///   --> $DIR/issue-64130-3-other.rs:17:5
+    ///    |
+    /// LL |     let x = Foo;
+    ///    |         - has type `Foo`
+    /// LL |     baz().await;
+    ///    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^ await occurs here, with `x` maybe used later
+    /// LL | }
+    ///    | - `x` is later dropped here
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// When the diagnostic does not implement `Send` or `Sync` specifically, then the diagnostic
+    /// is "replaced" with a different message and a more specific error.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// error: future cannot be sent between threads safely
+    ///   --> $DIR/issue-64130-2-send.rs:21:5
+    ///    |
+    /// LL | fn is_send<T: Send>(t: T) { }
+    ///    |               ---- required by this bound in `is_send`
+    /// ...
+    /// LL |     is_send(bar());
+    ///    |     ^^^^^^^ future returned by `bar` is not send
+    ///    |
+    ///    = help: within `impl std::future::Future`, the trait `std::marker::Send` is not
+    ///            implemented for `Foo`
+    /// note: future is not send as this value is used across an await
+    ///   --> $DIR/issue-64130-2-send.rs:15:5
+    ///    |
+    /// LL |     let x = Foo;
+    ///    |         - has type `Foo`
+    /// LL |     baz().await;
+    ///    |     ^^^^^^^^^^^ await occurs here, with `x` maybe used later
+    /// LL | }
+    ///    | - `x` is later dropped here
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Returns `true` if an async-await specific note was added to the diagnostic.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip_all, fields(?obligation.predicate, ?obligation.cause.span))]
+    fn maybe_note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+
+        // Attempt to detect an async-await error by looking at the obligation causes, looking
+        // for a generator to be present.
+        //
+        // When a future does not implement a trait because of a captured type in one of the
+        // generators somewhere in the call stack, then the result is a chain of obligations.
+        //
+        // Given an `async fn` A that calls an `async fn` B which captures a non-send type and that
+        // future is passed as an argument to a function C which requires a `Send` type, then the
+        // chain looks something like this:
+        //
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with a generator witness (B)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with a generator (B)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `std::future::GenFuture` (B)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `impl std::future::Future` (B)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `impl std::future::Future` (B)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with a generator witness (A)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with a generator (A)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `std::future::GenFuture` (A)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `impl std::future::Future` (A)
+        // - `BuiltinDerivedObligation` with `impl std::future::Future` (A)
+        // - `BindingObligation` with `impl_send (Send requirement)
+        //
+        // The first obligation in the chain is the most useful and has the generator that captured
+        // the type. The last generator (`outer_generator` below) has information about where the
+        // bound was introduced. At least one generator should be present for this diagnostic to be
+        // modified.
+        let (mut trait_ref, mut target_ty) = match obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(p) => (Some(p), Some(p.self_ty())),
+            _ => (None, None),
+        };
+        let mut generator = None;
+        let mut outer_generator = None;
+        let mut next_code = Some(obligation.cause.code());
+
+        let mut seen_upvar_tys_infer_tuple = false;
+
+        while let Some(code) = next_code {
+            debug!(?code);
+            match code {
+                ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation { parent_code, .. } => {
+                    next_code = Some(parent_code);
+                }
+                ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(cause) => {
+                    let ty = cause.derived.parent_trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty();
+                    debug!(
+                        parent_trait_ref = ?cause.derived.parent_trait_pred,
+                        self_ty.kind = ?ty.kind(),
+                        "ImplDerived",
+                    );
+
+                    match *ty.kind() {
+                        ty::Generator(did, ..) => {
+                            generator = generator.or(Some(did));
+                            outer_generator = Some(did);
+                        }
+                        ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => {}
+                        ty::Tuple(_) if !seen_upvar_tys_infer_tuple => {
+                            // By introducing a tuple of upvar types into the chain of obligations
+                            // of a generator, the first non-generator item is now the tuple itself,
+                            // we shall ignore this.
+
+                            seen_upvar_tys_infer_tuple = true;
+                        }
+                        _ if generator.is_none() => {
+                            trait_ref = Some(cause.derived.parent_trait_pred.skip_binder());
+                            target_ty = Some(ty);
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+
+                    next_code = Some(&cause.derived.parent_code);
+                }
+                ObligationCauseCode::DerivedObligation(derived_obligation)
+                | ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(derived_obligation) => {
+                    let ty = derived_obligation.parent_trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty();
+                    debug!(
+                        parent_trait_ref = ?derived_obligation.parent_trait_pred,
+                        self_ty.kind = ?ty.kind(),
+                    );
+
+                    match *ty.kind() {
+                        ty::Generator(did, ..) => {
+                            generator = generator.or(Some(did));
+                            outer_generator = Some(did);
+                        }
+                        ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => {}
+                        ty::Tuple(_) if !seen_upvar_tys_infer_tuple => {
+                            // By introducing a tuple of upvar types into the chain of obligations
+                            // of a generator, the first non-generator item is now the tuple itself,
+                            // we shall ignore this.
+
+                            seen_upvar_tys_infer_tuple = true;
+                        }
+                        _ if generator.is_none() => {
+                            trait_ref = Some(derived_obligation.parent_trait_pred.skip_binder());
+                            target_ty = Some(ty);
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+
+                    next_code = Some(&derived_obligation.parent_code);
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Only continue if a generator was found.
+        debug!(?generator, ?trait_ref, ?target_ty);
+        let (Some(generator_did), Some(trait_ref), Some(target_ty)) = (generator, trait_ref, target_ty) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+
+        let span = self.tcx.def_span(generator_did);
+
+        let in_progress_typeck_results = self.in_progress_typeck_results.map(|t| t.borrow());
+        let generator_did_root = self.tcx.typeck_root_def_id(generator_did);
+        debug!(
+            ?generator_did,
+            ?generator_did_root,
+            in_progress_typeck_results.hir_owner = ?in_progress_typeck_results.as_ref().map(|t| t.hir_owner),
+            ?span,
+        );
+
+        let generator_body = generator_did
+            .as_local()
+            .and_then(|def_id| hir.maybe_body_owned_by(def_id))
+            .map(|body_id| hir.body(body_id));
+        let is_async = match generator_did.as_local() {
+            Some(_) => generator_body
+                .and_then(|body| body.generator_kind())
+                .map(|generator_kind| matches!(generator_kind, hir::GeneratorKind::Async(..)))
+                .unwrap_or(false),
+            None => self
+                .tcx
+                .generator_kind(generator_did)
+                .map(|generator_kind| matches!(generator_kind, hir::GeneratorKind::Async(..)))
+                .unwrap_or(false),
+        };
+        let mut visitor = AwaitsVisitor::default();
+        if let Some(body) = generator_body {
+            visitor.visit_body(body);
+        }
+        debug!(awaits = ?visitor.awaits);
+
+        // Look for a type inside the generator interior that matches the target type to get
+        // a span.
+        let target_ty_erased = self.tcx.erase_regions(target_ty);
+        let ty_matches = |ty| -> bool {
+            // Careful: the regions for types that appear in the
+            // generator interior are not generally known, so we
+            // want to erase them when comparing (and anyway,
+            // `Send` and other bounds are generally unaffected by
+            // the choice of region).  When erasing regions, we
+            // also have to erase late-bound regions. This is
+            // because the types that appear in the generator
+            // interior generally contain "bound regions" to
+            // represent regions that are part of the suspended
+            // generator frame. Bound regions are preserved by
+            // `erase_regions` and so we must also call
+            // `erase_late_bound_regions`.
+            let ty_erased = self.tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(ty);
+            let ty_erased = self.tcx.erase_regions(ty_erased);
+            let eq = ty_erased == target_ty_erased;
+            debug!(?ty_erased, ?target_ty_erased, ?eq);
+            eq
+        };
+
+        let mut interior_or_upvar_span = None;
+        let mut interior_extra_info = None;
+
+        // Get the typeck results from the infcx if the generator is the function we are currently
+        // type-checking; otherwise, get them by performing a query.  This is needed to avoid
+        // cycles. If we can't use resolved types because the generator comes from another crate,
+        // we still provide a targeted error but without all the relevant spans.
+        let generator_data: Option<GeneratorData<'tcx, '_>> = match &in_progress_typeck_results {
+            Some(t) if t.hir_owner.to_def_id() == generator_did_root => {
+                Some(GeneratorData::Local(&t))
+            }
+            _ if generator_did.is_local() => {
+                Some(GeneratorData::Local(self.tcx.typeck(generator_did.expect_local())))
+            }
+            _ => self
+                .tcx
+                .generator_diagnostic_data(generator_did)
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|generator_diag_data| GeneratorData::Foreign(generator_diag_data)),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(generator_data) = generator_data.as_ref() {
+            interior_or_upvar_span =
+                generator_data.try_get_upvar_span(&self, generator_did, ty_matches);
+
+            // The generator interior types share the same binders
+            if let Some(cause) =
+                generator_data.get_generator_interior_types().skip_binder().iter().find(
+                    |ty::GeneratorInteriorTypeCause { ty, .. }| {
+                        ty_matches(generator_data.get_generator_interior_types().rebind(*ty))
+                    },
+                )
+            {
+                let from_awaited_ty = generator_data.get_from_await_ty(visitor, hir, ty_matches);
+                let ty::GeneratorInteriorTypeCause { span, scope_span, yield_span, expr, .. } =
+                    cause;
+
+                interior_or_upvar_span = Some(GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar::Interior(*span));
+                interior_extra_info = Some((*scope_span, *yield_span, *expr, from_awaited_ty));
+            }
+
+            if interior_or_upvar_span.is_none() && generator_data.is_foreign() {
+                interior_or_upvar_span = Some(GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar::Interior(span));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(interior_or_upvar_span) = interior_or_upvar_span {
+            let typeck_results = generator_data.and_then(|generator_data| match generator_data {
+                GeneratorData::Local(typeck_results) => Some(typeck_results),
+                GeneratorData::Foreign(_) => None,
+            });
+            self.note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(
+                err,
+                interior_or_upvar_span,
+                interior_extra_info,
+                is_async,
+                outer_generator,
+                trait_ref,
+                target_ty,
+                typeck_results,
+                obligation,
+                next_code,
+            );
+            true
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Unconditionally adds the diagnostic note described in
+    /// `maybe_note_obligation_cause_for_async_await`'s documentation comment.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip_all)]
+    fn note_obligation_cause_for_async_await(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        interior_or_upvar_span: GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar,
+        interior_extra_info: Option<(Option<Span>, Span, Option<hir::HirId>, Option<Span>)>,
+        is_async: bool,
+        outer_generator: Option<DefId>,
+        trait_pred: ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        target_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        typeck_results: Option<&ty::TypeckResults<'tcx>>,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        next_code: Option<&ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>>,
+    ) {
+        let source_map = self.tcx.sess.source_map();
+
+        let (await_or_yield, an_await_or_yield) =
+            if is_async { ("await", "an await") } else { ("yield", "a yield") };
+        let future_or_generator = if is_async { "future" } else { "generator" };
+
+        // Special case the primary error message when send or sync is the trait that was
+        // not implemented.
+        let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+        let trait_explanation = if let Some(name @ (sym::Send | sym::Sync)) =
+            self.tcx.get_diagnostic_name(trait_pred.def_id())
+        {
+            let (trait_name, trait_verb) =
+                if name == sym::Send { ("`Send`", "sent") } else { ("`Sync`", "shared") };
+
+            err.clear_code();
+            err.set_primary_message(format!(
+                "{} cannot be {} between threads safely",
+                future_or_generator, trait_verb
+            ));
+
+            let original_span = err.span.primary_span().unwrap();
+            let mut span = MultiSpan::from_span(original_span);
+
+            let message = outer_generator
+                .and_then(|generator_did| {
+                    Some(match self.tcx.generator_kind(generator_did).unwrap() {
+                        GeneratorKind::Gen => format!("generator is not {}", trait_name),
+                        GeneratorKind::Async(AsyncGeneratorKind::Fn) => self
+                            .tcx
+                            .parent(generator_did)
+                            .as_local()
+                            .map(|parent_did| hir.local_def_id_to_hir_id(parent_did))
+                            .and_then(|parent_hir_id| hir.opt_name(parent_hir_id))
+                            .map(|name| {
+                                format!("future returned by `{}` is not {}", name, trait_name)
+                            })?,
+                        GeneratorKind::Async(AsyncGeneratorKind::Block) => {
+                            format!("future created by async block is not {}", trait_name)
+                        }
+                        GeneratorKind::Async(AsyncGeneratorKind::Closure) => {
+                            format!("future created by async closure is not {}", trait_name)
+                        }
+                    })
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{} is not {}", future_or_generator, trait_name));
+
+            span.push_span_label(original_span, message);
+            err.set_span(span);
+
+            format!("is not {}", trait_name)
+        } else {
+            format!("does not implement `{}`", trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path())
+        };
+
+        let mut explain_yield = |interior_span: Span,
+                                 yield_span: Span,
+                                 scope_span: Option<Span>| {
+            let mut span = MultiSpan::from_span(yield_span);
+            if let Ok(snippet) = source_map.span_to_snippet(interior_span) {
+                // #70935: If snippet contains newlines, display "the value" instead
+                // so that we do not emit complex diagnostics.
+                let snippet = &format!("`{}`", snippet);
+                let snippet = if snippet.contains('\n') { "the value" } else { snippet };
+                // note: future is not `Send` as this value is used across an await
+                //   --> $DIR/issue-70935-complex-spans.rs:13:9
+                //    |
+                // LL |            baz(|| async {
+                //    |  ______________-
+                //    | |
+                //    | |
+                // LL | |              foo(tx.clone());
+                // LL | |          }).await;
+                //    | |          - ^^^^^^ await occurs here, with value maybe used later
+                //    | |__________|
+                //    |            has type `closure` which is not `Send`
+                // note: value is later dropped here
+                // LL | |          }).await;
+                //    | |                  ^
+                //
+                span.push_span_label(
+                    yield_span,
+                    format!("{} occurs here, with {} maybe used later", await_or_yield, snippet),
+                );
+                span.push_span_label(
+                    interior_span,
+                    format!("has type `{}` which {}", target_ty, trait_explanation),
+                );
+                // If available, use the scope span to annotate the drop location.
+                let mut scope_note = None;
+                if let Some(scope_span) = scope_span {
+                    let scope_span = source_map.end_point(scope_span);
+
+                    let msg = format!("{} is later dropped here", snippet);
+                    if source_map.is_multiline(yield_span.between(scope_span)) {
+                        span.push_span_label(scope_span, msg);
+                    } else {
+                        scope_note = Some((scope_span, msg));
+                    }
+                }
+                err.span_note(
+                    span,
+                    &format!(
+                        "{} {} as this value is used across {}",
+                        future_or_generator, trait_explanation, an_await_or_yield
+                    ),
+                );
+                if let Some((span, msg)) = scope_note {
+                    err.span_note(span, &msg);
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        match interior_or_upvar_span {
+            GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar::Interior(interior_span) => {
+                if let Some((scope_span, yield_span, expr, from_awaited_ty)) = interior_extra_info {
+                    if let Some(await_span) = from_awaited_ty {
+                        // The type causing this obligation is one being awaited at await_span.
+                        let mut span = MultiSpan::from_span(await_span);
+                        span.push_span_label(
+                            await_span,
+                            format!(
+                                "await occurs here on type `{}`, which {}",
+                                target_ty, trait_explanation
+                            ),
+                        );
+                        err.span_note(
+                            span,
+                            &format!(
+                                "future {not_trait} as it awaits another future which {not_trait}",
+                                not_trait = trait_explanation
+                            ),
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        // Look at the last interior type to get a span for the `.await`.
+                        debug!(
+                            generator_interior_types = ?format_args!(
+                                "{:#?}", typeck_results.as_ref().map(|t| &t.generator_interior_types)
+                            ),
+                        );
+                        explain_yield(interior_span, yield_span, scope_span);
+                    }
+
+                    if let Some(expr_id) = expr {
+                        let expr = hir.expect_expr(expr_id);
+                        debug!("target_ty evaluated from {:?}", expr);
+
+                        let parent = hir.get_parent_node(expr_id);
+                        if let Some(hir::Node::Expr(e)) = hir.find(parent) {
+                            let parent_span = hir.span(parent);
+                            let parent_did = parent.owner.to_def_id();
+                            // ```rust
+                            // impl T {
+                            //     fn foo(&self) -> i32 {}
+                            // }
+                            // T.foo();
+                            // ^^^^^^^ a temporary `&T` created inside this method call due to `&self`
+                            // ```
+                            //
+                            let is_region_borrow = if let Some(typeck_results) = typeck_results {
+                                typeck_results
+                                    .expr_adjustments(expr)
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .any(|adj| adj.is_region_borrow())
+                            } else {
+                                false
+                            };
+
+                            // ```rust
+                            // struct Foo(*const u8);
+                            // bar(Foo(std::ptr::null())).await;
+                            //     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ raw-ptr `*T` created inside this struct ctor.
+                            // ```
+                            debug!(parent_def_kind = ?self.tcx.def_kind(parent_did));
+                            let is_raw_borrow_inside_fn_like_call =
+                                match self.tcx.def_kind(parent_did) {
+                                    DefKind::Fn | DefKind::Ctor(..) => target_ty.is_unsafe_ptr(),
+                                    _ => false,
+                                };
+                            if let Some(typeck_results) = typeck_results {
+                                if (typeck_results.is_method_call(e) && is_region_borrow)
+                                    || is_raw_borrow_inside_fn_like_call
+                                {
+                                    err.span_help(
+                                        parent_span,
+                                        "consider moving this into a `let` \
+                        binding to create a shorter lived borrow",
+                                    );
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            GeneratorInteriorOrUpvar::Upvar(upvar_span) => {
+                // `Some(ref_ty)` if `target_ty` is `&T` and `T` fails to impl `Sync`
+                let refers_to_non_sync = match target_ty.kind() {
+                    ty::Ref(_, ref_ty, _) => match self.evaluate_obligation(&obligation) {
+                        Ok(eval) if !eval.may_apply() => Some(ref_ty),
+                        _ => None,
+                    },
+                    _ => None,
+                };
+
+                let (span_label, span_note) = match refers_to_non_sync {
+                    // if `target_ty` is `&T` and `T` fails to impl `Sync`,
+                    // include suggestions to make `T: Sync` so that `&T: Send`
+                    Some(ref_ty) => (
+                        format!(
+                            "has type `{}` which {}, because `{}` is not `Sync`",
+                            target_ty, trait_explanation, ref_ty
+                        ),
+                        format!(
+                            "captured value {} because `&` references cannot be sent unless their referent is `Sync`",
+                            trait_explanation
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    None => (
+                        format!("has type `{}` which {}", target_ty, trait_explanation),
+                        format!("captured value {}", trait_explanation),
+                    ),
+                };
+
+                let mut span = MultiSpan::from_span(upvar_span);
+                span.push_span_label(upvar_span, span_label);
+                err.span_note(span, &span_note);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add a note for the item obligation that remains - normally a note pointing to the
+        // bound that introduced the obligation (e.g. `T: Send`).
+        debug!(?next_code);
+        self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+            err,
+            &obligation.predicate,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            next_code.unwrap(),
+            &mut Vec::new(),
+            &mut Default::default(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn note_obligation_cause_code<T>(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        predicate: &T,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cause_code: &ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>,
+        obligated_types: &mut Vec<Ty<'tcx>>,
+        seen_requirements: &mut FxHashSet<DefId>,
+    ) where
+        T: fmt::Display,
+    {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        match *cause_code {
+            ObligationCauseCode::ExprAssignable
+            | ObligationCauseCode::MatchExpressionArm { .. }
+            | ObligationCauseCode::Pattern { .. }
+            | ObligationCauseCode::IfExpression { .. }
+            | ObligationCauseCode::IfExpressionWithNoElse
+            | ObligationCauseCode::MainFunctionType
+            | ObligationCauseCode::StartFunctionType
+            | ObligationCauseCode::IntrinsicType
+            | ObligationCauseCode::MethodReceiver
+            | ObligationCauseCode::ReturnNoExpression
+            | ObligationCauseCode::UnifyReceiver(..)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::OpaqueType
+            | ObligationCauseCode::MiscObligation
+            | ObligationCauseCode::WellFormed(..)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::MatchImpl(..)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::ReturnType
+            | ObligationCauseCode::ReturnValue(_)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::BlockTailExpression(_)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::AwaitableExpr(_)
+            | ObligationCauseCode::ForLoopIterator
+            | ObligationCauseCode::QuestionMark
+            | ObligationCauseCode::CheckAssociatedTypeBounds { .. }
+            | ObligationCauseCode::LetElse
+            | ObligationCauseCode::BinOp { .. } => {}
+            ObligationCauseCode::SliceOrArrayElem => {
+                err.note("slice and array elements must have `Sized` type");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::TupleElem => {
+                err.note("only the last element of a tuple may have a dynamically sized type");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ProjectionWf(data) => {
+                err.note(&format!("required so that the projection `{}` is well-formed", data,));
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ref_ty) => {
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "required so that reference `{}` does not outlive its referent",
+                    ref_ty,
+                ));
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ObjectTypeBound(object_ty, region) => {
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "required so that the lifetime bound of `{}` for `{}` is satisfied",
+                    region, object_ty,
+                ));
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ItemObligation(_item_def_id) => {
+                // We hold the `DefId` of the item introducing the obligation, but displaying it
+                // doesn't add user usable information. It always point at an associated item.
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::BindingObligation(item_def_id, span) => {
+                let item_name = tcx.def_path_str(item_def_id);
+                let mut multispan = MultiSpan::from(span);
+                if let Some(ident) = tcx.opt_item_ident(item_def_id) {
+                    let sm = tcx.sess.source_map();
+                    let same_line =
+                        match (sm.lookup_line(ident.span.hi()), sm.lookup_line(span.lo())) {
+                            (Ok(l), Ok(r)) => l.line == r.line,
+                            _ => true,
+                        };
+                    if !ident.span.overlaps(span) && !same_line {
+                        multispan.push_span_label(ident.span, "required by a bound in this");
+                    }
+                }
+                let descr = format!("required by a bound in `{}`", item_name);
+                if span != DUMMY_SP {
+                    let msg = format!("required by this bound in `{}`", item_name);
+                    multispan.push_span_label(span, msg);
+                    err.span_note(multispan, &descr);
+                } else {
+                    err.span_note(tcx.def_span(item_def_id), &descr);
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ObjectCastObligation(concrete_ty, object_ty) => {
+                err.note(&format!(
+                    "required for the cast from `{}` to the object type `{}`",
+                    self.ty_to_string(concrete_ty),
+                    self.ty_to_string(object_ty)
+                ));
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::Coercion { source: _, target } => {
+                err.note(&format!("required by cast to type `{}`", self.ty_to_string(target)));
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::RepeatElementCopy { is_const_fn } => {
+                err.note(
+                    "the `Copy` trait is required because this value will be copied for each element of the array",
+                );
+
+                if is_const_fn {
+                    err.help(
+                        "consider creating a new `const` item and initializing it with the result \
+                        of the function call to be used in the repeat position, like \
+                        `const VAL: Type = const_fn();` and `let x = [VAL; 42];`",
+                    );
+                }
+
+                if self.tcx.sess.is_nightly_build() && is_const_fn {
+                    err.help(
+                        "create an inline `const` block, see RFC #2920 \
+                         <https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/2920> for more information",
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::VariableType(hir_id) => {
+                let parent_node = self.tcx.hir().get_parent_node(hir_id);
+                match self.tcx.hir().find(parent_node) {
+                    Some(Node::Local(hir::Local {
+                        init: Some(hir::Expr { kind: hir::ExprKind::Index(_, _), span, .. }),
+                        ..
+                    })) => {
+                        // When encountering an assignment of an unsized trait, like
+                        // `let x = ""[..];`, provide a suggestion to borrow the initializer in
+                        // order to use have a slice instead.
+                        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                            span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                            "consider borrowing here",
+                            "&",
+                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                        );
+                        err.note("all local variables must have a statically known size");
+                    }
+                    Some(Node::Param(param)) => {
+                        err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                            param.ty_span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                            "function arguments must have a statically known size, borrowed types \
+                            always have a known size",
+                            "&",
+                            Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                        );
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        err.note("all local variables must have a statically known size");
+                    }
+                }
+                if !self.tcx.features().unsized_locals {
+                    err.help("unsized locals are gated as an unstable feature");
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedArgumentType(sp) => {
+                if let Some(span) = sp {
+                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                        span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                        "function arguments must have a statically known size, borrowed types \
+                         always have a known size",
+                        "&",
+                        Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    err.note("all function arguments must have a statically known size");
+                }
+                if tcx.sess.opts.unstable_features.is_nightly_build()
+                    && !self.tcx.features().unsized_fn_params
+                {
+                    err.help("unsized fn params are gated as an unstable feature");
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedReturnType => {
+                err.note("the return type of a function must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedYieldType => {
+                err.note("the yield type of a generator must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::SizedBoxType => {
+                err.note("the type of a box expression must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::AssignmentLhsSized => {
+                err.note("the left-hand-side of an assignment must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::TupleInitializerSized => {
+                err.note("tuples must have a statically known size to be initialized");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::StructInitializerSized => {
+                err.note("structs must have a statically known size to be initialized");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::FieldSized { adt_kind: ref item, last, span } => {
+                match *item {
+                    AdtKind::Struct => {
+                        if last {
+                            err.note(
+                                "the last field of a packed struct may only have a \
+                                dynamically sized type if it does not need drop to be run",
+                            );
+                        } else {
+                            err.note(
+                                "only the last field of a struct may have a dynamically sized type",
+                            );
+                        }
+                    }
+                    AdtKind::Union => {
+                        err.note("no field of a union may have a dynamically sized type");
+                    }
+                    AdtKind::Enum => {
+                        err.note("no field of an enum variant may have a dynamically sized type");
+                    }
+                }
+                err.help("change the field's type to have a statically known size");
+                err.span_suggestion(
+                    span.shrink_to_lo(),
+                    "borrowed types always have a statically known size",
+                    "&",
+                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                );
+                err.multipart_suggestion(
+                    "the `Box` type always has a statically known size and allocates its contents \
+                     in the heap",
+                    vec![
+                        (span.shrink_to_lo(), "Box<".to_string()),
+                        (span.shrink_to_hi(), ">".to_string()),
+                    ],
+                    Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+                );
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ConstSized => {
+                err.note("constant expressions must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::InlineAsmSized => {
+                err.note("all inline asm arguments must have a statically known size");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ConstPatternStructural => {
+                err.note("constants used for pattern-matching must derive `PartialEq` and `Eq`");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::SharedStatic => {
+                err.note("shared static variables must have a type that implements `Sync`");
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(ref data) => {
+                let parent_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.parent_trait_pred);
+                let ty = parent_trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty();
+                if parent_trait_ref.references_error() {
+                    // NOTE(eddyb) this was `.cancel()`, but `err`
+                    // is borrowed, so we can't fully defuse it.
+                    err.downgrade_to_delayed_bug();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // If the obligation for a tuple is set directly by a Generator or Closure,
+                // then the tuple must be the one containing capture types.
+                let is_upvar_tys_infer_tuple = if !matches!(ty.kind(), ty::Tuple(..)) {
+                    false
+                } else {
+                    if let ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(data) = &*data.parent_code
+                    {
+                        let parent_trait_ref =
+                            self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.parent_trait_pred);
+                        let nested_ty = parent_trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty();
+                        matches!(nested_ty.kind(), ty::Generator(..))
+                            || matches!(nested_ty.kind(), ty::Closure(..))
+                    } else {
+                        false
+                    }
+                };
+
+                let from_generator = tcx.lang_items().from_generator_fn().unwrap();
+
+                // Don't print the tuple of capture types
+                'print: {
+                    if !is_upvar_tys_infer_tuple {
+                        let msg = format!("required because it appears within the type `{}`", ty);
+                        match ty.kind() {
+                            ty::Adt(def, _) => {
+                                // `gen_future` is used in all async functions; it doesn't add any additional info.
+                                if self.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::gen_future, def.did()) {
+                                    break 'print;
+                                }
+                                match self.tcx.opt_item_ident(def.did()) {
+                                    Some(ident) => err.span_note(ident.span, &msg),
+                                    None => err.note(&msg),
+                                }
+                            }
+                            ty::Opaque(def_id, _) => {
+                                // Avoid printing the future from `core::future::from_generator`, it's not helpful
+                                if tcx.parent(*def_id) == from_generator {
+                                    break 'print;
+                                }
+
+                                // If the previous type is `from_generator`, this is the future generated by the body of an async function.
+                                // Avoid printing it twice (it was already printed in the `ty::Generator` arm below).
+                                let is_future = tcx.ty_is_opaque_future(ty);
+                                debug!(
+                                    ?obligated_types,
+                                    ?is_future,
+                                    "note_obligation_cause_code: check for async fn"
+                                );
+                                if is_future
+                                    && obligated_types.last().map_or(false, |ty| match ty.kind() {
+                                        ty::Opaque(last_def_id, _) => {
+                                            tcx.parent(*last_def_id) == from_generator
+                                        }
+                                        _ => false,
+                                    })
+                                {
+                                    break 'print;
+                                }
+                                err.span_note(self.tcx.def_span(def_id), &msg)
+                            }
+                            ty::GeneratorWitness(bound_tys) => {
+                                use std::fmt::Write;
+
+                                // FIXME: this is kind of an unusual format for rustc, can we make it more clear?
+                                // Maybe we should just remove this note altogether?
+                                // FIXME: only print types which don't meet the trait requirement
+                                let mut msg =
+                                    "required because it captures the following types: ".to_owned();
+                                for ty in bound_tys.skip_binder() {
+                                    write!(msg, "`{}`, ", ty).unwrap();
+                                }
+                                err.note(msg.trim_end_matches(", "))
+                            }
+                            ty::Generator(def_id, _, _) => {
+                                let sp = self.tcx.def_span(def_id);
+
+                                // Special-case this to say "async block" instead of `[static generator]`.
+                                let kind = tcx.generator_kind(def_id).unwrap();
+                                err.span_note(
+                                    sp,
+                                    &format!("required because it's used within this {}", kind),
+                                )
+                            }
+                            ty::Closure(def_id, _) => err.span_note(
+                                self.tcx.def_span(def_id),
+                                &format!("required because it's used within this closure"),
+                            ),
+                            _ => err.note(&msg),
+                        };
+                    }
+                }
+
+                obligated_types.push(ty);
+
+                let parent_predicate = parent_trait_ref.to_predicate(tcx);
+                if !self.is_recursive_obligation(obligated_types, &data.parent_code) {
+                    // #74711: avoid a stack overflow
+                    ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                        self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                            err,
+                            &parent_predicate,
+                            param_env,
+                            &data.parent_code,
+                            obligated_types,
+                            seen_requirements,
+                        )
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                        self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                            err,
+                            &parent_predicate,
+                            param_env,
+                            cause_code.peel_derives(),
+                            obligated_types,
+                            seen_requirements,
+                        )
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(ref data) => {
+                let mut parent_trait_pred =
+                    self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.derived.parent_trait_pred);
+                parent_trait_pred.remap_constness_diag(param_env);
+                let parent_def_id = parent_trait_pred.def_id();
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "required because of the requirements on the impl of `{}` for `{}`",
+                    parent_trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                    parent_trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty()
+                );
+                let mut is_auto_trait = false;
+                match self.tcx.hir().get_if_local(data.impl_def_id) {
+                    Some(Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                        kind: hir::ItemKind::Trait(is_auto, ..),
+                        ident,
+                        ..
+                    })) => {
+                        // FIXME: we should do something else so that it works even on crate foreign
+                        // auto traits.
+                        is_auto_trait = matches!(is_auto, hir::IsAuto::Yes);
+                        err.span_note(ident.span, &msg)
+                    }
+                    Some(Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                        kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { of_trait, self_ty, .. }),
+                        ..
+                    })) => {
+                        let mut spans = Vec::with_capacity(2);
+                        if let Some(trait_ref) = of_trait {
+                            spans.push(trait_ref.path.span);
+                        }
+                        spans.push(self_ty.span);
+                        err.span_note(spans, &msg)
+                    }
+                    _ => err.note(&msg),
+                };
+
+                let mut parent_predicate = parent_trait_pred.to_predicate(tcx);
+                let mut data = &data.derived;
+                let mut count = 0;
+                seen_requirements.insert(parent_def_id);
+                if is_auto_trait {
+                    // We don't want to point at the ADT saying "required because it appears within
+                    // the type `X`", like we would otherwise do in test `supertrait-auto-trait.rs`.
+                    while let ObligationCauseCode::BuiltinDerivedObligation(derived) =
+                        &*data.parent_code
+                    {
+                        let child_trait_ref =
+                            self.resolve_vars_if_possible(derived.parent_trait_pred);
+                        let child_def_id = child_trait_ref.def_id();
+                        if seen_requirements.insert(child_def_id) {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        data = derived;
+                        parent_predicate = child_trait_ref.to_predicate(tcx);
+                        parent_trait_pred = child_trait_ref;
+                    }
+                }
+                while let ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(child) = &*data.parent_code {
+                    // Skip redundant recursive obligation notes. See `ui/issue-20413.rs`.
+                    let child_trait_pred =
+                        self.resolve_vars_if_possible(child.derived.parent_trait_pred);
+                    let child_def_id = child_trait_pred.def_id();
+                    if seen_requirements.insert(child_def_id) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    count += 1;
+                    data = &child.derived;
+                    parent_predicate = child_trait_pred.to_predicate(tcx);
+                    parent_trait_pred = child_trait_pred;
+                }
+                if count > 0 {
+                    err.note(&format!(
+                        "{} redundant requirement{} hidden",
+                        count,
+                        pluralize!(count)
+                    ));
+                    err.note(&format!(
+                        "required because of the requirements on the impl of `{}` for `{}`",
+                        parent_trait_pred.print_modifiers_and_trait_path(),
+                        parent_trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty()
+                    ));
+                }
+                // #74711: avoid a stack overflow
+                ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                    self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                        err,
+                        &parent_predicate,
+                        param_env,
+                        &data.parent_code,
+                        obligated_types,
+                        seen_requirements,
+                    )
+                });
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::DerivedObligation(ref data) => {
+                let parent_trait_ref = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(data.parent_trait_pred);
+                let parent_predicate = parent_trait_ref.to_predicate(tcx);
+                // #74711: avoid a stack overflow
+                ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                    self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                        err,
+                        &parent_predicate,
+                        param_env,
+                        &data.parent_code,
+                        obligated_types,
+                        seen_requirements,
+                    )
+                });
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::FunctionArgumentObligation {
+                arg_hir_id,
+                call_hir_id,
+                ref parent_code,
+            } => {
+                let hir = self.tcx.hir();
+                if let Some(Node::Expr(expr @ hir::Expr { kind: hir::ExprKind::Block(..), .. })) =
+                    hir.find(arg_hir_id)
+                {
+                    let in_progress_typeck_results =
+                        self.in_progress_typeck_results.map(|t| t.borrow());
+                    let parent_id = hir.get_parent_item(arg_hir_id);
+                    let typeck_results: &TypeckResults<'tcx> = match &in_progress_typeck_results {
+                        Some(t) if t.hir_owner == parent_id => t,
+                        _ => self.tcx.typeck(parent_id),
+                    };
+                    let ty = typeck_results.expr_ty_adjusted(expr);
+                    let span = expr.peel_blocks().span;
+                    if Some(span) != err.span.primary_span() {
+                        err.span_label(
+                            span,
+                            &if ty.references_error() {
+                                String::new()
+                            } else {
+                                format!("this tail expression is of type `{:?}`", ty)
+                            },
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Some(Node::Expr(hir::Expr {
+                    kind:
+                        hir::ExprKind::Call(hir::Expr { span, .. }, _)
+                        | hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(
+                            hir::PathSegment { ident: Ident { span, .. }, .. },
+                            ..,
+                        ),
+                    ..
+                })) = hir.find(call_hir_id)
+                {
+                    if Some(*span) != err.span.primary_span() {
+                        err.span_label(*span, "required by a bound introduced by this call");
+                    }
+                }
+                ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                    self.note_obligation_cause_code(
+                        err,
+                        predicate,
+                        param_env,
+                        &parent_code,
+                        obligated_types,
+                        seen_requirements,
+                    )
+                });
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::CompareImplItemObligation { trait_item_def_id, kind, .. } => {
+                let item_name = self.tcx.item_name(trait_item_def_id);
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "the requirement `{}` appears on the `impl`'s {kind} `{}` but not on the \
+                     corresponding trait's {kind}",
+                    predicate, item_name,
+                );
+                let sp = self
+                    .tcx
+                    .opt_item_ident(trait_item_def_id)
+                    .map(|i| i.span)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| self.tcx.def_span(trait_item_def_id));
+                let mut assoc_span: MultiSpan = sp.into();
+                assoc_span.push_span_label(
+                    sp,
+                    format!("this trait's {kind} doesn't have the requirement `{}`", predicate),
+                );
+                if let Some(ident) = self
+                    .tcx
+                    .opt_associated_item(trait_item_def_id)
+                    .and_then(|i| self.tcx.opt_item_ident(i.container_id(self.tcx)))
+                {
+                    assoc_span.push_span_label(ident.span, "in this trait");
+                }
+                err.span_note(assoc_span, &msg);
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::TrivialBound => {
+                err.help("see issue #48214");
+                if tcx.sess.opts.unstable_features.is_nightly_build() {
+                    err.help("add `#![feature(trivial_bounds)]` to the crate attributes to enable");
+                }
+            }
+            ObligationCauseCode::OpaqueReturnType(expr_info) => {
+                if let Some((expr_ty, expr_span)) = expr_info {
+                    let expr_ty = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(expr_ty);
+                    err.span_label(
+                        expr_span,
+                        format!("return type was inferred to be `{expr_ty}` here"),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_new_overflow_limit(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic) {
+        let suggested_limit = match self.tcx.recursion_limit() {
+            Limit(0) => Limit(2),
+            limit => limit * 2,
+        };
+        err.help(&format!(
+            "consider increasing the recursion limit by adding a \
+             `#![recursion_limit = \"{}\"]` attribute to your crate (`{}`)",
+            suggested_limit,
+            self.tcx.crate_name(LOCAL_CRATE),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(
+        level = "debug", skip(self, err), fields(trait_pred.self_ty = ?trait_pred.self_ty())
+    )]
+    fn suggest_await_before_try(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        span: Span,
+    ) {
+        let body_hir_id = obligation.cause.body_id;
+        let item_id = self.tcx.hir().get_parent_node(body_hir_id);
+
+        if let Some(body_id) =
+            self.tcx.hir().maybe_body_owned_by(self.tcx.hir().local_def_id(item_id))
+        {
+            let body = self.tcx.hir().body(body_id);
+            if let Some(hir::GeneratorKind::Async(_)) = body.generator_kind {
+                let future_trait = self.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Future, None);
+
+                let self_ty = self.resolve_vars_if_possible(trait_pred.self_ty());
+                let impls_future = self.type_implements_trait(
+                    future_trait,
+                    self.tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(self_ty),
+                    ty::List::empty(),
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                );
+                if !impls_future.must_apply_modulo_regions() {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                let item_def_id = self.tcx.associated_item_def_ids(future_trait)[0];
+                // `<T as Future>::Output`
+                let projection_ty = trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| {
+                    self.tcx.mk_projection(
+                        item_def_id,
+                        // Future::Output has no substs
+                        self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(trait_pred.self_ty(), &[]),
+                    )
+                });
+                let projection_ty = normalize_to(
+                    &mut SelectionContext::new(self),
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    projection_ty,
+                    &mut vec![],
+                );
+
+                debug!(
+                    normalized_projection_type = ?self.resolve_vars_if_possible(projection_ty)
+                );
+                let try_obligation = self.mk_trait_obligation_with_new_self_ty(
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    trait_pred.map_bound(|trait_pred| (trait_pred, projection_ty.skip_binder())),
+                );
+                debug!(try_trait_obligation = ?try_obligation);
+                if self.predicate_may_hold(&try_obligation)
+                    && let Ok(snippet) = self.tcx.sess.source_map().span_to_snippet(span)
+                    && snippet.ends_with('?')
+                {
+                    err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                        span.with_hi(span.hi() - BytePos(1)).shrink_to_hi(),
+                        "consider `await`ing on the `Future`",
+                        ".await",
+                        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_floating_point_literal(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_ref: &ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let rhs_span = match obligation.cause.code() {
+            ObligationCauseCode::BinOp { rhs_span: Some(span), is_lit, .. } if *is_lit => span,
+            _ => return,
+        };
+        match (
+            trait_ref.skip_binder().self_ty().kind(),
+            trait_ref.skip_binder().substs.type_at(1).kind(),
+        ) {
+            (ty::Float(_), ty::Infer(InferTy::IntVar(_))) => {
+                err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                    rhs_span.shrink_to_hi(),
+                    "consider using a floating-point literal by writing it with `.0`",
+                    ".0",
+                    Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+                );
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_derive(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let Some(diagnostic_name) = self.tcx.get_diagnostic_name(trait_pred.def_id()) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let (adt, substs) = match trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty().kind() {
+            ty::Adt(adt, substs) if adt.did().is_local() => (adt, substs),
+            _ => return,
+        };
+        let can_derive = {
+            let is_derivable_trait = match diagnostic_name {
+                sym::Default => !adt.is_enum(),
+                sym::PartialEq | sym::PartialOrd => {
+                    let rhs_ty = trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.type_at(1);
+                    trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty() == rhs_ty
+                }
+                sym::Eq | sym::Ord | sym::Clone | sym::Copy | sym::Hash | sym::Debug => true,
+                _ => false,
+            };
+            is_derivable_trait &&
+                // Ensure all fields impl the trait.
+                adt.all_fields().all(|field| {
+                    let field_ty = field.ty(self.tcx, substs);
+                    let trait_substs = match diagnostic_name {
+                        sym::PartialEq | sym::PartialOrd => {
+                            self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(field_ty, &[field_ty.into()])
+                        }
+                        _ => self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(field_ty, &[]),
+                    };
+                    let trait_pred = trait_pred.map_bound_ref(|tr| ty::TraitPredicate {
+                        trait_ref: ty::TraitRef {
+                            substs: trait_substs,
+                            ..trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref
+                        },
+                        ..*tr
+                    });
+                    let field_obl = Obligation::new(
+                        obligation.cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        trait_pred.to_predicate(self.tcx),
+                    );
+                    self.predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&field_obl)
+                })
+        };
+        if can_derive {
+            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                self.tcx.def_span(adt.did()).shrink_to_lo(),
+                &format!(
+                    "consider annotating `{}` with `#[derive({})]`",
+                    trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty(),
+                    diagnostic_name,
+                ),
+                format!("#[derive({})]\n", diagnostic_name),
+                Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn suggest_dereferencing_index(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        if let ObligationCauseCode::ImplDerivedObligation(_) = obligation.cause.code()
+            && self.tcx.is_diagnostic_item(sym::SliceIndex, trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.def_id)
+            && let ty::Slice(_) = trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.type_at(1).kind()
+            && let ty::Ref(_, inner_ty, _) = trait_pred.skip_binder().self_ty().kind()
+            && let ty::Uint(ty::UintTy::Usize) = inner_ty.kind()
+        {
+            err.span_suggestion_verbose(
+                obligation.cause.span.shrink_to_lo(),
+            "dereference this index",
+            '*',
+                Applicability::MachineApplicable,
+            );
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collect all the returned expressions within the input expression.
+/// Used to point at the return spans when we want to suggest some change to them.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct ReturnsVisitor<'v> {
+    pub returns: Vec<&'v hir::Expr<'v>>,
+    in_block_tail: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'v> Visitor<'v> for ReturnsVisitor<'v> {
+    fn visit_expr(&mut self, ex: &'v hir::Expr<'v>) {
+        // Visit every expression to detect `return` paths, either through the function's tail
+        // expression or `return` statements. We walk all nodes to find `return` statements, but
+        // we only care about tail expressions when `in_block_tail` is `true`, which means that
+        // they're in the return path of the function body.
+        match ex.kind {
+            hir::ExprKind::Ret(Some(ex)) => {
+                self.returns.push(ex);
+            }
+            hir::ExprKind::Block(block, _) if self.in_block_tail => {
+                self.in_block_tail = false;
+                for stmt in block.stmts {
+                    hir::intravisit::walk_stmt(self, stmt);
+                }
+                self.in_block_tail = true;
+                if let Some(expr) = block.expr {
+                    self.visit_expr(expr);
+                }
+            }
+            hir::ExprKind::If(_, then, else_opt) if self.in_block_tail => {
+                self.visit_expr(then);
+                if let Some(el) = else_opt {
+                    self.visit_expr(el);
+                }
+            }
+            hir::ExprKind::Match(_, arms, _) if self.in_block_tail => {
+                for arm in arms {
+                    self.visit_expr(arm.body);
+                }
+            }
+            // We need to walk to find `return`s in the entire body.
+            _ if !self.in_block_tail => hir::intravisit::walk_expr(self, ex),
+            _ => self.returns.push(ex),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn visit_body(&mut self, body: &'v hir::Body<'v>) {
+        assert!(!self.in_block_tail);
+        if body.generator_kind().is_none() {
+            if let hir::ExprKind::Block(block, None) = body.value.kind {
+                if block.expr.is_some() {
+                    self.in_block_tail = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        hir::intravisit::walk_body(self, body);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collect all the awaited expressions within the input expression.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct AwaitsVisitor {
+    awaits: Vec<hir::HirId>,
+}
+
+impl<'v> Visitor<'v> for AwaitsVisitor {
+    fn visit_expr(&mut self, ex: &'v hir::Expr<'v>) {
+        if let hir::ExprKind::Yield(_, hir::YieldSource::Await { expr: Some(id) }) = ex.kind {
+            self.awaits.push(id)
+        }
+        hir::intravisit::walk_expr(self, ex)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait NextTypeParamName {
+    fn next_type_param_name(&self, name: Option<&str>) -> String;
+}
+
+impl NextTypeParamName for &[hir::GenericParam<'_>] {
+    fn next_type_param_name(&self, name: Option<&str>) -> String {
+        // This is the list of possible parameter names that we might suggest.
+        let name = name.and_then(|n| n.chars().next()).map(|c| c.to_string().to_uppercase());
+        let name = name.as_deref();
+        let possible_names = [name.unwrap_or("T"), "T", "U", "V", "X", "Y", "Z", "A", "B", "C"];
+        let used_names = self
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|p| match p.name {
+                hir::ParamName::Plain(ident) => Some(ident.name),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        possible_names
+            .iter()
+            .find(|n| !used_names.contains(&Symbol::intern(n)))
+            .unwrap_or(&"ParamName")
+            .to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+fn suggest_trait_object_return_type_alternatives(
+    err: &mut Diagnostic,
+    ret_ty: Span,
+    trait_obj: &str,
+    is_object_safe: bool,
+) {
+    err.span_suggestion(
+        ret_ty,
+        "use some type `T` that is `T: Sized` as the return type if all return paths have the \
+            same type",
+        "T",
+        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+    );
+    err.span_suggestion(
+        ret_ty,
+        &format!(
+            "use `impl {}` as the return type if all return paths have the same type but you \
+                want to expose only the trait in the signature",
+            trait_obj,
+        ),
+        format!("impl {}", trait_obj),
+        Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+    );
+    if is_object_safe {
+        err.multipart_suggestion(
+            &format!(
+                "use a boxed trait object if all return paths implement trait `{}`",
+                trait_obj,
+            ),
+            vec![
+                (ret_ty.shrink_to_lo(), "Box<".to_string()),
+                (ret_ty.shrink_to_hi(), ">".to_string()),
+            ],
+            Applicability::MaybeIncorrect,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collect the spans that we see the generic param `param_did`
+struct ReplaceImplTraitVisitor<'a> {
+    ty_spans: &'a mut Vec<Span>,
+    param_did: DefId,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'hir> hir::intravisit::Visitor<'hir> for ReplaceImplTraitVisitor<'a> {
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: &'hir hir::Ty<'hir>) {
+        if let hir::TyKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(
+            None,
+            hir::Path { res: hir::def::Res::Def(_, segment_did), .. },
+        )) = t.kind
+        {
+            if self.param_did == *segment_did {
+                // `fn foo(t: impl Trait)`
+                //            ^^^^^^^^^^ get this to suggest `T` instead
+
+                // There might be more than one `impl Trait`.
+                self.ty_spans.push(t.span);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        hir::intravisit::walk_ty(self, t);
+    }
+}
+
+// Replace `param` with `replace_ty`
+struct ReplaceImplTraitFolder<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    param: &'tcx ty::GenericParamDef,
+    replace_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for ReplaceImplTraitFolder<'tcx> {
+    fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        if let ty::Param(ty::ParamTy { index, .. }) = t.kind() {
+            if self.param.index == *index {
+                return self.replace_ty;
+            }
+        }
+        t.super_fold_with(self)
+    }
+
+    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.tcx
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/fulfill.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/fulfill.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..556ef466c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/fulfill.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,757 @@
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, TyOrConstInferVar};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_data_structures::obligation_forest::ProcessResult;
+use rustc_data_structures::obligation_forest::{Error, ForestObligation, Outcome};
+use rustc_data_structures::obligation_forest::{ObligationForest, ObligationProcessor};
+use rustc_infer::traits::ProjectionCacheKey;
+use rustc_infer::traits::{SelectionError, TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt as _, TraitObligation};
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::ErrorHandled;
+use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::NotConstEvaluatable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::error::{ExpectedFound, TypeError};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::SubstsRef;
+use rustc_middle::ty::ToPredicate;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Binder, Const, Ty, TypeVisitable};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+use super::const_evaluatable;
+use super::project::{self, ProjectAndUnifyResult};
+use super::select::SelectionContext;
+use super::wf;
+use super::CodeAmbiguity;
+use super::CodeProjectionError;
+use super::CodeSelectionError;
+use super::EvaluationResult;
+use super::Unimplemented;
+use super::{FulfillmentError, FulfillmentErrorCode};
+use super::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
+
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::project::PolyProjectionObligation;
+use crate::traits::project::ProjectionCacheKeyExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+
+impl<'tcx> ForestObligation for PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+    /// Note that we include both the `ParamEnv` and the `Predicate`,
+    /// as the `ParamEnv` can influence whether fulfillment succeeds
+    /// or fails.
+    type CacheKey = ty::ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, ty::Predicate<'tcx>>;
+
+    fn as_cache_key(&self) -> Self::CacheKey {
+        self.obligation.param_env.and(self.obligation.predicate)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The fulfillment context is used to drive trait resolution. It
+/// consists of a list of obligations that must be (eventually)
+/// satisfied. The job is to track which are satisfied, which yielded
+/// errors, and which are still pending. At any point, users can call
+/// `select_where_possible`, and the fulfillment context will try to do
+/// selection, retaining only those obligations that remain
+/// ambiguous. This may be helpful in pushing type inference
+/// along. Once all type inference constraints have been generated, the
+/// method `select_all_or_error` can be used to report any remaining
+/// ambiguous cases as errors.
+pub struct FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+    // A list of all obligations that have been registered with this
+    // fulfillment context.
+    predicates: ObligationForest<PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+
+    relationships: FxHashMap<ty::TyVid, ty::FoundRelationships>,
+
+    // Is it OK to register obligations into this infcx inside
+    // an infcx snapshot?
+    //
+    // The "primary fulfillment" in many cases in typeck lives
+    // outside of any snapshot, so any use of it inside a snapshot
+    // will lead to trouble and therefore is checked against, but
+    // other fulfillment contexts sometimes do live inside of
+    // a snapshot (they don't *straddle* a snapshot, so there
+    // is no trouble there).
+    usable_in_snapshot: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+    pub obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    // This is far more often read than modified, meaning that we
+    // should mostly optimize for reading speed, while modifying is not as relevant.
+    //
+    // For whatever reason using a boxed slice is slower than using a `Vec` here.
+    pub stalled_on: Vec<TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+// `PendingPredicateObligation` is used a lot. Make sure it doesn't unintentionally get bigger.
+#[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", target_pointer_width = "64"))]
+static_assert_size!(PendingPredicateObligation<'_>, 72);
+
+impl<'a, 'tcx> FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+    /// Creates a new fulfillment context.
+    pub fn new() -> FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+        FulfillmentContext {
+            predicates: ObligationForest::new(),
+            relationships: FxHashMap::default(),
+            usable_in_snapshot: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_in_snapshot() -> FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+        FulfillmentContext {
+            predicates: ObligationForest::new(),
+            relationships: FxHashMap::default(),
+            usable_in_snapshot: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attempts to select obligations using `selcx`.
+    fn select(&mut self, selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'a, 'tcx>) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        let span = debug_span!("select", obligation_forest_size = ?self.predicates.len());
+        let _enter = span.enter();
+
+        // Process pending obligations.
+        let outcome: Outcome<_, _> =
+            self.predicates.process_obligations(&mut FulfillProcessor { selcx });
+
+        // FIXME: if we kept the original cache key, we could mark projection
+        // obligations as complete for the projection cache here.
+
+        let errors: Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> =
+            outcome.errors.into_iter().map(to_fulfillment_error).collect();
+
+        debug!(
+            "select({} predicates remaining, {} errors) done",
+            self.predicates.len(),
+            errors.len()
+        );
+
+        errors
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TraitEngine<'tcx> for FulfillmentContext<'tcx> {
+    /// "Normalize" a projection type `<SomeType as SomeTrait>::X` by
+    /// creating a fresh type variable `$0` as well as a projection
+    /// predicate `<SomeType as SomeTrait>::X == $0`. When the
+    /// inference engine runs, it will attempt to find an impl of
+    /// `SomeTrait` or a where-clause that lets us unify `$0` with
+    /// something concrete. If this fails, we'll unify `$0` with
+    /// `projection_ty` again.
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, infcx, param_env, cause))]
+    fn normalize_projection_type(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        debug_assert!(!projection_ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+
+        // FIXME(#20304) -- cache
+
+        let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(infcx);
+        let mut obligations = vec![];
+        let normalized_ty = project::normalize_projection_type(
+            &mut selcx,
+            param_env,
+            projection_ty,
+            cause,
+            0,
+            &mut obligations,
+        );
+        self.register_predicate_obligations(infcx, obligations);
+
+        debug!(?normalized_ty);
+
+        normalized_ty.ty().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn register_predicate_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // this helps to reduce duplicate errors, as well as making
+        // debug output much nicer to read and so on.
+        let obligation = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation);
+
+        debug!(?obligation, "register_predicate_obligation");
+
+        assert!(!infcx.is_in_snapshot() || self.usable_in_snapshot);
+
+        super::relationships::update(self, infcx, &obligation);
+
+        self.predicates
+            .register_obligation(PendingPredicateObligation { obligation, stalled_on: vec![] });
+    }
+
+    fn select_all_or_error(&mut self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        {
+            let errors = self.select_where_possible(infcx);
+            if !errors.is_empty() {
+                return errors;
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.predicates.to_errors(CodeAmbiguity).into_iter().map(to_fulfillment_error).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn select_where_possible(
+        &mut self,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>> {
+        let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(infcx);
+        self.select(&mut selcx)
+    }
+
+    fn pending_obligations(&self) -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        self.predicates.map_pending_obligations(|o| o.obligation.clone())
+    }
+
+    fn relationships(&mut self) -> &mut FxHashMap<ty::TyVid, ty::FoundRelationships> {
+        &mut self.relationships
+    }
+}
+
+struct FulfillProcessor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+}
+
+fn mk_pending(os: Vec<PredicateObligation<'_>>) -> Vec<PendingPredicateObligation<'_>> {
+    os.into_iter()
+        .map(|o| PendingPredicateObligation { obligation: o, stalled_on: vec![] })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> ObligationProcessor for FulfillProcessor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    type Obligation = PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>;
+    type Error = FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx>;
+
+    /// Identifies whether a predicate obligation needs processing.
+    ///
+    /// This is always inlined, despite its size, because it has a single
+    /// callsite and it is called *very* frequently.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn needs_process_obligation(&self, pending_obligation: &Self::Obligation) -> bool {
+        // If we were stalled on some unresolved variables, first check whether
+        // any of them have been resolved; if not, don't bother doing more work
+        // yet.
+        match pending_obligation.stalled_on.len() {
+            // Match arms are in order of frequency, which matters because this
+            // code is so hot. 1 and 0 dominate; 2+ is fairly rare.
+            1 => {
+                let infer_var = pending_obligation.stalled_on[0];
+                self.selcx.infcx().ty_or_const_infer_var_changed(infer_var)
+            }
+            0 => {
+                // In this case we haven't changed, but wish to make a change.
+                true
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // This `for` loop was once a call to `all()`, but this lower-level
+                // form was a perf win. See #64545 for details.
+                (|| {
+                    for &infer_var in &pending_obligation.stalled_on {
+                        if self.selcx.infcx().ty_or_const_infer_var_changed(infer_var) {
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    false
+                })()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Processes a predicate obligation and returns either:
+    /// - `Changed(v)` if the predicate is true, presuming that `v` are also true
+    /// - `Unchanged` if we don't have enough info to be sure
+    /// - `Error(e)` if the predicate does not hold
+    ///
+    /// This is called much less often than `needs_process_obligation`, so we
+    /// never inline it.
+    #[inline(never)]
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, pending_obligation))]
+    fn process_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        pending_obligation: &mut PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> ProcessResult<PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>, FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx>> {
+        pending_obligation.stalled_on.truncate(0);
+
+        let obligation = &mut pending_obligation.obligation;
+
+        debug!(?obligation, "pre-resolve");
+
+        if obligation.predicate.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+            obligation.predicate =
+                self.selcx.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+        }
+
+        let obligation = &pending_obligation.obligation;
+
+        let infcx = self.selcx.infcx();
+
+        if obligation.predicate.has_projections() {
+            let mut obligations = Vec::new();
+            let predicate = crate::traits::project::try_normalize_with_depth_to(
+                self.selcx,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                obligation.predicate,
+                &mut obligations,
+            );
+            if predicate != obligation.predicate {
+                obligations.push(obligation.with(predicate));
+                return ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(obligations));
+            }
+        }
+        let binder = obligation.predicate.kind();
+        match binder.no_bound_vars() {
+            None => match binder.skip_binder() {
+                // Evaluation will discard candidates using the leak check.
+                // This means we need to pass it the bound version of our
+                // predicate.
+                ty::PredicateKind::Trait(trait_ref) => {
+                    let trait_obligation = obligation.with(binder.rebind(trait_ref));
+
+                    self.process_trait_obligation(
+                        obligation,
+                        trait_obligation,
+                        &mut pending_obligation.stalled_on,
+                    )
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(data) => {
+                    let project_obligation = obligation.with(binder.rebind(data));
+
+                    self.process_projection_obligation(
+                        obligation,
+                        project_obligation,
+                        &mut pending_obligation.stalled_on,
+                    )
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(_)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(..) => {
+                    let pred =
+                        ty::Binder::dummy(infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(binder));
+                    ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(vec![
+                        obligation.with(pred.to_predicate(self.selcx.tcx())),
+                    ]))
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => {
+                    bug!("TypeWellFormedFromEnv is only used for Chalk")
+                }
+            },
+            Some(pred) => match pred {
+                ty::PredicateKind::Trait(data) => {
+                    let trait_obligation = obligation.with(Binder::dummy(data));
+
+                    self.process_trait_obligation(
+                        obligation,
+                        trait_obligation,
+                        &mut pending_obligation.stalled_on,
+                    )
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(data) => {
+                    if infcx.considering_regions || data.has_placeholders() {
+                        infcx.region_outlives_predicate(&obligation.cause, Binder::dummy(data));
+                    }
+
+                    ProcessResult::Changed(vec![])
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(t_a, r_b)) => {
+                    if infcx.considering_regions {
+                        infcx.register_region_obligation_with_cause(t_a, r_b, &obligation.cause);
+                    }
+                    ProcessResult::Changed(vec![])
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(ref data) => {
+                    let project_obligation = obligation.with(Binder::dummy(*data));
+
+                    self.process_projection_obligation(
+                        obligation,
+                        project_obligation,
+                        &mut pending_obligation.stalled_on,
+                    )
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(trait_def_id) => {
+                    if !self.selcx.tcx().is_object_safe(trait_def_id) {
+                        ProcessResult::Error(CodeSelectionError(Unimplemented))
+                    } else {
+                        ProcessResult::Changed(vec![])
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(_, closure_substs, kind) => {
+                    match self.selcx.infcx().closure_kind(closure_substs) {
+                        Some(closure_kind) => {
+                            if closure_kind.extends(kind) {
+                                ProcessResult::Changed(vec![])
+                            } else {
+                                ProcessResult::Error(CodeSelectionError(Unimplemented))
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => ProcessResult::Unchanged,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg) => {
+                    match wf::obligations(
+                        self.selcx.infcx(),
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        obligation.cause.body_id,
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        arg,
+                        obligation.cause.span,
+                    ) {
+                        None => {
+                            pending_obligation.stalled_on =
+                                vec![TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_generic_arg(arg).unwrap()];
+                            ProcessResult::Unchanged
+                        }
+                        Some(os) => ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(os)),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(subtype) => {
+                    match self.selcx.infcx().subtype_predicate(
+                        &obligation.cause,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        Binder::dummy(subtype),
+                    ) {
+                        None => {
+                            // None means that both are unresolved.
+                            pending_obligation.stalled_on = vec![
+                                TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_ty(subtype.a).unwrap(),
+                                TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_ty(subtype.b).unwrap(),
+                            ];
+                            ProcessResult::Unchanged
+                        }
+                        Some(Ok(ok)) => ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(ok.obligations)),
+                        Some(Err(err)) => {
+                            let expected_found =
+                                ExpectedFound::new(subtype.a_is_expected, subtype.a, subtype.b);
+                            ProcessResult::Error(FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSubtypeError(
+                                expected_found,
+                                err,
+                            ))
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(coerce) => {
+                    match self.selcx.infcx().coerce_predicate(
+                        &obligation.cause,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        Binder::dummy(coerce),
+                    ) {
+                        None => {
+                            // None means that both are unresolved.
+                            pending_obligation.stalled_on = vec![
+                                TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_ty(coerce.a).unwrap(),
+                                TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_ty(coerce.b).unwrap(),
+                            ];
+                            ProcessResult::Unchanged
+                        }
+                        Some(Ok(ok)) => ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(ok.obligations)),
+                        Some(Err(err)) => {
+                            let expected_found = ExpectedFound::new(false, coerce.a, coerce.b);
+                            ProcessResult::Error(FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeSubtypeError(
+                                expected_found,
+                                err,
+                            ))
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv) => {
+                    match const_evaluatable::is_const_evaluatable(
+                        self.selcx.infcx(),
+                        uv,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        obligation.cause.span,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(()) => ProcessResult::Changed(vec![]),
+                        Err(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsInfer) => {
+                            pending_obligation.stalled_on.clear();
+                            pending_obligation.stalled_on.extend(
+                                uv.substs
+                                    .iter()
+                                    .filter_map(TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_generic_arg),
+                            );
+                            ProcessResult::Unchanged
+                        }
+                        Err(
+                            e @ NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsParam
+                            | e @ NotConstEvaluatable::Error(_),
+                        ) => ProcessResult::Error(CodeSelectionError(
+                            SelectionError::NotConstEvaluatable(e),
+                        )),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(c1, c2) => {
+                    debug!(?c1, ?c2, "equating consts");
+                    let tcx = self.selcx.tcx();
+                    if tcx.features().generic_const_exprs {
+                        // FIXME: we probably should only try to unify abstract constants
+                        // if the constants depend on generic parameters.
+                        //
+                        // Let's just see where this breaks :shrug:
+                        if let (ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(a), ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(b)) =
+                            (c1.kind(), c2.kind())
+                        {
+                            if infcx.try_unify_abstract_consts(
+                                a.shrink(),
+                                b.shrink(),
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                            ) {
+                                return ProcessResult::Changed(vec![]);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let stalled_on = &mut pending_obligation.stalled_on;
+
+                    let mut evaluate = |c: Const<'tcx>| {
+                        if let ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(unevaluated) = c.kind() {
+                            match self.selcx.infcx().try_const_eval_resolve(
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                                unevaluated,
+                                c.ty(),
+                                Some(obligation.cause.span),
+                            ) {
+                                Ok(val) => Ok(val),
+                                Err(e) => match e {
+                                    ErrorHandled::TooGeneric => {
+                                        stalled_on.extend(
+                                            unevaluated.substs.iter().filter_map(
+                                                TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_generic_arg,
+                                            ),
+                                        );
+                                        Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric)
+                                    }
+                                    _ => Err(e),
+                                },
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Ok(c)
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    match (evaluate(c1), evaluate(c2)) {
+                        (Ok(c1), Ok(c2)) => {
+                            match self
+                                .selcx
+                                .infcx()
+                                .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                                .eq(c1, c2)
+                            {
+                                Ok(_) => ProcessResult::Changed(vec![]),
+                                Err(err) => ProcessResult::Error(
+                                    FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeConstEquateError(
+                                        ExpectedFound::new(true, c1, c2),
+                                        err,
+                                    ),
+                                ),
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(reported)), _)
+                        | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(reported))) => ProcessResult::Error(
+                            CodeSelectionError(SelectionError::NotConstEvaluatable(
+                                NotConstEvaluatable::Error(reported),
+                            )),
+                        ),
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::Linted), _) | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::Linted)) => {
+                            span_bug!(
+                                obligation.cause.span(),
+                                "ConstEquate: const_eval_resolve returned an unexpected error"
+                            )
+                        }
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric), _) | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric)) => {
+                            if c1.has_infer_types_or_consts() || c2.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+                                ProcessResult::Unchanged
+                            } else {
+                                // Two different constants using generic parameters ~> error.
+                                let expected_found = ExpectedFound::new(true, c1, c2);
+                                ProcessResult::Error(FulfillmentErrorCode::CodeConstEquateError(
+                                    expected_found,
+                                    TypeError::ConstMismatch(expected_found),
+                                ))
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => {
+                    bug!("TypeWellFormedFromEnv is only used for Chalk")
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_backedge<'c, I>(
+        &mut self,
+        cycle: I,
+        _marker: PhantomData<&'c PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    ) where
+        I: Clone + Iterator<Item = &'c PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    {
+        if self.selcx.coinductive_match(cycle.clone().map(|s| s.obligation.predicate)) {
+            debug!("process_child_obligations: coinductive match");
+        } else {
+            let cycle: Vec<_> = cycle.map(|c| c.obligation.clone()).collect();
+            self.selcx.infcx().report_overflow_error_cycle(&cycle);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> FulfillProcessor<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, obligation, stalled_on))]
+    fn process_trait_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_obligation: TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        stalled_on: &mut Vec<TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> ProcessResult<PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>, FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx>> {
+        let infcx = self.selcx.infcx();
+        if obligation.predicate.is_global() {
+            // no type variables present, can use evaluation for better caching.
+            // FIXME: consider caching errors too.
+            if infcx.predicate_must_hold_considering_regions(obligation) {
+                debug!(
+                    "selecting trait at depth {} evaluated to holds",
+                    obligation.recursion_depth
+                );
+                return ProcessResult::Changed(vec![]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        match self.selcx.select(&trait_obligation) {
+            Ok(Some(impl_source)) => {
+                debug!("selecting trait at depth {} yielded Ok(Some)", obligation.recursion_depth);
+                ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(impl_source.nested_obligations()))
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                debug!("selecting trait at depth {} yielded Ok(None)", obligation.recursion_depth);
+
+                // This is a bit subtle: for the most part, the
+                // only reason we can fail to make progress on
+                // trait selection is because we don't have enough
+                // information about the types in the trait.
+                stalled_on.clear();
+                stalled_on.extend(substs_infer_vars(
+                    self.selcx,
+                    trait_obligation.predicate.map_bound(|pred| pred.trait_ref.substs),
+                ));
+
+                debug!(
+                    "process_predicate: pending obligation {:?} now stalled on {:?}",
+                    infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.clone()),
+                    stalled_on
+                );
+
+                ProcessResult::Unchanged
+            }
+            Err(selection_err) => {
+                debug!("selecting trait at depth {} yielded Err", obligation.recursion_depth);
+
+                ProcessResult::Error(CodeSelectionError(selection_err))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn process_projection_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+        project_obligation: PolyProjectionObligation<'tcx>,
+        stalled_on: &mut Vec<TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> ProcessResult<PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>, FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.selcx.tcx();
+
+        if obligation.predicate.is_global() {
+            // no type variables present, can use evaluation for better caching.
+            // FIXME: consider caching errors too.
+            if self.selcx.infcx().predicate_must_hold_considering_regions(obligation) {
+                if let Some(key) = ProjectionCacheKey::from_poly_projection_predicate(
+                    &mut self.selcx,
+                    project_obligation.predicate,
+                ) {
+                    // If `predicate_must_hold_considering_regions` succeeds, then we've
+                    // evaluated all sub-obligations. We can therefore mark the 'root'
+                    // obligation as complete, and skip evaluating sub-obligations.
+                    self.selcx
+                        .infcx()
+                        .inner
+                        .borrow_mut()
+                        .projection_cache()
+                        .complete(key, EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToOk);
+                }
+                return ProcessResult::Changed(vec![]);
+            } else {
+                debug!("Does NOT hold: {:?}", obligation);
+            }
+        }
+
+        match project::poly_project_and_unify_type(self.selcx, &project_obligation) {
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(os) => ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(os)),
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::FailedNormalization => {
+                stalled_on.clear();
+                stalled_on.extend(substs_infer_vars(
+                    self.selcx,
+                    project_obligation.predicate.map_bound(|pred| pred.projection_ty.substs),
+                ));
+                ProcessResult::Unchanged
+            }
+            // Let the caller handle the recursion
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::Recursive => ProcessResult::Changed(mk_pending(vec![
+                project_obligation.with(project_obligation.predicate.to_predicate(tcx)),
+            ])),
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(e) => {
+                ProcessResult::Error(CodeProjectionError(e))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the set of inference variables contained in `substs`.
+fn substs_infer_vars<'a, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'a, 'tcx>,
+    substs: ty::Binder<'tcx, SubstsRef<'tcx>>,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = TyOrConstInferVar<'tcx>> {
+    selcx
+        .infcx()
+        .resolve_vars_if_possible(substs)
+        .skip_binder() // ok because this check doesn't care about regions
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|arg| arg.has_infer_types_or_consts())
+        .flat_map(|arg| {
+            let mut walker = arg.walk();
+            while let Some(c) = walker.next() {
+                if !c.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+                    walker.visited.remove(&c);
+                    walker.skip_current_subtree();
+                }
+            }
+            walker.visited.into_iter()
+        })
+        .filter_map(TyOrConstInferVar::maybe_from_generic_arg)
+}
+
+fn to_fulfillment_error<'tcx>(
+    error: Error<PendingPredicateObligation<'tcx>, FulfillmentErrorCode<'tcx>>,
+) -> FulfillmentError<'tcx> {
+    let mut iter = error.backtrace.into_iter();
+    let obligation = iter.next().unwrap().obligation;
+    // The root obligation is the last item in the backtrace - if there's only
+    // one item, then it's the same as the main obligation
+    let root_obligation = iter.next_back().map_or_else(|| obligation.clone(), |e| e.obligation);
+    FulfillmentError::new(obligation, error.error, root_obligation)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/misc.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/misc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..dd2769c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/misc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+//! Miscellaneous type-system utilities that are too small to deserve their own modules.
+
+use crate::infer::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::{self, ObligationCause};
+
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_infer::infer::TyCtxtInferExt;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum CopyImplementationError<'tcx> {
+    InfrigingFields(Vec<(&'tcx ty::FieldDef, Ty<'tcx>)>),
+    NotAnAdt,
+    HasDestructor,
+}
+
+pub fn can_type_implement_copy<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    self_type: Ty<'tcx>,
+    parent_cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+) -> Result<(), CopyImplementationError<'tcx>> {
+    // FIXME: (@jroesch) float this code up
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        let (adt, substs) = match self_type.kind() {
+            // These types used to have a builtin impl.
+            // Now libcore provides that impl.
+            ty::Uint(_)
+            | ty::Int(_)
+            | ty::Bool
+            | ty::Float(_)
+            | ty::Char
+            | ty::RawPtr(..)
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Not)
+            | ty::Array(..) => return Ok(()),
+
+            ty::Adt(adt, substs) => (adt, substs),
+
+            _ => return Err(CopyImplementationError::NotAnAdt),
+        };
+
+        let mut infringing = Vec::new();
+        for variant in adt.variants() {
+            for field in &variant.fields {
+                let ty = field.ty(tcx, substs);
+                if ty.references_error() {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let span = tcx.def_span(field.did);
+                // FIXME(compiler-errors): This gives us better spans for bad
+                // projection types like in issue-50480.
+                // If the ADT has substs, point to the cause we are given.
+                // If it does not, then this field probably doesn't normalize
+                // to begin with, and point to the bad field's span instead.
+                let cause = if field
+                    .ty(tcx, traits::InternalSubsts::identity_for_item(tcx, adt.did()))
+                    .has_param_types_or_consts()
+                {
+                    parent_cause.clone()
+                } else {
+                    ObligationCause::dummy_with_span(span)
+                };
+                let ctx = traits::FulfillmentContext::new();
+                match traits::fully_normalize(&infcx, ctx, cause, param_env, ty) {
+                    Ok(ty) => {
+                        if !infcx.type_is_copy_modulo_regions(param_env, ty, span) {
+                            infringing.push((field, ty));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(errors) => {
+                        infcx.report_fulfillment_errors(&errors, None, false);
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        }
+        if !infringing.is_empty() {
+            return Err(CopyImplementationError::InfrigingFields(infringing));
+        }
+        if adt.has_dtor(tcx) {
+            return Err(CopyImplementationError::HasDestructor);
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    })
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9c6bb0731
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
+//! Trait Resolution. See the [rustc dev guide] for more information on how this works.
+//!
+//! [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html
+
+pub mod auto_trait;
+mod chalk_fulfill;
+pub mod codegen;
+mod coherence;
+pub mod const_evaluatable;
+mod engine;
+pub mod error_reporting;
+mod fulfill;
+pub mod misc;
+mod object_safety;
+mod on_unimplemented;
+mod project;
+pub mod query;
+pub(crate) mod relationships;
+mod select;
+mod specialize;
+mod structural_match;
+mod util;
+pub mod wf;
+
+use crate::infer::outlives::env::OutlivesEnvironment;
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{InternalSubsts, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::TypeVisitable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, VtblEntry};
+use rustc_span::{sym, Span};
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+pub use self::FulfillmentErrorCode::*;
+pub use self::ImplSource::*;
+pub use self::ObligationCauseCode::*;
+pub use self::SelectionError::*;
+
+pub use self::coherence::{add_placeholder_note, orphan_check, overlapping_impls};
+pub use self::coherence::{OrphanCheckErr, OverlapResult};
+pub use self::engine::{ObligationCtxt, TraitEngineExt};
+pub use self::fulfill::{FulfillmentContext, PendingPredicateObligation};
+pub use self::object_safety::astconv_object_safety_violations;
+pub use self::object_safety::is_vtable_safe_method;
+pub use self::object_safety::MethodViolationCode;
+pub use self::object_safety::ObjectSafetyViolation;
+pub use self::on_unimplemented::{OnUnimplementedDirective, OnUnimplementedNote};
+pub use self::project::{normalize, normalize_projection_type, normalize_to};
+pub use self::select::{EvaluationCache, SelectionCache, SelectionContext};
+pub use self::select::{EvaluationResult, IntercrateAmbiguityCause, OverflowError};
+pub use self::specialize::specialization_graph::FutureCompatOverlapError;
+pub use self::specialize::specialization_graph::FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind;
+pub use self::specialize::{specialization_graph, translate_substs, OverlapError};
+pub use self::structural_match::{
+    search_for_adt_const_param_violation, search_for_structural_match_violation,
+};
+pub use self::util::{
+    elaborate_obligations, elaborate_predicates, elaborate_predicates_with_span,
+    elaborate_trait_ref, elaborate_trait_refs,
+};
+pub use self::util::{expand_trait_aliases, TraitAliasExpander};
+pub use self::util::{
+    get_vtable_index_of_object_method, impl_item_is_final, predicate_for_trait_def, upcast_choices,
+};
+pub use self::util::{
+    supertrait_def_ids, supertraits, transitive_bounds, transitive_bounds_that_define_assoc_type,
+    SupertraitDefIds, Supertraits,
+};
+
+pub use self::chalk_fulfill::FulfillmentContext as ChalkFulfillmentContext;
+
+pub use rustc_infer::traits::*;
+
+/// Whether to skip the leak check, as part of a future compatibility warning step.
+///
+/// The "default" for skip-leak-check corresponds to the current
+/// behavior (do not skip the leak check) -- not the behavior we are
+/// transitioning into.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Default)]
+pub enum SkipLeakCheck {
+    Yes,
+    #[default]
+    No,
+}
+
+impl SkipLeakCheck {
+    fn is_yes(self) -> bool {
+        self == SkipLeakCheck::Yes
+    }
+}
+
+/// The mode that trait queries run in.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum TraitQueryMode {
+    /// Standard/un-canonicalized queries get accurate
+    /// spans etc. passed in and hence can do reasonable
+    /// error reporting on their own.
+    Standard,
+    /// Canonicalized queries get dummy spans and hence
+    /// must generally propagate errors to
+    /// pre-canonicalization callsites.
+    Canonical,
+}
+
+/// Creates predicate obligations from the generic bounds.
+pub fn predicates_for_generics<'tcx>(
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    generic_bounds: ty::InstantiatedPredicates<'tcx>,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+    util::predicates_for_generics(cause, 0, param_env, generic_bounds)
+}
+
+/// Determines whether the type `ty` is known to meet `bound` and
+/// returns true if so. Returns false if `ty` either does not meet
+/// `bound` or is not known to meet bound (note that this is
+/// conservative towards *no impl*, which is the opposite of the
+/// `evaluate` methods).
+pub fn type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    def_id: DefId,
+    span: Span,
+) -> bool {
+    debug!(
+        "type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions(ty={:?}, bound={:?})",
+        ty,
+        infcx.tcx.def_path_str(def_id)
+    );
+
+    let trait_ref =
+        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef { def_id, substs: infcx.tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]) });
+    let obligation = Obligation {
+        param_env,
+        cause: ObligationCause::misc(span, hir::CRATE_HIR_ID),
+        recursion_depth: 0,
+        predicate: trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(infcx.tcx),
+    };
+
+    let result = infcx.predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&obligation);
+    debug!(
+        "type_known_to_meet_ty={:?} bound={} => {:?}",
+        ty,
+        infcx.tcx.def_path_str(def_id),
+        result
+    );
+
+    if result && ty.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+        // Because of inference "guessing", selection can sometimes claim
+        // to succeed while the success requires a guess. To ensure
+        // this function's result remains infallible, we must confirm
+        // that guess. While imperfect, I believe this is sound.
+
+        // The handling of regions in this area of the code is terrible,
+        // see issue #29149. We should be able to improve on this with
+        // NLL.
+        let mut fulfill_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+
+        // We can use a dummy node-id here because we won't pay any mind
+        // to region obligations that arise (there shouldn't really be any
+        // anyhow).
+        let cause = ObligationCause::misc(span, hir::CRATE_HIR_ID);
+
+        fulfill_cx.register_bound(infcx, param_env, ty, def_id, cause);
+
+        // Note: we only assume something is `Copy` if we can
+        // *definitively* show that it implements `Copy`. Otherwise,
+        // assume it is move; linear is always ok.
+        match fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx).as_slice() {
+            [] => {
+                debug!(
+                    "type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions: ty={:?} bound={} success",
+                    ty,
+                    infcx.tcx.def_path_str(def_id)
+                );
+                true
+            }
+            errors => {
+                debug!(
+                    ?ty,
+                    bound = %infcx.tcx.def_path_str(def_id),
+                    ?errors,
+                    "type_known_to_meet_bound_modulo_regions"
+                );
+                false
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        result
+    }
+}
+
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx, elaborated_env))]
+fn do_normalize_predicates<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    elaborated_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    predicates: Vec<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+) -> Result<Vec<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+    let span = cause.span;
+    // FIXME. We should really... do something with these region
+    // obligations. But this call just continues the older
+    // behavior (i.e., doesn't cause any new bugs), and it would
+    // take some further refactoring to actually solve them. In
+    // particular, we would have to handle implied bounds
+    // properly, and that code is currently largely confined to
+    // regionck (though I made some efforts to extract it
+    // out). -nmatsakis
+    //
+    // @arielby: In any case, these obligations are checked
+    // by wfcheck anyway, so I'm not sure we have to check
+    // them here too, and we will remove this function when
+    // we move over to lazy normalization *anyway*.
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().ignoring_regions().enter(|infcx| {
+        let fulfill_cx = FulfillmentContext::new();
+        let predicates =
+            match fully_normalize(&infcx, fulfill_cx, cause, elaborated_env, predicates) {
+                Ok(predicates) => predicates,
+                Err(errors) => {
+                    let reported = infcx.report_fulfillment_errors(&errors, None, false);
+                    return Err(reported);
+                }
+            };
+
+        debug!("do_normalize_predictes: normalized predicates = {:?}", predicates);
+
+        // We can use the `elaborated_env` here; the region code only
+        // cares about declarations like `'a: 'b`.
+        let outlives_env = OutlivesEnvironment::new(elaborated_env);
+
+        // FIXME: It's very weird that we ignore region obligations but apparently
+        // still need to use `resolve_regions` as we need the resolved regions in
+        // the normalized predicates.
+        let errors = infcx.resolve_regions(&outlives_env);
+        if !errors.is_empty() {
+            tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                span,
+                format!(
+                    "failed region resolution while normalizing {elaborated_env:?}: {errors:?}"
+                ),
+            );
+        }
+
+        match infcx.fully_resolve(predicates) {
+            Ok(predicates) => Ok(predicates),
+            Err(fixup_err) => {
+                // If we encounter a fixup error, it means that some type
+                // variable wound up unconstrained. I actually don't know
+                // if this can happen, and I certainly don't expect it to
+                // happen often, but if it did happen it probably
+                // represents a legitimate failure due to some kind of
+                // unconstrained variable.
+                //
+                // @lcnr: Let's still ICE here for now. I want a test case
+                // for that.
+                span_bug!(
+                    span,
+                    "inference variables in normalized parameter environment: {}",
+                    fixup_err
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+// FIXME: this is gonna need to be removed ...
+/// Normalizes the parameter environment, reporting errors if they occur.
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(tcx))]
+pub fn normalize_param_env_or_error<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    unnormalized_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+) -> ty::ParamEnv<'tcx> {
+    // I'm not wild about reporting errors here; I'd prefer to
+    // have the errors get reported at a defined place (e.g.,
+    // during typeck). Instead I have all parameter
+    // environments, in effect, going through this function
+    // and hence potentially reporting errors. This ensures of
+    // course that we never forget to normalize (the
+    // alternative seemed like it would involve a lot of
+    // manual invocations of this fn -- and then we'd have to
+    // deal with the errors at each of those sites).
+    //
+    // In any case, in practice, typeck constructs all the
+    // parameter environments once for every fn as it goes,
+    // and errors will get reported then; so outside of type inference we
+    // can be sure that no errors should occur.
+    let mut predicates: Vec<_> =
+        util::elaborate_predicates(tcx, unnormalized_env.caller_bounds().into_iter())
+            .map(|obligation| obligation.predicate)
+            .collect();
+
+    debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: elaborated-predicates={:?}", predicates);
+
+    let elaborated_env = ty::ParamEnv::new(
+        tcx.intern_predicates(&predicates),
+        unnormalized_env.reveal(),
+        unnormalized_env.constness(),
+    );
+
+    // HACK: we are trying to normalize the param-env inside *itself*. The problem is that
+    // normalization expects its param-env to be already normalized, which means we have
+    // a circularity.
+    //
+    // The way we handle this is by normalizing the param-env inside an unnormalized version
+    // of the param-env, which means that if the param-env contains unnormalized projections,
+    // we'll have some normalization failures. This is unfortunate.
+    //
+    // Lazy normalization would basically handle this by treating just the
+    // normalizing-a-trait-ref-requires-itself cycles as evaluation failures.
+    //
+    // Inferred outlives bounds can create a lot of `TypeOutlives` predicates for associated
+    // types, so to make the situation less bad, we normalize all the predicates *but*
+    // the `TypeOutlives` predicates first inside the unnormalized parameter environment, and
+    // then we normalize the `TypeOutlives` bounds inside the normalized parameter environment.
+    //
+    // This works fairly well because trait matching  does not actually care about param-env
+    // TypeOutlives predicates - these are normally used by regionck.
+    let outlives_predicates: Vec<_> = predicates
+        .drain_filter(|predicate| {
+            matches!(predicate.kind().skip_binder(), ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(..))
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    debug!(
+        "normalize_param_env_or_error: predicates=(non-outlives={:?}, outlives={:?})",
+        predicates, outlives_predicates
+    );
+    let Ok(non_outlives_predicates) = do_normalize_predicates(
+        tcx,
+        cause.clone(),
+        elaborated_env,
+        predicates,
+    ) else {
+        // An unnormalized env is better than nothing.
+        debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: errored resolving non-outlives predicates");
+        return elaborated_env;
+    };
+
+    debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: non-outlives predicates={:?}", non_outlives_predicates);
+
+    // Not sure whether it is better to include the unnormalized TypeOutlives predicates
+    // here. I believe they should not matter, because we are ignoring TypeOutlives param-env
+    // predicates here anyway. Keeping them here anyway because it seems safer.
+    let outlives_env: Vec<_> =
+        non_outlives_predicates.iter().chain(&outlives_predicates).cloned().collect();
+    let outlives_env = ty::ParamEnv::new(
+        tcx.intern_predicates(&outlives_env),
+        unnormalized_env.reveal(),
+        unnormalized_env.constness(),
+    );
+    let Ok(outlives_predicates) = do_normalize_predicates(
+        tcx,
+        cause,
+        outlives_env,
+        outlives_predicates,
+    ) else {
+        // An unnormalized env is better than nothing.
+        debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: errored resolving outlives predicates");
+        return elaborated_env;
+    };
+    debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: outlives predicates={:?}", outlives_predicates);
+
+    let mut predicates = non_outlives_predicates;
+    predicates.extend(outlives_predicates);
+    debug!("normalize_param_env_or_error: final predicates={:?}", predicates);
+    ty::ParamEnv::new(
+        tcx.intern_predicates(&predicates),
+        unnormalized_env.reveal(),
+        unnormalized_env.constness(),
+    )
+}
+
+pub fn fully_normalize<'a, 'tcx, T>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    mut fulfill_cx: FulfillmentContext<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    value: T,
+) -> Result<T, Vec<FulfillmentError<'tcx>>>
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    debug!("fully_normalize_with_fulfillcx(value={:?})", value);
+    let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(infcx);
+    let Normalized { value: normalized_value, obligations } =
+        project::normalize(selcx, param_env, cause, value);
+    debug!(
+        "fully_normalize: normalized_value={:?} obligations={:?}",
+        normalized_value, obligations
+    );
+    for obligation in obligations {
+        fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(selcx.infcx(), obligation);
+    }
+
+    debug!("fully_normalize: select_all_or_error start");
+    let errors = fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx);
+    if !errors.is_empty() {
+        return Err(errors);
+    }
+    debug!("fully_normalize: select_all_or_error complete");
+    let resolved_value = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(normalized_value);
+    debug!("fully_normalize: resolved_value={:?}", resolved_value);
+    Ok(resolved_value)
+}
+
+/// Normalizes the predicates and checks whether they hold in an empty environment. If this
+/// returns true, then either normalize encountered an error or one of the predicates did not
+/// hold. Used when creating vtables to check for unsatisfiable methods.
+pub fn impossible_predicates<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    predicates: Vec<ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+) -> bool {
+    debug!("impossible_predicates(predicates={:?})", predicates);
+
+    let result = tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        // HACK: Set tainted by errors to gracefully exit in case of overflow.
+        infcx.set_tainted_by_errors();
+
+        let param_env = ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all();
+        let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+        let mut fulfill_cx = FulfillmentContext::new();
+        let cause = ObligationCause::dummy();
+        let Normalized { value: predicates, obligations } =
+            normalize(&mut selcx, param_env, cause.clone(), predicates);
+        for obligation in obligations {
+            fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(&infcx, obligation);
+        }
+        for predicate in predicates {
+            let obligation = Obligation::new(cause.clone(), param_env, predicate);
+            fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(&infcx, obligation);
+        }
+
+        let errors = fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(&infcx);
+
+        // Clean up after ourselves
+        let _ = infcx.inner.borrow_mut().opaque_type_storage.take_opaque_types();
+
+        !errors.is_empty()
+    });
+    debug!("impossible_predicates = {:?}", result);
+    result
+}
+
+fn subst_and_check_impossible_predicates<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    key: (DefId, SubstsRef<'tcx>),
+) -> bool {
+    debug!("subst_and_check_impossible_predicates(key={:?})", key);
+
+    let mut predicates = tcx.predicates_of(key.0).instantiate(tcx, key.1).predicates;
+
+    // Specifically check trait fulfillment to avoid an error when trying to resolve
+    // associated items.
+    if let Some(trait_def_id) = tcx.trait_of_item(key.0) {
+        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::from_method(tcx, trait_def_id, key.1);
+        predicates.push(ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).to_poly_trait_predicate().to_predicate(tcx));
+    }
+
+    predicates.retain(|predicate| !predicate.needs_subst());
+    let result = impossible_predicates(tcx, predicates);
+
+    debug!("subst_and_check_impossible_predicates(key={:?}) = {:?}", key, result);
+    result
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum VtblSegment<'tcx> {
+    MetadataDSA,
+    TraitOwnEntries { trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, emit_vptr: bool },
+}
+
+/// Prepare the segments for a vtable
+fn prepare_vtable_segments<'tcx, T>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    mut segment_visitor: impl FnMut(VtblSegment<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<T>,
+) -> Option<T> {
+    // The following constraints holds for the final arrangement.
+    // 1. The whole virtual table of the first direct super trait is included as the
+    //    the prefix. If this trait doesn't have any super traits, then this step
+    //    consists of the dsa metadata.
+    // 2. Then comes the proper pointer metadata(vptr) and all own methods for all
+    //    other super traits except those already included as part of the first
+    //    direct super trait virtual table.
+    // 3. finally, the own methods of this trait.
+
+    // This has the advantage that trait upcasting to the first direct super trait on each level
+    // is zero cost, and to another trait includes only replacing the pointer with one level indirection,
+    // while not using too much extra memory.
+
+    // For a single inheritance relationship like this,
+    //   D --> C --> B --> A
+    // The resulting vtable will consists of these segments:
+    //  DSA, A, B, C, D
+
+    // For a multiple inheritance relationship like this,
+    //   D --> C --> A
+    //           \-> B
+    // The resulting vtable will consists of these segments:
+    //  DSA, A, B, B-vptr, C, D
+
+    // For a diamond inheritance relationship like this,
+    //   D --> B --> A
+    //     \-> C -/
+    // The resulting vtable will consists of these segments:
+    //  DSA, A, B, C, C-vptr, D
+
+    // For a more complex inheritance relationship like this:
+    //   O --> G --> C --> A
+    //     \     \     \-> B
+    //     |     |-> F --> D
+    //     |           \-> E
+    //     |-> N --> J --> H
+    //           \     \-> I
+    //           |-> M --> K
+    //                 \-> L
+    // The resulting vtable will consists of these segments:
+    //  DSA, A, B, B-vptr, C, D, D-vptr, E, E-vptr, F, F-vptr, G,
+    //  H, H-vptr, I, I-vptr, J, J-vptr, K, K-vptr, L, L-vptr, M, M-vptr,
+    //  N, N-vptr, O
+
+    // emit dsa segment first.
+    if let ControlFlow::Break(v) = (segment_visitor)(VtblSegment::MetadataDSA) {
+        return Some(v);
+    }
+
+    let mut emit_vptr_on_new_entry = false;
+    let mut visited = util::PredicateSet::new(tcx);
+    let predicate = trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(tcx);
+    let mut stack: SmallVec<[(ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, _, _); 5]> =
+        smallvec![(trait_ref, emit_vptr_on_new_entry, None)];
+    visited.insert(predicate);
+
+    // the main traversal loop:
+    // basically we want to cut the inheritance directed graph into a few non-overlapping slices of nodes
+    // that each node is emitted after all its descendents have been emitted.
+    // so we convert the directed graph into a tree by skipping all previously visited nodes using a visited set.
+    // this is done on the fly.
+    // Each loop run emits a slice - it starts by find a "childless" unvisited node, backtracking upwards, and it
+    // stops after it finds a node that has a next-sibling node.
+    // This next-sibling node will used as the starting point of next slice.
+
+    // Example:
+    // For a diamond inheritance relationship like this,
+    //   D#1 --> B#0 --> A#0
+    //     \-> C#1 -/
+
+    // Starting point 0 stack [D]
+    // Loop run #0: Stack after diving in is [D B A], A is "childless"
+    // after this point, all newly visited nodes won't have a vtable that equals to a prefix of this one.
+    // Loop run #0: Emitting the slice [B A] (in reverse order), B has a next-sibling node, so this slice stops here.
+    // Loop run #0: Stack after exiting out is [D C], C is the next starting point.
+    // Loop run #1: Stack after diving in is [D C], C is "childless", since its child A is skipped(already emitted).
+    // Loop run #1: Emitting the slice [D C] (in reverse order). No one has a next-sibling node.
+    // Loop run #1: Stack after exiting out is []. Now the function exits.
+
+    loop {
+        // dive deeper into the stack, recording the path
+        'diving_in: loop {
+            if let Some((inner_most_trait_ref, _, _)) = stack.last() {
+                let inner_most_trait_ref = *inner_most_trait_ref;
+                let mut direct_super_traits_iter = tcx
+                    .super_predicates_of(inner_most_trait_ref.def_id())
+                    .predicates
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter_map(move |(pred, _)| {
+                        pred.subst_supertrait(tcx, &inner_most_trait_ref).to_opt_poly_trait_pred()
+                    });
+
+                'diving_in_skip_visited_traits: loop {
+                    if let Some(next_super_trait) = direct_super_traits_iter.next() {
+                        if visited.insert(next_super_trait.to_predicate(tcx)) {
+                            // We're throwing away potential constness of super traits here.
+                            // FIXME: handle ~const super traits
+                            let next_super_trait = next_super_trait.map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref);
+                            stack.push((
+                                next_super_trait,
+                                emit_vptr_on_new_entry,
+                                Some(direct_super_traits_iter),
+                            ));
+                            break 'diving_in_skip_visited_traits;
+                        } else {
+                            continue 'diving_in_skip_visited_traits;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        break 'diving_in;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Other than the left-most path, vptr should be emitted for each trait.
+        emit_vptr_on_new_entry = true;
+
+        // emit innermost item, move to next sibling and stop there if possible, otherwise jump to outer level.
+        'exiting_out: loop {
+            if let Some((inner_most_trait_ref, emit_vptr, siblings_opt)) = stack.last_mut() {
+                if let ControlFlow::Break(v) = (segment_visitor)(VtblSegment::TraitOwnEntries {
+                    trait_ref: *inner_most_trait_ref,
+                    emit_vptr: *emit_vptr,
+                }) {
+                    return Some(v);
+                }
+
+                'exiting_out_skip_visited_traits: loop {
+                    if let Some(siblings) = siblings_opt {
+                        if let Some(next_inner_most_trait_ref) = siblings.next() {
+                            if visited.insert(next_inner_most_trait_ref.to_predicate(tcx)) {
+                                // We're throwing away potential constness of super traits here.
+                                // FIXME: handle ~const super traits
+                                let next_inner_most_trait_ref =
+                                    next_inner_most_trait_ref.map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref);
+                                *inner_most_trait_ref = next_inner_most_trait_ref;
+                                *emit_vptr = emit_vptr_on_new_entry;
+                                break 'exiting_out;
+                            } else {
+                                continue 'exiting_out_skip_visited_traits;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    stack.pop();
+                    continue 'exiting_out;
+                }
+            }
+            // all done
+            return None;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn dump_vtable_entries<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    sp: Span,
+    trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    entries: &[VtblEntry<'tcx>],
+) {
+    let msg = format!("vtable entries for `{}`: {:#?}", trait_ref, entries);
+    tcx.sess.struct_span_err(sp, &msg).emit();
+}
+
+fn own_existential_vtable_entries<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::PolyExistentialTraitRef<'tcx>,
+) -> &'tcx [DefId] {
+    let trait_methods = tcx
+        .associated_items(trait_ref.def_id())
+        .in_definition_order()
+        .filter(|item| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Fn);
+    // Now list each method's DefId (for within its trait).
+    let own_entries = trait_methods.filter_map(move |trait_method| {
+        debug!("own_existential_vtable_entry: trait_method={:?}", trait_method);
+        let def_id = trait_method.def_id;
+
+        // Some methods cannot be called on an object; skip those.
+        if !is_vtable_safe_method(tcx, trait_ref.def_id(), &trait_method) {
+            debug!("own_existential_vtable_entry: not vtable safe");
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        Some(def_id)
+    });
+
+    tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(own_entries.into_iter())
+}
+
+/// Given a trait `trait_ref`, iterates the vtable entries
+/// that come from `trait_ref`, including its supertraits.
+fn vtable_entries<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+) -> &'tcx [VtblEntry<'tcx>] {
+    debug!("vtable_entries({:?})", trait_ref);
+
+    let mut entries = vec![];
+
+    let vtable_segment_callback = |segment| -> ControlFlow<()> {
+        match segment {
+            VtblSegment::MetadataDSA => {
+                entries.extend(TyCtxt::COMMON_VTABLE_ENTRIES);
+            }
+            VtblSegment::TraitOwnEntries { trait_ref, emit_vptr } => {
+                let existential_trait_ref = trait_ref
+                    .map_bound(|trait_ref| ty::ExistentialTraitRef::erase_self_ty(tcx, trait_ref));
+
+                // Lookup the shape of vtable for the trait.
+                let own_existential_entries =
+                    tcx.own_existential_vtable_entries(existential_trait_ref);
+
+                let own_entries = own_existential_entries.iter().copied().map(|def_id| {
+                    debug!("vtable_entries: trait_method={:?}", def_id);
+
+                    // The method may have some early-bound lifetimes; add regions for those.
+                    let substs = trait_ref.map_bound(|trait_ref| {
+                        InternalSubsts::for_item(tcx, def_id, |param, _| match param.kind {
+                            GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => tcx.lifetimes.re_erased.into(),
+                            GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. }
+                            | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {
+                                trait_ref.substs[param.index as usize]
+                            }
+                        })
+                    });
+
+                    // The trait type may have higher-ranked lifetimes in it;
+                    // erase them if they appear, so that we get the type
+                    // at some particular call site.
+                    let substs = tcx
+                        .normalize_erasing_late_bound_regions(ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all(), substs);
+
+                    // It's possible that the method relies on where-clauses that
+                    // do not hold for this particular set of type parameters.
+                    // Note that this method could then never be called, so we
+                    // do not want to try and codegen it, in that case (see #23435).
+                    let predicates = tcx.predicates_of(def_id).instantiate_own(tcx, substs);
+                    if impossible_predicates(tcx, predicates.predicates) {
+                        debug!("vtable_entries: predicates do not hold");
+                        return VtblEntry::Vacant;
+                    }
+
+                    let instance = ty::Instance::resolve_for_vtable(
+                        tcx,
+                        ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all(),
+                        def_id,
+                        substs,
+                    )
+                    .expect("resolution failed during building vtable representation");
+                    VtblEntry::Method(instance)
+                });
+
+                entries.extend(own_entries);
+
+                if emit_vptr {
+                    entries.push(VtblEntry::TraitVPtr(trait_ref));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        ControlFlow::Continue(())
+    };
+
+    let _ = prepare_vtable_segments(tcx, trait_ref, vtable_segment_callback);
+
+    if tcx.has_attr(trait_ref.def_id(), sym::rustc_dump_vtable) {
+        let sp = tcx.def_span(trait_ref.def_id());
+        dump_vtable_entries(tcx, sp, trait_ref, &entries);
+    }
+
+    tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(entries.into_iter())
+}
+
+/// Find slot base for trait methods within vtable entries of another trait
+fn vtable_trait_first_method_offset<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    key: (
+        ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, // trait_to_be_found
+        ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, // trait_owning_vtable
+    ),
+) -> usize {
+    let (trait_to_be_found, trait_owning_vtable) = key;
+
+    // #90177
+    let trait_to_be_found_erased = tcx.erase_regions(trait_to_be_found);
+
+    let vtable_segment_callback = {
+        let mut vtable_base = 0;
+
+        move |segment| {
+            match segment {
+                VtblSegment::MetadataDSA => {
+                    vtable_base += TyCtxt::COMMON_VTABLE_ENTRIES.len();
+                }
+                VtblSegment::TraitOwnEntries { trait_ref, emit_vptr } => {
+                    if tcx.erase_regions(trait_ref) == trait_to_be_found_erased {
+                        return ControlFlow::Break(vtable_base);
+                    }
+                    vtable_base += util::count_own_vtable_entries(tcx, trait_ref);
+                    if emit_vptr {
+                        vtable_base += 1;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ControlFlow::Continue(())
+        }
+    };
+
+    if let Some(vtable_base) =
+        prepare_vtable_segments(tcx, trait_owning_vtable, vtable_segment_callback)
+    {
+        vtable_base
+    } else {
+        bug!("Failed to find info for expected trait in vtable");
+    }
+}
+
+/// Find slot offset for trait vptr within vtable entries of another trait
+pub fn vtable_trait_upcasting_coercion_new_vptr_slot<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    key: (
+        Ty<'tcx>, // trait object type whose trait owning vtable
+        Ty<'tcx>, // trait object for supertrait
+    ),
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    let (source, target) = key;
+    assert!(matches!(&source.kind(), &ty::Dynamic(..)) && !source.needs_infer());
+    assert!(matches!(&target.kind(), &ty::Dynamic(..)) && !target.needs_infer());
+
+    // this has been typecked-before, so diagnostics is not really needed.
+    let unsize_trait_did = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Unsize, None);
+
+    let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+        def_id: unsize_trait_did,
+        substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(source, &[target.into()]),
+    };
+    let obligation = Obligation::new(
+        ObligationCause::dummy(),
+        ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all(),
+        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitPredicate {
+            trait_ref,
+            constness: ty::BoundConstness::NotConst,
+            polarity: ty::ImplPolarity::Positive,
+        }),
+    );
+
+    let implsrc = tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        let mut selcx = SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+        selcx.select(&obligation).unwrap()
+    });
+
+    let Some(ImplSource::TraitUpcasting(implsrc_traitcasting)) = implsrc else {
+        bug!();
+    };
+
+    implsrc_traitcasting.vtable_vptr_slot
+}
+
+pub fn provide(providers: &mut ty::query::Providers) {
+    object_safety::provide(providers);
+    structural_match::provide(providers);
+    *providers = ty::query::Providers {
+        specialization_graph_of: specialize::specialization_graph_provider,
+        specializes: specialize::specializes,
+        codegen_fulfill_obligation: codegen::codegen_fulfill_obligation,
+        own_existential_vtable_entries,
+        vtable_entries,
+        vtable_trait_upcasting_coercion_new_vptr_slot,
+        subst_and_check_impossible_predicates,
+        try_unify_abstract_consts: |tcx, param_env_and| {
+            let (param_env, (a, b)) = param_env_and.into_parts();
+            const_evaluatable::try_unify_abstract_consts(tcx, (a, b), param_env)
+        },
+        ..*providers
+    };
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/object_safety.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/object_safety.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..612f51309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/object_safety.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,866 @@
+//! "Object safety" refers to the ability for a trait to be converted
+//! to an object. In general, traits may only be converted to an
+//! object if all of their methods meet certain criteria. In particular,
+//! they must:
+//!
+//!   - have a suitable receiver from which we can extract a vtable and coerce to a "thin" version
+//!     that doesn't contain the vtable;
+//!   - not reference the erased type `Self` except for in this receiver;
+//!   - not have generic type parameters.
+
+use super::elaborate_predicates;
+
+use crate::infer::TyCtxtInferExt;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::{self, Obligation, ObligationCause};
+use rustc_errors::{FatalError, MultiSpan};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::{walk_abstract_const, AbstractConst};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, InternalSubsts, Subst};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{
+    self, EarlyBinder, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor,
+};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{Predicate, ToPredicate};
+use rustc_session::lint::builtin::WHERE_CLAUSES_OBJECT_SAFETY;
+use rustc_span::symbol::Symbol;
+use rustc_span::Span;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+use std::iter;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+pub use crate::traits::{MethodViolationCode, ObjectSafetyViolation};
+
+/// Returns the object safety violations that affect
+/// astconv -- currently, `Self` in supertraits. This is needed
+/// because `object_safety_violations` can't be used during
+/// type collection.
+pub fn astconv_object_safety_violations(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Vec<ObjectSafetyViolation> {
+    debug_assert!(tcx.generics_of(trait_def_id).has_self);
+    let violations = traits::supertrait_def_ids(tcx, trait_def_id)
+        .map(|def_id| predicates_reference_self(tcx, def_id, true))
+        .filter(|spans| !spans.is_empty())
+        .map(ObjectSafetyViolation::SupertraitSelf)
+        .collect();
+
+    debug!("astconv_object_safety_violations(trait_def_id={:?}) = {:?}", trait_def_id, violations);
+
+    violations
+}
+
+fn object_safety_violations(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId) -> &'_ [ObjectSafetyViolation] {
+    debug_assert!(tcx.generics_of(trait_def_id).has_self);
+    debug!("object_safety_violations: {:?}", trait_def_id);
+
+    tcx.arena.alloc_from_iter(
+        traits::supertrait_def_ids(tcx, trait_def_id)
+            .flat_map(|def_id| object_safety_violations_for_trait(tcx, def_id)),
+    )
+}
+
+/// We say a method is *vtable safe* if it can be invoked on a trait
+/// object. Note that object-safe traits can have some
+/// non-vtable-safe methods, so long as they require `Self: Sized` or
+/// otherwise ensure that they cannot be used when `Self = Trait`.
+pub fn is_vtable_safe_method(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId, method: &ty::AssocItem) -> bool {
+    debug_assert!(tcx.generics_of(trait_def_id).has_self);
+    debug!("is_vtable_safe_method({:?}, {:?})", trait_def_id, method);
+    // Any method that has a `Self: Sized` bound cannot be called.
+    if generics_require_sized_self(tcx, method.def_id) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    match virtual_call_violation_for_method(tcx, trait_def_id, method) {
+        None | Some(MethodViolationCode::WhereClauseReferencesSelf) => true,
+        Some(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn object_safety_violations_for_trait(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Vec<ObjectSafetyViolation> {
+    // Check methods for violations.
+    let mut violations: Vec<_> = tcx
+        .associated_items(trait_def_id)
+        .in_definition_order()
+        .filter(|item| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Fn)
+        .filter_map(|item| {
+            object_safety_violation_for_method(tcx, trait_def_id, &item)
+                .map(|(code, span)| ObjectSafetyViolation::Method(item.name, code, span))
+        })
+        .filter(|violation| {
+            if let ObjectSafetyViolation::Method(
+                _,
+                MethodViolationCode::WhereClauseReferencesSelf,
+                span,
+            ) = violation
+            {
+                lint_object_unsafe_trait(tcx, *span, trait_def_id, &violation);
+                false
+            } else {
+                true
+            }
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // Check the trait itself.
+    if trait_has_sized_self(tcx, trait_def_id) {
+        // We don't want to include the requirement from `Sized` itself to be `Sized` in the list.
+        let spans = get_sized_bounds(tcx, trait_def_id);
+        violations.push(ObjectSafetyViolation::SizedSelf(spans));
+    }
+    let spans = predicates_reference_self(tcx, trait_def_id, false);
+    if !spans.is_empty() {
+        violations.push(ObjectSafetyViolation::SupertraitSelf(spans));
+    }
+    let spans = bounds_reference_self(tcx, trait_def_id);
+    if !spans.is_empty() {
+        violations.push(ObjectSafetyViolation::SupertraitSelf(spans));
+    }
+
+    violations.extend(
+        tcx.associated_items(trait_def_id)
+            .in_definition_order()
+            .filter(|item| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Const)
+            .map(|item| {
+                let ident = item.ident(tcx);
+                ObjectSafetyViolation::AssocConst(ident.name, ident.span)
+            }),
+    );
+
+    if !tcx.features().generic_associated_types_extended {
+        violations.extend(
+            tcx.associated_items(trait_def_id)
+                .in_definition_order()
+                .filter(|item| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Type)
+                .filter(|item| !tcx.generics_of(item.def_id).params.is_empty())
+                .map(|item| {
+                    let ident = item.ident(tcx);
+                    ObjectSafetyViolation::GAT(ident.name, ident.span)
+                }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    debug!(
+        "object_safety_violations_for_trait(trait_def_id={:?}) = {:?}",
+        trait_def_id, violations
+    );
+
+    violations
+}
+
+/// Lint object-unsafe trait.
+fn lint_object_unsafe_trait(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    span: Span,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    violation: &ObjectSafetyViolation,
+) {
+    // Using `CRATE_NODE_ID` is wrong, but it's hard to get a more precise id.
+    // It's also hard to get a use site span, so we use the method definition span.
+    tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(WHERE_CLAUSES_OBJECT_SAFETY, hir::CRATE_HIR_ID, span, |lint| {
+        let mut err = lint.build(&format!(
+            "the trait `{}` cannot be made into an object",
+            tcx.def_path_str(trait_def_id)
+        ));
+        let node = tcx.hir().get_if_local(trait_def_id);
+        let mut spans = MultiSpan::from_span(span);
+        if let Some(hir::Node::Item(item)) = node {
+            spans.push_span_label(item.ident.span, "this trait cannot be made into an object...");
+            spans.push_span_label(span, format!("...because {}", violation.error_msg()));
+        } else {
+            spans.push_span_label(
+                span,
+                format!(
+                    "the trait cannot be made into an object because {}",
+                    violation.error_msg()
+                ),
+            );
+        };
+        err.span_note(
+            spans,
+            "for a trait to be \"object safe\" it needs to allow building a vtable to allow the \
+             call to be resolvable dynamically; for more information visit \
+             <https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/traits.html#object-safety>",
+        );
+        if node.is_some() {
+            // Only provide the help if its a local trait, otherwise it's not
+            violation.solution(&mut err);
+        }
+        err.emit();
+    });
+}
+
+fn sized_trait_bound_spans<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    bounds: hir::GenericBounds<'tcx>,
+) -> impl 'tcx + Iterator<Item = Span> {
+    bounds.iter().filter_map(move |b| match b {
+        hir::GenericBound::Trait(trait_ref, hir::TraitBoundModifier::None)
+            if trait_has_sized_self(
+                tcx,
+                trait_ref.trait_ref.trait_def_id().unwrap_or_else(|| FatalError.raise()),
+            ) =>
+        {
+            // Fetch spans for supertraits that are `Sized`: `trait T: Super`
+            Some(trait_ref.span)
+        }
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn get_sized_bounds(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId) -> SmallVec<[Span; 1]> {
+    tcx.hir()
+        .get_if_local(trait_def_id)
+        .and_then(|node| match node {
+            hir::Node::Item(hir::Item {
+                kind: hir::ItemKind::Trait(.., generics, bounds, _),
+                ..
+            }) => Some(
+                generics
+                    .predicates
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|pred| {
+                        match pred {
+                            hir::WherePredicate::BoundPredicate(pred)
+                                if pred.bounded_ty.hir_id.owner.to_def_id() == trait_def_id =>
+                            {
+                                // Fetch spans for trait bounds that are Sized:
+                                // `trait T where Self: Pred`
+                                Some(sized_trait_bound_spans(tcx, pred.bounds))
+                            }
+                            _ => None,
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .flatten()
+                    // Fetch spans for supertraits that are `Sized`: `trait T: Super`.
+                    .chain(sized_trait_bound_spans(tcx, bounds))
+                    .collect::<SmallVec<[Span; 1]>>(),
+            ),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(SmallVec::new)
+}
+
+fn predicates_reference_self(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    supertraits_only: bool,
+) -> SmallVec<[Span; 1]> {
+    let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::identity(tcx, trait_def_id);
+    let predicates = if supertraits_only {
+        tcx.super_predicates_of(trait_def_id)
+    } else {
+        tcx.predicates_of(trait_def_id)
+    };
+    predicates
+        .predicates
+        .iter()
+        .map(|&(predicate, sp)| (predicate.subst_supertrait(tcx, &trait_ref), sp))
+        .filter_map(|predicate| predicate_references_self(tcx, predicate))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn bounds_reference_self(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId) -> SmallVec<[Span; 1]> {
+    tcx.associated_items(trait_def_id)
+        .in_definition_order()
+        .filter(|item| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Type)
+        .flat_map(|item| tcx.explicit_item_bounds(item.def_id))
+        .filter_map(|pred_span| predicate_references_self(tcx, *pred_span))
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn predicate_references_self<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    (predicate, sp): (ty::Predicate<'tcx>, Span),
+) -> Option<Span> {
+    let self_ty = tcx.types.self_param;
+    let has_self_ty = |arg: &GenericArg<'tcx>| arg.walk().any(|arg| arg == self_ty.into());
+    match predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+        ty::PredicateKind::Trait(ref data) => {
+            // In the case of a trait predicate, we can skip the "self" type.
+            if data.trait_ref.substs[1..].iter().any(has_self_ty) { Some(sp) } else { None }
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::Projection(ref data) => {
+            // And similarly for projections. This should be redundant with
+            // the previous check because any projection should have a
+            // matching `Trait` predicate with the same inputs, but we do
+            // the check to be safe.
+            //
+            // It's also won't be redundant if we allow type-generic associated
+            // types for trait objects.
+            //
+            // Note that we *do* allow projection *outputs* to contain
+            // `self` (i.e., `trait Foo: Bar<Output=Self::Result> { type Result; }`),
+            // we just require the user to specify *both* outputs
+            // in the object type (i.e., `dyn Foo<Output=(), Result=()>`).
+            //
+            // This is ALT2 in issue #56288, see that for discussion of the
+            // possible alternatives.
+            if data.projection_ty.substs[1..].iter().any(has_self_ty) { Some(sp) } else { None }
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(..)
+        | ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn trait_has_sized_self(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId) -> bool {
+    generics_require_sized_self(tcx, trait_def_id)
+}
+
+fn generics_require_sized_self(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, def_id: DefId) -> bool {
+    let Some(sized_def_id) = tcx.lang_items().sized_trait() else {
+        return false; /* No Sized trait, can't require it! */
+    };
+
+    // Search for a predicate like `Self : Sized` amongst the trait bounds.
+    let predicates = tcx.predicates_of(def_id);
+    let predicates = predicates.instantiate_identity(tcx).predicates;
+    elaborate_predicates(tcx, predicates.into_iter()).any(|obligation| {
+        match obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(ref trait_pred) => {
+                trait_pred.def_id() == sized_def_id && trait_pred.self_ty().is_param(0)
+            }
+            ty::PredicateKind::Projection(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(..)
+            | ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => false,
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns `Some(_)` if this method makes the containing trait not object safe.
+fn object_safety_violation_for_method(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    method: &ty::AssocItem,
+) -> Option<(MethodViolationCode, Span)> {
+    debug!("object_safety_violation_for_method({:?}, {:?})", trait_def_id, method);
+    // Any method that has a `Self : Sized` requisite is otherwise
+    // exempt from the regulations.
+    if generics_require_sized_self(tcx, method.def_id) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let violation = virtual_call_violation_for_method(tcx, trait_def_id, method);
+    // Get an accurate span depending on the violation.
+    violation.map(|v| {
+        let node = tcx.hir().get_if_local(method.def_id);
+        let span = match (&v, node) {
+            (MethodViolationCode::ReferencesSelfInput(Some(span)), _) => *span,
+            (MethodViolationCode::UndispatchableReceiver(Some(span)), _) => *span,
+            (MethodViolationCode::ReferencesSelfOutput, Some(node)) => {
+                node.fn_decl().map_or(method.ident(tcx).span, |decl| decl.output.span())
+            }
+            _ => method.ident(tcx).span,
+        };
+        (v, span)
+    })
+}
+
+/// Returns `Some(_)` if this method cannot be called on a trait
+/// object; this does not necessarily imply that the enclosing trait
+/// is not object safe, because the method might have a where clause
+/// `Self:Sized`.
+fn virtual_call_violation_for_method<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    method: &ty::AssocItem,
+) -> Option<MethodViolationCode> {
+    let sig = tcx.fn_sig(method.def_id);
+
+    // The method's first parameter must be named `self`
+    if !method.fn_has_self_parameter {
+        let sugg = if let Some(hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+            generics,
+            kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(sig, _),
+            ..
+        })) = tcx.hir().get_if_local(method.def_id).as_ref()
+        {
+            let sm = tcx.sess.source_map();
+            Some((
+                (
+                    format!("&self{}", if sig.decl.inputs.is_empty() { "" } else { ", " }),
+                    sm.span_through_char(sig.span, '(').shrink_to_hi(),
+                ),
+                (
+                    format!("{} Self: Sized", generics.add_where_or_trailing_comma()),
+                    generics.tail_span_for_predicate_suggestion(),
+                ),
+            ))
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        return Some(MethodViolationCode::StaticMethod(sugg));
+    }
+
+    for (i, &input_ty) in sig.skip_binder().inputs().iter().enumerate().skip(1) {
+        if contains_illegal_self_type_reference(tcx, trait_def_id, sig.rebind(input_ty)) {
+            let span = if let Some(hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(sig, _),
+                ..
+            })) = tcx.hir().get_if_local(method.def_id).as_ref()
+            {
+                Some(sig.decl.inputs[i].span)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            return Some(MethodViolationCode::ReferencesSelfInput(span));
+        }
+    }
+    if contains_illegal_self_type_reference(tcx, trait_def_id, sig.output()) {
+        return Some(MethodViolationCode::ReferencesSelfOutput);
+    }
+
+    // We can't monomorphize things like `fn foo<A>(...)`.
+    let own_counts = tcx.generics_of(method.def_id).own_counts();
+    if own_counts.types + own_counts.consts != 0 {
+        return Some(MethodViolationCode::Generic);
+    }
+
+    if tcx
+        .predicates_of(method.def_id)
+        .predicates
+        .iter()
+        // A trait object can't claim to live more than the concrete type,
+        // so outlives predicates will always hold.
+        .cloned()
+        .filter(|(p, _)| p.to_opt_type_outlives().is_none())
+        .any(|pred| contains_illegal_self_type_reference(tcx, trait_def_id, pred))
+    {
+        return Some(MethodViolationCode::WhereClauseReferencesSelf);
+    }
+
+    let receiver_ty = tcx.liberate_late_bound_regions(method.def_id, sig.input(0));
+
+    // Until `unsized_locals` is fully implemented, `self: Self` can't be dispatched on.
+    // However, this is already considered object-safe. We allow it as a special case here.
+    // FIXME(mikeyhew) get rid of this `if` statement once `receiver_is_dispatchable` allows
+    // `Receiver: Unsize<Receiver[Self => dyn Trait]>`.
+    if receiver_ty != tcx.types.self_param {
+        if !receiver_is_dispatchable(tcx, method, receiver_ty) {
+            let span = if let Some(hir::Node::TraitItem(hir::TraitItem {
+                kind: hir::TraitItemKind::Fn(sig, _),
+                ..
+            })) = tcx.hir().get_if_local(method.def_id).as_ref()
+            {
+                Some(sig.decl.inputs[0].span)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            return Some(MethodViolationCode::UndispatchableReceiver(span));
+        } else {
+            // Do sanity check to make sure the receiver actually has the layout of a pointer.
+
+            use rustc_target::abi::Abi;
+
+            let param_env = tcx.param_env(method.def_id);
+
+            let abi_of_ty = |ty: Ty<'tcx>| -> Option<Abi> {
+                match tcx.layout_of(param_env.and(ty)) {
+                    Ok(layout) => Some(layout.abi),
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        // #78372
+                        tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                            tcx.def_span(method.def_id),
+                            &format!("error: {}\n while computing layout for type {:?}", err, ty),
+                        );
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            // e.g., `Rc<()>`
+            let unit_receiver_ty =
+                receiver_for_self_ty(tcx, receiver_ty, tcx.mk_unit(), method.def_id);
+
+            match abi_of_ty(unit_receiver_ty) {
+                Some(Abi::Scalar(..)) => (),
+                abi => {
+                    tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                        tcx.def_span(method.def_id),
+                        &format!(
+                            "receiver when `Self = ()` should have a Scalar ABI; found {:?}",
+                            abi
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+
+            let trait_object_ty =
+                object_ty_for_trait(tcx, trait_def_id, tcx.mk_region(ty::ReStatic));
+
+            // e.g., `Rc<dyn Trait>`
+            let trait_object_receiver =
+                receiver_for_self_ty(tcx, receiver_ty, trait_object_ty, method.def_id);
+
+            match abi_of_ty(trait_object_receiver) {
+                Some(Abi::ScalarPair(..)) => (),
+                abi => {
+                    tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                        tcx.def_span(method.def_id),
+                        &format!(
+                            "receiver when `Self = {}` should have a ScalarPair ABI; found {:?}",
+                            trait_object_ty, abi
+                        ),
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
+
+/// Performs a type substitution to produce the version of `receiver_ty` when `Self = self_ty`.
+/// For example, for `receiver_ty = Rc<Self>` and `self_ty = Foo`, returns `Rc<Foo>`.
+fn receiver_for_self_ty<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    receiver_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    method_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+    debug!("receiver_for_self_ty({:?}, {:?}, {:?})", receiver_ty, self_ty, method_def_id);
+    let substs = InternalSubsts::for_item(tcx, method_def_id, |param, _| {
+        if param.index == 0 { self_ty.into() } else { tcx.mk_param_from_def(param) }
+    });
+
+    let result = EarlyBinder(receiver_ty).subst(tcx, substs);
+    debug!(
+        "receiver_for_self_ty({:?}, {:?}, {:?}) = {:?}",
+        receiver_ty, self_ty, method_def_id, result
+    );
+    result
+}
+
+/// Creates the object type for the current trait. For example,
+/// if the current trait is `Deref`, then this will be
+/// `dyn Deref<Target = Self::Target> + 'static`.
+fn object_ty_for_trait<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    lifetime: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+    debug!("object_ty_for_trait: trait_def_id={:?}", trait_def_id);
+
+    let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::identity(tcx, trait_def_id);
+
+    let trait_predicate = trait_ref.map_bound(|trait_ref| {
+        ty::ExistentialPredicate::Trait(ty::ExistentialTraitRef::erase_self_ty(tcx, trait_ref))
+    });
+
+    let mut associated_types = traits::supertraits(tcx, trait_ref)
+        .flat_map(|super_trait_ref| {
+            tcx.associated_items(super_trait_ref.def_id())
+                .in_definition_order()
+                .map(move |item| (super_trait_ref, item))
+        })
+        .filter(|(_, item)| item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Type)
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+    // existential predicates need to be in a specific order
+    associated_types.sort_by_cached_key(|(_, item)| tcx.def_path_hash(item.def_id));
+
+    let projection_predicates = associated_types.into_iter().map(|(super_trait_ref, item)| {
+        // We *can* get bound lifetimes here in cases like
+        // `trait MyTrait: for<'s> OtherTrait<&'s T, Output=bool>`.
+        super_trait_ref.map_bound(|super_trait_ref| {
+            ty::ExistentialPredicate::Projection(ty::ExistentialProjection {
+                term: tcx.mk_projection(item.def_id, super_trait_ref.substs).into(),
+                item_def_id: item.def_id,
+                substs: super_trait_ref.substs,
+            })
+        })
+    });
+
+    let existential_predicates = tcx
+        .mk_poly_existential_predicates(iter::once(trait_predicate).chain(projection_predicates));
+
+    let object_ty = tcx.mk_dynamic(existential_predicates, lifetime);
+
+    debug!("object_ty_for_trait: object_ty=`{}`", object_ty);
+
+    object_ty
+}
+
+/// Checks the method's receiver (the `self` argument) can be dispatched on when `Self` is a
+/// trait object. We require that `DispatchableFromDyn` be implemented for the receiver type
+/// in the following way:
+/// - let `Receiver` be the type of the `self` argument, i.e `Self`, `&Self`, `Rc<Self>`,
+/// - require the following bound:
+///
+///   ```ignore (not-rust)
+///   Receiver[Self => T]: DispatchFromDyn<Receiver[Self => dyn Trait]>
+///   ```
+///
+///   where `Foo[X => Y]` means "the same type as `Foo`, but with `X` replaced with `Y`"
+///   (substitution notation).
+///
+/// Some examples of receiver types and their required obligation:
+/// - `&'a mut self` requires `&'a mut Self: DispatchFromDyn<&'a mut dyn Trait>`,
+/// - `self: Rc<Self>` requires `Rc<Self>: DispatchFromDyn<Rc<dyn Trait>>`,
+/// - `self: Pin<Box<Self>>` requires `Pin<Box<Self>>: DispatchFromDyn<Pin<Box<dyn Trait>>>`.
+///
+/// The only case where the receiver is not dispatchable, but is still a valid receiver
+/// type (just not object-safe), is when there is more than one level of pointer indirection.
+/// E.g., `self: &&Self`, `self: &Rc<Self>`, `self: Box<Box<Self>>`. In these cases, there
+/// is no way, or at least no inexpensive way, to coerce the receiver from the version where
+/// `Self = dyn Trait` to the version where `Self = T`, where `T` is the unknown erased type
+/// contained by the trait object, because the object that needs to be coerced is behind
+/// a pointer.
+///
+/// In practice, we cannot use `dyn Trait` explicitly in the obligation because it would result
+/// in a new check that `Trait` is object safe, creating a cycle (until object_safe_for_dispatch
+/// is stabilized, see tracking issue <https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/43561>).
+/// Instead, we fudge a little by introducing a new type parameter `U` such that
+/// `Self: Unsize<U>` and `U: Trait + ?Sized`, and use `U` in place of `dyn Trait`.
+/// Written as a chalk-style query:
+/// ```ignore (not-rust)
+/// forall (U: Trait + ?Sized) {
+///     if (Self: Unsize<U>) {
+///         Receiver: DispatchFromDyn<Receiver[Self => U]>
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// for `self: &'a mut Self`, this means `&'a mut Self: DispatchFromDyn<&'a mut U>`
+/// for `self: Rc<Self>`, this means `Rc<Self>: DispatchFromDyn<Rc<U>>`
+/// for `self: Pin<Box<Self>>`, this means `Pin<Box<Self>>: DispatchFromDyn<Pin<Box<U>>>`
+//
+// FIXME(mikeyhew) when unsized receivers are implemented as part of unsized rvalues, add this
+// fallback query: `Receiver: Unsize<Receiver[Self => U]>` to support receivers like
+// `self: Wrapper<Self>`.
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn receiver_is_dispatchable<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    method: &ty::AssocItem,
+    receiver_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    debug!("receiver_is_dispatchable: method = {:?}, receiver_ty = {:?}", method, receiver_ty);
+
+    let traits = (tcx.lang_items().unsize_trait(), tcx.lang_items().dispatch_from_dyn_trait());
+    let (Some(unsize_did), Some(dispatch_from_dyn_did)) = traits else {
+        debug!("receiver_is_dispatchable: Missing Unsize or DispatchFromDyn traits");
+        return false;
+    };
+
+    // the type `U` in the query
+    // use a bogus type parameter to mimic a forall(U) query using u32::MAX for now.
+    // FIXME(mikeyhew) this is a total hack. Once object_safe_for_dispatch is stabilized, we can
+    // replace this with `dyn Trait`
+    let unsized_self_ty: Ty<'tcx> =
+        tcx.mk_ty_param(u32::MAX, Symbol::intern("RustaceansAreAwesome"));
+
+    // `Receiver[Self => U]`
+    let unsized_receiver_ty =
+        receiver_for_self_ty(tcx, receiver_ty, unsized_self_ty, method.def_id);
+
+    // create a modified param env, with `Self: Unsize<U>` and `U: Trait` added to caller bounds
+    // `U: ?Sized` is already implied here
+    let param_env = {
+        let param_env = tcx.param_env(method.def_id);
+
+        // Self: Unsize<U>
+        let unsize_predicate = ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef {
+            def_id: unsize_did,
+            substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(tcx.types.self_param, &[unsized_self_ty.into()]),
+        })
+        .without_const()
+        .to_predicate(tcx);
+
+        // U: Trait<Arg1, ..., ArgN>
+        let trait_predicate = {
+            let substs =
+                InternalSubsts::for_item(tcx, method.trait_container(tcx).unwrap(), |param, _| {
+                    if param.index == 0 {
+                        unsized_self_ty.into()
+                    } else {
+                        tcx.mk_param_from_def(param)
+                    }
+                });
+
+            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef { def_id: unsize_did, substs })
+                .without_const()
+                .to_predicate(tcx)
+        };
+
+        let caller_bounds: Vec<Predicate<'tcx>> =
+            param_env.caller_bounds().iter().chain([unsize_predicate, trait_predicate]).collect();
+
+        ty::ParamEnv::new(
+            tcx.intern_predicates(&caller_bounds),
+            param_env.reveal(),
+            param_env.constness(),
+        )
+    };
+
+    // Receiver: DispatchFromDyn<Receiver[Self => U]>
+    let obligation = {
+        let predicate = ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef {
+            def_id: dispatch_from_dyn_did,
+            substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(receiver_ty, &[unsized_receiver_ty.into()]),
+        })
+        .without_const()
+        .to_predicate(tcx);
+
+        Obligation::new(ObligationCause::dummy(), param_env, predicate)
+    };
+
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|ref infcx| {
+        // the receiver is dispatchable iff the obligation holds
+        infcx.predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&obligation)
+    })
+}
+
+fn contains_illegal_self_type_reference<'tcx, T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    value: T,
+) -> bool {
+    // This is somewhat subtle. In general, we want to forbid
+    // references to `Self` in the argument and return types,
+    // since the value of `Self` is erased. However, there is one
+    // exception: it is ok to reference `Self` in order to access
+    // an associated type of the current trait, since we retain
+    // the value of those associated types in the object type
+    // itself.
+    //
+    // ```rust
+    // trait SuperTrait {
+    //     type X;
+    // }
+    //
+    // trait Trait : SuperTrait {
+    //     type Y;
+    //     fn foo(&self, x: Self) // bad
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> Self // bad
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> Option<Self> // bad
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> Self::Y // OK, desugars to next example
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> <Self as Trait>::Y // OK
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> Self::X // OK, desugars to next example
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> <Self as SuperTrait>::X // OK
+    // }
+    // ```
+    //
+    // However, it is not as simple as allowing `Self` in a projected
+    // type, because there are illegal ways to use `Self` as well:
+    //
+    // ```rust
+    // trait Trait : SuperTrait {
+    //     ...
+    //     fn foo(&self) -> <Self as SomeOtherTrait>::X;
+    // }
+    // ```
+    //
+    // Here we will not have the type of `X` recorded in the
+    // object type, and we cannot resolve `Self as SomeOtherTrait`
+    // without knowing what `Self` is.
+
+    struct IllegalSelfTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+        supertraits: Option<Vec<DefId>>,
+    }
+
+    impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for IllegalSelfTypeVisitor<'tcx> {
+        type BreakTy = ();
+
+        fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+            match t.kind() {
+                ty::Param(_) => {
+                    if t == self.tcx.types.self_param {
+                        ControlFlow::BREAK
+                    } else {
+                        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+                    }
+                }
+                ty::Projection(ref data) => {
+                    // This is a projected type `<Foo as SomeTrait>::X`.
+
+                    // Compute supertraits of current trait lazily.
+                    if self.supertraits.is_none() {
+                        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef::identity(self.tcx, self.trait_def_id);
+                        self.supertraits = Some(
+                            traits::supertraits(self.tcx, trait_ref).map(|t| t.def_id()).collect(),
+                        );
+                    }
+
+                    // Determine whether the trait reference `Foo as
+                    // SomeTrait` is in fact a supertrait of the
+                    // current trait. In that case, this type is
+                    // legal, because the type `X` will be specified
+                    // in the object type.  Note that we can just use
+                    // direct equality here because all of these types
+                    // are part of the formal parameter listing, and
+                    // hence there should be no inference variables.
+                    let is_supertrait_of_current_trait = self
+                        .supertraits
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .contains(&data.trait_ref(self.tcx).def_id);
+
+                    if is_supertrait_of_current_trait {
+                        ControlFlow::CONTINUE // do not walk contained types, do not report error, do collect $200
+                    } else {
+                        t.super_visit_with(self) // DO walk contained types, POSSIBLY reporting an error
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => t.super_visit_with(self), // walk contained types, if any
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn visit_unevaluated(&mut self, uv: ty::Unevaluated<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+            // Constants can only influence object safety if they reference `Self`.
+            // This is only possible for unevaluated constants, so we walk these here.
+            //
+            // If `AbstractConst::new` returned an error we already failed compilation
+            // so we don't have to emit an additional error here.
+            //
+            // We currently recurse into abstract consts here but do not recurse in
+            // `is_const_evaluatable`. This means that the object safety check is more
+            // liberal than the const eval check.
+            //
+            // This shouldn't really matter though as we can't really use any
+            // constants which are not considered const evaluatable.
+            use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::Node;
+            if let Ok(Some(ct)) = AbstractConst::new(self.tcx, uv.shrink()) {
+                walk_abstract_const(self.tcx, ct, |node| match node.root(self.tcx) {
+                    Node::Leaf(leaf) => self.visit_const(leaf),
+                    Node::Cast(_, _, ty) => self.visit_ty(ty),
+                    Node::Binop(..) | Node::UnaryOp(..) | Node::FunctionCall(_, _) => {
+                        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+                    }
+                })
+            } else {
+                ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    value
+        .visit_with(&mut IllegalSelfTypeVisitor { tcx, trait_def_id, supertraits: None })
+        .is_break()
+}
+
+pub fn provide(providers: &mut ty::query::Providers) {
+    *providers = ty::query::Providers { object_safety_violations, ..*providers };
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/on_unimplemented.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/on_unimplemented.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9227bbf01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/on_unimplemented.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,425 @@
+use rustc_ast::{MetaItem, NestedMetaItem};
+use rustc_attr as attr;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashMap;
+use rustc_errors::{struct_span_err, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_parse_format::{ParseMode, Parser, Piece, Position};
+use rustc_span::symbol::{kw, sym, Symbol};
+use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct OnUnimplementedFormatString(Symbol);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OnUnimplementedDirective {
+    pub condition: Option<MetaItem>,
+    pub subcommands: Vec<OnUnimplementedDirective>,
+    pub message: Option<OnUnimplementedFormatString>,
+    pub label: Option<OnUnimplementedFormatString>,
+    pub note: Option<OnUnimplementedFormatString>,
+    pub enclosing_scope: Option<OnUnimplementedFormatString>,
+    pub append_const_msg: Option<Option<Symbol>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct OnUnimplementedNote {
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+    pub label: Option<String>,
+    pub note: Option<String>,
+    pub enclosing_scope: Option<String>,
+    /// Append a message for `~const Trait` errors. `None` means not requested and
+    /// should fallback to a generic message, `Some(None)` suggests using the default
+    /// appended message, `Some(Some(s))` suggests use the `s` message instead of the
+    /// default one..
+    pub append_const_msg: Option<Option<Symbol>>,
+}
+
+fn parse_error(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    span: Span,
+    message: &str,
+    label: &str,
+    note: Option<&str>,
+) -> ErrorGuaranteed {
+    let mut diag = struct_span_err!(tcx.sess, span, E0232, "{}", message);
+    diag.span_label(span, label);
+    if let Some(note) = note {
+        diag.note(note);
+    }
+    diag.emit()
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> OnUnimplementedDirective {
+    fn parse(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        item_def_id: DefId,
+        items: &[NestedMetaItem],
+        span: Span,
+        is_root: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        let mut errored = None;
+        let mut item_iter = items.iter();
+
+        let parse_value = |value_str| {
+            OnUnimplementedFormatString::try_parse(tcx, item_def_id, value_str, span).map(Some)
+        };
+
+        let condition = if is_root {
+            None
+        } else {
+            let cond = item_iter
+                .next()
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    parse_error(
+                        tcx,
+                        span,
+                        "empty `on`-clause in `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]`",
+                        "empty on-clause here",
+                        None,
+                    )
+                })?
+                .meta_item()
+                .ok_or_else(|| {
+                    parse_error(
+                        tcx,
+                        span,
+                        "invalid `on`-clause in `#[rustc_on_unimplemented]`",
+                        "invalid on-clause here",
+                        None,
+                    )
+                })?;
+            attr::eval_condition(cond, &tcx.sess.parse_sess, Some(tcx.features()), &mut |cfg| {
+                if let Some(value) = cfg.value && let Err(guar) = parse_value(value) {
+                    errored = Some(guar);
+                }
+                true
+            });
+            Some(cond.clone())
+        };
+
+        let mut message = None;
+        let mut label = None;
+        let mut note = None;
+        let mut enclosing_scope = None;
+        let mut subcommands = vec![];
+        let mut append_const_msg = None;
+
+        for item in item_iter {
+            if item.has_name(sym::message) && message.is_none() {
+                if let Some(message_) = item.value_str() {
+                    message = parse_value(message_)?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if item.has_name(sym::label) && label.is_none() {
+                if let Some(label_) = item.value_str() {
+                    label = parse_value(label_)?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if item.has_name(sym::note) && note.is_none() {
+                if let Some(note_) = item.value_str() {
+                    note = parse_value(note_)?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if item.has_name(sym::enclosing_scope) && enclosing_scope.is_none() {
+                if let Some(enclosing_scope_) = item.value_str() {
+                    enclosing_scope = parse_value(enclosing_scope_)?;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if item.has_name(sym::on)
+                && is_root
+                && message.is_none()
+                && label.is_none()
+                && note.is_none()
+            {
+                if let Some(items) = item.meta_item_list() {
+                    match Self::parse(tcx, item_def_id, &items, item.span(), false) {
+                        Ok(subcommand) => subcommands.push(subcommand),
+                        Err(reported) => errored = Some(reported),
+                    };
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if item.has_name(sym::append_const_msg) && append_const_msg.is_none() {
+                if let Some(msg) = item.value_str() {
+                    append_const_msg = Some(Some(msg));
+                    continue;
+                } else if item.is_word() {
+                    append_const_msg = Some(None);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // nothing found
+            parse_error(
+                tcx,
+                item.span(),
+                "this attribute must have a valid value",
+                "expected value here",
+                Some(r#"eg `#[rustc_on_unimplemented(message="foo")]`"#),
+            );
+        }
+
+        if let Some(reported) = errored {
+            Err(reported)
+        } else {
+            Ok(OnUnimplementedDirective {
+                condition,
+                subcommands,
+                message,
+                label,
+                note,
+                enclosing_scope,
+                append_const_msg,
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn of_item(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, item_def_id: DefId) -> Result<Option<Self>, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        let Some(attr) = tcx.get_attr(item_def_id, sym::rustc_on_unimplemented) else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+
+        let result = if let Some(items) = attr.meta_item_list() {
+            Self::parse(tcx, item_def_id, &items, attr.span, true).map(Some)
+        } else if let Some(value) = attr.value_str() {
+            Ok(Some(OnUnimplementedDirective {
+                condition: None,
+                message: None,
+                subcommands: vec![],
+                label: Some(OnUnimplementedFormatString::try_parse(
+                    tcx,
+                    item_def_id,
+                    value,
+                    attr.span,
+                )?),
+                note: None,
+                enclosing_scope: None,
+                append_const_msg: None,
+            }))
+        } else {
+            let reported =
+                tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(DUMMY_SP, "of_item: neither meta_item_list nor value_str");
+            return Err(reported);
+        };
+        debug!("of_item({:?}) = {:?}", item_def_id, result);
+        result
+    }
+
+    pub fn evaluate(
+        &self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+        options: &[(Symbol, Option<String>)],
+    ) -> OnUnimplementedNote {
+        let mut message = None;
+        let mut label = None;
+        let mut note = None;
+        let mut enclosing_scope = None;
+        let mut append_const_msg = None;
+        info!("evaluate({:?}, trait_ref={:?}, options={:?})", self, trait_ref, options);
+
+        let options_map: FxHashMap<Symbol, String> =
+            options.iter().filter_map(|(k, v)| v.as_ref().map(|v| (*k, v.to_owned()))).collect();
+
+        for command in self.subcommands.iter().chain(Some(self)).rev() {
+            if let Some(ref condition) = command.condition && !attr::eval_condition(
+                condition,
+                &tcx.sess.parse_sess,
+                Some(tcx.features()),
+                &mut |cfg| {
+                    let value = cfg.value.map(|v| {
+                        OnUnimplementedFormatString(v).format(tcx, trait_ref, &options_map)
+                    });
+
+                    options.contains(&(cfg.name, value))
+                },
+            ) {
+                debug!("evaluate: skipping {:?} due to condition", command);
+                continue;
+            }
+            debug!("evaluate: {:?} succeeded", command);
+            if let Some(ref message_) = command.message {
+                message = Some(message_.clone());
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref label_) = command.label {
+                label = Some(label_.clone());
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref note_) = command.note {
+                note = Some(note_.clone());
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref enclosing_scope_) = command.enclosing_scope {
+                enclosing_scope = Some(enclosing_scope_.clone());
+            }
+
+            append_const_msg = command.append_const_msg;
+        }
+
+        OnUnimplementedNote {
+            label: label.map(|l| l.format(tcx, trait_ref, &options_map)),
+            message: message.map(|m| m.format(tcx, trait_ref, &options_map)),
+            note: note.map(|n| n.format(tcx, trait_ref, &options_map)),
+            enclosing_scope: enclosing_scope.map(|e_s| e_s.format(tcx, trait_ref, &options_map)),
+            append_const_msg,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> OnUnimplementedFormatString {
+    fn try_parse(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        item_def_id: DefId,
+        from: Symbol,
+        err_sp: Span,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        let result = OnUnimplementedFormatString(from);
+        result.verify(tcx, item_def_id, err_sp)?;
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    fn verify(
+        &self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        item_def_id: DefId,
+        span: Span,
+    ) -> Result<(), ErrorGuaranteed> {
+        let trait_def_id = if tcx.is_trait(item_def_id) {
+            item_def_id
+        } else {
+            tcx.trait_id_of_impl(item_def_id)
+                .expect("expected `on_unimplemented` to correspond to a trait")
+        };
+        let trait_name = tcx.item_name(trait_def_id);
+        let generics = tcx.generics_of(item_def_id);
+        let s = self.0.as_str();
+        let parser = Parser::new(s, None, None, false, ParseMode::Format);
+        let mut result = Ok(());
+        for token in parser {
+            match token {
+                Piece::String(_) => (), // Normal string, no need to check it
+                Piece::NextArgument(a) => match a.position {
+                    Position::ArgumentNamed(s) => {
+                        match Symbol::intern(s) {
+                            // `{Self}` is allowed
+                            kw::SelfUpper => (),
+                            // `{ThisTraitsName}` is allowed
+                            s if s == trait_name => (),
+                            // `{from_method}` is allowed
+                            sym::from_method => (),
+                            // `{from_desugaring}` is allowed
+                            sym::from_desugaring => (),
+                            // `{ItemContext}` is allowed
+                            sym::ItemContext => (),
+                            // `{integral}` and `{integer}` and `{float}` are allowed
+                            sym::integral | sym::integer_ | sym::float => (),
+                            // So is `{A}` if A is a type parameter
+                            s => match generics.params.iter().find(|param| param.name == s) {
+                                Some(_) => (),
+                                None => {
+                                    let reported = struct_span_err!(
+                                        tcx.sess,
+                                        span,
+                                        E0230,
+                                        "there is no parameter `{}` on {}",
+                                        s,
+                                        if trait_def_id == item_def_id {
+                                            format!("trait `{}`", trait_name)
+                                        } else {
+                                            "impl".to_string()
+                                        }
+                                    )
+                                    .emit();
+                                    result = Err(reported);
+                                }
+                            },
+                        }
+                    }
+                    // `{:1}` and `{}` are not to be used
+                    Position::ArgumentIs(..) | Position::ArgumentImplicitlyIs(_) => {
+                        let reported = struct_span_err!(
+                            tcx.sess,
+                            span,
+                            E0231,
+                            "only named substitution parameters are allowed"
+                        )
+                        .emit();
+                        result = Err(reported);
+                    }
+                },
+            }
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    pub fn format(
+        &self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+        options: &FxHashMap<Symbol, String>,
+    ) -> String {
+        let name = tcx.item_name(trait_ref.def_id);
+        let trait_str = tcx.def_path_str(trait_ref.def_id);
+        let generics = tcx.generics_of(trait_ref.def_id);
+        let generic_map = generics
+            .params
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|param| {
+                let value = match param.kind {
+                    GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {
+                        trait_ref.substs[param.index as usize].to_string()
+                    }
+                    GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => return None,
+                };
+                let name = param.name;
+                Some((name, value))
+            })
+            .collect::<FxHashMap<Symbol, String>>();
+        let empty_string = String::new();
+
+        let s = self.0.as_str();
+        let parser = Parser::new(s, None, None, false, ParseMode::Format);
+        let item_context = (options.get(&sym::ItemContext)).unwrap_or(&empty_string);
+        parser
+            .map(|p| match p {
+                Piece::String(s) => s,
+                Piece::NextArgument(a) => match a.position {
+                    Position::ArgumentNamed(s) => {
+                        let s = Symbol::intern(s);
+                        match generic_map.get(&s) {
+                            Some(val) => val,
+                            None if s == name => &trait_str,
+                            None => {
+                                if let Some(val) = options.get(&s) {
+                                    val
+                                } else if s == sym::from_desugaring || s == sym::from_method {
+                                    // don't break messages using these two arguments incorrectly
+                                    &empty_string
+                                } else if s == sym::ItemContext {
+                                    &item_context
+                                } else if s == sym::integral {
+                                    "{integral}"
+                                } else if s == sym::integer_ {
+                                    "{integer}"
+                                } else if s == sym::float {
+                                    "{float}"
+                                } else {
+                                    bug!(
+                                        "broken on_unimplemented {:?} for {:?}: \
+                                      no argument matching {:?}",
+                                        self.0,
+                                        trait_ref,
+                                        s
+                                    )
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    _ => bug!("broken on_unimplemented {:?} - bad format arg", self.0),
+                },
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/project.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/project.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4e80e1ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/project.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2150 @@
+//! Code for projecting associated types out of trait references.
+
+use super::specialization_graph;
+use super::translate_substs;
+use super::util;
+use super::MismatchedProjectionTypes;
+use super::Obligation;
+use super::ObligationCause;
+use super::PredicateObligation;
+use super::Selection;
+use super::SelectionContext;
+use super::SelectionError;
+use super::{
+    ImplSourceClosureData, ImplSourceDiscriminantKindData, ImplSourceFnPointerData,
+    ImplSourceGeneratorData, ImplSourcePointeeData, ImplSourceUserDefinedData,
+};
+use super::{Normalized, NormalizedTy, ProjectionCacheEntry, ProjectionCacheKey};
+
+use crate::infer::type_variable::{TypeVariableOrigin, TypeVariableOriginKind};
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk, LateBoundRegionConversionTime};
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt as _;
+use crate::traits::select::ProjectionMatchesProjection;
+use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashSet;
+use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
+use rustc_errors::ErrorGuaranteed;
+use rustc_hir::def::DefKind;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_infer::infer::resolve::OpportunisticRegionResolver;
+use rustc_middle::traits::select::OverflowError;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{TypeFoldable, TypeFolder, TypeSuperFoldable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::Subst;
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{MaxUniverse, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Term, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::Reveal;
+
+pub type PolyProjectionObligation<'tcx> = Obligation<'tcx, ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>>;
+
+pub type ProjectionObligation<'tcx> = Obligation<'tcx, ty::ProjectionPredicate<'tcx>>;
+
+pub type ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx> = Obligation<'tcx, ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>>;
+
+pub(super) struct InProgress;
+
+/// When attempting to resolve `<T as TraitRef>::Name` ...
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ProjectionError<'tcx> {
+    /// ...we found multiple sources of information and couldn't resolve the ambiguity.
+    TooManyCandidates,
+
+    /// ...an error occurred matching `T : TraitRef`
+    TraitSelectionError(SelectionError<'tcx>),
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+enum ProjectionCandidate<'tcx> {
+    /// From a where-clause in the env or object type
+    ParamEnv(ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>),
+
+    /// From the definition of `Trait` when you have something like <<A as Trait>::B as Trait2>::C
+    TraitDef(ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>),
+
+    /// Bounds specified on an object type
+    Object(ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>),
+
+    /// From an "impl" (or a "pseudo-impl" returned by select)
+    Select(Selection<'tcx>),
+}
+
+enum ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx> {
+    None,
+    Single(ProjectionCandidate<'tcx>),
+    Ambiguous,
+    Error(SelectionError<'tcx>),
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx> {
+    fn mark_ambiguous(&mut self) {
+        *self = ProjectionCandidateSet::Ambiguous;
+    }
+
+    fn mark_error(&mut self, err: SelectionError<'tcx>) {
+        *self = ProjectionCandidateSet::Error(err);
+    }
+
+    // Returns true if the push was successful, or false if the candidate
+    // was discarded -- this could be because of ambiguity, or because
+    // a higher-priority candidate is already there.
+    fn push_candidate(&mut self, candidate: ProjectionCandidate<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        use self::ProjectionCandidate::*;
+        use self::ProjectionCandidateSet::*;
+
+        // This wacky variable is just used to try and
+        // make code readable and avoid confusing paths.
+        // It is assigned a "value" of `()` only on those
+        // paths in which we wish to convert `*self` to
+        // ambiguous (and return false, because the candidate
+        // was not used). On other paths, it is not assigned,
+        // and hence if those paths *could* reach the code that
+        // comes after the match, this fn would not compile.
+        let convert_to_ambiguous;
+
+        match self {
+            None => {
+                *self = Single(candidate);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            Single(current) => {
+                // Duplicates can happen inside ParamEnv. In the case, we
+                // perform a lazy deduplication.
+                if current == &candidate {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                // Prefer where-clauses. As in select, if there are multiple
+                // candidates, we prefer where-clause candidates over impls.  This
+                // may seem a bit surprising, since impls are the source of
+                // "truth" in some sense, but in fact some of the impls that SEEM
+                // applicable are not, because of nested obligations. Where
+                // clauses are the safer choice. See the comment on
+                // `select::SelectionCandidate` and #21974 for more details.
+                match (current, candidate) {
+                    (ParamEnv(..), ParamEnv(..)) => convert_to_ambiguous = (),
+                    (ParamEnv(..), _) => return false,
+                    (_, ParamEnv(..)) => unreachable!(),
+                    (_, _) => convert_to_ambiguous = (),
+                }
+            }
+
+            Ambiguous | Error(..) => {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // We only ever get here when we moved from a single candidate
+        // to ambiguous.
+        let () = convert_to_ambiguous;
+        *self = Ambiguous;
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+/// States returned from `poly_project_and_unify_type`. Takes the place
+/// of the old return type, which was:
+/// ```ignore (not-rust)
+/// Result<
+///     Result<Option<Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>>, InProgress>,
+///     MismatchedProjectionTypes<'tcx>,
+/// >
+/// ```
+pub(super) enum ProjectAndUnifyResult<'tcx> {
+    /// The projection bound holds subject to the given obligations. If the
+    /// projection cannot be normalized because the required trait bound does
+    /// not hold, this is returned, with `obligations` being a predicate that
+    /// cannot be proven.
+    Holds(Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>),
+    /// The projection cannot be normalized due to ambiguity. Resolving some
+    /// inference variables in the projection may fix this.
+    FailedNormalization,
+    /// The project cannot be normalized because `poly_project_and_unify_type`
+    /// is called recursively while normalizing the same projection.
+    Recursive,
+    // the projection can be normalized, but is not equal to the expected type.
+    // Returns the type error that arose from the mismatch.
+    MismatchedProjectionTypes(MismatchedProjectionTypes<'tcx>),
+}
+
+/// Evaluates constraints of the form:
+/// ```ignore (not-rust)
+/// for<...> <T as Trait>::U == V
+/// ```
+/// If successful, this may result in additional obligations. Also returns
+/// the projection cache key used to track these additional obligations.
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(selcx))]
+pub(super) fn poly_project_and_unify_type<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &PolyProjectionObligation<'tcx>,
+) -> ProjectAndUnifyResult<'tcx> {
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    let r = infcx.commit_if_ok(|_snapshot| {
+        let old_universe = infcx.universe();
+        let placeholder_predicate =
+            infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(obligation.predicate);
+        let new_universe = infcx.universe();
+
+        let placeholder_obligation = obligation.with(placeholder_predicate);
+        match project_and_unify_type(selcx, &placeholder_obligation) {
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(e) => Err(e),
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(obligations)
+                if old_universe != new_universe
+                    && selcx.tcx().features().generic_associated_types_extended =>
+            {
+                // If the `generic_associated_types_extended` feature is active, then we ignore any
+                // obligations references lifetimes from any universe greater than or equal to the
+                // universe just created. Otherwise, we can end up with something like `for<'a> I: 'a`,
+                // which isn't quite what we want. Ideally, we want either an implied
+                // `for<'a where I: 'a> I: 'a` or we want to "lazily" check these hold when we
+                // substitute concrete regions. There is design work to be done here; until then,
+                // however, this allows experimenting potential GAT features without running into
+                // well-formedness issues.
+                let new_obligations = obligations
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .filter(|obligation| {
+                        let mut visitor = MaxUniverse::new();
+                        obligation.predicate.visit_with(&mut visitor);
+                        visitor.max_universe() < new_universe
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                Ok(ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(new_obligations))
+            }
+            other => Ok(other),
+        }
+    });
+
+    match r {
+        Ok(inner) => inner,
+        Err(err) => ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(err),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Evaluates constraints of the form:
+/// ```ignore (not-rust)
+/// <T as Trait>::U == V
+/// ```
+/// If successful, this may result in additional obligations.
+///
+/// See [poly_project_and_unify_type] for an explanation of the return value.
+#[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(selcx))]
+fn project_and_unify_type<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionObligation<'tcx>,
+) -> ProjectAndUnifyResult<'tcx> {
+    let mut obligations = vec![];
+
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    let normalized = match opt_normalize_projection_type(
+        selcx,
+        obligation.param_env,
+        obligation.predicate.projection_ty,
+        obligation.cause.clone(),
+        obligation.recursion_depth,
+        &mut obligations,
+    ) {
+        Ok(Some(n)) => n,
+        Ok(None) => return ProjectAndUnifyResult::FailedNormalization,
+        Err(InProgress) => return ProjectAndUnifyResult::Recursive,
+    };
+    debug!(?normalized, ?obligations, "project_and_unify_type result");
+    let actual = obligation.predicate.term;
+    // For an example where this is neccessary see src/test/ui/impl-trait/nested-return-type2.rs
+    // This allows users to omit re-mentioning all bounds on an associated type and just use an
+    // `impl Trait` for the assoc type to add more bounds.
+    let InferOk { value: actual, obligations: new } =
+        selcx.infcx().replace_opaque_types_with_inference_vars(
+            actual,
+            obligation.cause.body_id,
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            obligation.param_env,
+        );
+    obligations.extend(new);
+
+    match infcx.at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env).eq(normalized, actual) {
+        Ok(InferOk { obligations: inferred_obligations, value: () }) => {
+            obligations.extend(inferred_obligations);
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(obligations)
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            debug!("equating types encountered error {:?}", err);
+            ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(MismatchedProjectionTypes { err })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Normalizes any associated type projections in `value`, replacing
+/// them with a fully resolved type where possible. The return value
+/// combines the normalized result and any additional obligations that
+/// were incurred as result.
+pub fn normalize<'a, 'b, 'tcx, T>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    value: T,
+) -> Normalized<'tcx, T>
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    let mut obligations = Vec::new();
+    let value = normalize_to(selcx, param_env, cause, value, &mut obligations);
+    Normalized { value, obligations }
+}
+
+pub fn normalize_to<'a, 'b, 'tcx, T>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    value: T,
+    obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> T
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    normalize_with_depth_to(selcx, param_env, cause, 0, value, obligations)
+}
+
+/// As `normalize`, but with a custom depth.
+pub fn normalize_with_depth<'a, 'b, 'tcx, T>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+    value: T,
+) -> Normalized<'tcx, T>
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    let mut obligations = Vec::new();
+    let value = normalize_with_depth_to(selcx, param_env, cause, depth, value, &mut obligations);
+    Normalized { value, obligations }
+}
+
+#[instrument(level = "info", skip(selcx, param_env, cause, obligations))]
+pub fn normalize_with_depth_to<'a, 'b, 'tcx, T>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+    value: T,
+    obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> T
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    debug!(obligations.len = obligations.len());
+    let mut normalizer = AssocTypeNormalizer::new(selcx, param_env, cause, depth, obligations);
+    let result = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| normalizer.fold(value));
+    debug!(?result, obligations.len = normalizer.obligations.len());
+    debug!(?normalizer.obligations,);
+    result
+}
+
+#[instrument(level = "info", skip(selcx, param_env, cause, obligations))]
+pub fn try_normalize_with_depth_to<'a, 'b, 'tcx, T>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+    value: T,
+    obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> T
+where
+    T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+{
+    debug!(obligations.len = obligations.len());
+    let mut normalizer = AssocTypeNormalizer::new_without_eager_inference_replacement(
+        selcx,
+        param_env,
+        cause,
+        depth,
+        obligations,
+    );
+    let result = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| normalizer.fold(value));
+    debug!(?result, obligations.len = normalizer.obligations.len());
+    debug!(?normalizer.obligations,);
+    result
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn needs_normalization<'tcx, T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>>(value: &T, reveal: Reveal) -> bool {
+    match reveal {
+        Reveal::UserFacing => value
+            .has_type_flags(ty::TypeFlags::HAS_TY_PROJECTION | ty::TypeFlags::HAS_CT_PROJECTION),
+        Reveal::All => value.has_type_flags(
+            ty::TypeFlags::HAS_TY_PROJECTION
+                | ty::TypeFlags::HAS_TY_OPAQUE
+                | ty::TypeFlags::HAS_CT_PROJECTION,
+        ),
+    }
+}
+
+struct AssocTypeNormalizer<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    obligations: &'a mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    depth: usize,
+    universes: Vec<Option<ty::UniverseIndex>>,
+    /// If true, when a projection is unable to be completed, an inference
+    /// variable will be created and an obligation registered to project to that
+    /// inference variable. Also, constants will be eagerly evaluated.
+    eager_inference_replacement: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> AssocTypeNormalizer<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    fn new(
+        selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        depth: usize,
+        obligations: &'a mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> AssocTypeNormalizer<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+        AssocTypeNormalizer {
+            selcx,
+            param_env,
+            cause,
+            obligations,
+            depth,
+            universes: vec![],
+            eager_inference_replacement: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn new_without_eager_inference_replacement(
+        selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        depth: usize,
+        obligations: &'a mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> AssocTypeNormalizer<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+        AssocTypeNormalizer {
+            selcx,
+            param_env,
+            cause,
+            obligations,
+            depth,
+            universes: vec![],
+            eager_inference_replacement: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fold<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(&mut self, value: T) -> T {
+        let value = self.selcx.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(value);
+        debug!(?value);
+
+        assert!(
+            !value.has_escaping_bound_vars(),
+            "Normalizing {:?} without wrapping in a `Binder`",
+            value
+        );
+
+        if !needs_normalization(&value, self.param_env.reveal()) {
+            value
+        } else {
+            value.fold_with(self)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, 'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for AssocTypeNormalizer<'a, 'b, 'tcx> {
+    fn tcx<'c>(&'c self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.selcx.tcx()
+    }
+
+    fn fold_binder<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, T> {
+        self.universes.push(None);
+        let t = t.super_fold_with(self);
+        self.universes.pop();
+        t
+    }
+
+    fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        if !needs_normalization(&ty, self.param_env.reveal()) {
+            return ty;
+        }
+
+        // We try to be a little clever here as a performance optimization in
+        // cases where there are nested projections under binders.
+        // For example:
+        // ```
+        // for<'a> fn(<T as Foo>::One<'a, Box<dyn Bar<'a, Item=<T as Foo>::Two<'a>>>>)
+        // ```
+        // We normalize the substs on the projection before the projecting, but
+        // if we're naive, we'll
+        //   replace bound vars on inner, project inner, replace placeholders on inner,
+        //   replace bound vars on outer, project outer, replace placeholders on outer
+        //
+        // However, if we're a bit more clever, we can replace the bound vars
+        // on the entire type before normalizing nested projections, meaning we
+        //   replace bound vars on outer, project inner,
+        //   project outer, replace placeholders on outer
+        //
+        // This is possible because the inner `'a` will already be a placeholder
+        // when we need to normalize the inner projection
+        //
+        // On the other hand, this does add a bit of complexity, since we only
+        // replace bound vars if the current type is a `Projection` and we need
+        // to make sure we don't forget to fold the substs regardless.
+
+        match *ty.kind() {
+            // This is really important. While we *can* handle this, this has
+            // severe performance implications for large opaque types with
+            // late-bound regions. See `issue-88862` benchmark.
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) if !substs.has_escaping_bound_vars() => {
+                // Only normalize `impl Trait` outside of type inference, usually in codegen.
+                match self.param_env.reveal() {
+                    Reveal::UserFacing => ty.super_fold_with(self),
+
+                    Reveal::All => {
+                        let recursion_limit = self.tcx().recursion_limit();
+                        if !recursion_limit.value_within_limit(self.depth) {
+                            let obligation = Obligation::with_depth(
+                                self.cause.clone(),
+                                recursion_limit.0,
+                                self.param_env,
+                                ty,
+                            );
+                            self.selcx.infcx().report_overflow_error(&obligation, true);
+                        }
+
+                        let substs = substs.fold_with(self);
+                        let generic_ty = self.tcx().bound_type_of(def_id);
+                        let concrete_ty = generic_ty.subst(self.tcx(), substs);
+                        self.depth += 1;
+                        let folded_ty = self.fold_ty(concrete_ty);
+                        self.depth -= 1;
+                        folded_ty
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Projection(data) if !data.has_escaping_bound_vars() => {
+                // This branch is *mostly* just an optimization: when we don't
+                // have escaping bound vars, we don't need to replace them with
+                // placeholders (see branch below). *Also*, we know that we can
+                // register an obligation to *later* project, since we know
+                // there won't be bound vars there.
+                let data = data.fold_with(self);
+                let normalized_ty = if self.eager_inference_replacement {
+                    normalize_projection_type(
+                        self.selcx,
+                        self.param_env,
+                        data,
+                        self.cause.clone(),
+                        self.depth,
+                        &mut self.obligations,
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    opt_normalize_projection_type(
+                        self.selcx,
+                        self.param_env,
+                        data,
+                        self.cause.clone(),
+                        self.depth,
+                        &mut self.obligations,
+                    )
+                    .ok()
+                    .flatten()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| ty::Term::Ty(ty.super_fold_with(self)))
+                };
+                debug!(
+                    ?self.depth,
+                    ?ty,
+                    ?normalized_ty,
+                    obligations.len = ?self.obligations.len(),
+                    "AssocTypeNormalizer: normalized type"
+                );
+                normalized_ty.ty().unwrap()
+            }
+
+            ty::Projection(data) => {
+                // If there are escaping bound vars, we temporarily replace the
+                // bound vars with placeholders. Note though, that in the case
+                // that we still can't project for whatever reason (e.g. self
+                // type isn't known enough), we *can't* register an obligation
+                // and return an inference variable (since then that obligation
+                // would have bound vars and that's a can of worms). Instead,
+                // we just give up and fall back to pretending like we never tried!
+                //
+                // Note: this isn't necessarily the final approach here; we may
+                // want to figure out how to register obligations with escaping vars
+                // or handle this some other way.
+
+                let infcx = self.selcx.infcx();
+                let (data, mapped_regions, mapped_types, mapped_consts) =
+                    BoundVarReplacer::replace_bound_vars(infcx, &mut self.universes, data);
+                let data = data.fold_with(self);
+                let normalized_ty = opt_normalize_projection_type(
+                    self.selcx,
+                    self.param_env,
+                    data,
+                    self.cause.clone(),
+                    self.depth,
+                    &mut self.obligations,
+                )
+                .ok()
+                .flatten()
+                .map(|term| term.ty().unwrap())
+                .map(|normalized_ty| {
+                    PlaceholderReplacer::replace_placeholders(
+                        infcx,
+                        mapped_regions,
+                        mapped_types,
+                        mapped_consts,
+                        &self.universes,
+                        normalized_ty,
+                    )
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| ty.super_fold_with(self));
+
+                debug!(
+                    ?self.depth,
+                    ?ty,
+                    ?normalized_ty,
+                    obligations.len = ?self.obligations.len(),
+                    "AssocTypeNormalizer: normalized type"
+                );
+                normalized_ty
+            }
+
+            _ => ty.super_fold_with(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn fold_const(&mut self, constant: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
+        if self.selcx.tcx().lazy_normalization() || !self.eager_inference_replacement {
+            constant
+        } else {
+            let constant = constant.super_fold_with(self);
+            debug!(?constant);
+            debug!("self.param_env: {:?}", self.param_env);
+            constant.eval(self.selcx.tcx(), self.param_env)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct BoundVarReplacer<'me, 'tcx> {
+    infcx: &'me InferCtxt<'me, 'tcx>,
+    // These three maps track the bound variable that were replaced by placeholders. It might be
+    // nice to remove these since we already have the `kind` in the placeholder; we really just need
+    // the `var` (but we *could* bring that into scope if we were to track them as we pass them).
+    mapped_regions: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderRegion, ty::BoundRegion>,
+    mapped_types: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderType, ty::BoundTy>,
+    mapped_consts: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderConst<'tcx>, ty::BoundVar>,
+    // The current depth relative to *this* folding, *not* the entire normalization. In other words,
+    // the depth of binders we've passed here.
+    current_index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
+    // The `UniverseIndex` of the binding levels above us. These are optional, since we are lazy:
+    // we don't actually create a universe until we see a bound var we have to replace.
+    universe_indices: &'me mut Vec<Option<ty::UniverseIndex>>,
+}
+
+impl<'me, 'tcx> BoundVarReplacer<'me, 'tcx> {
+    /// Returns `Some` if we *were* able to replace bound vars. If there are any bound vars that
+    /// use a binding level above `universe_indices.len()`, we fail.
+    pub fn replace_bound_vars<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        infcx: &'me InferCtxt<'me, 'tcx>,
+        universe_indices: &'me mut Vec<Option<ty::UniverseIndex>>,
+        value: T,
+    ) -> (
+        T,
+        BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderRegion, ty::BoundRegion>,
+        BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderType, ty::BoundTy>,
+        BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderConst<'tcx>, ty::BoundVar>,
+    ) {
+        let mapped_regions: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderRegion, ty::BoundRegion> = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mapped_types: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderType, ty::BoundTy> = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mapped_consts: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderConst<'tcx>, ty::BoundVar> = BTreeMap::new();
+
+        let mut replacer = BoundVarReplacer {
+            infcx,
+            mapped_regions,
+            mapped_types,
+            mapped_consts,
+            current_index: ty::INNERMOST,
+            universe_indices,
+        };
+
+        let value = value.fold_with(&mut replacer);
+
+        (value, replacer.mapped_regions, replacer.mapped_types, replacer.mapped_consts)
+    }
+
+    fn universe_for(&mut self, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex) -> ty::UniverseIndex {
+        let infcx = self.infcx;
+        let index =
+            self.universe_indices.len() + self.current_index.as_usize() - debruijn.as_usize() - 1;
+        let universe = self.universe_indices[index].unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            for i in self.universe_indices.iter_mut().take(index + 1) {
+                *i = i.or_else(|| Some(infcx.create_next_universe()))
+            }
+            self.universe_indices[index].unwrap()
+        });
+        universe
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for BoundVarReplacer<'_, 'tcx> {
+    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn fold_binder<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, T> {
+        self.current_index.shift_in(1);
+        let t = t.super_fold_with(self);
+        self.current_index.shift_out(1);
+        t
+    }
+
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
+        match *r {
+            ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, _)
+                if debruijn.as_usize() + 1
+                    > self.current_index.as_usize() + self.universe_indices.len() =>
+            {
+                bug!("Bound vars outside of `self.universe_indices`");
+            }
+            ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, br) if debruijn >= self.current_index => {
+                let universe = self.universe_for(debruijn);
+                let p = ty::PlaceholderRegion { universe, name: br.kind };
+                self.mapped_regions.insert(p, br);
+                self.infcx.tcx.mk_region(ty::RePlaceholder(p))
+            }
+            _ => r,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fold_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        match *t.kind() {
+            ty::Bound(debruijn, _)
+                if debruijn.as_usize() + 1
+                    > self.current_index.as_usize() + self.universe_indices.len() =>
+            {
+                bug!("Bound vars outside of `self.universe_indices`");
+            }
+            ty::Bound(debruijn, bound_ty) if debruijn >= self.current_index => {
+                let universe = self.universe_for(debruijn);
+                let p = ty::PlaceholderType { universe, name: bound_ty.var };
+                self.mapped_types.insert(p, bound_ty);
+                self.infcx.tcx.mk_ty(ty::Placeholder(p))
+            }
+            _ if t.has_vars_bound_at_or_above(self.current_index) => t.super_fold_with(self),
+            _ => t,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fold_const(&mut self, ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
+        match ct.kind() {
+            ty::ConstKind::Bound(debruijn, _)
+                if debruijn.as_usize() + 1
+                    > self.current_index.as_usize() + self.universe_indices.len() =>
+            {
+                bug!("Bound vars outside of `self.universe_indices`");
+            }
+            ty::ConstKind::Bound(debruijn, bound_const) if debruijn >= self.current_index => {
+                let universe = self.universe_for(debruijn);
+                let p = ty::PlaceholderConst { universe, name: bound_const };
+                self.mapped_consts.insert(p, bound_const);
+                self.infcx
+                    .tcx
+                    .mk_const(ty::ConstS { kind: ty::ConstKind::Placeholder(p), ty: ct.ty() })
+            }
+            _ => ct.super_fold_with(self),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fold_predicate(&mut self, p: ty::Predicate<'tcx>) -> ty::Predicate<'tcx> {
+        if p.has_vars_bound_at_or_above(self.current_index) { p.super_fold_with(self) } else { p }
+    }
+}
+
+// The inverse of `BoundVarReplacer`: replaces placeholders with the bound vars from which they came.
+pub struct PlaceholderReplacer<'me, 'tcx> {
+    infcx: &'me InferCtxt<'me, 'tcx>,
+    mapped_regions: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderRegion, ty::BoundRegion>,
+    mapped_types: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderType, ty::BoundTy>,
+    mapped_consts: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderConst<'tcx>, ty::BoundVar>,
+    universe_indices: &'me [Option<ty::UniverseIndex>],
+    current_index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
+}
+
+impl<'me, 'tcx> PlaceholderReplacer<'me, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn replace_placeholders<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        infcx: &'me InferCtxt<'me, 'tcx>,
+        mapped_regions: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderRegion, ty::BoundRegion>,
+        mapped_types: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderType, ty::BoundTy>,
+        mapped_consts: BTreeMap<ty::PlaceholderConst<'tcx>, ty::BoundVar>,
+        universe_indices: &'me [Option<ty::UniverseIndex>],
+        value: T,
+    ) -> T {
+        let mut replacer = PlaceholderReplacer {
+            infcx,
+            mapped_regions,
+            mapped_types,
+            mapped_consts,
+            universe_indices,
+            current_index: ty::INNERMOST,
+        };
+        value.fold_with(&mut replacer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeFolder<'tcx> for PlaceholderReplacer<'_, 'tcx> {
+    fn tcx<'b>(&'b self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn fold_binder<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, T> {
+        if !t.has_placeholders() && !t.has_infer_regions() {
+            return t;
+        }
+        self.current_index.shift_in(1);
+        let t = t.super_fold_with(self);
+        self.current_index.shift_out(1);
+        t
+    }
+
+    fn fold_region(&mut self, r0: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ty::Region<'tcx> {
+        let r1 = match *r0 {
+            ty::ReVar(_) => self
+                .infcx
+                .inner
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .unwrap_region_constraints()
+                .opportunistic_resolve_region(self.infcx.tcx, r0),
+            _ => r0,
+        };
+
+        let r2 = match *r1 {
+            ty::RePlaceholder(p) => {
+                let replace_var = self.mapped_regions.get(&p);
+                match replace_var {
+                    Some(replace_var) => {
+                        let index = self
+                            .universe_indices
+                            .iter()
+                            .position(|u| matches!(u, Some(pu) if *pu == p.universe))
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| bug!("Unexpected placeholder universe."));
+                        let db = ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(
+                            self.universe_indices.len() - index + self.current_index.as_usize() - 1,
+                        );
+                        self.tcx().mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(db, *replace_var))
+                    }
+                    None => r1,
+                }
+            }
+            _ => r1,
+        };
+
+        debug!(?r0, ?r1, ?r2, "fold_region");
+
+        r2
+    }
+
+    fn fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
+        match *ty.kind() {
+            ty::Placeholder(p) => {
+                let replace_var = self.mapped_types.get(&p);
+                match replace_var {
+                    Some(replace_var) => {
+                        let index = self
+                            .universe_indices
+                            .iter()
+                            .position(|u| matches!(u, Some(pu) if *pu == p.universe))
+                            .unwrap_or_else(|| bug!("Unexpected placeholder universe."));
+                        let db = ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(
+                            self.universe_indices.len() - index + self.current_index.as_usize() - 1,
+                        );
+                        self.tcx().mk_ty(ty::Bound(db, *replace_var))
+                    }
+                    None => ty,
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ if ty.has_placeholders() || ty.has_infer_regions() => ty.super_fold_with(self),
+            _ => ty,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fold_const(&mut self, ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ty::Const<'tcx> {
+        if let ty::ConstKind::Placeholder(p) = ct.kind() {
+            let replace_var = self.mapped_consts.get(&p);
+            match replace_var {
+                Some(replace_var) => {
+                    let index = self
+                        .universe_indices
+                        .iter()
+                        .position(|u| matches!(u, Some(pu) if *pu == p.universe))
+                        .unwrap_or_else(|| bug!("Unexpected placeholder universe."));
+                    let db = ty::DebruijnIndex::from_usize(
+                        self.universe_indices.len() - index + self.current_index.as_usize() - 1,
+                    );
+                    self.tcx().mk_const(ty::ConstS {
+                        kind: ty::ConstKind::Bound(db, *replace_var),
+                        ty: ct.ty(),
+                    })
+                }
+                None => ct,
+            }
+        } else {
+            ct.super_fold_with(self)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The guts of `normalize`: normalize a specific projection like `<T
+/// as Trait>::Item`. The result is always a type (and possibly
+/// additional obligations). If ambiguity arises, which implies that
+/// there are unresolved type variables in the projection, we will
+/// substitute a fresh type variable `$X` and generate a new
+/// obligation `<T as Trait>::Item == $X` for later.
+pub fn normalize_projection_type<'a, 'b, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+    obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Term<'tcx> {
+    opt_normalize_projection_type(
+        selcx,
+        param_env,
+        projection_ty,
+        cause.clone(),
+        depth,
+        obligations,
+    )
+    .ok()
+    .flatten()
+    .unwrap_or_else(move || {
+        // if we bottom out in ambiguity, create a type variable
+        // and a deferred predicate to resolve this when more type
+        // information is available.
+
+        selcx
+            .infcx()
+            .infer_projection(param_env, projection_ty, cause, depth + 1, obligations)
+            .into()
+    })
+}
+
+/// The guts of `normalize`: normalize a specific projection like `<T
+/// as Trait>::Item`. The result is always a type (and possibly
+/// additional obligations). Returns `None` in the case of ambiguity,
+/// which indicates that there are unbound type variables.
+///
+/// This function used to return `Option<NormalizedTy<'tcx>>`, which contains a
+/// `Ty<'tcx>` and an obligations vector. But that obligation vector was very
+/// often immediately appended to another obligations vector. So now this
+/// function takes an obligations vector and appends to it directly, which is
+/// slightly uglier but avoids the need for an extra short-lived allocation.
+#[instrument(level = "debug", skip(selcx, param_env, cause, obligations))]
+fn opt_normalize_projection_type<'a, 'b, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &'a mut SelectionContext<'b, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+    obligations: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Result<Option<Term<'tcx>>, InProgress> {
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    // Don't use the projection cache in intercrate mode -
+    // the `infcx` may be re-used between intercrate in non-intercrate
+    // mode, which could lead to using incorrect cache results.
+    let use_cache = !selcx.is_intercrate();
+
+    let projection_ty = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(projection_ty);
+    let cache_key = ProjectionCacheKey::new(projection_ty);
+
+    // FIXME(#20304) For now, I am caching here, which is good, but it
+    // means we don't capture the type variables that are created in
+    // the case of ambiguity. Which means we may create a large stream
+    // of such variables. OTOH, if we move the caching up a level, we
+    // would not benefit from caching when proving `T: Trait<U=Foo>`
+    // bounds. It might be the case that we want two distinct caches,
+    // or else another kind of cache entry.
+
+    let cache_result = if use_cache {
+        infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().try_start(cache_key)
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    };
+    match cache_result {
+        Ok(()) => debug!("no cache"),
+        Err(ProjectionCacheEntry::Ambiguous) => {
+            // If we found ambiguity the last time, that means we will continue
+            // to do so until some type in the key changes (and we know it
+            // hasn't, because we just fully resolved it).
+            debug!("found cache entry: ambiguous");
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionCacheEntry::InProgress) => {
+            // Under lazy normalization, this can arise when
+            // bootstrapping.  That is, imagine an environment with a
+            // where-clause like `A::B == u32`. Now, if we are asked
+            // to normalize `A::B`, we will want to check the
+            // where-clauses in scope. So we will try to unify `A::B`
+            // with `A::B`, which can trigger a recursive
+            // normalization.
+
+            debug!("found cache entry: in-progress");
+
+            // Cache that normalizing this projection resulted in a cycle. This
+            // should ensure that, unless this happens within a snapshot that's
+            // rolled back, fulfillment or evaluation will notice the cycle.
+
+            if use_cache {
+                infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().recur(cache_key);
+            }
+            return Err(InProgress);
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionCacheEntry::Recur) => {
+            debug!("recur cache");
+            return Err(InProgress);
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionCacheEntry::NormalizedTy { ty, complete: _ }) => {
+            // This is the hottest path in this function.
+            //
+            // If we find the value in the cache, then return it along
+            // with the obligations that went along with it. Note
+            // that, when using a fulfillment context, these
+            // obligations could in principle be ignored: they have
+            // already been registered when the cache entry was
+            // created (and hence the new ones will quickly be
+            // discarded as duplicated). But when doing trait
+            // evaluation this is not the case, and dropping the trait
+            // evaluations can causes ICEs (e.g., #43132).
+            debug!(?ty, "found normalized ty");
+            obligations.extend(ty.obligations);
+            return Ok(Some(ty.value));
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionCacheEntry::Error) => {
+            debug!("opt_normalize_projection_type: found error");
+            let result = normalize_to_error(selcx, param_env, projection_ty, cause, depth);
+            obligations.extend(result.obligations);
+            return Ok(Some(result.value.into()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let obligation = Obligation::with_depth(cause.clone(), depth, param_env, projection_ty);
+
+    match project(selcx, &obligation) {
+        Ok(Projected::Progress(Progress {
+            term: projected_term,
+            obligations: mut projected_obligations,
+        })) => {
+            // if projection succeeded, then what we get out of this
+            // is also non-normalized (consider: it was derived from
+            // an impl, where-clause etc) and hence we must
+            // re-normalize it
+
+            let projected_term = selcx.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(projected_term);
+
+            let mut result = if projected_term.has_projections() {
+                let mut normalizer = AssocTypeNormalizer::new(
+                    selcx,
+                    param_env,
+                    cause,
+                    depth + 1,
+                    &mut projected_obligations,
+                );
+                let normalized_ty = normalizer.fold(projected_term);
+
+                Normalized { value: normalized_ty, obligations: projected_obligations }
+            } else {
+                Normalized { value: projected_term, obligations: projected_obligations }
+            };
+
+            let mut deduped: SsoHashSet<_> = Default::default();
+            result.obligations.drain_filter(|projected_obligation| {
+                if !deduped.insert(projected_obligation.clone()) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+                false
+            });
+
+            if use_cache {
+                infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().insert_term(cache_key, result.clone());
+            }
+            obligations.extend(result.obligations);
+            Ok(Some(result.value))
+        }
+        Ok(Projected::NoProgress(projected_ty)) => {
+            let result = Normalized { value: projected_ty, obligations: vec![] };
+            if use_cache {
+                infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().insert_term(cache_key, result.clone());
+            }
+            // No need to extend `obligations`.
+            Ok(Some(result.value))
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionError::TooManyCandidates) => {
+            debug!("opt_normalize_projection_type: too many candidates");
+            if use_cache {
+                infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().ambiguous(cache_key);
+            }
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+        Err(ProjectionError::TraitSelectionError(_)) => {
+            debug!("opt_normalize_projection_type: ERROR");
+            // if we got an error processing the `T as Trait` part,
+            // just return `ty::err` but add the obligation `T :
+            // Trait`, which when processed will cause the error to be
+            // reported later
+
+            if use_cache {
+                infcx.inner.borrow_mut().projection_cache().error(cache_key);
+            }
+            let result = normalize_to_error(selcx, param_env, projection_ty, cause, depth);
+            obligations.extend(result.obligations);
+            Ok(Some(result.value.into()))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// If we are projecting `<T as Trait>::Item`, but `T: Trait` does not
+/// hold. In various error cases, we cannot generate a valid
+/// normalized projection. Therefore, we create an inference variable
+/// return an associated obligation that, when fulfilled, will lead to
+/// an error.
+///
+/// Note that we used to return `Error` here, but that was quite
+/// dubious -- the premise was that an error would *eventually* be
+/// reported, when the obligation was processed. But in general once
+/// you see an `Error` you are supposed to be able to assume that an
+/// error *has been* reported, so that you can take whatever heuristic
+/// paths you want to take. To make things worse, it was possible for
+/// cycles to arise, where you basically had a setup like `<MyType<$0>
+/// as Trait>::Foo == $0`. Here, normalizing `<MyType<$0> as
+/// Trait>::Foo> to `[type error]` would lead to an obligation of
+/// `<MyType<[type error]> as Trait>::Foo`. We are supposed to report
+/// an error for this obligation, but we legitimately should not,
+/// because it contains `[type error]`. Yuck! (See issue #29857 for
+/// one case where this arose.)
+fn normalize_to_error<'a, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    depth: usize,
+) -> NormalizedTy<'tcx> {
+    let trait_ref = ty::Binder::dummy(projection_ty.trait_ref(selcx.tcx()));
+    let trait_obligation = Obligation {
+        cause,
+        recursion_depth: depth,
+        param_env,
+        predicate: trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(selcx.tcx()),
+    };
+    let tcx = selcx.infcx().tcx;
+    let def_id = projection_ty.item_def_id;
+    let new_value = selcx.infcx().next_ty_var(TypeVariableOrigin {
+        kind: TypeVariableOriginKind::NormalizeProjectionType,
+        span: tcx.def_span(def_id),
+    });
+    Normalized { value: new_value, obligations: vec![trait_obligation] }
+}
+
+enum Projected<'tcx> {
+    Progress(Progress<'tcx>),
+    NoProgress(ty::Term<'tcx>),
+}
+
+struct Progress<'tcx> {
+    term: ty::Term<'tcx>,
+    obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Progress<'tcx> {
+    fn error(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
+        Progress { term: tcx.ty_error().into(), obligations: vec![] }
+    }
+
+    fn with_addl_obligations(mut self, mut obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>) -> Self {
+        self.obligations.append(&mut obligations);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes the result of a projection type (if we can).
+///
+/// IMPORTANT:
+/// - `obligation` must be fully normalized
+#[tracing::instrument(level = "info", skip(selcx))]
+fn project<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+) -> Result<Projected<'tcx>, ProjectionError<'tcx>> {
+    if !selcx.tcx().recursion_limit().value_within_limit(obligation.recursion_depth) {
+        // This should really be an immediate error, but some existing code
+        // relies on being able to recover from this.
+        return Err(ProjectionError::TraitSelectionError(SelectionError::Overflow(
+            OverflowError::Canonical,
+        )));
+    }
+
+    if obligation.predicate.references_error() {
+        return Ok(Projected::Progress(Progress::error(selcx.tcx())));
+    }
+
+    let mut candidates = ProjectionCandidateSet::None;
+
+    // Make sure that the following procedures are kept in order. ParamEnv
+    // needs to be first because it has highest priority, and Select checks
+    // the return value of push_candidate which assumes it's ran at last.
+    assemble_candidates_from_param_env(selcx, obligation, &mut candidates);
+
+    assemble_candidates_from_trait_def(selcx, obligation, &mut candidates);
+
+    assemble_candidates_from_object_ty(selcx, obligation, &mut candidates);
+
+    if let ProjectionCandidateSet::Single(ProjectionCandidate::Object(_)) = candidates {
+        // Avoid normalization cycle from selection (see
+        // `assemble_candidates_from_object_ty`).
+        // FIXME(lazy_normalization): Lazy normalization should save us from
+        // having to special case this.
+    } else {
+        assemble_candidates_from_impls(selcx, obligation, &mut candidates);
+    };
+
+    match candidates {
+        ProjectionCandidateSet::Single(candidate) => {
+            Ok(Projected::Progress(confirm_candidate(selcx, obligation, candidate)))
+        }
+        ProjectionCandidateSet::None => Ok(Projected::NoProgress(
+            // FIXME(associated_const_generics): this may need to change in the future?
+            // need to investigate whether or not this is fine.
+            selcx
+                .tcx()
+                .mk_projection(obligation.predicate.item_def_id, obligation.predicate.substs)
+                .into(),
+        )),
+        // Error occurred while trying to processing impls.
+        ProjectionCandidateSet::Error(e) => Err(ProjectionError::TraitSelectionError(e)),
+        // Inherent ambiguity that prevents us from even enumerating the
+        // candidates.
+        ProjectionCandidateSet::Ambiguous => Err(ProjectionError::TooManyCandidates),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The first thing we have to do is scan through the parameter
+/// environment to see whether there are any projection predicates
+/// there that can answer this question.
+fn assemble_candidates_from_param_env<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate_set: &mut ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+) {
+    assemble_candidates_from_predicates(
+        selcx,
+        obligation,
+        candidate_set,
+        ProjectionCandidate::ParamEnv,
+        obligation.param_env.caller_bounds().iter(),
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+/// In the case of a nested projection like <<A as Foo>::FooT as Bar>::BarT, we may find
+/// that the definition of `Foo` has some clues:
+///
+/// ```ignore (illustrative)
+/// trait Foo {
+///     type FooT : Bar<BarT=i32>
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Here, for example, we could conclude that the result is `i32`.
+fn assemble_candidates_from_trait_def<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate_set: &mut ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+) {
+    debug!("assemble_candidates_from_trait_def(..)");
+
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+    // Check whether the self-type is itself a projection.
+    // If so, extract what we know from the trait and try to come up with a good answer.
+    let bounds = match *obligation.predicate.self_ty().kind() {
+        ty::Projection(ref data) => tcx.bound_item_bounds(data.item_def_id).subst(tcx, data.substs),
+        ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => tcx.bound_item_bounds(def_id).subst(tcx, substs),
+        ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+            // If the self-type is an inference variable, then it MAY wind up
+            // being a projected type, so induce an ambiguity.
+            candidate_set.mark_ambiguous();
+            return;
+        }
+        _ => return,
+    };
+
+    assemble_candidates_from_predicates(
+        selcx,
+        obligation,
+        candidate_set,
+        ProjectionCandidate::TraitDef,
+        bounds.iter(),
+        true,
+    );
+}
+
+/// In the case of a trait object like
+/// `<dyn Iterator<Item = ()> as Iterator>::Item` we can use the existential
+/// predicate in the trait object.
+///
+/// We don't go through the select candidate for these bounds to avoid cycles:
+/// In the above case, `dyn Iterator<Item = ()>: Iterator` would create a
+/// nested obligation of `<dyn Iterator<Item = ()> as Iterator>::Item: Sized`,
+/// this then has to be normalized without having to prove
+/// `dyn Iterator<Item = ()>: Iterator` again.
+fn assemble_candidates_from_object_ty<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate_set: &mut ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+) {
+    debug!("assemble_candidates_from_object_ty(..)");
+
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+
+    let self_ty = obligation.predicate.self_ty();
+    let object_ty = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(self_ty);
+    let data = match object_ty.kind() {
+        ty::Dynamic(data, ..) => data,
+        ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+            // If the self-type is an inference variable, then it MAY wind up
+            // being an object type, so induce an ambiguity.
+            candidate_set.mark_ambiguous();
+            return;
+        }
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    let env_predicates = data
+        .projection_bounds()
+        .filter(|bound| bound.item_def_id() == obligation.predicate.item_def_id)
+        .map(|p| p.with_self_ty(tcx, object_ty).to_predicate(tcx));
+
+    assemble_candidates_from_predicates(
+        selcx,
+        obligation,
+        candidate_set,
+        ProjectionCandidate::Object,
+        env_predicates,
+        false,
+    );
+}
+
+#[tracing::instrument(
+    level = "debug",
+    skip(selcx, candidate_set, ctor, env_predicates, potentially_unnormalized_candidates)
+)]
+fn assemble_candidates_from_predicates<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate_set: &mut ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ctor: fn(ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>) -> ProjectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+    env_predicates: impl Iterator<Item = ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+    potentially_unnormalized_candidates: bool,
+) {
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    for predicate in env_predicates {
+        let bound_predicate = predicate.kind();
+        if let ty::PredicateKind::Projection(data) = predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            let data = bound_predicate.rebind(data);
+            if data.projection_def_id() != obligation.predicate.item_def_id {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let is_match = infcx.probe(|_| {
+                selcx.match_projection_projections(
+                    obligation,
+                    data,
+                    potentially_unnormalized_candidates,
+                )
+            });
+
+            match is_match {
+                ProjectionMatchesProjection::Yes => {
+                    candidate_set.push_candidate(ctor(data));
+
+                    if potentially_unnormalized_candidates
+                        && !obligation.predicate.has_infer_types_or_consts()
+                    {
+                        // HACK: Pick the first trait def candidate for a fully
+                        // inferred predicate. This is to allow duplicates that
+                        // differ only in normalization.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                ProjectionMatchesProjection::Ambiguous => {
+                    candidate_set.mark_ambiguous();
+                }
+                ProjectionMatchesProjection::No => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(selcx, obligation, candidate_set))]
+fn assemble_candidates_from_impls<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate_set: &mut ProjectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+) {
+    // If we are resolving `<T as TraitRef<...>>::Item == Type`,
+    // start out by selecting the predicate `T as TraitRef<...>`:
+    let poly_trait_ref = ty::Binder::dummy(obligation.predicate.trait_ref(selcx.tcx()));
+    let trait_obligation = obligation.with(poly_trait_ref.to_poly_trait_predicate());
+    let _ = selcx.infcx().commit_if_ok(|_| {
+        let impl_source = match selcx.select(&trait_obligation) {
+            Ok(Some(impl_source)) => impl_source,
+            Ok(None) => {
+                candidate_set.mark_ambiguous();
+                return Err(());
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                debug!(error = ?e, "selection error");
+                candidate_set.mark_error(e);
+                return Err(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        let eligible = match &impl_source {
+            super::ImplSource::Closure(_)
+            | super::ImplSource::Generator(_)
+            | super::ImplSource::FnPointer(_)
+            | super::ImplSource::TraitAlias(_) => true,
+            super::ImplSource::UserDefined(impl_data) => {
+                // We have to be careful when projecting out of an
+                // impl because of specialization. If we are not in
+                // codegen (i.e., projection mode is not "any"), and the
+                // impl's type is declared as default, then we disable
+                // projection (even if the trait ref is fully
+                // monomorphic). In the case where trait ref is not
+                // fully monomorphic (i.e., includes type parameters),
+                // this is because those type parameters may
+                // ultimately be bound to types from other crates that
+                // may have specialized impls we can't see. In the
+                // case where the trait ref IS fully monomorphic, this
+                // is a policy decision that we made in the RFC in
+                // order to preserve flexibility for the crate that
+                // defined the specializable impl to specialize later
+                // for existing types.
+                //
+                // In either case, we handle this by not adding a
+                // candidate for an impl if it contains a `default`
+                // type.
+                //
+                // NOTE: This should be kept in sync with the similar code in
+                // `rustc_ty_utils::instance::resolve_associated_item()`.
+                let node_item =
+                    assoc_def(selcx, impl_data.impl_def_id, obligation.predicate.item_def_id)
+                        .map_err(|ErrorGuaranteed { .. }| ())?;
+
+                if node_item.is_final() {
+                    // Non-specializable items are always projectable.
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    // Only reveal a specializable default if we're past type-checking
+                    // and the obligation is monomorphic, otherwise passes such as
+                    // transmute checking and polymorphic MIR optimizations could
+                    // get a result which isn't correct for all monomorphizations.
+                    if obligation.param_env.reveal() == Reveal::All {
+                        // NOTE(eddyb) inference variables can resolve to parameters, so
+                        // assume `poly_trait_ref` isn't monomorphic, if it contains any.
+                        let poly_trait_ref = selcx.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(poly_trait_ref);
+                        !poly_trait_ref.still_further_specializable()
+                    } else {
+                        debug!(
+                            assoc_ty = ?selcx.tcx().def_path_str(node_item.item.def_id),
+                            ?obligation.predicate,
+                            "assemble_candidates_from_impls: not eligible due to default",
+                        );
+                        false
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super::ImplSource::DiscriminantKind(..) => {
+                // While `DiscriminantKind` is automatically implemented for every type,
+                // the concrete discriminant may not be known yet.
+                //
+                // Any type with multiple potential discriminant types is therefore not eligible.
+                let self_ty = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.self_ty());
+
+                match self_ty.kind() {
+                    ty::Bool
+                    | ty::Char
+                    | ty::Int(_)
+                    | ty::Uint(_)
+                    | ty::Float(_)
+                    | ty::Adt(..)
+                    | ty::Foreign(_)
+                    | ty::Str
+                    | ty::Array(..)
+                    | ty::Slice(_)
+                    | ty::RawPtr(..)
+                    | ty::Ref(..)
+                    | ty::FnDef(..)
+                    | ty::FnPtr(..)
+                    | ty::Dynamic(..)
+                    | ty::Closure(..)
+                    | ty::Generator(..)
+                    | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+                    | ty::Never
+                    | ty::Tuple(..)
+                    // Integers and floats always have `u8` as their discriminant.
+                    | ty::Infer(ty::InferTy::IntVar(_) | ty::InferTy::FloatVar(..)) => true,
+
+                    ty::Projection(..)
+                    | ty::Opaque(..)
+                    | ty::Param(..)
+                    | ty::Bound(..)
+                    | ty::Placeholder(..)
+                    | ty::Infer(..)
+                    | ty::Error(_) => false,
+                }
+            }
+            super::ImplSource::Pointee(..) => {
+                // While `Pointee` is automatically implemented for every type,
+                // the concrete metadata type may not be known yet.
+                //
+                // Any type with multiple potential metadata types is therefore not eligible.
+                let self_ty = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.self_ty());
+
+                let tail = selcx.tcx().struct_tail_with_normalize(
+                    self_ty,
+                    |ty| {
+                        // We throw away any obligations we get from this, since we normalize
+                        // and confirm these obligations once again during confirmation
+                        normalize_with_depth(
+                            selcx,
+                            obligation.param_env,
+                            obligation.cause.clone(),
+                            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                            ty,
+                        )
+                        .value
+                    },
+                    || {},
+                );
+
+                match tail.kind() {
+                    ty::Bool
+                    | ty::Char
+                    | ty::Int(_)
+                    | ty::Uint(_)
+                    | ty::Float(_)
+                    | ty::Str
+                    | ty::Array(..)
+                    | ty::Slice(_)
+                    | ty::RawPtr(..)
+                    | ty::Ref(..)
+                    | ty::FnDef(..)
+                    | ty::FnPtr(..)
+                    | ty::Dynamic(..)
+                    | ty::Closure(..)
+                    | ty::Generator(..)
+                    | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+                    | ty::Never
+                    // Extern types have unit metadata, according to RFC 2850
+                    | ty::Foreign(_)
+                    // If returned by `struct_tail_without_normalization` this is a unit struct
+                    // without any fields, or not a struct, and therefore is Sized.
+                    | ty::Adt(..)
+                    // If returned by `struct_tail_without_normalization` this is the empty tuple.
+                    | ty::Tuple(..)
+                    // Integers and floats are always Sized, and so have unit type metadata.
+                    | ty::Infer(ty::InferTy::IntVar(_) | ty::InferTy::FloatVar(..)) => true,
+
+                    // type parameters, opaques, and unnormalized projections have pointer
+                    // metadata if they're known (e.g. by the param_env) to be sized
+                    ty::Param(_) | ty::Projection(..) | ty::Opaque(..)
+                        if selcx.infcx().predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(
+                            &obligation.with(
+                                ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef::new(
+                                    selcx.tcx().require_lang_item(LangItem::Sized, None),
+                                    selcx.tcx().mk_substs_trait(self_ty, &[]),
+                                ))
+                                .without_const()
+                                .to_predicate(selcx.tcx()),
+                            ),
+                        ) =>
+                    {
+                        true
+                    }
+
+                    // FIXME(compiler-errors): are Bound and Placeholder types ever known sized?
+                    ty::Param(_)
+                    | ty::Projection(..)
+                    | ty::Opaque(..)
+                    | ty::Bound(..)
+                    | ty::Placeholder(..)
+                    | ty::Infer(..)
+                    | ty::Error(_) => {
+                        if tail.has_infer_types() {
+                            candidate_set.mark_ambiguous();
+                        }
+                        false
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            super::ImplSource::Param(..) => {
+                // This case tell us nothing about the value of an
+                // associated type. Consider:
+                //
+                // ```
+                // trait SomeTrait { type Foo; }
+                // fn foo<T:SomeTrait>(...) { }
+                // ```
+                //
+                // If the user writes `<T as SomeTrait>::Foo`, then the `T
+                // : SomeTrait` binding does not help us decide what the
+                // type `Foo` is (at least, not more specifically than
+                // what we already knew).
+                //
+                // But wait, you say! What about an example like this:
+                //
+                // ```
+                // fn bar<T:SomeTrait<Foo=usize>>(...) { ... }
+                // ```
+                //
+                // Doesn't the `T : SomeTrait<Foo=usize>` predicate help
+                // resolve `T::Foo`? And of course it does, but in fact
+                // that single predicate is desugared into two predicates
+                // in the compiler: a trait predicate (`T : SomeTrait`) and a
+                // projection. And the projection where clause is handled
+                // in `assemble_candidates_from_param_env`.
+                false
+            }
+            super::ImplSource::Object(_) => {
+                // Handled by the `Object` projection candidate. See
+                // `assemble_candidates_from_object_ty` for an explanation of
+                // why we special case object types.
+                false
+            }
+            super::ImplSource::AutoImpl(..)
+            | super::ImplSource::Builtin(..)
+            | super::ImplSource::TraitUpcasting(_)
+            | super::ImplSource::ConstDestruct(_) => {
+                // These traits have no associated types.
+                selcx.tcx().sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    &format!("Cannot project an associated type from `{:?}`", impl_source),
+                );
+                return Err(());
+            }
+        };
+
+        if eligible {
+            if candidate_set.push_candidate(ProjectionCandidate::Select(impl_source)) {
+                Ok(())
+            } else {
+                Err(())
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(())
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+fn confirm_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    candidate: ProjectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    debug!(?obligation, ?candidate, "confirm_candidate");
+    let mut progress = match candidate {
+        ProjectionCandidate::ParamEnv(poly_projection)
+        | ProjectionCandidate::Object(poly_projection) => {
+            confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, poly_projection, false)
+        }
+
+        ProjectionCandidate::TraitDef(poly_projection) => {
+            confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, poly_projection, true)
+        }
+
+        ProjectionCandidate::Select(impl_source) => {
+            confirm_select_candidate(selcx, obligation, impl_source)
+        }
+    };
+
+    // When checking for cycle during evaluation, we compare predicates with
+    // "syntactic" equality. Since normalization generally introduces a type
+    // with new region variables, we need to resolve them to existing variables
+    // when possible for this to work. See `auto-trait-projection-recursion.rs`
+    // for a case where this matters.
+    if progress.term.has_infer_regions() {
+        progress.term =
+            progress.term.fold_with(&mut OpportunisticRegionResolver::new(selcx.infcx()));
+    }
+    progress
+}
+
+fn confirm_select_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    impl_source: Selection<'tcx>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    match impl_source {
+        super::ImplSource::UserDefined(data) => confirm_impl_candidate(selcx, obligation, data),
+        super::ImplSource::Generator(data) => confirm_generator_candidate(selcx, obligation, data),
+        super::ImplSource::Closure(data) => confirm_closure_candidate(selcx, obligation, data),
+        super::ImplSource::FnPointer(data) => confirm_fn_pointer_candidate(selcx, obligation, data),
+        super::ImplSource::DiscriminantKind(data) => {
+            confirm_discriminant_kind_candidate(selcx, obligation, data)
+        }
+        super::ImplSource::Pointee(data) => confirm_pointee_candidate(selcx, obligation, data),
+        super::ImplSource::Object(_)
+        | super::ImplSource::AutoImpl(..)
+        | super::ImplSource::Param(..)
+        | super::ImplSource::Builtin(..)
+        | super::ImplSource::TraitUpcasting(_)
+        | super::ImplSource::TraitAlias(..)
+        | super::ImplSource::ConstDestruct(_) => {
+            // we don't create Select candidates with this kind of resolution
+            span_bug!(
+                obligation.cause.span,
+                "Cannot project an associated type from `{:?}`",
+                impl_source
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn confirm_generator_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    impl_source: ImplSourceGeneratorData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let gen_sig = impl_source.substs.as_generator().poly_sig();
+    let Normalized { value: gen_sig, obligations } = normalize_with_depth(
+        selcx,
+        obligation.param_env,
+        obligation.cause.clone(),
+        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+        gen_sig,
+    );
+
+    debug!(?obligation, ?gen_sig, ?obligations, "confirm_generator_candidate");
+
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+
+    let gen_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Generator, None);
+
+    let predicate = super::util::generator_trait_ref_and_outputs(
+        tcx,
+        gen_def_id,
+        obligation.predicate.self_ty(),
+        gen_sig,
+    )
+    .map_bound(|(trait_ref, yield_ty, return_ty)| {
+        let name = tcx.associated_item(obligation.predicate.item_def_id).name;
+        let ty = if name == sym::Return {
+            return_ty
+        } else if name == sym::Yield {
+            yield_ty
+        } else {
+            bug!()
+        };
+
+        ty::ProjectionPredicate {
+            projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy {
+                substs: trait_ref.substs,
+                item_def_id: obligation.predicate.item_def_id,
+            },
+            term: ty.into(),
+        }
+    });
+
+    confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, predicate, false)
+        .with_addl_obligations(impl_source.nested)
+        .with_addl_obligations(obligations)
+}
+
+fn confirm_discriminant_kind_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    _: ImplSourceDiscriminantKindData,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+
+    let self_ty = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.self_ty());
+    // We get here from `poly_project_and_unify_type` which replaces bound vars
+    // with placeholders
+    debug_assert!(!self_ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+    let substs = tcx.mk_substs([self_ty.into()].iter());
+
+    let discriminant_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Discriminant, None);
+
+    let predicate = ty::ProjectionPredicate {
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy { substs, item_def_id: discriminant_def_id },
+        term: self_ty.discriminant_ty(tcx).into(),
+    };
+
+    // We get here from `poly_project_and_unify_type` which replaces bound vars
+    // with placeholders, so dummy is okay here.
+    confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, ty::Binder::dummy(predicate), false)
+}
+
+fn confirm_pointee_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    _: ImplSourcePointeeData,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+    let self_ty = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.self_ty());
+
+    let mut obligations = vec![];
+    let (metadata_ty, check_is_sized) = self_ty.ptr_metadata_ty(tcx, |ty| {
+        normalize_with_depth_to(
+            selcx,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            ty,
+            &mut obligations,
+        )
+    });
+    if check_is_sized {
+        let sized_predicate = ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef::new(
+            tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Sized, None),
+            tcx.mk_substs_trait(self_ty, &[]),
+        ))
+        .without_const()
+        .to_predicate(tcx);
+        obligations.push(Obligation::new(
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.param_env,
+            sized_predicate,
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let substs = tcx.mk_substs([self_ty.into()].iter());
+    let metadata_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Metadata, None);
+
+    let predicate = ty::ProjectionPredicate {
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy { substs, item_def_id: metadata_def_id },
+        term: metadata_ty.into(),
+    };
+
+    confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, ty::Binder::dummy(predicate), false)
+        .with_addl_obligations(obligations)
+}
+
+fn confirm_fn_pointer_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    fn_pointer_impl_source: ImplSourceFnPointerData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let fn_type = selcx.infcx().shallow_resolve(fn_pointer_impl_source.fn_ty);
+    let sig = fn_type.fn_sig(selcx.tcx());
+    let Normalized { value: sig, obligations } = normalize_with_depth(
+        selcx,
+        obligation.param_env,
+        obligation.cause.clone(),
+        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+        sig,
+    );
+
+    confirm_callable_candidate(selcx, obligation, sig, util::TupleArgumentsFlag::Yes)
+        .with_addl_obligations(fn_pointer_impl_source.nested)
+        .with_addl_obligations(obligations)
+}
+
+fn confirm_closure_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    impl_source: ImplSourceClosureData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let closure_sig = impl_source.substs.as_closure().sig();
+    let Normalized { value: closure_sig, obligations } = normalize_with_depth(
+        selcx,
+        obligation.param_env,
+        obligation.cause.clone(),
+        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+        closure_sig,
+    );
+
+    debug!(?obligation, ?closure_sig, ?obligations, "confirm_closure_candidate");
+
+    confirm_callable_candidate(selcx, obligation, closure_sig, util::TupleArgumentsFlag::No)
+        .with_addl_obligations(impl_source.nested)
+        .with_addl_obligations(obligations)
+}
+
+fn confirm_callable_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    fn_sig: ty::PolyFnSig<'tcx>,
+    flag: util::TupleArgumentsFlag,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+
+    debug!(?obligation, ?fn_sig, "confirm_callable_candidate");
+
+    let fn_once_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::FnOnce, None);
+    let fn_once_output_def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::FnOnceOutput, None);
+
+    let predicate = super::util::closure_trait_ref_and_return_type(
+        tcx,
+        fn_once_def_id,
+        obligation.predicate.self_ty(),
+        fn_sig,
+        flag,
+    )
+    .map_bound(|(trait_ref, ret_type)| ty::ProjectionPredicate {
+        projection_ty: ty::ProjectionTy {
+            substs: trait_ref.substs,
+            item_def_id: fn_once_output_def_id,
+        },
+        term: ret_type.into(),
+    });
+
+    confirm_param_env_candidate(selcx, obligation, predicate, true)
+}
+
+fn confirm_param_env_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    poly_cache_entry: ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>,
+    potentially_unnormalized_candidate: bool,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+    let cause = &obligation.cause;
+    let param_env = obligation.param_env;
+
+    let cache_entry = infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(
+        cause.span,
+        LateBoundRegionConversionTime::HigherRankedType,
+        poly_cache_entry,
+    );
+
+    let cache_projection = cache_entry.projection_ty;
+    let mut nested_obligations = Vec::new();
+    let obligation_projection = obligation.predicate;
+    let obligation_projection = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+        normalize_with_depth_to(
+            selcx,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            obligation_projection,
+            &mut nested_obligations,
+        )
+    });
+    let cache_projection = if potentially_unnormalized_candidate {
+        ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+            normalize_with_depth_to(
+                selcx,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                cache_projection,
+                &mut nested_obligations,
+            )
+        })
+    } else {
+        cache_projection
+    };
+
+    debug!(?cache_projection, ?obligation_projection);
+
+    match infcx.at(cause, param_env).eq(cache_projection, obligation_projection) {
+        Ok(InferOk { value: _, obligations }) => {
+            nested_obligations.extend(obligations);
+            assoc_ty_own_obligations(selcx, obligation, &mut nested_obligations);
+            // FIXME(associated_const_equality): Handle consts here as well? Maybe this progress type should just take
+            // a term instead.
+            Progress { term: cache_entry.term, obligations: nested_obligations }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            let msg = format!(
+                "Failed to unify obligation `{:?}` with poly_projection `{:?}`: {:?}",
+                obligation, poly_cache_entry, e,
+            );
+            debug!("confirm_param_env_candidate: {}", msg);
+            let err = infcx.tcx.ty_error_with_message(obligation.cause.span, &msg);
+            Progress { term: err.into(), obligations: vec![] }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn confirm_impl_candidate<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    impl_impl_source: ImplSourceUserDefinedData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) -> Progress<'tcx> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+
+    let ImplSourceUserDefinedData { impl_def_id, substs, mut nested } = impl_impl_source;
+    let assoc_item_id = obligation.predicate.item_def_id;
+    let trait_def_id = tcx.trait_id_of_impl(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+
+    let param_env = obligation.param_env;
+    let Ok(assoc_ty) = assoc_def(selcx, impl_def_id, assoc_item_id) else {
+        return Progress { term: tcx.ty_error().into(), obligations: nested };
+    };
+
+    if !assoc_ty.item.defaultness(tcx).has_value() {
+        // This means that the impl is missing a definition for the
+        // associated type. This error will be reported by the type
+        // checker method `check_impl_items_against_trait`, so here we
+        // just return Error.
+        debug!(
+            "confirm_impl_candidate: no associated type {:?} for {:?}",
+            assoc_ty.item.name, obligation.predicate
+        );
+        return Progress { term: tcx.ty_error().into(), obligations: nested };
+    }
+    // If we're trying to normalize `<Vec<u32> as X>::A<S>` using
+    //`impl<T> X for Vec<T> { type A<Y> = Box<Y>; }`, then:
+    //
+    // * `obligation.predicate.substs` is `[Vec<u32>, S]`
+    // * `substs` is `[u32]`
+    // * `substs` ends up as `[u32, S]`
+    let substs = obligation.predicate.substs.rebase_onto(tcx, trait_def_id, substs);
+    let substs =
+        translate_substs(selcx.infcx(), param_env, impl_def_id, substs, assoc_ty.defining_node);
+    let ty = tcx.bound_type_of(assoc_ty.item.def_id);
+    let is_const = matches!(tcx.def_kind(assoc_ty.item.def_id), DefKind::AssocConst);
+    let term: ty::EarlyBinder<ty::Term<'tcx>> = if is_const {
+        let identity_substs =
+            crate::traits::InternalSubsts::identity_for_item(tcx, assoc_ty.item.def_id);
+        let did = ty::WithOptConstParam::unknown(assoc_ty.item.def_id);
+        let kind = ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated::new(did, identity_substs));
+        ty.map_bound(|ty| tcx.mk_const(ty::ConstS { ty, kind }).into())
+    } else {
+        ty.map_bound(|ty| ty.into())
+    };
+    if substs.len() != tcx.generics_of(assoc_ty.item.def_id).count() {
+        let err = tcx.ty_error_with_message(
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            "impl item and trait item have different parameter counts",
+        );
+        Progress { term: err.into(), obligations: nested }
+    } else {
+        assoc_ty_own_obligations(selcx, obligation, &mut nested);
+        Progress { term: term.subst(tcx, substs), obligations: nested }
+    }
+}
+
+// Get obligations corresponding to the predicates from the where-clause of the
+// associated type itself.
+// Note: `feature(generic_associated_types)` is required to write such
+// predicates, even for non-generic associated types.
+fn assoc_ty_own_obligations<'cx, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+    nested: &mut Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+) {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+    for predicate in tcx
+        .predicates_of(obligation.predicate.item_def_id)
+        .instantiate_own(tcx, obligation.predicate.substs)
+        .predicates
+    {
+        let normalized = normalize_with_depth_to(
+            selcx,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            predicate,
+            nested,
+        );
+        nested.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            normalized,
+        ));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Locate the definition of an associated type in the specialization hierarchy,
+/// starting from the given impl.
+///
+/// Based on the "projection mode", this lookup may in fact only examine the
+/// topmost impl. See the comments for `Reveal` for more details.
+fn assoc_def(
+    selcx: &SelectionContext<'_, '_>,
+    impl_def_id: DefId,
+    assoc_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Result<specialization_graph::LeafDef, ErrorGuaranteed> {
+    let tcx = selcx.tcx();
+    let trait_def_id = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap().def_id;
+    let trait_def = tcx.trait_def(trait_def_id);
+
+    // This function may be called while we are still building the
+    // specialization graph that is queried below (via TraitDef::ancestors()),
+    // so, in order to avoid unnecessary infinite recursion, we manually look
+    // for the associated item at the given impl.
+    // If there is no such item in that impl, this function will fail with a
+    // cycle error if the specialization graph is currently being built.
+    if let Some(&impl_item_id) = tcx.impl_item_implementor_ids(impl_def_id).get(&assoc_def_id) {
+        let item = tcx.associated_item(impl_item_id);
+        let impl_node = specialization_graph::Node::Impl(impl_def_id);
+        return Ok(specialization_graph::LeafDef {
+            item: *item,
+            defining_node: impl_node,
+            finalizing_node: if item.defaultness(tcx).is_default() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(impl_node)
+            },
+        });
+    }
+
+    let ancestors = trait_def.ancestors(tcx, impl_def_id)?;
+    if let Some(assoc_item) = ancestors.leaf_def(tcx, assoc_def_id) {
+        Ok(assoc_item)
+    } else {
+        // This is saying that neither the trait nor
+        // the impl contain a definition for this
+        // associated type.  Normally this situation
+        // could only arise through a compiler bug --
+        // if the user wrote a bad item name, it
+        // should have failed in astconv.
+        bug!(
+            "No associated type `{}` for {}",
+            tcx.item_name(assoc_def_id),
+            tcx.def_path_str(impl_def_id)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait ProjectionCacheKeyExt<'cx, 'tcx>: Sized {
+    fn from_poly_projection_predicate(
+        selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+        predicate: ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<Self>;
+}
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> ProjectionCacheKeyExt<'cx, 'tcx> for ProjectionCacheKey<'tcx> {
+    fn from_poly_projection_predicate(
+        selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx>,
+        predicate: ty::PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<Self> {
+        let infcx = selcx.infcx();
+        // We don't do cross-snapshot caching of obligations with escaping regions,
+        // so there's no cache key to use
+        predicate.no_bound_vars().map(|predicate| {
+            ProjectionCacheKey::new(
+                // We don't attempt to match up with a specific type-variable state
+                // from a specific call to `opt_normalize_projection_type` - if
+                // there's no precise match, the original cache entry is "stranded"
+                // anyway.
+                infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(predicate.projection_ty),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/dropck_outlives.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/dropck_outlives.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..aad3c37f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/dropck_outlives.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::{DropckConstraint, DropckOutlivesResult};
+
+/// This returns true if the type `ty` is "trivial" for
+/// dropck-outlives -- that is, if it doesn't require any types to
+/// outlive. This is similar but not *quite* the same as the
+/// `needs_drop` test in the compiler already -- that is, for every
+/// type T for which this function return true, needs-drop would
+/// return `false`. But the reverse does not hold: in particular,
+/// `needs_drop` returns false for `PhantomData`, but it is not
+/// trivial for dropck-outlives.
+///
+/// Note also that `needs_drop` requires a "global" type (i.e., one
+/// with erased regions), but this function does not.
+///
+// FIXME(@lcnr): remove this module and move this function somewhere else.
+pub fn trivial_dropck_outlives<'tcx>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
+    match ty.kind() {
+        // None of these types have a destructor and hence they do not
+        // require anything in particular to outlive the dtor's
+        // execution.
+        ty::Infer(ty::FreshIntTy(_))
+        | ty::Infer(ty::FreshFloatTy(_))
+        | ty::Bool
+        | ty::Int(_)
+        | ty::Uint(_)
+        | ty::Float(_)
+        | ty::Never
+        | ty::FnDef(..)
+        | ty::FnPtr(_)
+        | ty::Char
+        | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+        | ty::RawPtr(_)
+        | ty::Ref(..)
+        | ty::Str
+        | ty::Foreign(..)
+        | ty::Error(_) => true,
+
+        // [T; N] and [T] have same properties as T.
+        ty::Array(ty, _) | ty::Slice(ty) => trivial_dropck_outlives(tcx, *ty),
+
+        // (T1..Tn) and closures have same properties as T1..Tn --
+        // check if *all* of them are trivial.
+        ty::Tuple(tys) => tys.iter().all(|t| trivial_dropck_outlives(tcx, t)),
+        ty::Closure(_, ref substs) => {
+            trivial_dropck_outlives(tcx, substs.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty())
+        }
+
+        ty::Adt(def, _) => {
+            if Some(def.did()) == tcx.lang_items().manually_drop() {
+                // `ManuallyDrop` never has a dtor.
+                true
+            } else {
+                // Other types might. Moreover, PhantomData doesn't
+                // have a dtor, but it is considered to own its
+                // content, so it is non-trivial. Unions can have `impl Drop`,
+                // and hence are non-trivial as well.
+                false
+            }
+        }
+
+        // The following *might* require a destructor: needs deeper inspection.
+        ty::Dynamic(..)
+        | ty::Projection(..)
+        | ty::Param(_)
+        | ty::Opaque(..)
+        | ty::Placeholder(..)
+        | ty::Infer(_)
+        | ty::Bound(..)
+        | ty::Generator(..) => false,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/evaluate_obligation.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/evaluate_obligation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32669e23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/evaluate_obligation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use rustc_middle::ty;
+
+use crate::infer::canonical::OriginalQueryValues;
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits::{
+    EvaluationResult, OverflowError, PredicateObligation, SelectionContext, TraitQueryMode,
+};
+
+pub trait InferCtxtExt<'tcx> {
+    fn predicate_may_hold(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> bool;
+
+    fn predicate_must_hold_considering_regions(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool;
+
+    fn predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> bool;
+
+    fn evaluate_obligation(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError>;
+
+    // Helper function that canonicalizes and runs the query. If an
+    // overflow results, we re-run it in the local context so we can
+    // report a nice error.
+    /*crate*/
+    fn evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult;
+}
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> InferCtxtExt<'tcx> for InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    /// Evaluates whether the predicate can be satisfied (by any means)
+    /// in the given `ParamEnv`.
+    fn predicate_may_hold(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        self.evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(obligation).may_apply()
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates whether the predicate can be satisfied in the given
+    /// `ParamEnv`, and returns `false` if not certain. However, this is
+    /// not entirely accurate if inference variables are involved.
+    ///
+    /// This version may conservatively fail when outlives obligations
+    /// are required.
+    fn predicate_must_hold_considering_regions(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        self.evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(obligation).must_apply_considering_regions()
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates whether the predicate can be satisfied in the given
+    /// `ParamEnv`, and returns `false` if not certain. However, this is
+    /// not entirely accurate if inference variables are involved.
+    ///
+    /// This version ignores all outlives constraints.
+    fn predicate_must_hold_modulo_regions(&self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        self.evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(obligation).must_apply_modulo_regions()
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluate a given predicate, capturing overflow and propagating it back.
+    fn evaluate_obligation(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        let mut _orig_values = OriginalQueryValues::default();
+
+        let param_env = match obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred) => {
+                // we ignore the value set to it.
+                let mut _constness = pred.constness;
+                obligation
+                    .param_env
+                    .with_constness(_constness.and(obligation.param_env.constness()))
+            }
+            // constness has no effect on the given predicate.
+            _ => obligation.param_env.without_const(),
+        };
+
+        let c_pred = self
+            .canonicalize_query_keep_static(param_env.and(obligation.predicate), &mut _orig_values);
+        // Run canonical query. If overflow occurs, rerun from scratch but this time
+        // in standard trait query mode so that overflow is handled appropriately
+        // within `SelectionContext`.
+        self.tcx.at(obligation.cause.span()).evaluate_obligation(c_pred)
+    }
+
+    // Helper function that canonicalizes and runs the query. If an
+    // overflow results, we re-run it in the local context so we can
+    // report a nice error.
+    fn evaluate_obligation_no_overflow(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> EvaluationResult {
+        match self.evaluate_obligation(obligation) {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(OverflowError::Canonical) => {
+                let mut selcx = SelectionContext::with_query_mode(&self, TraitQueryMode::Standard);
+                selcx.evaluate_root_obligation(obligation).unwrap_or_else(|r| match r {
+                    OverflowError::Canonical => {
+                        span_bug!(
+                            obligation.cause.span,
+                            "Overflow should be caught earlier in standard query mode: {:?}, {:?}",
+                            obligation,
+                            r,
+                        )
+                    }
+                    OverflowError::ErrorReporting => EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToErr,
+                    OverflowError::Error(_) => EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToErr,
+                })
+            }
+            Err(OverflowError::ErrorReporting) => EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToErr,
+            Err(OverflowError::Error(_)) => EvaluationResult::EvaluatedToErr,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/method_autoderef.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/method_autoderef.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c0ebec93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/method_autoderef.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::{
+    CandidateStep, MethodAutoderefBadTy, MethodAutoderefStepsResult,
+};
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef3493678
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//! Experimental types for the trait query interface. The methods
+//! defined in this module are all based on **canonicalization**,
+//! which makes a canonical query by replacing unbound inference
+//! variables and regions, so that results can be reused more broadly.
+//! The providers for the queries defined here can be found in
+//! `rustc_traits`.
+
+pub mod dropck_outlives;
+pub mod evaluate_obligation;
+pub mod method_autoderef;
+pub mod normalize;
+pub mod type_op;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::*;
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/normalize.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/normalize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..449d7a7b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/normalize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+//! Code for the 'normalization' query. This consists of a wrapper
+//! which folds deeply, invoking the underlying
+//! `normalize_projection_ty` query when it encounters projections.
+
+use crate::infer::at::At;
+use crate::infer::canonical::OriginalQueryValues;
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk};
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::project::needs_normalization;
+use crate::traits::{Obligation, ObligationCause, PredicateObligation, Reveal};
+use rustc_data_structures::sso::SsoHashMap;
+use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
+use rustc_infer::traits::Normalized;
+use rustc_middle::mir;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::{FallibleTypeFolder, TypeFoldable, TypeSuperFoldable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::Subst;
+use rustc_middle::ty::visit::{TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitor};
+
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+use super::NoSolution;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::NormalizationResult;
+
+pub trait AtExt<'tcx> {
+    fn normalize<T>(&self, value: T) -> Result<Normalized<'tcx, T>, NoSolution>
+    where
+        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+}
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> AtExt<'tcx> for At<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    /// Normalize `value` in the context of the inference context,
+    /// yielding a resulting type, or an error if `value` cannot be
+    /// normalized. If you don't care about regions, you should prefer
+    /// `normalize_erasing_regions`, which is more efficient.
+    ///
+    /// If the normalization succeeds and is unambiguous, returns back
+    /// the normalized value along with various outlives relations (in
+    /// the form of obligations that must be discharged).
+    ///
+    /// N.B., this will *eventually* be the main means of
+    /// normalizing, but for now should be used only when we actually
+    /// know that normalization will succeed, since error reporting
+    /// and other details are still "under development".
+    fn normalize<T>(&self, value: T) -> Result<Normalized<'tcx, T>, NoSolution>
+    where
+        T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>,
+    {
+        debug!(
+            "normalize::<{}>(value={:?}, param_env={:?})",
+            std::any::type_name::<T>(),
+            value,
+            self.param_env,
+        );
+        if !needs_normalization(&value, self.param_env.reveal()) {
+            return Ok(Normalized { value, obligations: vec![] });
+        }
+
+        let mut normalizer = QueryNormalizer {
+            infcx: self.infcx,
+            cause: self.cause,
+            param_env: self.param_env,
+            obligations: vec![],
+            cache: SsoHashMap::new(),
+            anon_depth: 0,
+            universes: vec![],
+        };
+
+        // This is actually a consequence by the way `normalize_erasing_regions` works currently.
+        // Because it needs to call the `normalize_generic_arg_after_erasing_regions`, it folds
+        // through tys and consts in a `TypeFoldable`. Importantly, it skips binders, leaving us
+        // with trying to normalize with escaping bound vars.
+        //
+        // Here, we just add the universes that we *would* have created had we passed through the binders.
+        //
+        // We *could* replace escaping bound vars eagerly here, but it doesn't seem really necessary.
+        // The rest of the code is already set up to be lazy about replacing bound vars,
+        // and only when we actually have to normalize.
+        if value.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
+            let mut max_visitor =
+                MaxEscapingBoundVarVisitor { outer_index: ty::INNERMOST, escaping: 0 };
+            value.visit_with(&mut max_visitor);
+            if max_visitor.escaping > 0 {
+                normalizer.universes.extend((0..max_visitor.escaping).map(|_| None));
+            }
+        }
+        let result = value.try_fold_with(&mut normalizer);
+        info!(
+            "normalize::<{}>: result={:?} with {} obligations",
+            std::any::type_name::<T>(),
+            result,
+            normalizer.obligations.len(),
+        );
+        debug!(
+            "normalize::<{}>: obligations={:?}",
+            std::any::type_name::<T>(),
+            normalizer.obligations,
+        );
+        result.map(|value| Normalized { value, obligations: normalizer.obligations })
+    }
+}
+
+// Visitor to find the maximum escaping bound var
+struct MaxEscapingBoundVarVisitor {
+    // The index which would count as escaping
+    outer_index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
+    escaping: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for MaxEscapingBoundVarVisitor {
+    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<'tcx>>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: &ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        self.outer_index.shift_in(1);
+        let result = t.super_visit_with(self);
+        self.outer_index.shift_out(1);
+        result
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        if t.outer_exclusive_binder() > self.outer_index {
+            self.escaping = self
+                .escaping
+                .max(t.outer_exclusive_binder().as_usize() - self.outer_index.as_usize());
+        }
+        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        match *r {
+            ty::ReLateBound(debruijn, _) if debruijn > self.outer_index => {
+                self.escaping =
+                    self.escaping.max(debruijn.as_usize() - self.outer_index.as_usize());
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+    }
+
+    fn visit_const(&mut self, ct: ty::Const<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        match ct.kind() {
+            ty::ConstKind::Bound(debruijn, _) if debruijn >= self.outer_index => {
+                self.escaping =
+                    self.escaping.max(debruijn.as_usize() - self.outer_index.as_usize());
+                ControlFlow::CONTINUE
+            }
+            _ => ct.super_visit_with(self),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct QueryNormalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    infcx: &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+    cause: &'cx ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    cache: SsoHashMap<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>,
+    anon_depth: usize,
+    universes: Vec<Option<ty::UniverseIndex>>,
+}
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> FallibleTypeFolder<'tcx> for QueryNormalizer<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    type Error = NoSolution;
+
+    fn tcx<'c>(&'c self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn try_fold_binder<T: TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &mut self,
+        t: ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> Result<ty::Binder<'tcx, T>, Self::Error> {
+        self.universes.push(None);
+        let t = t.try_super_fold_with(self);
+        self.universes.pop();
+        t
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn try_fold_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, Self::Error> {
+        if !needs_normalization(&ty, self.param_env.reveal()) {
+            return Ok(ty);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ty) = self.cache.get(&ty) {
+            return Ok(*ty);
+        }
+
+        // See note in `rustc_trait_selection::traits::project` about why we
+        // wait to fold the substs.
+
+        // Wrap this in a closure so we don't accidentally return from the outer function
+        let res = (|| match *ty.kind() {
+            // This is really important. While we *can* handle this, this has
+            // severe performance implications for large opaque types with
+            // late-bound regions. See `issue-88862` benchmark.
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) if !substs.has_escaping_bound_vars() => {
+                // Only normalize `impl Trait` outside of type inference, usually in codegen.
+                match self.param_env.reveal() {
+                    Reveal::UserFacing => ty.try_super_fold_with(self),
+
+                    Reveal::All => {
+                        let substs = substs.try_fold_with(self)?;
+                        let recursion_limit = self.tcx().recursion_limit();
+                        if !recursion_limit.value_within_limit(self.anon_depth) {
+                            let obligation = Obligation::with_depth(
+                                self.cause.clone(),
+                                recursion_limit.0,
+                                self.param_env,
+                                ty,
+                            );
+                            self.infcx.report_overflow_error(&obligation, true);
+                        }
+
+                        let generic_ty = self.tcx().bound_type_of(def_id);
+                        let concrete_ty = generic_ty.subst(self.tcx(), substs);
+                        self.anon_depth += 1;
+                        if concrete_ty == ty {
+                            bug!(
+                                "infinite recursion generic_ty: {:#?}, substs: {:#?}, \
+                                 concrete_ty: {:#?}, ty: {:#?}",
+                                generic_ty,
+                                substs,
+                                concrete_ty,
+                                ty
+                            );
+                        }
+                        let folded_ty = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| self.try_fold_ty(concrete_ty));
+                        self.anon_depth -= 1;
+                        folded_ty
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Projection(data) if !data.has_escaping_bound_vars() => {
+                // This branch is just an optimization: when we don't have escaping bound vars,
+                // we don't need to replace them with placeholders (see branch below).
+
+                let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+                let data = data.try_fold_with(self)?;
+
+                let mut orig_values = OriginalQueryValues::default();
+                // HACK(matthewjasper) `'static` is special-cased in selection,
+                // so we cannot canonicalize it.
+                let c_data = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .canonicalize_query_keep_static(self.param_env.and(data), &mut orig_values);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: c_data = {:#?}", c_data);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: orig_values = {:#?}", orig_values);
+                let result = tcx.normalize_projection_ty(c_data)?;
+                // We don't expect ambiguity.
+                if result.is_ambiguous() {
+                    bug!("unexpected ambiguity: {:?} {:?}", c_data, result);
+                }
+                let InferOk { value: result, obligations } =
+                    self.infcx.instantiate_query_response_and_region_obligations(
+                        self.cause,
+                        self.param_env,
+                        &orig_values,
+                        result,
+                    )?;
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: result = {:#?}", result);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: obligations = {:#?}", obligations);
+                self.obligations.extend(obligations);
+                Ok(result.normalized_ty)
+            }
+
+            ty::Projection(data) => {
+                // See note in `rustc_trait_selection::traits::project`
+
+                let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+                let infcx = self.infcx;
+                let (data, mapped_regions, mapped_types, mapped_consts) =
+                    crate::traits::project::BoundVarReplacer::replace_bound_vars(
+                        infcx,
+                        &mut self.universes,
+                        data,
+                    );
+                let data = data.try_fold_with(self)?;
+
+                let mut orig_values = OriginalQueryValues::default();
+                // HACK(matthewjasper) `'static` is special-cased in selection,
+                // so we cannot canonicalize it.
+                let c_data = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .canonicalize_query_keep_static(self.param_env.and(data), &mut orig_values);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: c_data = {:#?}", c_data);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: orig_values = {:#?}", orig_values);
+                let result = tcx.normalize_projection_ty(c_data)?;
+                // We don't expect ambiguity.
+                if result.is_ambiguous() {
+                    bug!("unexpected ambiguity: {:?} {:?}", c_data, result);
+                }
+                let InferOk { value: result, obligations } =
+                    self.infcx.instantiate_query_response_and_region_obligations(
+                        self.cause,
+                        self.param_env,
+                        &orig_values,
+                        result,
+                    )?;
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: result = {:#?}", result);
+                debug!("QueryNormalizer: obligations = {:#?}", obligations);
+                self.obligations.extend(obligations);
+                Ok(crate::traits::project::PlaceholderReplacer::replace_placeholders(
+                    infcx,
+                    mapped_regions,
+                    mapped_types,
+                    mapped_consts,
+                    &self.universes,
+                    result.normalized_ty,
+                ))
+            }
+
+            _ => ty.try_super_fold_with(self),
+        })()?;
+        self.cache.insert(ty, res);
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+
+    fn try_fold_const(
+        &mut self,
+        constant: ty::Const<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ty::Const<'tcx>, Self::Error> {
+        let constant = constant.try_super_fold_with(self)?;
+        Ok(constant.eval(self.infcx.tcx, self.param_env))
+    }
+
+    fn try_fold_mir_const(
+        &mut self,
+        constant: mir::ConstantKind<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<mir::ConstantKind<'tcx>, Self::Error> {
+        Ok(match constant {
+            mir::ConstantKind::Ty(c) => {
+                let const_folded = c.try_super_fold_with(self)?;
+                match const_folded.kind() {
+                    ty::ConstKind::Value(valtree) => {
+                        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+                        let ty = const_folded.ty();
+                        let const_val = tcx.valtree_to_const_val((ty, valtree));
+                        debug!(?ty, ?valtree, ?const_val);
+
+                        mir::ConstantKind::Val(const_val, ty)
+                    }
+                    _ => mir::ConstantKind::Ty(const_folded),
+                }
+            }
+            mir::ConstantKind::Val(_, _) => constant.try_super_fold_with(self)?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/ascribe_user_type.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/ascribe_user_type.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..86b015767
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/ascribe_user_type.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnvAnd, TyCtxt};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::AscribeUserType;
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for AscribeUserType<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = ();
+
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        _tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        _key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, ()>> {
+        tcx.type_op_ascribe_user_type(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/custom.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/custom.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c99564936
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/custom.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::query_response;
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk};
+use crate::traits::engine::TraitEngineExt as _;
+use crate::traits::query::type_op::TypeOpOutput;
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use crate::traits::TraitEngine;
+use rustc_infer::infer::region_constraints::RegionConstraintData;
+use rustc_infer::traits::TraitEngineExt as _;
+use rustc_span::source_map::DUMMY_SP;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+pub struct CustomTypeOp<F, G> {
+    closure: F,
+    description: G,
+}
+
+impl<F, G> CustomTypeOp<F, G> {
+    pub fn new<'tcx, R>(closure: F, description: G) -> Self
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Fallible<InferOk<'tcx, R>>,
+        G: Fn() -> String,
+    {
+        CustomTypeOp { closure, description }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx, F, R, G> super::TypeOp<'tcx> for CustomTypeOp<F, G>
+where
+    F: for<'a, 'cx> FnOnce(&'a InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>) -> Fallible<InferOk<'tcx, R>>,
+    G: Fn() -> String,
+{
+    type Output = R;
+    /// We can't do any custom error reporting for `CustomTypeOp`, so
+    /// we can use `!` to enforce that the implementation never provides it.
+    type ErrorInfo = !;
+
+    /// Processes the operation and all resulting obligations,
+    /// returning the final result along with any region constraints
+    /// (they will be given over to the NLL region solver).
+    fn fully_perform(self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Fallible<TypeOpOutput<'tcx, Self>> {
+        if cfg!(debug_assertions) {
+            info!("fully_perform({:?})", self);
+        }
+
+        Ok(scrape_region_constraints(infcx, || (self.closure)(infcx))?.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F, G> fmt::Debug for CustomTypeOp<F, G>
+where
+    G: Fn() -> String,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "{}", (self.description)())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Executes `op` and then scrapes out all the "old style" region
+/// constraints that result, creating query-region-constraints.
+pub fn scrape_region_constraints<'tcx, Op: super::TypeOp<'tcx, Output = R>, R>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+    op: impl FnOnce() -> Fallible<InferOk<'tcx, R>>,
+) -> Fallible<(TypeOpOutput<'tcx, Op>, RegionConstraintData<'tcx>)> {
+    let mut fulfill_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'_>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+
+    // During NLL, we expect that nobody will register region
+    // obligations **except** as part of a custom type op (and, at the
+    // end of each custom type op, we scrape out the region
+    // obligations that resulted). So this vector should be empty on
+    // entry.
+    let pre_obligations = infcx.take_registered_region_obligations();
+    assert!(
+        pre_obligations.is_empty(),
+        "scrape_region_constraints: incoming region obligations = {:#?}",
+        pre_obligations,
+    );
+
+    let InferOk { value, obligations } = infcx.commit_if_ok(|_| op())?;
+    fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligations(infcx, obligations);
+    let errors = fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx);
+    if !errors.is_empty() {
+        infcx.tcx.sess.diagnostic().delay_span_bug(
+            DUMMY_SP,
+            &format!("errors selecting obligation during MIR typeck: {:?}", errors),
+        );
+    }
+
+    let region_obligations = infcx.take_registered_region_obligations();
+
+    let region_constraint_data = infcx.take_and_reset_region_constraints();
+
+    let region_constraints = query_response::make_query_region_constraints(
+        infcx.tcx,
+        region_obligations
+            .iter()
+            .map(|r_o| (r_o.sup_type, r_o.sub_region))
+            .map(|(ty, r)| (infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(ty), r)),
+        &region_constraint_data,
+    );
+
+    if region_constraints.is_empty() {
+        Ok((
+            TypeOpOutput { output: value, constraints: None, error_info: None },
+            region_constraint_data,
+        ))
+    } else {
+        Ok((
+            TypeOpOutput {
+                output: value,
+                constraints: Some(infcx.tcx.arena.alloc(region_constraints)),
+                error_info: None,
+            },
+            region_constraint_data,
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/eq.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/eq.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..490114aac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/eq.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnvAnd, TyCtxt};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::Eq;
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for Eq<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = ();
+
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        _tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Eq<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse> {
+        if key.value.a == key.value.b { Some(()) } else { None }
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, ()>> {
+        tcx.type_op_eq(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/implied_outlives_bounds.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/implied_outlives_bounds.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a3319f0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/implied_outlives_bounds.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_infer::traits::query::OutlivesBound;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ParamEnvAnd, Ty, TyCtxt};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, HashStable, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable, Lift)]
+pub struct ImpliedOutlivesBounds<'tcx> {
+    pub ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for ImpliedOutlivesBounds<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = Vec<OutlivesBound<'tcx>>;
+
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        _tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse> {
+        // Don't go into the query for things that can't possibly have lifetimes.
+        match key.value.ty.kind() {
+            ty::Tuple(elems) if elems.is_empty() => Some(vec![]),
+            ty::Never | ty::Str | ty::Bool | ty::Char | ty::Int(_) | ty::Uint(_) | ty::Float(_) => {
+                Some(vec![])
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self::QueryResponse>> {
+        // FIXME this `unchecked_map` is only necessary because the
+        // query is defined as taking a `ParamEnvAnd<Ty>`; it should
+        // take an `ImpliedOutlivesBounds` instead
+        let canonicalized = canonicalized.unchecked_map(|ParamEnvAnd { param_env, value }| {
+            let ImpliedOutlivesBounds { ty } = value;
+            param_env.and(ty)
+        });
+
+        tcx.implied_outlives_bounds(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..578e1d00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{
+    Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse, OriginalQueryValues, QueryRegionConstraints,
+};
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use crate::traits::ObligationCause;
+use rustc_infer::infer::canonical::{Canonical, Certainty};
+use rustc_infer::traits::query::NoSolution;
+use rustc_infer::traits::PredicateObligations;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnvAnd, TyCtxt};
+use std::fmt;
+
+pub mod ascribe_user_type;
+pub mod custom;
+pub mod eq;
+pub mod implied_outlives_bounds;
+pub mod normalize;
+pub mod outlives;
+pub mod prove_predicate;
+pub mod subtype;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::*;
+
+/// "Type ops" are used in NLL to perform some particular action and
+/// extract out the resulting region constraints (or an error if it
+/// cannot be completed).
+pub trait TypeOp<'tcx>: Sized + fmt::Debug {
+    type Output;
+    type ErrorInfo;
+
+    /// Processes the operation and all resulting obligations,
+    /// returning the final result along with any region constraints
+    /// (they will be given over to the NLL region solver).
+    fn fully_perform(self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Fallible<TypeOpOutput<'tcx, Self>>;
+}
+
+/// The output from performing a type op
+pub struct TypeOpOutput<'tcx, Op: TypeOp<'tcx>> {
+    /// The output from the type op.
+    pub output: Op::Output,
+    /// Any region constraints from performing the type op.
+    pub constraints: Option<&'tcx QueryRegionConstraints<'tcx>>,
+    /// Used for error reporting to be able to rerun the query
+    pub error_info: Option<Op::ErrorInfo>,
+}
+
+/// "Query type ops" are type ops that are implemented using a
+/// [canonical query][c]. The `Self` type here contains the kernel of
+/// information needed to do the operation -- `TypeOp` is actually
+/// implemented for `ParamEnvAnd<Self>`, since we always need to bring
+/// along a parameter environment as well. For query type-ops, we will
+/// first canonicalize the key and then invoke the query on the tcx,
+/// which produces the resulting query region constraints.
+///
+/// [c]: https://rust-lang.github.io/chalk/book/canonical_queries/canonicalization.html
+pub trait QueryTypeOp<'tcx>: fmt::Debug + Copy + TypeFoldable<'tcx> + 'tcx {
+    type QueryResponse: TypeFoldable<'tcx>;
+
+    /// Give query the option for a simple fast path that never
+    /// actually hits the tcx cache lookup etc. Return `Some(r)` with
+    /// a final result or `None` to do the full path.
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse>;
+
+    /// Performs the actual query with the canonicalized key -- the
+    /// real work happens here. This method is not given an `infcx`
+    /// because it shouldn't need one -- and if it had access to one,
+    /// it might do things like invoke `sub_regions`, which would be
+    /// bad, because it would create subregion relationships that are
+    /// not captured in the return value.
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self::QueryResponse>>;
+
+    fn fully_perform_into(
+        query_key: ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+        infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+        output_query_region_constraints: &mut QueryRegionConstraints<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Fallible<(
+        Self::QueryResponse,
+        Option<Canonical<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>>,
+        PredicateObligations<'tcx>,
+        Certainty,
+    )> {
+        if let Some(result) = QueryTypeOp::try_fast_path(infcx.tcx, &query_key) {
+            return Ok((result, None, vec![], Certainty::Proven));
+        }
+
+        // FIXME(#33684) -- We need to use
+        // `canonicalize_query_keep_static` here because of things
+        // like the subtype query, which go awry around
+        // `'static` otherwise.
+        let mut canonical_var_values = OriginalQueryValues::default();
+        let old_param_env = query_key.param_env;
+        let canonical_self =
+            infcx.canonicalize_query_keep_static(query_key, &mut canonical_var_values);
+        let canonical_result = Self::perform_query(infcx.tcx, canonical_self)?;
+
+        let InferOk { value, obligations } = infcx
+            .instantiate_nll_query_response_and_region_obligations(
+                &ObligationCause::dummy(),
+                old_param_env,
+                &canonical_var_values,
+                canonical_result,
+                output_query_region_constraints,
+            )?;
+
+        Ok((value, Some(canonical_self), obligations, canonical_result.value.certainty))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx, Q> TypeOp<'tcx> for ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Q>
+where
+    Q: QueryTypeOp<'tcx>,
+{
+    type Output = Q::QueryResponse;
+    type ErrorInfo = Canonical<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Q>>;
+
+    fn fully_perform(self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Fallible<TypeOpOutput<'tcx, Self>> {
+        let mut region_constraints = QueryRegionConstraints::default();
+        let (output, error_info, mut obligations, _) =
+            Q::fully_perform_into(self, infcx, &mut region_constraints)?;
+
+        // Typically, instantiating NLL query results does not
+        // create obligations. However, in some cases there
+        // are unresolved type variables, and unify them *can*
+        // create obligations. In that case, we have to go
+        // fulfill them. We do this via a (recursive) query.
+        while !obligations.is_empty() {
+            trace!("{:#?}", obligations);
+            let mut progress = false;
+            for obligation in std::mem::take(&mut obligations) {
+                let obligation = infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation);
+                match ProvePredicate::fully_perform_into(
+                    obligation.param_env.and(ProvePredicate::new(obligation.predicate)),
+                    infcx,
+                    &mut region_constraints,
+                ) {
+                    Ok(((), _, new, certainty)) => {
+                        obligations.extend(new);
+                        progress = true;
+                        if let Certainty::Ambiguous = certainty {
+                            obligations.push(obligation);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(_) => obligations.push(obligation),
+                }
+            }
+            if !progress {
+                return Err(NoSolution);
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(TypeOpOutput {
+            output,
+            constraints: if region_constraints.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(infcx.tcx.arena.alloc(region_constraints))
+            },
+            error_info,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/normalize.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/normalize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e92ca7325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/normalize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::TypeFoldable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Lift, ParamEnvAnd, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use std::fmt;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::Normalize;
+
+impl<'tcx, T> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for Normalize<T>
+where
+    T: Normalizable<'tcx> + 'tcx,
+{
+    type QueryResponse = T;
+
+    fn try_fast_path(_tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>) -> Option<T> {
+        if !key.value.value.has_projections() { Some(key.value.value) } else { None }
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self::QueryResponse>> {
+        T::type_op_method(tcx, canonicalized)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Normalizable<'tcx>: fmt::Debug + TypeFoldable<'tcx> + Lift<'tcx> + Copy {
+    fn type_op_method(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Normalize<Self>>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self>>;
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Normalizable<'tcx> for Ty<'tcx> {
+    fn type_op_method(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Normalize<Self>>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self>> {
+        tcx.type_op_normalize_ty(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Normalizable<'tcx> for ty::Predicate<'tcx> {
+    fn type_op_method(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Normalize<Self>>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self>> {
+        tcx.type_op_normalize_predicate(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Normalizable<'tcx> for ty::PolyFnSig<'tcx> {
+    fn type_op_method(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Normalize<Self>>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self>> {
+        tcx.type_op_normalize_poly_fn_sig(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Normalizable<'tcx> for ty::FnSig<'tcx> {
+    fn type_op_method(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Normalize<Self>>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self>> {
+        tcx.type_op_normalize_fn_sig(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/outlives.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/outlives.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63382429
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/outlives.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::dropck_outlives::{trivial_dropck_outlives, DropckOutlivesResult};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnvAnd, Ty, TyCtxt};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, HashStable, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable, Lift)]
+pub struct DropckOutlives<'tcx> {
+    dropped_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> DropckOutlives<'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(dropped_ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Self {
+        DropckOutlives { dropped_ty }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for DropckOutlives<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = DropckOutlivesResult<'tcx>;
+
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse> {
+        if trivial_dropck_outlives(tcx, key.value.dropped_ty) {
+            Some(DropckOutlivesResult::default())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, Self::QueryResponse>> {
+        // Subtle: note that we are not invoking
+        // `infcx.at(...).dropck_outlives(...)` here, but rather the
+        // underlying `dropck_outlives` query. This same underlying
+        // query is also used by the
+        // `infcx.at(...).dropck_outlives(...)` fn. Avoiding the
+        // wrapper means we don't need an infcx in this code, which is
+        // good because the interface doesn't give us one (so that we
+        // know we are not registering any subregion relations or
+        // other things).
+
+        // FIXME convert to the type expected by the `dropck_outlives`
+        // query. This should eventually be fixed by changing the
+        // *underlying query*.
+        let canonicalized = canonicalized.unchecked_map(|ParamEnvAnd { param_env, value }| {
+            let DropckOutlives { dropped_ty } = value;
+            param_env.and(dropped_ty)
+        });
+
+        tcx.dropck_outlives(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/prove_predicate.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/prove_predicate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..081308ac7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/prove_predicate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ParamEnvAnd, TyCtxt};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::ProvePredicate;
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for ProvePredicate<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = ();
+
+    fn try_fast_path(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>,
+    ) -> Option<Self::QueryResponse> {
+        // Proving Sized, very often on "obviously sized" types like
+        // `&T`, accounts for about 60% percentage of the predicates
+        // we have to prove. No need to canonicalize and all that for
+        // such cases.
+        if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(trait_ref) = key.value.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            if let Some(sized_def_id) = tcx.lang_items().sized_trait() {
+                if trait_ref.def_id() == sized_def_id {
+                    if trait_ref.self_ty().is_trivially_sized(tcx) {
+                        return Some(());
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        mut canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, ()>> {
+        match canonicalized.value.value.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred) => {
+                canonicalized.value.param_env.remap_constness_with(pred.constness);
+            }
+            _ => canonicalized.value.param_env = canonicalized.value.param_env.without_const(),
+        }
+        tcx.type_op_prove_predicate(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/subtype.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/subtype.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57290b669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/query/type_op/subtype.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use crate::infer::canonical::{Canonicalized, CanonicalizedQueryResponse};
+use crate::traits::query::Fallible;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ParamEnvAnd, TyCtxt};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::query::type_op::Subtype;
+
+impl<'tcx> super::QueryTypeOp<'tcx> for Subtype<'tcx> {
+    type QueryResponse = ();
+
+    fn try_fast_path(_tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, key: &ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>) -> Option<()> {
+        if key.value.sub == key.value.sup { Some(()) } else { None }
+    }
+
+    fn perform_query(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        canonicalized: Canonicalized<'tcx, ParamEnvAnd<'tcx, Self>>,
+    ) -> Fallible<CanonicalizedQueryResponse<'tcx, ()>> {
+        tcx.type_op_subtype(canonicalized)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/relationships.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/relationships.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8148e2b78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/relationships.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::{ObligationCause, PredicateObligation};
+use rustc_infer::traits::TraitEngine;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ToPredicate};
+
+pub(crate) fn update<'tcx, T>(
+    engine: &mut T,
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+    obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+) where
+    T: TraitEngine<'tcx>,
+{
+    // (*) binder skipped
+    if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(tpred) = obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder()
+        && let Some(ty) = infcx.shallow_resolve(tpred.self_ty()).ty_vid().map(|t| infcx.root_var(t))
+        && infcx.tcx.lang_items().sized_trait().map_or(false, |st| st != tpred.trait_ref.def_id)
+    {
+        let new_self_ty = infcx.tcx.types.unit;
+
+        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+            substs: infcx.tcx.mk_substs_trait(new_self_ty, &tpred.trait_ref.substs[1..]),
+            ..tpred.trait_ref
+        };
+
+        // Then construct a new obligation with Self = () added
+        // to the ParamEnv, and see if it holds.
+        let o = rustc_infer::traits::Obligation::new(
+            ObligationCause::dummy(),
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation
+                .predicate
+                .kind()
+                .rebind(
+                    // (*) binder moved here
+                    ty::PredicateKind::Trait(ty::TraitPredicate {
+                        trait_ref,
+                        constness: tpred.constness,
+                        polarity: tpred.polarity,
+                    })
+                )
+                .to_predicate(infcx.tcx),
+        );
+        // Don't report overflow errors. Otherwise equivalent to may_hold.
+        if let Ok(result) = infcx.probe(|_| infcx.evaluate_obligation(&o)) && result.may_apply() {
+            engine.relationships().entry(ty).or_default().self_in_trait = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let ty::PredicateKind::Projection(predicate) = obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+        // If the projection predicate (Foo::Bar == X) has X as a non-TyVid,
+        // we need to make it into one.
+        if let Some(vid) = predicate.term.ty().and_then(|ty| ty.ty_vid()) {
+            debug!("relationship: {:?}.output = true", vid);
+            engine.relationships().entry(vid).or_default().output = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a60ce0f34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/candidate_assembly.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@
+//! Candidate assembly.
+//!
+//! The selection process begins by examining all in-scope impls,
+//! caller obligations, and so forth and assembling a list of
+//! candidates. See the [rustc dev guide] for more details.
+//!
+//! [rustc dev guide]:https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html#candidate-assembly
+use hir::LangItem;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_infer::traits::TraitEngine;
+use rustc_infer::traits::{Obligation, SelectionError, TraitObligation};
+use rustc_lint_defs::builtin::DEREF_INTO_DYN_SUPERTRAIT;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ToPredicate, Ty, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_target::spec::abi::Abi;
+
+use crate::traits;
+use crate::traits::coherence::Conflict;
+use crate::traits::query::evaluate_obligation::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::{util, SelectionResult};
+use crate::traits::{Ambiguous, ErrorReporting, Overflow, Unimplemented};
+
+use super::BuiltinImplConditions;
+use super::IntercrateAmbiguityCause;
+use super::OverflowError;
+use super::SelectionCandidate::{self, *};
+use super::{EvaluatedCandidate, SelectionCandidateSet, SelectionContext, TraitObligationStack};
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    pub(super) fn candidate_from_obligation<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        // Watch out for overflow. This intentionally bypasses (and does
+        // not update) the cache.
+        self.check_recursion_limit(&stack.obligation, &stack.obligation)?;
+
+        // Check the cache. Note that we freshen the trait-ref
+        // separately rather than using `stack.fresh_trait_ref` --
+        // this is because we want the unbound variables to be
+        // replaced with fresh types starting from index 0.
+        let cache_fresh_trait_pred = self.infcx.freshen(stack.obligation.predicate);
+        debug!(?cache_fresh_trait_pred);
+        debug_assert!(!stack.obligation.predicate.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+
+        if let Some(c) =
+            self.check_candidate_cache(stack.obligation.param_env, cache_fresh_trait_pred)
+        {
+            debug!(candidate = ?c, "CACHE HIT");
+            return c;
+        }
+
+        // If no match, compute result and insert into cache.
+        //
+        // FIXME(nikomatsakis) -- this cache is not taking into
+        // account cycles that may have occurred in forming the
+        // candidate. I don't know of any specific problems that
+        // result but it seems awfully suspicious.
+        let (candidate, dep_node) =
+            self.in_task(|this| this.candidate_from_obligation_no_cache(stack));
+
+        debug!(?candidate, "CACHE MISS");
+        self.insert_candidate_cache(
+            stack.obligation.param_env,
+            cache_fresh_trait_pred,
+            dep_node,
+            candidate.clone(),
+        );
+        candidate
+    }
+
+    fn candidate_from_obligation_no_cache<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        if let Some(conflict) = self.is_knowable(stack) {
+            debug!("coherence stage: not knowable");
+            if self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.is_some() {
+                debug!("evaluate_stack: intercrate_ambiguity_causes is some");
+                // Heuristics: show the diagnostics when there are no candidates in crate.
+                if let Ok(candidate_set) = self.assemble_candidates(stack) {
+                    let mut no_candidates_apply = true;
+
+                    for c in candidate_set.vec.iter() {
+                        if self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c)?.may_apply() {
+                            no_candidates_apply = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if !candidate_set.ambiguous && no_candidates_apply {
+                        let trait_ref = stack.obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref;
+                        let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+                        let (trait_desc, self_desc) = with_no_trimmed_paths!({
+                            let trait_desc = trait_ref.print_only_trait_path().to_string();
+                            let self_desc = if self_ty.has_concrete_skeleton() {
+                                Some(self_ty.to_string())
+                            } else {
+                                None
+                            };
+                            (trait_desc, self_desc)
+                        });
+                        let cause = if let Conflict::Upstream = conflict {
+                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::UpstreamCrateUpdate { trait_desc, self_desc }
+                        } else {
+                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::DownstreamCrate { trait_desc, self_desc }
+                        };
+                        debug!(?cause, "evaluate_stack: pushing cause");
+                        self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.as_mut().unwrap().insert(cause);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let candidate_set = self.assemble_candidates(stack)?;
+
+        if candidate_set.ambiguous {
+            debug!("candidate set contains ambig");
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let candidates = candidate_set.vec;
+
+        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "assembled {} candidates", candidates.len());
+
+        // At this point, we know that each of the entries in the
+        // candidate set is *individually* applicable. Now we have to
+        // figure out if they contain mutual incompatibilities. This
+        // frequently arises if we have an unconstrained input type --
+        // for example, we are looking for `$0: Eq` where `$0` is some
+        // unconstrained type variable. In that case, we'll get a
+        // candidate which assumes $0 == int, one that assumes `$0 ==
+        // usize`, etc. This spells an ambiguity.
+
+        let mut candidates = self.filter_impls(candidates, stack.obligation);
+
+        // If there is more than one candidate, first winnow them down
+        // by considering extra conditions (nested obligations and so
+        // forth). We don't winnow if there is exactly one
+        // candidate. This is a relatively minor distinction but it
+        // can lead to better inference and error-reporting. An
+        // example would be if there was an impl:
+        //
+        //     impl<T:Clone> Vec<T> { fn push_clone(...) { ... } }
+        //
+        // and we were to see some code `foo.push_clone()` where `boo`
+        // is a `Vec<Bar>` and `Bar` does not implement `Clone`.  If
+        // we were to winnow, we'd wind up with zero candidates.
+        // Instead, we select the right impl now but report "`Bar` does
+        // not implement `Clone`".
+        if candidates.len() == 1 {
+            return self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap(), stack.obligation);
+        }
+
+        // Winnow, but record the exact outcome of evaluation, which
+        // is needed for specialization. Propagate overflow if it occurs.
+        let mut candidates = candidates
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|c| match self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c) {
+                Ok(eval) if eval.may_apply() => {
+                    Ok(Some(EvaluatedCandidate { candidate: c, evaluation: eval }))
+                }
+                Ok(_) => Ok(None),
+                Err(OverflowError::Canonical) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)),
+                Err(OverflowError::ErrorReporting) => Err(ErrorReporting),
+                Err(OverflowError::Error(e)) => Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Error(e))),
+            })
+            .flat_map(Result::transpose)
+            .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+
+        debug!(?stack, ?candidates, "winnowed to {} candidates", candidates.len());
+
+        let needs_infer = stack.obligation.predicate.has_infer_types_or_consts();
+
+        // If there are STILL multiple candidates, we can further
+        // reduce the list by dropping duplicates -- including
+        // resolving specializations.
+        if candidates.len() > 1 {
+            let mut i = 0;
+            while i < candidates.len() {
+                let is_dup = (0..candidates.len()).filter(|&j| i != j).any(|j| {
+                    self.candidate_should_be_dropped_in_favor_of(
+                        &candidates[i],
+                        &candidates[j],
+                        needs_infer,
+                    )
+                });
+                if is_dup {
+                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Dropping candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
+                    candidates.swap_remove(i);
+                } else {
+                    debug!(candidate = ?candidates[i], "Retaining candidate #{}/{}", i, candidates.len());
+                    i += 1;
+
+                    // If there are *STILL* multiple candidates, give up
+                    // and report ambiguity.
+                    if i > 1 {
+                        debug!("multiple matches, ambig");
+                        return Err(Ambiguous(
+                            candidates
+                                .into_iter()
+                                .filter_map(|c| match c.candidate {
+                                    SelectionCandidate::ImplCandidate(def_id) => Some(def_id),
+                                    _ => None,
+                                })
+                                .collect(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // If there are *NO* candidates, then there are no impls --
+        // that we know of, anyway. Note that in the case where there
+        // are unbound type variables within the obligation, it might
+        // be the case that you could still satisfy the obligation
+        // from another crate by instantiating the type variables with
+        // a type from another crate that does have an impl. This case
+        // is checked for in `evaluate_stack` (and hence users
+        // who might care about this case, like coherence, should use
+        // that function).
+        if candidates.is_empty() {
+            // If there's an error type, 'downgrade' our result from
+            // `Err(Unimplemented)` to `Ok(None)`. This helps us avoid
+            // emitting additional spurious errors, since we're guaranteed
+            // to have emitted at least one.
+            if stack.obligation.predicate.references_error() {
+                debug!(?stack.obligation.predicate, "found error type in predicate, treating as ambiguous");
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            return Err(Unimplemented);
+        }
+
+        // Just one candidate left.
+        self.filter_reservation_impls(candidates.pop().unwrap().candidate, stack.obligation)
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self, stack), level = "debug")]
+    pub(super) fn assemble_candidates<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let TraitObligationStack { obligation, .. } = *stack;
+        let obligation = &Obligation {
+            param_env: obligation.param_env,
+            cause: obligation.cause.clone(),
+            recursion_depth: obligation.recursion_depth,
+            predicate: self.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate),
+        };
+
+        if obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty().is_ty_var() {
+            debug!(ty = ?obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty(), "ambiguous inference var or opaque type");
+            // Self is a type variable (e.g., `_: AsRef<str>`).
+            //
+            // This is somewhat problematic, as the current scheme can't really
+            // handle it turning to be a projection. This does end up as truly
+            // ambiguous in most cases anyway.
+            //
+            // Take the fast path out - this also improves
+            // performance by preventing assemble_candidates_from_impls from
+            // matching every impl for this trait.
+            return Ok(SelectionCandidateSet { vec: vec![], ambiguous: true });
+        }
+
+        let mut candidates = SelectionCandidateSet { vec: Vec::new(), ambiguous: false };
+
+        // The only way to prove a NotImplemented(T: Foo) predicate is via a negative impl.
+        // There are no compiler built-in rules for this.
+        if obligation.polarity() == ty::ImplPolarity::Negative {
+            self.assemble_candidates_for_trait_alias(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            self.assemble_candidates_from_impls(obligation, &mut candidates);
+        } else {
+            self.assemble_candidates_for_trait_alias(obligation, &mut candidates);
+
+            // Other bounds. Consider both in-scope bounds from fn decl
+            // and applicable impls. There is a certain set of precedence rules here.
+            let def_id = obligation.predicate.def_id();
+            let lang_items = self.tcx().lang_items();
+
+            if lang_items.copy_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                debug!(obligation_self_ty = ?obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty());
+
+                // User-defined copy impls are permitted, but only for
+                // structs and enums.
+                self.assemble_candidates_from_impls(obligation, &mut candidates);
+
+                // For other types, we'll use the builtin rules.
+                let copy_conditions = self.copy_clone_conditions(obligation);
+                self.assemble_builtin_bound_candidates(copy_conditions, &mut candidates);
+            } else if lang_items.discriminant_kind_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                // `DiscriminantKind` is automatically implemented for every type.
+                candidates.vec.push(DiscriminantKindCandidate);
+            } else if lang_items.pointee_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                // `Pointee` is automatically implemented for every type.
+                candidates.vec.push(PointeeCandidate);
+            } else if lang_items.sized_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                // Sized is never implementable by end-users, it is
+                // always automatically computed.
+                let sized_conditions = self.sized_conditions(obligation);
+                self.assemble_builtin_bound_candidates(sized_conditions, &mut candidates);
+            } else if lang_items.unsize_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                self.assemble_candidates_for_unsizing(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            } else if lang_items.destruct_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                self.assemble_const_destruct_candidates(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            } else if lang_items.transmute_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                // User-defined transmutability impls are permitted.
+                self.assemble_candidates_from_impls(obligation, &mut candidates);
+                self.assemble_candidates_for_transmutability(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            } else {
+                if lang_items.clone_trait() == Some(def_id) {
+                    // Same builtin conditions as `Copy`, i.e., every type which has builtin support
+                    // for `Copy` also has builtin support for `Clone`, and tuples/arrays of `Clone`
+                    // types have builtin support for `Clone`.
+                    let clone_conditions = self.copy_clone_conditions(obligation);
+                    self.assemble_builtin_bound_candidates(clone_conditions, &mut candidates);
+                }
+
+                self.assemble_generator_candidates(obligation, &mut candidates);
+                self.assemble_closure_candidates(obligation, &mut candidates);
+                self.assemble_fn_pointer_candidates(obligation, &mut candidates);
+                self.assemble_candidates_from_impls(obligation, &mut candidates);
+                self.assemble_candidates_from_object_ty(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            }
+
+            self.assemble_candidates_from_projected_tys(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            self.assemble_candidates_from_caller_bounds(stack, &mut candidates)?;
+            // Auto implementations have lower priority, so we only
+            // consider triggering a default if there is no other impl that can apply.
+            if candidates.vec.is_empty() {
+                self.assemble_candidates_from_auto_impls(obligation, &mut candidates);
+            }
+        }
+        debug!("candidate list size: {}", candidates.vec.len());
+        Ok(candidates)
+    }
+
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, candidates))]
+    fn assemble_candidates_from_projected_tys(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // Before we go into the whole placeholder thing, just
+        // quickly check if the self-type is a projection at all.
+        match obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.self_ty().kind() {
+            ty::Projection(_) | ty::Opaque(..) => {}
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                span_bug!(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    "Self=_ should have been handled by assemble_candidates"
+                );
+            }
+            _ => return,
+        }
+
+        let result = self
+            .infcx
+            .probe(|_| self.match_projection_obligation_against_definition_bounds(obligation));
+
+        candidates.vec.extend(result.into_iter().map(ProjectionCandidate));
+    }
+
+    /// Given an obligation like `<SomeTrait for T>`, searches the obligations that the caller
+    /// supplied to find out whether it is listed among them.
+    ///
+    /// Never affects the inference environment.
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, stack, candidates))]
+    fn assemble_candidates_from_caller_bounds<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<(), SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?stack.obligation);
+
+        let all_bounds = stack
+            .obligation
+            .param_env
+            .caller_bounds()
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|o| o.to_opt_poly_trait_pred());
+
+        // Micro-optimization: filter out predicates relating to different traits.
+        let matching_bounds =
+            all_bounds.filter(|p| p.def_id() == stack.obligation.predicate.def_id());
+
+        // Keep only those bounds which may apply, and propagate overflow if it occurs.
+        for bound in matching_bounds {
+            // FIXME(oli-obk): it is suspicious that we are dropping the constness and
+            // polarity here.
+            let wc = self.where_clause_may_apply(stack, bound.map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref))?;
+            if wc.may_apply() {
+                candidates.vec.push(ParamCandidate(bound));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn assemble_generator_candidates(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        if self.tcx().lang_items().gen_trait() != Some(obligation.predicate.def_id()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Okay to skip binder because the substs on generator types never
+        // touch bound regions, they just capture the in-scope
+        // type/region parameters.
+        let self_ty = obligation.self_ty().skip_binder();
+        match self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Generator(..) => {
+                debug!(?self_ty, ?obligation, "assemble_generator_candidates",);
+
+                candidates.vec.push(GeneratorCandidate);
+            }
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                debug!("assemble_generator_candidates: ambiguous self-type");
+                candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Checks for the artificial impl that the compiler will create for an obligation like `X :
+    /// FnMut<..>` where `X` is a closure type.
+    ///
+    /// Note: the type parameters on a closure candidate are modeled as *output* type
+    /// parameters and hence do not affect whether this trait is a match or not. They will be
+    /// unified during the confirmation step.
+    fn assemble_closure_candidates(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let Some(kind) = self.tcx().fn_trait_kind_from_lang_item(obligation.predicate.def_id()) else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // Okay to skip binder because the substs on closure types never
+        // touch bound regions, they just capture the in-scope
+        // type/region parameters
+        match *obligation.self_ty().skip_binder().kind() {
+            ty::Closure(_, closure_substs) => {
+                debug!(?kind, ?obligation, "assemble_unboxed_candidates");
+                match self.infcx.closure_kind(closure_substs) {
+                    Some(closure_kind) => {
+                        debug!(?closure_kind, "assemble_unboxed_candidates");
+                        if closure_kind.extends(kind) {
+                            candidates.vec.push(ClosureCandidate);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        debug!("assemble_unboxed_candidates: closure_kind not yet known");
+                        candidates.vec.push(ClosureCandidate);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                debug!("assemble_unboxed_closure_candidates: ambiguous self-type");
+                candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Implements one of the `Fn()` family for a fn pointer.
+    fn assemble_fn_pointer_candidates(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // We provide impl of all fn traits for fn pointers.
+        if self.tcx().fn_trait_kind_from_lang_item(obligation.predicate.def_id()).is_none() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Okay to skip binder because what we are inspecting doesn't involve bound regions.
+        let self_ty = obligation.self_ty().skip_binder();
+        match *self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                debug!("assemble_fn_pointer_candidates: ambiguous self-type");
+                candidates.ambiguous = true; // Could wind up being a fn() type.
+            }
+            // Provide an impl, but only for suitable `fn` pointers.
+            ty::FnPtr(_) => {
+                if let ty::FnSig {
+                    unsafety: hir::Unsafety::Normal,
+                    abi: Abi::Rust,
+                    c_variadic: false,
+                    ..
+                } = self_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx()).skip_binder()
+                {
+                    candidates.vec.push(FnPointerCandidate { is_const: false });
+                }
+            }
+            // Provide an impl for suitable functions, rejecting `#[target_feature]` functions (RFC 2396).
+            ty::FnDef(def_id, _) => {
+                if let ty::FnSig {
+                    unsafety: hir::Unsafety::Normal,
+                    abi: Abi::Rust,
+                    c_variadic: false,
+                    ..
+                } = self_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx()).skip_binder()
+                {
+                    if self.tcx().codegen_fn_attrs(def_id).target_features.is_empty() {
+                        candidates
+                            .vec
+                            .push(FnPointerCandidate { is_const: self.tcx().is_const_fn(def_id) });
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Searches for impls that might apply to `obligation`.
+    fn assemble_candidates_from_impls(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        debug!(?obligation, "assemble_candidates_from_impls");
+
+        // Essentially any user-written impl will match with an error type,
+        // so creating `ImplCandidates` isn't useful. However, we might
+        // end up finding a candidate elsewhere (e.g. a `BuiltinCandidate` for `Sized)
+        // This helps us avoid overflow: see issue #72839
+        // Since compilation is already guaranteed to fail, this is just
+        // to try to show the 'nicest' possible errors to the user.
+        // We don't check for errors in the `ParamEnv` - in practice,
+        // it seems to cause us to be overly aggressive in deciding
+        // to give up searching for candidates, leading to spurious errors.
+        if obligation.predicate.references_error() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        self.tcx().for_each_relevant_impl(
+            obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+            obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.self_ty(),
+            |impl_def_id| {
+                // Before we create the substitutions and everything, first
+                // consider a "quick reject". This avoids creating more types
+                // and so forth that we need to.
+                let impl_trait_ref = self.tcx().bound_impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+                if self.fast_reject_trait_refs(obligation, &impl_trait_ref.0) {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                self.infcx.probe(|_| {
+                    if let Ok(_substs) = self.match_impl(impl_def_id, impl_trait_ref, obligation) {
+                        candidates.vec.push(ImplCandidate(impl_def_id));
+                    }
+                });
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn assemble_candidates_from_auto_impls(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // Okay to skip binder here because the tests we do below do not involve bound regions.
+        let self_ty = obligation.self_ty().skip_binder();
+        debug!(?self_ty, "assemble_candidates_from_auto_impls");
+
+        let def_id = obligation.predicate.def_id();
+
+        if self.tcx().trait_is_auto(def_id) {
+            match self_ty.kind() {
+                ty::Dynamic(..) => {
+                    // For object types, we don't know what the closed
+                    // over types are. This means we conservatively
+                    // say nothing; a candidate may be added by
+                    // `assemble_candidates_from_object_ty`.
+                }
+                ty::Foreign(..) => {
+                    // Since the contents of foreign types is unknown,
+                    // we don't add any `..` impl. Default traits could
+                    // still be provided by a manual implementation for
+                    // this trait and type.
+                }
+                ty::Param(..) | ty::Projection(..) => {
+                    // In these cases, we don't know what the actual
+                    // type is.  Therefore, we cannot break it down
+                    // into its constituent types. So we don't
+                    // consider the `..` impl but instead just add no
+                    // candidates: this means that typeck will only
+                    // succeed if there is another reason to believe
+                    // that this obligation holds. That could be a
+                    // where-clause or, in the case of an object type,
+                    // it could be that the object type lists the
+                    // trait (e.g., `Foo+Send : Send`). See
+                    // `ui/typeck/typeck-default-trait-impl-send-param.rs`
+                    // for an example of a test case that exercises
+                    // this path.
+                }
+                ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                    // The auto impl might apply; we don't know.
+                    candidates.ambiguous = true;
+                }
+                ty::Generator(_, _, movability)
+                    if self.tcx().lang_items().unpin_trait() == Some(def_id) =>
+                {
+                    match movability {
+                        hir::Movability::Static => {
+                            // Immovable generators are never `Unpin`, so
+                            // suppress the normal auto-impl candidate for it.
+                        }
+                        hir::Movability::Movable => {
+                            // Movable generators are always `Unpin`, so add an
+                            // unconditional builtin candidate.
+                            candidates.vec.push(BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: false });
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                _ => candidates.vec.push(AutoImplCandidate(def_id)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Searches for impls that might apply to `obligation`.
+    fn assemble_candidates_from_object_ty(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        debug!(
+            self_ty = ?obligation.self_ty().skip_binder(),
+            "assemble_candidates_from_object_ty",
+        );
+
+        self.infcx.probe(|_snapshot| {
+            // The code below doesn't care about regions, and the
+            // self-ty here doesn't escape this probe, so just erase
+            // any LBR.
+            let self_ty = self.tcx().erase_late_bound_regions(obligation.self_ty());
+            let poly_trait_ref = match self_ty.kind() {
+                ty::Dynamic(ref data, ..) => {
+                    if data.auto_traits().any(|did| did == obligation.predicate.def_id()) {
+                        debug!(
+                            "assemble_candidates_from_object_ty: matched builtin bound, \
+                             pushing candidate"
+                        );
+                        candidates.vec.push(BuiltinObjectCandidate);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    if let Some(principal) = data.principal() {
+                        if !self.infcx.tcx.features().object_safe_for_dispatch {
+                            principal.with_self_ty(self.tcx(), self_ty)
+                        } else if self.tcx().is_object_safe(principal.def_id()) {
+                            principal.with_self_ty(self.tcx(), self_ty)
+                        } else {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // Only auto trait bounds exist.
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+                ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                    debug!("assemble_candidates_from_object_ty: ambiguous");
+                    candidates.ambiguous = true; // could wind up being an object type
+                    return;
+                }
+                _ => return,
+            };
+
+            debug!(?poly_trait_ref, "assemble_candidates_from_object_ty");
+
+            let poly_trait_predicate = self.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+            let placeholder_trait_predicate =
+                self.infcx().replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(poly_trait_predicate);
+
+            // Count only those upcast versions that match the trait-ref
+            // we are looking for. Specifically, do not only check for the
+            // correct trait, but also the correct type parameters.
+            // For example, we may be trying to upcast `Foo` to `Bar<i32>`,
+            // but `Foo` is declared as `trait Foo: Bar<u32>`.
+            let candidate_supertraits = util::supertraits(self.tcx(), poly_trait_ref)
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|&(_, upcast_trait_ref)| {
+                    self.infcx.probe(|_| {
+                        self.match_normalize_trait_ref(
+                            obligation,
+                            upcast_trait_ref,
+                            placeholder_trait_predicate.trait_ref,
+                        )
+                        .is_ok()
+                    })
+                })
+                .map(|(idx, _)| ObjectCandidate(idx));
+
+            candidates.vec.extend(candidate_supertraits);
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Temporary migration for #89190
+    fn need_migrate_deref_output_trait_object(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        cause: &traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<(Ty<'tcx>, DefId)> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        if tcx.features().trait_upcasting {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // <ty as Deref>
+        let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+            def_id: tcx.lang_items().deref_trait()?,
+            substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(ty, &[]),
+        };
+
+        let obligation = traits::Obligation::new(
+            cause.clone(),
+            param_env,
+            ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(tcx),
+        );
+        if !self.infcx.predicate_may_hold(&obligation) {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let mut fulfillcx = traits::FulfillmentContext::new_in_snapshot();
+        let normalized_ty = fulfillcx.normalize_projection_type(
+            &self.infcx,
+            param_env,
+            ty::ProjectionTy {
+                item_def_id: tcx.lang_items().deref_target()?,
+                substs: trait_ref.substs,
+            },
+            cause.clone(),
+        );
+
+        let ty::Dynamic(data, ..) = normalized_ty.kind() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+
+        let def_id = data.principal_def_id()?;
+
+        return Some((normalized_ty, def_id));
+    }
+
+    /// Searches for unsizing that might apply to `obligation`.
+    fn assemble_candidates_for_unsizing(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // We currently never consider higher-ranked obligations e.g.
+        // `for<'a> &'a T: Unsize<Trait+'a>` to be implemented. This is not
+        // because they are a priori invalid, and we could potentially add support
+        // for them later, it's just that there isn't really a strong need for it.
+        // A `T: Unsize<U>` obligation is always used as part of a `T: CoerceUnsize<U>`
+        // impl, and those are generally applied to concrete types.
+        //
+        // That said, one might try to write a fn with a where clause like
+        //     for<'a> Foo<'a, T>: Unsize<Foo<'a, Trait>>
+        // where the `'a` is kind of orthogonal to the relevant part of the `Unsize`.
+        // Still, you'd be more likely to write that where clause as
+        //     T: Trait
+        // so it seems ok if we (conservatively) fail to accept that `Unsize`
+        // obligation above. Should be possible to extend this in the future.
+        let Some(source) = obligation.self_ty().no_bound_vars() else {
+            // Don't add any candidates if there are bound regions.
+            return;
+        };
+        let target = obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.type_at(1);
+
+        debug!(?source, ?target, "assemble_candidates_for_unsizing");
+
+        match (source.kind(), target.kind()) {
+            // Trait+Kx+'a -> Trait+Ky+'b (upcasts).
+            (&ty::Dynamic(ref data_a, ..), &ty::Dynamic(ref data_b, ..)) => {
+                // Upcast coercions permit several things:
+                //
+                // 1. Dropping auto traits, e.g., `Foo + Send` to `Foo`
+                // 2. Tightening the region bound, e.g., `Foo + 'a` to `Foo + 'b` if `'a: 'b`
+                // 3. Tightening trait to its super traits, eg. `Foo` to `Bar` if `Foo: Bar`
+                //
+                // Note that neither of the first two of these changes requires any
+                // change at runtime. The third needs to change pointer metadata at runtime.
+                //
+                // We always perform upcasting coercions when we can because of reason
+                // #2 (region bounds).
+                let auto_traits_compatible = data_b
+                    .auto_traits()
+                    // All of a's auto traits need to be in b's auto traits.
+                    .all(|b| data_a.auto_traits().any(|a| a == b));
+                if auto_traits_compatible {
+                    let principal_def_id_a = data_a.principal_def_id();
+                    let principal_def_id_b = data_b.principal_def_id();
+                    if principal_def_id_a == principal_def_id_b {
+                        // no cyclic
+                        candidates.vec.push(BuiltinUnsizeCandidate);
+                    } else if principal_def_id_a.is_some() && principal_def_id_b.is_some() {
+                        // not casual unsizing, now check whether this is trait upcasting coercion.
+                        let principal_a = data_a.principal().unwrap();
+                        let target_trait_did = principal_def_id_b.unwrap();
+                        let source_trait_ref = principal_a.with_self_ty(self.tcx(), source);
+                        if let Some((deref_output_ty, deref_output_trait_did)) = self
+                            .need_migrate_deref_output_trait_object(
+                                source,
+                                &obligation.cause,
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                            )
+                        {
+                            if deref_output_trait_did == target_trait_did {
+                                self.tcx().struct_span_lint_hir(
+                                    DEREF_INTO_DYN_SUPERTRAIT,
+                                    obligation.cause.body_id,
+                                    obligation.cause.span,
+                                    |lint| {
+                                        lint.build(&format!(
+                                            "`{}` implements `Deref` with supertrait `{}` as output",
+                                            source,
+                                            deref_output_ty
+                                        )).emit();
+                                    },
+                                );
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        for (idx, upcast_trait_ref) in
+                            util::supertraits(self.tcx(), source_trait_ref).enumerate()
+                        {
+                            if upcast_trait_ref.def_id() == target_trait_did {
+                                candidates.vec.push(TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(idx));
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // `T` -> `Trait`
+            (_, &ty::Dynamic(..)) => {
+                candidates.vec.push(BuiltinUnsizeCandidate);
+            }
+
+            // Ambiguous handling is below `T` -> `Trait`, because inference
+            // variables can still implement `Unsize<Trait>` and nested
+            // obligations will have the final say (likely deferred).
+            (&ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)), _) | (_, &ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_))) => {
+                debug!("assemble_candidates_for_unsizing: ambiguous");
+                candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            }
+
+            // `[T; n]` -> `[T]`
+            (&ty::Array(..), &ty::Slice(_)) => {
+                candidates.vec.push(BuiltinUnsizeCandidate);
+            }
+
+            // `Struct<T>` -> `Struct<U>`
+            (&ty::Adt(def_id_a, _), &ty::Adt(def_id_b, _)) if def_id_a.is_struct() => {
+                if def_id_a == def_id_b {
+                    candidates.vec.push(BuiltinUnsizeCandidate);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // `(.., T)` -> `(.., U)`
+            (&ty::Tuple(tys_a), &ty::Tuple(tys_b)) => {
+                if tys_a.len() == tys_b.len() {
+                    candidates.vec.push(BuiltinUnsizeCandidate);
+                }
+            }
+
+            _ => {}
+        };
+    }
+
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, obligation, candidates))]
+    fn assemble_candidates_for_transmutability(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        if obligation.has_param_types_or_consts() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if obligation.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+            candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        candidates.vec.push(TransmutabilityCandidate);
+    }
+
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, obligation, candidates))]
+    fn assemble_candidates_for_trait_alias(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // Okay to skip binder here because the tests we do below do not involve bound regions.
+        let self_ty = obligation.self_ty().skip_binder();
+        debug!(?self_ty);
+
+        let def_id = obligation.predicate.def_id();
+
+        if self.tcx().is_trait_alias(def_id) {
+            candidates.vec.push(TraitAliasCandidate(def_id));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Assembles the trait which are built-in to the language itself:
+    /// `Copy`, `Clone` and `Sized`.
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, candidates))]
+    fn assemble_builtin_bound_candidates(
+        &mut self,
+        conditions: BuiltinImplConditions<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        match conditions {
+            BuiltinImplConditions::Where(nested) => {
+                candidates
+                    .vec
+                    .push(BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: !nested.skip_binder().is_empty() });
+            }
+            BuiltinImplConditions::None => {}
+            BuiltinImplConditions::Ambiguous => {
+                candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn assemble_const_destruct_candidates(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidates: &mut SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // If the predicate is `~const Destruct` in a non-const environment, we don't actually need
+        // to check anything. We'll short-circuit checking any obligations in confirmation, too.
+        if !obligation.is_const() {
+            candidates.vec.push(ConstDestructCandidate(None));
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let self_ty = self.infcx().shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty());
+        match self_ty.skip_binder().kind() {
+            ty::Opaque(..)
+            | ty::Dynamic(..)
+            | ty::Error(_)
+            | ty::Bound(..)
+            | ty::Param(_)
+            | ty::Placeholder(_)
+            | ty::Projection(_) => {
+                // We don't know if these are `~const Destruct`, at least
+                // not structurally... so don't push a candidate.
+            }
+
+            ty::Bool
+            | ty::Char
+            | ty::Int(_)
+            | ty::Uint(_)
+            | ty::Float(_)
+            | ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_))
+            | ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(_))
+            | ty::Str
+            | ty::RawPtr(_)
+            | ty::Ref(..)
+            | ty::FnDef(..)
+            | ty::FnPtr(_)
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Foreign(_)
+            | ty::Array(..)
+            | ty::Slice(_)
+            | ty::Closure(..)
+            | ty::Generator(..)
+            | ty::Tuple(_)
+            | ty::GeneratorWitness(_) => {
+                // These are built-in, and cannot have a custom `impl const Destruct`.
+                candidates.vec.push(ConstDestructCandidate(None));
+            }
+
+            ty::Adt(..) => {
+                // Find a custom `impl Drop` impl, if it exists
+                let relevant_impl = self.tcx().find_map_relevant_impl(
+                    self.tcx().require_lang_item(LangItem::Drop, None),
+                    obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.self_ty(),
+                    Some,
+                );
+
+                if let Some(impl_def_id) = relevant_impl {
+                    // Check that `impl Drop` is actually const, if there is a custom impl
+                    if self.tcx().constness(impl_def_id) == hir::Constness::Const {
+                        candidates.vec.push(ConstDestructCandidate(Some(impl_def_id)));
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Otherwise check the ADT like a built-in type (structurally)
+                    candidates.vec.push(ConstDestructCandidate(None));
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Infer(_) => {
+                candidates.ambiguous = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/confirmation.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/confirmation.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a1099fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/confirmation.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1266 @@
+//! Confirmation.
+//!
+//! Confirmation unifies the output type parameters of the trait
+//! with the values found in the obligation, possibly yielding a
+//! type error.  See the [rustc dev guide] for more details.
+//!
+//! [rustc dev guide]:
+//! https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html#confirmation
+use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_index::bit_set::GrowableBitSet;
+use rustc_infer::infer::InferOk;
+use rustc_infer::infer::LateBoundRegionConversionTime::HigherRankedType;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, InternalSubsts, Subst, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, GenericParamDefKind, Ty, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{ToPolyTraitRef, ToPredicate};
+use rustc_span::def_id::DefId;
+
+use crate::traits::project::{normalize_with_depth, normalize_with_depth_to};
+use crate::traits::util::{self, closure_trait_ref_and_return_type, predicate_for_trait_def};
+use crate::traits::{
+    BuiltinDerivedObligation, ImplDerivedObligation, ImplDerivedObligationCause, ImplSource,
+    ImplSourceAutoImplData, ImplSourceBuiltinData, ImplSourceClosureData,
+    ImplSourceConstDestructData, ImplSourceDiscriminantKindData, ImplSourceFnPointerData,
+    ImplSourceGeneratorData, ImplSourceObjectData, ImplSourcePointeeData, ImplSourceTraitAliasData,
+    ImplSourceTraitUpcastingData, ImplSourceUserDefinedData, Normalized, ObjectCastObligation,
+    Obligation, ObligationCause, OutputTypeParameterMismatch, PredicateObligation, Selection,
+    SelectionError, TraitNotObjectSafe, TraitObligation, Unimplemented, VtblSegment,
+};
+
+use super::BuiltinImplConditions;
+use super::SelectionCandidate::{self, *};
+use super::SelectionContext;
+
+use std::iter;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    pub(super) fn confirm_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        candidate: SelectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Selection<'tcx>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let mut impl_src = match candidate {
+            BuiltinCandidate { has_nested } => {
+                let data = self.confirm_builtin_candidate(obligation, has_nested);
+                ImplSource::Builtin(data)
+            }
+
+            TransmutabilityCandidate => {
+                let data = self.confirm_transmutability_candidate(obligation)?;
+                ImplSource::Builtin(data)
+            }
+
+            ParamCandidate(param) => {
+                let obligations =
+                    self.confirm_param_candidate(obligation, param.map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref));
+                ImplSource::Param(obligations, param.skip_binder().constness)
+            }
+
+            ImplCandidate(impl_def_id) => {
+                ImplSource::UserDefined(self.confirm_impl_candidate(obligation, impl_def_id))
+            }
+
+            AutoImplCandidate(trait_def_id) => {
+                let data = self.confirm_auto_impl_candidate(obligation, trait_def_id);
+                ImplSource::AutoImpl(data)
+            }
+
+            ProjectionCandidate(idx) => {
+                let obligations = self.confirm_projection_candidate(obligation, idx)?;
+                // FIXME(jschievink): constness
+                ImplSource::Param(obligations, ty::BoundConstness::NotConst)
+            }
+
+            ObjectCandidate(idx) => {
+                let data = self.confirm_object_candidate(obligation, idx)?;
+                ImplSource::Object(data)
+            }
+
+            ClosureCandidate => {
+                let vtable_closure = self.confirm_closure_candidate(obligation)?;
+                ImplSource::Closure(vtable_closure)
+            }
+
+            GeneratorCandidate => {
+                let vtable_generator = self.confirm_generator_candidate(obligation)?;
+                ImplSource::Generator(vtable_generator)
+            }
+
+            FnPointerCandidate { .. } => {
+                let data = self.confirm_fn_pointer_candidate(obligation)?;
+                ImplSource::FnPointer(data)
+            }
+
+            DiscriminantKindCandidate => {
+                ImplSource::DiscriminantKind(ImplSourceDiscriminantKindData)
+            }
+
+            PointeeCandidate => ImplSource::Pointee(ImplSourcePointeeData),
+
+            TraitAliasCandidate(alias_def_id) => {
+                let data = self.confirm_trait_alias_candidate(obligation, alias_def_id);
+                ImplSource::TraitAlias(data)
+            }
+
+            BuiltinObjectCandidate => {
+                // This indicates something like `Trait + Send: Send`. In this case, we know that
+                // this holds because that's what the object type is telling us, and there's really
+                // no additional obligations to prove and no types in particular to unify, etc.
+                ImplSource::Param(Vec::new(), ty::BoundConstness::NotConst)
+            }
+
+            BuiltinUnsizeCandidate => {
+                let data = self.confirm_builtin_unsize_candidate(obligation)?;
+                ImplSource::Builtin(data)
+            }
+
+            TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(idx) => {
+                let data = self.confirm_trait_upcasting_unsize_candidate(obligation, idx)?;
+                ImplSource::TraitUpcasting(data)
+            }
+
+            ConstDestructCandidate(def_id) => {
+                let data = self.confirm_const_destruct_candidate(obligation, def_id)?;
+                ImplSource::ConstDestruct(data)
+            }
+        };
+
+        if !obligation.predicate.is_const_if_const() {
+            // normalize nested predicates according to parent predicate's constness.
+            impl_src = impl_src.map(|mut o| {
+                o.predicate = o.predicate.without_const(self.tcx());
+                o
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(impl_src)
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_projection_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        idx: usize,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+
+        let trait_predicate = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate);
+        let placeholder_trait_predicate =
+            self.infcx().replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(trait_predicate).trait_ref;
+        let placeholder_self_ty = placeholder_trait_predicate.self_ty();
+        let placeholder_trait_predicate = ty::Binder::dummy(placeholder_trait_predicate);
+        let (def_id, substs) = match *placeholder_self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Projection(proj) => (proj.item_def_id, proj.substs),
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => (def_id, substs),
+            _ => bug!("projection candidate for unexpected type: {:?}", placeholder_self_ty),
+        };
+
+        let candidate_predicate =
+            tcx.bound_item_bounds(def_id).map_bound(|i| i[idx]).subst(tcx, substs);
+        let candidate = candidate_predicate
+            .to_opt_poly_trait_pred()
+            .expect("projection candidate is not a trait predicate")
+            .map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref);
+        let mut obligations = Vec::new();
+        let candidate = normalize_with_depth_to(
+            self,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            candidate,
+            &mut obligations,
+        );
+
+        obligations.extend(self.infcx.commit_if_ok(|_| {
+            self.infcx
+                .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                .sup(placeholder_trait_predicate, candidate)
+                .map(|InferOk { obligations, .. }| obligations)
+                .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)
+        })?);
+
+        if let ty::Projection(..) = placeholder_self_ty.kind() {
+            let predicates = tcx.predicates_of(def_id).instantiate_own(tcx, substs).predicates;
+            debug!(?predicates, "projection predicates");
+            for predicate in predicates {
+                let normalized = normalize_with_depth_to(
+                    self,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    predicate,
+                    &mut obligations,
+                );
+                obligations.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    normalized,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(obligations)
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_param_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        param: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, ?param, "confirm_param_candidate");
+
+        // During evaluation, we already checked that this
+        // where-clause trait-ref could be unified with the obligation
+        // trait-ref. Repeat that unification now without any
+        // transactional boundary; it should not fail.
+        match self.match_where_clause_trait_ref(obligation, param) {
+            Ok(obligations) => obligations,
+            Err(()) => {
+                bug!(
+                    "Where clause `{:?}` was applicable to `{:?}` but now is not",
+                    param,
+                    obligation
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_builtin_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        has_nested: bool,
+    ) -> ImplSourceBuiltinData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, ?has_nested, "confirm_builtin_candidate");
+
+        let lang_items = self.tcx().lang_items();
+        let obligations = if has_nested {
+            let trait_def = obligation.predicate.def_id();
+            let conditions = if Some(trait_def) == lang_items.sized_trait() {
+                self.sized_conditions(obligation)
+            } else if Some(trait_def) == lang_items.copy_trait() {
+                self.copy_clone_conditions(obligation)
+            } else if Some(trait_def) == lang_items.clone_trait() {
+                self.copy_clone_conditions(obligation)
+            } else {
+                bug!("unexpected builtin trait {:?}", trait_def)
+            };
+            let BuiltinImplConditions::Where(nested) = conditions else {
+                bug!("obligation {:?} had matched a builtin impl but now doesn't", obligation);
+            };
+
+            let cause = obligation.derived_cause(BuiltinDerivedObligation);
+            ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                self.collect_predicates_for_types(
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    cause,
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    trait_def,
+                    nested,
+                )
+            })
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        };
+
+        debug!(?obligations);
+
+        ImplSourceBuiltinData { nested: obligations }
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_transmutability_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceBuiltinData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, "confirm_transmutability_candidate");
+
+        let predicate = obligation.predicate;
+
+        let type_at = |i| predicate.map_bound(|p| p.trait_ref.substs.type_at(i));
+        let bool_at = |i| {
+            predicate
+                .skip_binder()
+                .trait_ref
+                .substs
+                .const_at(i)
+                .try_eval_bool(self.tcx(), obligation.param_env)
+                .unwrap_or(true)
+        };
+
+        let src_and_dst = predicate.map_bound(|p| rustc_transmute::Types {
+            src: p.trait_ref.substs.type_at(1),
+            dst: p.trait_ref.substs.type_at(0),
+        });
+
+        let scope = type_at(2).skip_binder();
+
+        let assume = rustc_transmute::Assume {
+            alignment: bool_at(3),
+            lifetimes: bool_at(4),
+            validity: bool_at(5),
+            visibility: bool_at(6),
+        };
+
+        let cause = obligation.cause.clone();
+
+        let mut transmute_env = rustc_transmute::TransmuteTypeEnv::new(self.infcx);
+
+        let maybe_transmutable = transmute_env.is_transmutable(cause, src_and_dst, scope, assume);
+
+        use rustc_transmute::Answer;
+
+        match maybe_transmutable {
+            Answer::Yes => Ok(ImplSourceBuiltinData { nested: vec![] }),
+            _ => Err(Unimplemented),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// This handles the case where an `auto trait Foo` impl is being used.
+    /// The idea is that the impl applies to `X : Foo` if the following conditions are met:
+    ///
+    /// 1. For each constituent type `Y` in `X`, `Y : Foo` holds
+    /// 2. For each where-clause `C` declared on `Foo`, `[Self => X] C` holds.
+    fn confirm_auto_impl_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+    ) -> ImplSourceAutoImplData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, ?trait_def_id, "confirm_auto_impl_candidate");
+
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.self_ty());
+        let types = self.constituent_types_for_ty(self_ty);
+        self.vtable_auto_impl(obligation, trait_def_id, types)
+    }
+
+    /// See `confirm_auto_impl_candidate`.
+    fn vtable_auto_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+        nested: ty::Binder<'tcx, Vec<Ty<'tcx>>>,
+    ) -> ImplSourceAutoImplData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?nested, "vtable_auto_impl");
+        ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+            let cause = obligation.derived_cause(BuiltinDerivedObligation);
+
+            let poly_trait_ref = obligation.predicate.to_poly_trait_ref();
+            let trait_ref = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(poly_trait_ref);
+            let trait_obligations: Vec<PredicateObligation<'_>> = self.impl_or_trait_obligations(
+                &cause,
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                trait_def_id,
+                &trait_ref.substs,
+                obligation.predicate,
+            );
+
+            let mut obligations = self.collect_predicates_for_types(
+                obligation.param_env,
+                cause,
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                trait_def_id,
+                nested,
+            );
+
+            // Adds the predicates from the trait.  Note that this contains a `Self: Trait`
+            // predicate as usual.  It won't have any effect since auto traits are coinductive.
+            obligations.extend(trait_obligations);
+
+            debug!(?obligations, "vtable_auto_impl");
+
+            ImplSourceAutoImplData { trait_def_id, nested: obligations }
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_impl_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+    ) -> ImplSourceUserDefinedData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, ?impl_def_id, "confirm_impl_candidate");
+
+        // First, create the substitutions by matching the impl again,
+        // this time not in a probe.
+        let substs = self.rematch_impl(impl_def_id, obligation);
+        debug!(?substs, "impl substs");
+        ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+            self.vtable_impl(
+                impl_def_id,
+                substs,
+                &obligation.cause,
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.predicate,
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn vtable_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        substs: Normalized<'tcx, SubstsRef<'tcx>>,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        recursion_depth: usize,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        parent_trait_pred: ty::Binder<'tcx, ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> ImplSourceUserDefinedData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?impl_def_id, ?substs, ?recursion_depth, "vtable_impl");
+
+        let mut impl_obligations = self.impl_or_trait_obligations(
+            cause,
+            recursion_depth,
+            param_env,
+            impl_def_id,
+            &substs.value,
+            parent_trait_pred,
+        );
+
+        debug!(?impl_obligations, "vtable_impl");
+
+        // Because of RFC447, the impl-trait-ref and obligations
+        // are sufficient to determine the impl substs, without
+        // relying on projections in the impl-trait-ref.
+        //
+        // e.g., `impl<U: Tr, V: Iterator<Item=U>> Foo<<U as Tr>::T> for V`
+        impl_obligations.extend(substs.obligations);
+
+        ImplSourceUserDefinedData { impl_def_id, substs: substs.value, nested: impl_obligations }
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_object_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        index: usize,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceObjectData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        debug!(?obligation, ?index, "confirm_object_candidate");
+
+        let trait_predicate = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(obligation.predicate);
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(trait_predicate.self_ty());
+        let obligation_trait_ref = ty::Binder::dummy(trait_predicate.trait_ref);
+        let ty::Dynamic(data, ..) = *self_ty.kind() else {
+            span_bug!(obligation.cause.span, "object candidate with non-object");
+        };
+
+        let object_trait_ref = data.principal().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            span_bug!(obligation.cause.span, "object candidate with no principal")
+        });
+        let object_trait_ref = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            HigherRankedType,
+            object_trait_ref,
+        );
+        let object_trait_ref = object_trait_ref.with_self_ty(self.tcx(), self_ty);
+
+        let mut nested = vec![];
+
+        let mut supertraits = util::supertraits(tcx, ty::Binder::dummy(object_trait_ref));
+        let unnormalized_upcast_trait_ref =
+            supertraits.nth(index).expect("supertraits iterator no longer has as many elements");
+
+        let upcast_trait_ref = normalize_with_depth_to(
+            self,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            obligation.cause.clone(),
+            obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+            unnormalized_upcast_trait_ref,
+            &mut nested,
+        );
+
+        nested.extend(self.infcx.commit_if_ok(|_| {
+            self.infcx
+                .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                .sup(obligation_trait_ref, upcast_trait_ref)
+                .map(|InferOk { obligations, .. }| obligations)
+                .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)
+        })?);
+
+        // Check supertraits hold. This is so that their associated type bounds
+        // will be checked in the code below.
+        for super_trait in tcx
+            .super_predicates_of(trait_predicate.def_id())
+            .instantiate(tcx, trait_predicate.trait_ref.substs)
+            .predicates
+            .into_iter()
+        {
+            let normalized_super_trait = normalize_with_depth_to(
+                self,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                super_trait,
+                &mut nested,
+            );
+            nested.push(Obligation::new(
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.param_env,
+                normalized_super_trait,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let assoc_types: Vec<_> = tcx
+            .associated_items(trait_predicate.def_id())
+            .in_definition_order()
+            .filter_map(
+                |item| if item.kind == ty::AssocKind::Type { Some(item.def_id) } else { None },
+            )
+            .collect();
+
+        for assoc_type in assoc_types {
+            let defs: &ty::Generics = tcx.generics_of(assoc_type);
+
+            if !defs.params.is_empty() && !tcx.features().generic_associated_types_extended {
+                tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    "GATs in trait object shouldn't have been considered",
+                );
+                return Err(SelectionError::Unimplemented);
+            }
+
+            // This maybe belongs in wf, but that can't (doesn't) handle
+            // higher-ranked things.
+            // Prevent, e.g., `dyn Iterator<Item = str>`.
+            for bound in self.tcx().bound_item_bounds(assoc_type).transpose_iter() {
+                let subst_bound =
+                    if defs.count() == 0 {
+                        bound.subst(tcx, trait_predicate.trait_ref.substs)
+                    } else {
+                        let mut substs = smallvec::SmallVec::with_capacity(defs.count());
+                        substs.extend(trait_predicate.trait_ref.substs.iter());
+                        let mut bound_vars: smallvec::SmallVec<[ty::BoundVariableKind; 8]> =
+                            smallvec::SmallVec::with_capacity(
+                                bound.0.kind().bound_vars().len() + defs.count(),
+                            );
+                        bound_vars.extend(bound.0.kind().bound_vars().into_iter());
+                        InternalSubsts::fill_single(&mut substs, defs, &mut |param, _| match param
+                            .kind
+                        {
+                            GenericParamDefKind::Type { .. } => {
+                                let kind = ty::BoundTyKind::Param(param.name);
+                                let bound_var = ty::BoundVariableKind::Ty(kind);
+                                bound_vars.push(bound_var);
+                                tcx.mk_ty(ty::Bound(
+                                    ty::INNERMOST,
+                                    ty::BoundTy {
+                                        var: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(bound_vars.len() - 1),
+                                        kind,
+                                    },
+                                ))
+                                .into()
+                            }
+                            GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime => {
+                                let kind = ty::BoundRegionKind::BrNamed(param.def_id, param.name);
+                                let bound_var = ty::BoundVariableKind::Region(kind);
+                                bound_vars.push(bound_var);
+                                tcx.mk_region(ty::ReLateBound(
+                                    ty::INNERMOST,
+                                    ty::BoundRegion {
+                                        var: ty::BoundVar::from_usize(bound_vars.len() - 1),
+                                        kind,
+                                    },
+                                ))
+                                .into()
+                            }
+                            GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => {
+                                let bound_var = ty::BoundVariableKind::Const;
+                                bound_vars.push(bound_var);
+                                tcx.mk_const(ty::ConstS {
+                                    ty: tcx.type_of(param.def_id),
+                                    kind: ty::ConstKind::Bound(
+                                        ty::INNERMOST,
+                                        ty::BoundVar::from_usize(bound_vars.len() - 1),
+                                    ),
+                                })
+                                .into()
+                            }
+                        });
+                        let bound_vars = tcx.mk_bound_variable_kinds(bound_vars.into_iter());
+                        let assoc_ty_substs = tcx.intern_substs(&substs);
+
+                        let bound_vars = tcx.mk_bound_variable_kinds(bound_vars.into_iter());
+                        let bound =
+                            bound.map_bound(|b| b.kind().skip_binder()).subst(tcx, assoc_ty_substs);
+                        tcx.mk_predicate(ty::Binder::bind_with_vars(bound, bound_vars))
+                    };
+                let normalized_bound = normalize_with_depth_to(
+                    self,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    subst_bound,
+                    &mut nested,
+                );
+                nested.push(Obligation::new(
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    normalized_bound,
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        debug!(?nested, "object nested obligations");
+
+        let vtable_base = super::super::vtable_trait_first_method_offset(
+            tcx,
+            (unnormalized_upcast_trait_ref, ty::Binder::dummy(object_trait_ref)),
+        );
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceObjectData { upcast_trait_ref, vtable_base, nested })
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_fn_pointer_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceFnPointerData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>>
+    {
+        debug!(?obligation, "confirm_fn_pointer_candidate");
+
+        // Okay to skip binder; it is reintroduced below.
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty().skip_binder());
+        let sig = self_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx());
+        let trait_ref = closure_trait_ref_and_return_type(
+            self.tcx(),
+            obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+            self_ty,
+            sig,
+            util::TupleArgumentsFlag::Yes,
+        )
+        .map_bound(|(trait_ref, _)| trait_ref);
+
+        let nested = self.confirm_poly_trait_refs(obligation, trait_ref)?;
+        Ok(ImplSourceFnPointerData { fn_ty: self_ty, nested })
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_trait_alias_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        alias_def_id: DefId,
+    ) -> ImplSourceTraitAliasData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        debug!(?obligation, ?alias_def_id, "confirm_trait_alias_candidate");
+
+        let predicate = self.infcx().replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(obligation.predicate);
+        let trait_ref = predicate.trait_ref;
+        let trait_def_id = trait_ref.def_id;
+        let substs = trait_ref.substs;
+
+        let trait_obligations = self.impl_or_trait_obligations(
+            &obligation.cause,
+            obligation.recursion_depth,
+            obligation.param_env,
+            trait_def_id,
+            &substs,
+            obligation.predicate,
+        );
+
+        debug!(?trait_def_id, ?trait_obligations, "trait alias obligations");
+
+        ImplSourceTraitAliasData { alias_def_id, substs, nested: trait_obligations }
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_generator_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceGeneratorData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>>
+    {
+        // Okay to skip binder because the substs on generator types never
+        // touch bound regions, they just capture the in-scope
+        // type/region parameters.
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty().skip_binder());
+        let ty::Generator(generator_def_id, substs, _) = *self_ty.kind() else {
+            bug!("closure candidate for non-closure {:?}", obligation);
+        };
+
+        debug!(?obligation, ?generator_def_id, ?substs, "confirm_generator_candidate");
+
+        let trait_ref = self.generator_trait_ref_unnormalized(obligation, substs);
+
+        let nested = self.confirm_poly_trait_refs(obligation, trait_ref)?;
+        debug!(?trait_ref, ?nested, "generator candidate obligations");
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceGeneratorData { generator_def_id, substs, nested })
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn confirm_closure_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceClosureData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let kind = self
+            .tcx()
+            .fn_trait_kind_from_lang_item(obligation.predicate.def_id())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| bug!("closure candidate for non-fn trait {:?}", obligation));
+
+        // Okay to skip binder because the substs on closure types never
+        // touch bound regions, they just capture the in-scope
+        // type/region parameters.
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty().skip_binder());
+        let ty::Closure(closure_def_id, substs) = *self_ty.kind() else {
+            bug!("closure candidate for non-closure {:?}", obligation);
+        };
+
+        let trait_ref = self.closure_trait_ref_unnormalized(obligation, substs);
+        let mut nested = self.confirm_poly_trait_refs(obligation, trait_ref)?;
+
+        debug!(?closure_def_id, ?trait_ref, ?nested, "confirm closure candidate obligations");
+
+        // FIXME: Chalk
+
+        if !self.tcx().sess.opts.unstable_opts.chalk {
+            nested.push(Obligation::new(
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.param_env,
+                ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(closure_def_id, substs, kind))
+                    .to_predicate(self.tcx()),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceClosureData { closure_def_id, substs, nested })
+    }
+
+    /// In the case of closure types and fn pointers,
+    /// we currently treat the input type parameters on the trait as
+    /// outputs. This means that when we have a match we have only
+    /// considered the self type, so we have to go back and make sure
+    /// to relate the argument types too. This is kind of wrong, but
+    /// since we control the full set of impls, also not that wrong,
+    /// and it DOES yield better error messages (since we don't report
+    /// errors as if there is no applicable impl, but rather report
+    /// errors are about mismatched argument types.
+    ///
+    /// Here is an example. Imagine we have a closure expression
+    /// and we desugared it so that the type of the expression is
+    /// `Closure`, and `Closure` expects `i32` as argument. Then it
+    /// is "as if" the compiler generated this impl:
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    /// impl Fn(i32) for Closure { ... }
+    /// ```
+    /// Now imagine our obligation is `Closure: Fn(usize)`. So far
+    /// we have matched the self type `Closure`. At this point we'll
+    /// compare the `i32` to `usize` and generate an error.
+    ///
+    /// Note that this checking occurs *after* the impl has selected,
+    /// because these output type parameters should not affect the
+    /// selection of the impl. Therefore, if there is a mismatch, we
+    /// report an error to the user.
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "trace")]
+    fn confirm_poly_trait_refs(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        expected_trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let obligation_trait_ref = obligation.predicate.to_poly_trait_ref();
+        // Normalize the obligation and expected trait refs together, because why not
+        let Normalized { obligations: nested, value: (obligation_trait_ref, expected_trait_ref) } =
+            ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                normalize_with_depth(
+                    self,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    (obligation_trait_ref, expected_trait_ref),
+                )
+            });
+
+        self.infcx
+            .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+            .sup(obligation_trait_ref, expected_trait_ref)
+            .map(|InferOk { mut obligations, .. }| {
+                obligations.extend(nested);
+                obligations
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| OutputTypeParameterMismatch(expected_trait_ref, obligation_trait_ref, e))
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_trait_upcasting_unsize_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        idx: usize,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceTraitUpcastingData<'tcx, PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>>
+    {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+
+        // `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing` should ensure there are no late-bound
+        // regions here. See the comment there for more details.
+        let source = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty().no_bound_vars().unwrap());
+        let target = obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.type_at(1);
+        let target = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(target);
+
+        debug!(?source, ?target, "confirm_trait_upcasting_unsize_candidate");
+
+        let mut nested = vec![];
+        let source_trait_ref;
+        let upcast_trait_ref;
+        match (source.kind(), target.kind()) {
+            // TraitA+Kx+'a -> TraitB+Ky+'b (trait upcasting coercion).
+            (&ty::Dynamic(ref data_a, r_a), &ty::Dynamic(ref data_b, r_b)) => {
+                // See `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing` for more info.
+                // We already checked the compatibility of auto traits within `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing`.
+                let principal_a = data_a.principal().unwrap();
+                source_trait_ref = principal_a.with_self_ty(tcx, source);
+                upcast_trait_ref = util::supertraits(tcx, source_trait_ref).nth(idx).unwrap();
+                assert_eq!(data_b.principal_def_id(), Some(upcast_trait_ref.def_id()));
+                let existential_predicate = upcast_trait_ref.map_bound(|trait_ref| {
+                    ty::ExistentialPredicate::Trait(ty::ExistentialTraitRef::erase_self_ty(
+                        tcx, trait_ref,
+                    ))
+                });
+                let iter = Some(existential_predicate)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .chain(
+                        data_a
+                            .projection_bounds()
+                            .map(|b| b.map_bound(ty::ExistentialPredicate::Projection)),
+                    )
+                    .chain(
+                        data_b
+                            .auto_traits()
+                            .map(ty::ExistentialPredicate::AutoTrait)
+                            .map(ty::Binder::dummy),
+                    );
+                let existential_predicates = tcx.mk_poly_existential_predicates(iter);
+                let source_trait = tcx.mk_dynamic(existential_predicates, r_b);
+
+                // Require that the traits involved in this upcast are **equal**;
+                // only the **lifetime bound** is changed.
+                let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                    .sup(target, source_trait)
+                    .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)?;
+                nested.extend(obligations);
+
+                // Register one obligation for 'a: 'b.
+                let cause = ObligationCause::new(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    obligation.cause.body_id,
+                    ObjectCastObligation(source, target),
+                );
+                let outlives = ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b);
+                nested.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+                    cause,
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.predicate.rebind(outlives).to_predicate(tcx),
+                ));
+            }
+            _ => bug!(),
+        };
+
+        let vtable_segment_callback = {
+            let mut vptr_offset = 0;
+            move |segment| {
+                match segment {
+                    VtblSegment::MetadataDSA => {
+                        vptr_offset += TyCtxt::COMMON_VTABLE_ENTRIES.len();
+                    }
+                    VtblSegment::TraitOwnEntries { trait_ref, emit_vptr } => {
+                        vptr_offset += util::count_own_vtable_entries(tcx, trait_ref);
+                        if trait_ref == upcast_trait_ref {
+                            if emit_vptr {
+                                return ControlFlow::Break(Some(vptr_offset));
+                            } else {
+                                return ControlFlow::Break(None);
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        if emit_vptr {
+                            vptr_offset += 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ControlFlow::Continue(())
+            }
+        };
+
+        let vtable_vptr_slot =
+            super::super::prepare_vtable_segments(tcx, source_trait_ref, vtable_segment_callback)
+                .unwrap();
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceTraitUpcastingData { upcast_trait_ref, vtable_vptr_slot, nested })
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_builtin_unsize_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceBuiltinData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+
+        // `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing` should ensure there are no late-bound
+        // regions here. See the comment there for more details.
+        let source = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty().no_bound_vars().unwrap());
+        let target = obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.type_at(1);
+        let target = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(target);
+
+        debug!(?source, ?target, "confirm_builtin_unsize_candidate");
+
+        let mut nested = vec![];
+        match (source.kind(), target.kind()) {
+            // Trait+Kx+'a -> Trait+Ky+'b (auto traits and lifetime subtyping).
+            (&ty::Dynamic(ref data_a, r_a), &ty::Dynamic(ref data_b, r_b)) => {
+                // See `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing` for more info.
+                // We already checked the compatibility of auto traits within `assemble_candidates_for_unsizing`.
+                let iter = data_a
+                    .principal()
+                    .map(|b| b.map_bound(ty::ExistentialPredicate::Trait))
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .chain(
+                        data_a
+                            .projection_bounds()
+                            .map(|b| b.map_bound(ty::ExistentialPredicate::Projection)),
+                    )
+                    .chain(
+                        data_b
+                            .auto_traits()
+                            .map(ty::ExistentialPredicate::AutoTrait)
+                            .map(ty::Binder::dummy),
+                    );
+                let existential_predicates = tcx.mk_poly_existential_predicates(iter);
+                let source_trait = tcx.mk_dynamic(existential_predicates, r_b);
+
+                // Require that the traits involved in this upcast are **equal**;
+                // only the **lifetime bound** is changed.
+                let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                    .sup(target, source_trait)
+                    .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)?;
+                nested.extend(obligations);
+
+                // Register one obligation for 'a: 'b.
+                let cause = ObligationCause::new(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    obligation.cause.body_id,
+                    ObjectCastObligation(source, target),
+                );
+                let outlives = ty::OutlivesPredicate(r_a, r_b);
+                nested.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+                    cause,
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.predicate.rebind(outlives).to_predicate(tcx),
+                ));
+            }
+
+            // `T` -> `Trait`
+            (_, &ty::Dynamic(ref data, r)) => {
+                let mut object_dids = data.auto_traits().chain(data.principal_def_id());
+                if let Some(did) = object_dids.find(|did| !tcx.is_object_safe(*did)) {
+                    return Err(TraitNotObjectSafe(did));
+                }
+
+                let cause = ObligationCause::new(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    obligation.cause.body_id,
+                    ObjectCastObligation(source, target),
+                );
+
+                let predicate_to_obligation = |predicate| {
+                    Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        predicate,
+                    )
+                };
+
+                // Create obligations:
+                //  - Casting `T` to `Trait`
+                //  - For all the various builtin bounds attached to the object cast. (In other
+                //  words, if the object type is `Foo + Send`, this would create an obligation for
+                //  the `Send` check.)
+                //  - Projection predicates
+                nested.extend(
+                    data.iter().map(|predicate| {
+                        predicate_to_obligation(predicate.with_self_ty(tcx, source))
+                    }),
+                );
+
+                // We can only make objects from sized types.
+                let tr = ty::Binder::dummy(ty::TraitRef::new(
+                    tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Sized, None),
+                    tcx.mk_substs_trait(source, &[]),
+                ));
+                nested.push(predicate_to_obligation(tr.without_const().to_predicate(tcx)));
+
+                // If the type is `Foo + 'a`, ensure that the type
+                // being cast to `Foo + 'a` outlives `'a`:
+                let outlives = ty::OutlivesPredicate(source, r);
+                nested.push(predicate_to_obligation(ty::Binder::dummy(outlives).to_predicate(tcx)));
+            }
+
+            // `[T; n]` -> `[T]`
+            (&ty::Array(a, _), &ty::Slice(b)) => {
+                let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                    .eq(b, a)
+                    .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)?;
+                nested.extend(obligations);
+            }
+
+            // `Struct<T>` -> `Struct<U>`
+            (&ty::Adt(def, substs_a), &ty::Adt(_, substs_b)) => {
+                let maybe_unsizing_param_idx = |arg: GenericArg<'tcx>| match arg.unpack() {
+                    GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => match ty.kind() {
+                        ty::Param(p) => Some(p.index),
+                        _ => None,
+                    },
+
+                    // Lifetimes aren't allowed to change during unsizing.
+                    GenericArgKind::Lifetime(_) => None,
+
+                    GenericArgKind::Const(ct) => match ct.kind() {
+                        ty::ConstKind::Param(p) => Some(p.index),
+                        _ => None,
+                    },
+                };
+
+                // FIXME(eddyb) cache this (including computing `unsizing_params`)
+                // by putting it in a query; it would only need the `DefId` as it
+                // looks at declared field types, not anything substituted.
+
+                // The last field of the structure has to exist and contain type/const parameters.
+                let (tail_field, prefix_fields) =
+                    def.non_enum_variant().fields.split_last().ok_or(Unimplemented)?;
+                let tail_field_ty = tcx.bound_type_of(tail_field.did);
+
+                let mut unsizing_params = GrowableBitSet::new_empty();
+                for arg in tail_field_ty.0.walk() {
+                    if let Some(i) = maybe_unsizing_param_idx(arg) {
+                        unsizing_params.insert(i);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Ensure none of the other fields mention the parameters used
+                // in unsizing.
+                for field in prefix_fields {
+                    for arg in tcx.type_of(field.did).walk() {
+                        if let Some(i) = maybe_unsizing_param_idx(arg) {
+                            unsizing_params.remove(i);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if unsizing_params.is_empty() {
+                    return Err(Unimplemented);
+                }
+
+                // Extract `TailField<T>` and `TailField<U>` from `Struct<T>` and `Struct<U>`.
+                let source_tail = tail_field_ty.subst(tcx, substs_a);
+                let target_tail = tail_field_ty.subst(tcx, substs_b);
+
+                // Check that the source struct with the target's
+                // unsizing parameters is equal to the target.
+                let substs = tcx.mk_substs(substs_a.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, k)| {
+                    if unsizing_params.contains(i as u32) { substs_b[i] } else { k }
+                }));
+                let new_struct = tcx.mk_adt(def, substs);
+                let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                    .eq(target, new_struct)
+                    .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)?;
+                nested.extend(obligations);
+
+                // Construct the nested `TailField<T>: Unsize<TailField<U>>` predicate.
+                nested.push(predicate_for_trait_def(
+                    tcx,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    source_tail,
+                    &[target_tail.into()],
+                ));
+            }
+
+            // `(.., T)` -> `(.., U)`
+            (&ty::Tuple(tys_a), &ty::Tuple(tys_b)) => {
+                assert_eq!(tys_a.len(), tys_b.len());
+
+                // The last field of the tuple has to exist.
+                let (&a_last, a_mid) = tys_a.split_last().ok_or(Unimplemented)?;
+                let &b_last = tys_b.last().unwrap();
+
+                // Check that the source tuple with the target's
+                // last element is equal to the target.
+                let new_tuple = tcx.mk_tup(a_mid.iter().copied().chain(iter::once(b_last)));
+                let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+                    .infcx
+                    .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                    .eq(target, new_tuple)
+                    .map_err(|_| Unimplemented)?;
+                nested.extend(obligations);
+
+                // Construct the nested `T: Unsize<U>` predicate.
+                nested.push(ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                    predicate_for_trait_def(
+                        tcx,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        obligation.cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        a_last,
+                        &[b_last.into()],
+                    )
+                }));
+            }
+
+            _ => bug!(),
+        };
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceBuiltinData { nested })
+    }
+
+    fn confirm_const_destruct_candidate(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        impl_def_id: Option<DefId>,
+    ) -> Result<ImplSourceConstDestructData<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, SelectionError<'tcx>> {
+        // `~const Destruct` in a non-const environment is always trivially true, since our type is `Drop`
+        if !obligation.is_const() {
+            return Ok(ImplSourceConstDestructData { nested: vec![] });
+        }
+
+        let drop_trait = self.tcx().require_lang_item(LangItem::Drop, None);
+
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.self_ty());
+
+        let mut nested = vec![];
+        let cause = obligation.derived_cause(BuiltinDerivedObligation);
+
+        // If we have a custom `impl const Drop`, then
+        // first check it like a regular impl candidate.
+        // This is copied from confirm_impl_candidate but remaps the predicate to `~const Drop` beforehand.
+        if let Some(impl_def_id) = impl_def_id {
+            let mut new_obligation = obligation.clone();
+            new_obligation.predicate = new_obligation.predicate.map_bound(|mut trait_pred| {
+                trait_pred.trait_ref.def_id = drop_trait;
+                trait_pred
+            });
+            let substs = self.rematch_impl(impl_def_id, &new_obligation);
+            debug!(?substs, "impl substs");
+
+            let cause = obligation.derived_cause(|derived| {
+                ImplDerivedObligation(Box::new(ImplDerivedObligationCause {
+                    derived,
+                    impl_def_id,
+                    span: obligation.cause.span,
+                }))
+            });
+            let obligations = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                self.vtable_impl(
+                    impl_def_id,
+                    substs,
+                    &cause,
+                    new_obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    new_obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.predicate,
+                )
+            });
+            nested.extend(obligations.nested);
+        }
+
+        // We want to confirm the ADT's fields if we have an ADT
+        let mut stack = match *self_ty.skip_binder().kind() {
+            ty::Adt(def, substs) => def.all_fields().map(|f| f.ty(tcx, substs)).collect(),
+            _ => vec![self_ty.skip_binder()],
+        };
+
+        while let Some(nested_ty) = stack.pop() {
+            match *nested_ty.kind() {
+                // We know these types are trivially drop
+                ty::Bool
+                | ty::Char
+                | ty::Int(_)
+                | ty::Uint(_)
+                | ty::Float(_)
+                | ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_))
+                | ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(_))
+                | ty::Str
+                | ty::RawPtr(_)
+                | ty::Ref(..)
+                | ty::FnDef(..)
+                | ty::FnPtr(_)
+                | ty::Never
+                | ty::Foreign(_) => {}
+
+                // These types are built-in, so we can fast-track by registering
+                // nested predicates for their constituent type(s)
+                ty::Array(ty, _) | ty::Slice(ty) => {
+                    stack.push(ty);
+                }
+                ty::Tuple(tys) => {
+                    stack.extend(tys.iter());
+                }
+                ty::Closure(_, substs) => {
+                    stack.push(substs.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty());
+                }
+                ty::Generator(_, substs, _) => {
+                    let generator = substs.as_generator();
+                    stack.extend([generator.tupled_upvars_ty(), generator.witness()]);
+                }
+                ty::GeneratorWitness(tys) => {
+                    stack.extend(tcx.erase_late_bound_regions(tys).to_vec());
+                }
+
+                // If we have a projection type, make sure to normalize it so we replace it
+                // with a fresh infer variable
+                ty::Projection(..) => {
+                    let predicate = normalize_with_depth_to(
+                        self,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        self_ty
+                            .rebind(ty::TraitPredicate {
+                                trait_ref: ty::TraitRef {
+                                    def_id: self.tcx().require_lang_item(LangItem::Destruct, None),
+                                    substs: self.tcx().mk_substs_trait(nested_ty, &[]),
+                                },
+                                constness: ty::BoundConstness::ConstIfConst,
+                                polarity: ty::ImplPolarity::Positive,
+                            })
+                            .to_predicate(tcx),
+                        &mut nested,
+                    );
+
+                    nested.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        predicate,
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                // If we have any other type (e.g. an ADT), just register a nested obligation
+                // since it's either not `const Drop` (and we raise an error during selection),
+                // or it's an ADT (and we need to check for a custom impl during selection)
+                _ => {
+                    let predicate = self_ty
+                        .rebind(ty::TraitPredicate {
+                            trait_ref: ty::TraitRef {
+                                def_id: self.tcx().require_lang_item(LangItem::Destruct, None),
+                                substs: self.tcx().mk_substs_trait(nested_ty, &[]),
+                            },
+                            constness: ty::BoundConstness::ConstIfConst,
+                            polarity: ty::ImplPolarity::Positive,
+                        })
+                        .to_predicate(tcx);
+
+                    nested.push(Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause.clone(),
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        predicate,
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(ImplSourceConstDestructData { nested })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c01ac1979
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/select/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2698 @@
+//! Candidate selection. See the [rustc dev guide] for more information on how this works.
+//!
+//! [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/resolution.html#selection
+
+use self::EvaluationResult::*;
+use self::SelectionCandidate::*;
+
+use super::coherence::{self, Conflict};
+use super::const_evaluatable;
+use super::project;
+use super::project::normalize_with_depth_to;
+use super::project::ProjectionTyObligation;
+use super::util;
+use super::util::{closure_trait_ref_and_return_type, predicate_for_trait_def};
+use super::wf;
+use super::{
+    ErrorReporting, ImplDerivedObligation, ImplDerivedObligationCause, Normalized, Obligation,
+    ObligationCause, ObligationCauseCode, Overflow, PredicateObligation, Selection, SelectionError,
+    SelectionResult, TraitObligation, TraitQueryMode,
+};
+
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk, TypeFreshener};
+use crate::traits::error_reporting::InferCtxtExt;
+use crate::traits::project::ProjectAndUnifyResult;
+use crate::traits::project::ProjectionCacheKeyExt;
+use crate::traits::ProjectionCacheKey;
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashMap, FxHashSet, FxIndexSet};
+use rustc_data_structures::stack::ensure_sufficient_stack;
+use rustc_errors::{Diagnostic, ErrorGuaranteed};
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_infer::infer::LateBoundRegionConversionTime;
+use rustc_middle::dep_graph::{DepKind, DepNodeIndex};
+use rustc_middle::mir::interpret::ErrorHandled;
+use rustc_middle::ty::abstract_const::NotConstEvaluatable;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::{DeepRejectCtxt, TreatParams};
+use rustc_middle::ty::fold::BottomUpFolder;
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+use rustc_middle::ty::relate::TypeRelation;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{Subst, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, EarlyBinder, PolyProjectionPredicate, ToPolyTraitRef, ToPredicate};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_span::symbol::sym;
+
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::cmp;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
+use std::iter;
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::select::*;
+
+mod candidate_assembly;
+mod confirmation;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub enum IntercrateAmbiguityCause {
+    DownstreamCrate { trait_desc: String, self_desc: Option<String> },
+    UpstreamCrateUpdate { trait_desc: String, self_desc: Option<String> },
+    ReservationImpl { message: String },
+}
+
+impl IntercrateAmbiguityCause {
+    /// Emits notes when the overlap is caused by complex intercrate ambiguities.
+    /// See #23980 for details.
+    pub fn add_intercrate_ambiguity_hint(&self, err: &mut Diagnostic) {
+        err.note(&self.intercrate_ambiguity_hint());
+    }
+
+    pub fn intercrate_ambiguity_hint(&self) -> String {
+        match self {
+            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::DownstreamCrate { trait_desc, self_desc } => {
+                let self_desc = if let Some(ty) = self_desc {
+                    format!(" for type `{}`", ty)
+                } else {
+                    String::new()
+                };
+                format!("downstream crates may implement trait `{}`{}", trait_desc, self_desc)
+            }
+            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::UpstreamCrateUpdate { trait_desc, self_desc } => {
+                let self_desc = if let Some(ty) = self_desc {
+                    format!(" for type `{}`", ty)
+                } else {
+                    String::new()
+                };
+                format!(
+                    "upstream crates may add a new impl of trait `{}`{} \
+                     in future versions",
+                    trait_desc, self_desc
+                )
+            }
+            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::ReservationImpl { message } => message.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    infcx: &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+
+    /// Freshener used specifically for entries on the obligation
+    /// stack. This ensures that all entries on the stack at one time
+    /// will have the same set of placeholder entries, which is
+    /// important for checking for trait bounds that recursively
+    /// require themselves.
+    freshener: TypeFreshener<'cx, 'tcx>,
+
+    /// During coherence we have to assume that other crates may add
+    /// additional impls which we currently don't know about.
+    ///
+    /// To deal with this evaluation should be conservative
+    /// and consider the possibility of impls from outside this crate.
+    /// This comes up primarily when resolving ambiguity. Imagine
+    /// there is some trait reference `$0: Bar` where `$0` is an
+    /// inference variable. If `intercrate` is true, then we can never
+    /// say for sure that this reference is not implemented, even if
+    /// there are *no impls at all for `Bar`*, because `$0` could be
+    /// bound to some type that in a downstream crate that implements
+    /// `Bar`.
+    ///
+    /// Outside of coherence we set this to false because we are only
+    /// interested in types that the user could actually have written.
+    /// In other words, we consider `$0: Bar` to be unimplemented if
+    /// there is no type that the user could *actually name* that
+    /// would satisfy it. This avoids crippling inference, basically.
+    intercrate: bool,
+    /// If `intercrate` is set, we remember predicates which were
+    /// considered ambiguous because of impls potentially added in other crates.
+    /// This is used in coherence to give improved diagnostics.
+    /// We don't do his until we detect a coherence error because it can
+    /// lead to false overflow results (#47139) and because always
+    /// computing it may negatively impact performance.
+    intercrate_ambiguity_causes: Option<FxIndexSet<IntercrateAmbiguityCause>>,
+
+    /// The mode that trait queries run in, which informs our error handling
+    /// policy. In essence, canonicalized queries need their errors propagated
+    /// rather than immediately reported because we do not have accurate spans.
+    query_mode: TraitQueryMode,
+}
+
+// A stack that walks back up the stack frame.
+struct TraitObligationStack<'prev, 'tcx> {
+    obligation: &'prev TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+
+    /// The trait predicate from `obligation` but "freshened" with the
+    /// selection-context's freshener. Used to check for recursion.
+    fresh_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+
+    /// Starts out equal to `depth` -- if, during evaluation, we
+    /// encounter a cycle, then we will set this flag to the minimum
+    /// depth of that cycle for all participants in the cycle. These
+    /// participants will then forego caching their results. This is
+    /// not the most efficient solution, but it addresses #60010. The
+    /// problem we are trying to prevent:
+    ///
+    /// - If you have `A: AutoTrait` requires `B: AutoTrait` and `C: NonAutoTrait`
+    /// - `B: AutoTrait` requires `A: AutoTrait` (coinductive cycle, ok)
+    /// - `C: NonAutoTrait` requires `A: AutoTrait` (non-coinductive cycle, not ok)
+    ///
+    /// you don't want to cache that `B: AutoTrait` or `A: AutoTrait`
+    /// is `EvaluatedToOk`; this is because they were only considered
+    /// ok on the premise that if `A: AutoTrait` held, but we indeed
+    /// encountered a problem (later on) with `A: AutoTrait. So we
+    /// currently set a flag on the stack node for `B: AutoTrait` (as
+    /// well as the second instance of `A: AutoTrait`) to suppress
+    /// caching.
+    ///
+    /// This is a simple, targeted fix. A more-performant fix requires
+    /// deeper changes, but would permit more caching: we could
+    /// basically defer caching until we have fully evaluated the
+    /// tree, and then cache the entire tree at once. In any case, the
+    /// performance impact here shouldn't be so horrible: every time
+    /// this is hit, we do cache at least one trait, so we only
+    /// evaluate each member of a cycle up to N times, where N is the
+    /// length of the cycle. This means the performance impact is
+    /// bounded and we shouldn't have any terrible worst-cases.
+    reached_depth: Cell<usize>,
+
+    previous: TraitObligationStackList<'prev, 'tcx>,
+
+    /// The number of parent frames plus one (thus, the topmost frame has depth 1).
+    depth: usize,
+
+    /// The depth-first number of this node in the search graph -- a
+    /// pre-order index. Basically, a freshly incremented counter.
+    dfn: usize,
+}
+
+struct SelectionCandidateSet<'tcx> {
+    // A list of candidates that definitely apply to the current
+    // obligation (meaning: types unify).
+    vec: Vec<SelectionCandidate<'tcx>>,
+
+    // If `true`, then there were candidates that might or might
+    // not have applied, but we couldn't tell. This occurs when some
+    // of the input types are type variables, in which case there are
+    // various "builtin" rules that might or might not trigger.
+    ambiguous: bool,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Debug, Clone)]
+struct EvaluatedCandidate<'tcx> {
+    candidate: SelectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+    evaluation: EvaluationResult,
+}
+
+/// When does the builtin impl for `T: Trait` apply?
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum BuiltinImplConditions<'tcx> {
+    /// The impl is conditional on `T1, T2, ...: Trait`.
+    Where(ty::Binder<'tcx, Vec<Ty<'tcx>>>),
+    /// There is no built-in impl. There may be some other
+    /// candidate (a where-clause or user-defined impl).
+    None,
+    /// It is unknown whether there is an impl.
+    Ambiguous,
+}
+
+impl<'cx, 'tcx> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+    pub fn new(infcx: &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>) -> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+        SelectionContext {
+            infcx,
+            freshener: infcx.freshener_keep_static(),
+            intercrate: false,
+            intercrate_ambiguity_causes: None,
+            query_mode: TraitQueryMode::Standard,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn intercrate(infcx: &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>) -> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+        SelectionContext {
+            infcx,
+            freshener: infcx.freshener_keep_static(),
+            intercrate: true,
+            intercrate_ambiguity_causes: None,
+            query_mode: TraitQueryMode::Standard,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_query_mode(
+        infcx: &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx>,
+        query_mode: TraitQueryMode,
+    ) -> SelectionContext<'cx, 'tcx> {
+        debug!(?query_mode, "with_query_mode");
+        SelectionContext {
+            infcx,
+            freshener: infcx.freshener_keep_static(),
+            intercrate: false,
+            intercrate_ambiguity_causes: None,
+            query_mode,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Enables tracking of intercrate ambiguity causes. See
+    /// the documentation of [`Self::intercrate_ambiguity_causes`] for more.
+    pub fn enable_tracking_intercrate_ambiguity_causes(&mut self) {
+        assert!(self.intercrate);
+        assert!(self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.is_none());
+        self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes = Some(FxIndexSet::default());
+        debug!("selcx: enable_tracking_intercrate_ambiguity_causes");
+    }
+
+    /// Gets the intercrate ambiguity causes collected since tracking
+    /// was enabled and disables tracking at the same time. If
+    /// tracking is not enabled, just returns an empty vector.
+    pub fn take_intercrate_ambiguity_causes(&mut self) -> FxIndexSet<IntercrateAmbiguityCause> {
+        assert!(self.intercrate);
+        self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.take().unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+
+    pub fn infcx(&self) -> &'cx InferCtxt<'cx, 'tcx> {
+        self.infcx
+    }
+
+    pub fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.infcx.tcx
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_intercrate(&self) -> bool {
+        self.intercrate
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Selection
+    //
+    // The selection phase tries to identify *how* an obligation will
+    // be resolved. For example, it will identify which impl or
+    // parameter bound is to be used. The process can be inconclusive
+    // if the self type in the obligation is not fully inferred. Selection
+    // can result in an error in one of two ways:
+    //
+    // 1. If no applicable impl or parameter bound can be found.
+    // 2. If the output type parameters in the obligation do not match
+    //    those specified by the impl/bound. For example, if the obligation
+    //    is `Vec<Foo>: Iterable<Bar>`, but the impl specifies
+    //    `impl<T> Iterable<T> for Vec<T>`, than an error would result.
+
+    /// Attempts to satisfy the obligation. If successful, this will affect the surrounding
+    /// type environment by performing unification.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    pub fn select(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, Selection<'tcx>> {
+        let candidate = match self.select_from_obligation(obligation) {
+            Err(SelectionError::Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)) => {
+                // In standard mode, overflow must have been caught and reported
+                // earlier.
+                assert!(self.query_mode == TraitQueryMode::Canonical);
+                return Err(SelectionError::Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical));
+            }
+            Err(SelectionError::Ambiguous(_)) => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                return Err(e);
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            Ok(Some(candidate)) => candidate,
+        };
+
+        match self.confirm_candidate(obligation, candidate) {
+            Err(SelectionError::Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)) => {
+                assert!(self.query_mode == TraitQueryMode::Canonical);
+                Err(SelectionError::Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical))
+            }
+            Err(e) => Err(e),
+            Ok(candidate) => {
+                debug!(?candidate, "confirmed");
+                Ok(Some(candidate))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn select_from_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        debug_assert!(!obligation.predicate.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+
+        let pec = &ProvisionalEvaluationCache::default();
+        let stack = self.push_stack(TraitObligationStackList::empty(pec), obligation);
+
+        self.candidate_from_obligation(&stack)
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // EVALUATION
+    //
+    // Tests whether an obligation can be selected or whether an impl
+    // can be applied to particular types. It skips the "confirmation"
+    // step and hence completely ignores output type parameters.
+    //
+    // The result is "true" if the obligation *may* hold and "false" if
+    // we can be sure it does not.
+
+    /// Evaluates whether the obligation `obligation` can be satisfied (by any means).
+    pub fn predicate_may_hold_fatal(&mut self, obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        debug!(?obligation, "predicate_may_hold_fatal");
+
+        // This fatal query is a stopgap that should only be used in standard mode,
+        // where we do not expect overflow to be propagated.
+        assert!(self.query_mode == TraitQueryMode::Standard);
+
+        self.evaluate_root_obligation(obligation)
+            .expect("Overflow should be caught earlier in standard query mode")
+            .may_apply()
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates whether the obligation `obligation` can be satisfied
+    /// and returns an `EvaluationResult`. This is meant for the
+    /// *initial* call.
+    pub fn evaluate_root_obligation(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        self.evaluation_probe(|this| {
+            this.evaluate_predicate_recursively(
+                TraitObligationStackList::empty(&ProvisionalEvaluationCache::default()),
+                obligation.clone(),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn evaluation_probe(
+        &mut self,
+        op: impl FnOnce(&mut Self) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        self.infcx.probe(|snapshot| -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+            let result = op(self)?;
+
+            match self.infcx.leak_check(true, snapshot) {
+                Ok(()) => {}
+                Err(_) => return Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+            }
+
+            if self.infcx.opaque_types_added_in_snapshot(snapshot) {
+                return Ok(result.max(EvaluatedToOkModuloOpaqueTypes));
+            }
+
+            match self.infcx.region_constraints_added_in_snapshot(snapshot) {
+                None => Ok(result),
+                Some(_) => Ok(result.max(EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions)),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Evaluates the predicates in `predicates` recursively. Note that
+    /// this applies projections in the predicates, and therefore
+    /// is run within an inference probe.
+    #[instrument(skip(self, stack), level = "debug")]
+    fn evaluate_predicates_recursively<'o, I>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx>,
+        predicates: I,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError>
+    where
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>> + std::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        let mut result = EvaluatedToOk;
+        for obligation in predicates {
+            let eval = self.evaluate_predicate_recursively(stack, obligation.clone())?;
+            if let EvaluatedToErr = eval {
+                // fast-path - EvaluatedToErr is the top of the lattice,
+                // so we don't need to look on the other predicates.
+                return Ok(EvaluatedToErr);
+            } else {
+                result = cmp::max(result, eval);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(
+        level = "debug",
+        skip(self, previous_stack),
+        fields(previous_stack = ?previous_stack.head())
+    )]
+    fn evaluate_predicate_recursively<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        previous_stack: TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx>,
+        obligation: PredicateObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        // `previous_stack` stores a `TraitObligation`, while `obligation` is
+        // a `PredicateObligation`. These are distinct types, so we can't
+        // use any `Option` combinator method that would force them to be
+        // the same.
+        match previous_stack.head() {
+            Some(h) => self.check_recursion_limit(&obligation, h.obligation)?,
+            None => self.check_recursion_limit(&obligation, &obligation)?,
+        }
+
+        let result = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+            let bound_predicate = obligation.predicate.kind();
+            match bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                ty::PredicateKind::Trait(t) => {
+                    let t = bound_predicate.rebind(t);
+                    debug_assert!(!t.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+                    let obligation = obligation.with(t);
+                    self.evaluate_trait_predicate_recursively(previous_stack, obligation)
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(p) => {
+                    let p = bound_predicate.rebind(p);
+                    // Does this code ever run?
+                    match self.infcx.subtype_predicate(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env, p) {
+                        Some(Ok(InferOk { mut obligations, .. })) => {
+                            self.add_depth(obligations.iter_mut(), obligation.recursion_depth);
+                            self.evaluate_predicates_recursively(
+                                previous_stack,
+                                obligations.into_iter(),
+                            )
+                        }
+                        Some(Err(_)) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                        None => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(p) => {
+                    let p = bound_predicate.rebind(p);
+                    // Does this code ever run?
+                    match self.infcx.coerce_predicate(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env, p) {
+                        Some(Ok(InferOk { mut obligations, .. })) => {
+                            self.add_depth(obligations.iter_mut(), obligation.recursion_depth);
+                            self.evaluate_predicates_recursively(
+                                previous_stack,
+                                obligations.into_iter(),
+                            )
+                        }
+                        Some(Err(_)) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                        None => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg) => {
+                    // So, there is a bit going on here. First, `WellFormed` predicates
+                    // are coinductive, like trait predicates with auto traits.
+                    // This means that we need to detect if we have recursively
+                    // evaluated `WellFormed(X)`. Otherwise, we would run into
+                    // a "natural" overflow error.
+                    //
+                    // Now, the next question is whether we need to do anything
+                    // special with caching. Considering the following tree:
+                    // - `WF(Foo<T>)`
+                    //   - `Bar<T>: Send`
+                    //     - `WF(Foo<T>)`
+                    //   - `Foo<T>: Trait`
+                    // In this case, the innermost `WF(Foo<T>)` should return
+                    // `EvaluatedToOk`, since it's coinductive. Then if
+                    // `Bar<T>: Send` is resolved to `EvaluatedToOk`, it can be
+                    // inserted into a cache (because without thinking about `WF`
+                    // goals, it isn't in a cycle). If `Foo<T>: Trait` later doesn't
+                    // hold, then `Bar<T>: Send` shouldn't hold. Therefore, we
+                    // *do* need to keep track of coinductive cycles.
+
+                    let cache = previous_stack.cache;
+                    let dfn = cache.next_dfn();
+
+                    for stack_arg in previous_stack.cache.wf_args.borrow().iter().rev() {
+                        if stack_arg.0 != arg {
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        debug!("WellFormed({:?}) on stack", arg);
+                        if let Some(stack) = previous_stack.head {
+                            // Okay, let's imagine we have two different stacks:
+                            //   `T: NonAutoTrait -> WF(T) -> T: NonAutoTrait`
+                            //   `WF(T) -> T: NonAutoTrait -> WF(T)`
+                            // Because of this, we need to check that all
+                            // predicates between the WF goals are coinductive.
+                            // Otherwise, we can say that `T: NonAutoTrait` is
+                            // true.
+                            // Let's imagine we have a predicate stack like
+                            //         `Foo: Bar -> WF(T) -> T: NonAutoTrait -> T: Auto
+                            // depth   ^1                    ^2                 ^3
+                            // and the current predicate is `WF(T)`. `wf_args`
+                            // would contain `(T, 1)`. We want to check all
+                            // trait predicates greater than `1`. The previous
+                            // stack would be `T: Auto`.
+                            let cycle = stack.iter().take_while(|s| s.depth > stack_arg.1);
+                            let tcx = self.tcx();
+                            let cycle =
+                                cycle.map(|stack| stack.obligation.predicate.to_predicate(tcx));
+                            if self.coinductive_match(cycle) {
+                                stack.update_reached_depth(stack_arg.1);
+                                return Ok(EvaluatedToOk);
+                            } else {
+                                return Ok(EvaluatedToRecur);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        return Ok(EvaluatedToOk);
+                    }
+
+                    match wf::obligations(
+                        self.infcx,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        obligation.cause.body_id,
+                        obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                        arg,
+                        obligation.cause.span,
+                    ) {
+                        Some(mut obligations) => {
+                            self.add_depth(obligations.iter_mut(), obligation.recursion_depth);
+
+                            cache.wf_args.borrow_mut().push((arg, previous_stack.depth()));
+                            let result =
+                                self.evaluate_predicates_recursively(previous_stack, obligations);
+                            cache.wf_args.borrow_mut().pop();
+
+                            let result = result?;
+
+                            if !result.must_apply_modulo_regions() {
+                                cache.on_failure(dfn);
+                            }
+
+                            cache.on_completion(dfn);
+
+                            Ok(result)
+                        }
+                        None => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(pred) => {
+                    // A global type with no late-bound regions can only
+                    // contain the "'static" lifetime (any other lifetime
+                    // would either be late-bound or local), so it is guaranteed
+                    // to outlive any other lifetime
+                    if pred.0.is_global() && !pred.0.has_late_bound_regions() {
+                        Ok(EvaluatedToOk)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..) => {
+                    // We do not consider region relationships when evaluating trait matches.
+                    Ok(EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions)
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(trait_def_id) => {
+                    if self.tcx().is_object_safe(trait_def_id) {
+                        Ok(EvaluatedToOk)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(EvaluatedToErr)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(data) => {
+                    let data = bound_predicate.rebind(data);
+                    let project_obligation = obligation.with(data);
+                    match project::poly_project_and_unify_type(self, &project_obligation) {
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::Holds(mut subobligations) => {
+                            'compute_res: {
+                                // If we've previously marked this projection as 'complete', then
+                                // use the final cached result (either `EvaluatedToOk` or
+                                // `EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions`), and skip re-evaluating the
+                                // sub-obligations.
+                                if let Some(key) =
+                                    ProjectionCacheKey::from_poly_projection_predicate(self, data)
+                                {
+                                    if let Some(cached_res) = self
+                                        .infcx
+                                        .inner
+                                        .borrow_mut()
+                                        .projection_cache()
+                                        .is_complete(key)
+                                    {
+                                        break 'compute_res Ok(cached_res);
+                                    }
+                                }
+
+                                self.add_depth(
+                                    subobligations.iter_mut(),
+                                    obligation.recursion_depth,
+                                );
+                                let res = self.evaluate_predicates_recursively(
+                                    previous_stack,
+                                    subobligations,
+                                );
+                                if let Ok(eval_rslt) = res
+                                    && (eval_rslt == EvaluatedToOk || eval_rslt == EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions)
+                                    && let Some(key) =
+                                        ProjectionCacheKey::from_poly_projection_predicate(
+                                            self, data,
+                                        )
+                                {
+                                    // If the result is something that we can cache, then mark this
+                                    // entry as 'complete'. This will allow us to skip evaluating the
+                                    // subobligations at all the next time we evaluate the projection
+                                    // predicate.
+                                    self.infcx
+                                        .inner
+                                        .borrow_mut()
+                                        .projection_cache()
+                                        .complete(key, eval_rslt);
+                                }
+                                res
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::FailedNormalization => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::Recursive => Ok(EvaluatedToRecur),
+                        ProjectAndUnifyResult::MismatchedProjectionTypes(_) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(_, closure_substs, kind) => {
+                    match self.infcx.closure_kind(closure_substs) {
+                        Some(closure_kind) => {
+                            if closure_kind.extends(kind) {
+                                Ok(EvaluatedToOk)
+                            } else {
+                                Ok(EvaluatedToErr)
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv) => {
+                    match const_evaluatable::is_const_evaluatable(
+                        self.infcx,
+                        uv,
+                        obligation.param_env,
+                        obligation.cause.span,
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(()) => Ok(EvaluatedToOk),
+                        Err(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsInfer) => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+                        Err(NotConstEvaluatable::MentionsParam) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                        Err(_) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(c1, c2) => {
+                    debug!(?c1, ?c2, "evaluate_predicate_recursively: equating consts");
+
+                    if self.tcx().features().generic_const_exprs {
+                        // FIXME: we probably should only try to unify abstract constants
+                        // if the constants depend on generic parameters.
+                        //
+                        // Let's just see where this breaks :shrug:
+                        if let (ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(a), ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(b)) =
+                            (c1.kind(), c2.kind())
+                        {
+                            if self.infcx.try_unify_abstract_consts(
+                                a.shrink(),
+                                b.shrink(),
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                            ) {
+                                return Ok(EvaluatedToOk);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    let evaluate = |c: ty::Const<'tcx>| {
+                        if let ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(unevaluated) = c.kind() {
+                            match self.infcx.try_const_eval_resolve(
+                                obligation.param_env,
+                                unevaluated,
+                                c.ty(),
+                                Some(obligation.cause.span),
+                            ) {
+                                Ok(val) => Ok(val),
+                                Err(e) => Err(e),
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            Ok(c)
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    match (evaluate(c1), evaluate(c2)) {
+                        (Ok(c1), Ok(c2)) => {
+                            match self
+                                .infcx()
+                                .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+                                .eq(c1, c2)
+                            {
+                                Ok(_) => Ok(EvaluatedToOk),
+                                Err(_) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                            }
+                        }
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(_)), _)
+                        | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::Reported(_))) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::Linted), _) | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::Linted)) => {
+                            span_bug!(
+                                obligation.cause.span(),
+                                "ConstEquate: const_eval_resolve returned an unexpected error"
+                            )
+                        }
+                        (Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric), _) | (_, Err(ErrorHandled::TooGeneric)) => {
+                            if c1.has_infer_types_or_consts() || c2.has_infer_types_or_consts() {
+                                Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig)
+                            } else {
+                                // Two different constants using generic parameters ~> error.
+                                Ok(EvaluatedToErr)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => {
+                    bug!("TypeWellFormedFromEnv is only used for chalk")
+                }
+            }
+        });
+
+        debug!("finished: {:?} from {:?}", result, obligation);
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self, previous_stack), level = "debug")]
+    fn evaluate_trait_predicate_recursively<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        previous_stack: TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx>,
+        mut obligation: TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        if !self.intercrate
+            && obligation.is_global()
+            && obligation.param_env.caller_bounds().iter().all(|bound| bound.needs_subst())
+        {
+            // If a param env has no global bounds, global obligations do not
+            // depend on its particular value in order to work, so we can clear
+            // out the param env and get better caching.
+            debug!("in global");
+            obligation.param_env = obligation.param_env.without_caller_bounds();
+        }
+
+        let stack = self.push_stack(previous_stack, &obligation);
+        let mut fresh_trait_pred = stack.fresh_trait_pred;
+        let mut param_env = obligation.param_env;
+
+        fresh_trait_pred = fresh_trait_pred.map_bound(|mut pred| {
+            pred.remap_constness(&mut param_env);
+            pred
+        });
+
+        debug!(?fresh_trait_pred);
+
+        // If a trait predicate is in the (local or global) evaluation cache,
+        // then we know it holds without cycles.
+        if let Some(result) = self.check_evaluation_cache(param_env, fresh_trait_pred) {
+            debug!(?result, "CACHE HIT");
+            return Ok(result);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(result) = stack.cache().get_provisional(fresh_trait_pred) {
+            debug!(?result, "PROVISIONAL CACHE HIT");
+            stack.update_reached_depth(result.reached_depth);
+            return Ok(result.result);
+        }
+
+        // Check if this is a match for something already on the
+        // stack. If so, we don't want to insert the result into the
+        // main cache (it is cycle dependent) nor the provisional
+        // cache (which is meant for things that have completed but
+        // for a "backedge" -- this result *is* the backedge).
+        if let Some(cycle_result) = self.check_evaluation_cycle(&stack) {
+            return Ok(cycle_result);
+        }
+
+        let (result, dep_node) = self.in_task(|this| this.evaluate_stack(&stack));
+        let result = result?;
+
+        if !result.must_apply_modulo_regions() {
+            stack.cache().on_failure(stack.dfn);
+        }
+
+        let reached_depth = stack.reached_depth.get();
+        if reached_depth >= stack.depth {
+            debug!(?result, "CACHE MISS");
+            self.insert_evaluation_cache(param_env, fresh_trait_pred, dep_node, result);
+            stack.cache().on_completion(stack.dfn);
+        } else {
+            debug!(?result, "PROVISIONAL");
+            debug!(
+                "caching provisionally because {:?} \
+                 is a cycle participant (at depth {}, reached depth {})",
+                fresh_trait_pred, stack.depth, reached_depth,
+            );
+
+            stack.cache().insert_provisional(stack.dfn, reached_depth, fresh_trait_pred, result);
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    /// If there is any previous entry on the stack that precisely
+    /// matches this obligation, then we can assume that the
+    /// obligation is satisfied for now (still all other conditions
+    /// must be met of course). One obvious case this comes up is
+    /// marker traits like `Send`. Think of a linked list:
+    ///
+    ///    struct List<T> { data: T, next: Option<Box<List<T>>> }
+    ///
+    /// `Box<List<T>>` will be `Send` if `T` is `Send` and
+    /// `Option<Box<List<T>>>` is `Send`, and in turn
+    /// `Option<Box<List<T>>>` is `Send` if `Box<List<T>>` is
+    /// `Send`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that we do this comparison using the `fresh_trait_ref`
+    /// fields. Because these have all been freshened using
+    /// `self.freshener`, we can be sure that (a) this will not
+    /// affect the inferencer state and (b) that if we see two
+    /// fresh regions with the same index, they refer to the same
+    /// unbound type variable.
+    fn check_evaluation_cycle(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'_, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<EvaluationResult> {
+        if let Some(cycle_depth) = stack
+            .iter()
+            .skip(1) // Skip top-most frame.
+            .find(|prev| {
+                stack.obligation.param_env == prev.obligation.param_env
+                    && stack.fresh_trait_pred == prev.fresh_trait_pred
+            })
+            .map(|stack| stack.depth)
+        {
+            debug!("evaluate_stack --> recursive at depth {}", cycle_depth);
+
+            // If we have a stack like `A B C D E A`, where the top of
+            // the stack is the final `A`, then this will iterate over
+            // `A, E, D, C, B` -- i.e., all the participants apart
+            // from the cycle head. We mark them as participating in a
+            // cycle. This suppresses caching for those nodes. See
+            // `in_cycle` field for more details.
+            stack.update_reached_depth(cycle_depth);
+
+            // Subtle: when checking for a coinductive cycle, we do
+            // not compare using the "freshened trait refs" (which
+            // have erased regions) but rather the fully explicit
+            // trait refs. This is important because it's only a cycle
+            // if the regions match exactly.
+            let cycle = stack.iter().skip(1).take_while(|s| s.depth >= cycle_depth);
+            let tcx = self.tcx();
+            let cycle = cycle.map(|stack| stack.obligation.predicate.to_predicate(tcx));
+            if self.coinductive_match(cycle) {
+                debug!("evaluate_stack --> recursive, coinductive");
+                Some(EvaluatedToOk)
+            } else {
+                debug!("evaluate_stack --> recursive, inductive");
+                Some(EvaluatedToRecur)
+            }
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate_stack<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        // In intercrate mode, whenever any of the generics are unbound,
+        // there can always be an impl. Even if there are no impls in
+        // this crate, perhaps the type would be unified with
+        // something from another crate that does provide an impl.
+        //
+        // In intra mode, we must still be conservative. The reason is
+        // that we want to avoid cycles. Imagine an impl like:
+        //
+        //     impl<T:Eq> Eq for Vec<T>
+        //
+        // and a trait reference like `$0 : Eq` where `$0` is an
+        // unbound variable. When we evaluate this trait-reference, we
+        // will unify `$0` with `Vec<$1>` (for some fresh variable
+        // `$1`), on the condition that `$1 : Eq`. We will then wind
+        // up with many candidates (since that are other `Eq` impls
+        // that apply) and try to winnow things down. This results in
+        // a recursive evaluation that `$1 : Eq` -- as you can
+        // imagine, this is just where we started. To avoid that, we
+        // check for unbound variables and return an ambiguous (hence possible)
+        // match if we've seen this trait before.
+        //
+        // This suffices to allow chains like `FnMut` implemented in
+        // terms of `Fn` etc, but we could probably make this more
+        // precise still.
+        let unbound_input_types =
+            stack.fresh_trait_pred.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs.types().any(|ty| ty.is_fresh());
+
+        if stack.obligation.polarity() != ty::ImplPolarity::Negative {
+            // This check was an imperfect workaround for a bug in the old
+            // intercrate mode; it should be removed when that goes away.
+            if unbound_input_types && self.intercrate {
+                debug!("evaluate_stack --> unbound argument, intercrate -->  ambiguous",);
+                // Heuristics: show the diagnostics when there are no candidates in crate.
+                if self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.is_some() {
+                    debug!("evaluate_stack: intercrate_ambiguity_causes is some");
+                    if let Ok(candidate_set) = self.assemble_candidates(stack) {
+                        if !candidate_set.ambiguous && candidate_set.vec.is_empty() {
+                            let trait_ref = stack.obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref;
+                            let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+                            let cause = with_no_trimmed_paths!({
+                                IntercrateAmbiguityCause::DownstreamCrate {
+                                    trait_desc: trait_ref.print_only_trait_path().to_string(),
+                                    self_desc: if self_ty.has_concrete_skeleton() {
+                                        Some(self_ty.to_string())
+                                    } else {
+                                        None
+                                    },
+                                }
+                            });
+
+                            debug!(?cause, "evaluate_stack: pushing cause");
+                            self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes.as_mut().unwrap().insert(cause);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                return Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if unbound_input_types
+            && stack.iter().skip(1).any(|prev| {
+                stack.obligation.param_env == prev.obligation.param_env
+                    && self.match_fresh_trait_refs(
+                        stack.fresh_trait_pred,
+                        prev.fresh_trait_pred,
+                        prev.obligation.param_env,
+                    )
+            })
+        {
+            debug!("evaluate_stack --> unbound argument, recursive --> giving up",);
+            return Ok(EvaluatedToUnknown);
+        }
+
+        match self.candidate_from_obligation(stack) {
+            Ok(Some(c)) => self.evaluate_candidate(stack, &c),
+            Err(SelectionError::Ambiguous(_)) => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+            Ok(None) => Ok(EvaluatedToAmbig),
+            Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)) => Err(OverflowError::Canonical),
+            Err(ErrorReporting) => Err(OverflowError::ErrorReporting),
+            Err(..) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// For defaulted traits, we use a co-inductive strategy to solve, so
+    /// that recursion is ok. This routine returns `true` if the top of the
+    /// stack (`cycle[0]`):
+    ///
+    /// - is a defaulted trait,
+    /// - it also appears in the backtrace at some position `X`,
+    /// - all the predicates at positions `X..` between `X` and the top are
+    ///   also defaulted traits.
+    pub(crate) fn coinductive_match<I>(&mut self, mut cycle: I) -> bool
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+    {
+        cycle.all(|predicate| self.coinductive_predicate(predicate))
+    }
+
+    fn coinductive_predicate(&self, predicate: ty::Predicate<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        let result = match predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+            ty::PredicateKind::Trait(ref data) => self.tcx().trait_is_auto(data.def_id()),
+            ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        };
+        debug!(?predicate, ?result, "coinductive_predicate");
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Further evaluates `candidate` to decide whether all type parameters match and whether nested
+    /// obligations are met. Returns whether `candidate` remains viable after this further
+    /// scrutiny.
+    #[instrument(
+        level = "debug",
+        skip(self, stack),
+        fields(depth = stack.obligation.recursion_depth)
+    )]
+    fn evaluate_candidate<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+        candidate: &SelectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        let mut result = self.evaluation_probe(|this| {
+            let candidate = (*candidate).clone();
+            match this.confirm_candidate(stack.obligation, candidate) {
+                Ok(selection) => {
+                    debug!(?selection);
+                    this.evaluate_predicates_recursively(
+                        stack.list(),
+                        selection.nested_obligations().into_iter(),
+                    )
+                }
+                Err(..) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+            }
+        })?;
+
+        // If we erased any lifetimes, then we want to use
+        // `EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions` instead of `EvaluatedToOk`
+        // as your final result. The result will be cached using
+        // the freshened trait predicate as a key, so we need
+        // our result to be correct by *any* choice of original lifetimes,
+        // not just the lifetime choice for this particular (non-erased)
+        // predicate.
+        // See issue #80691
+        if stack.fresh_trait_pred.has_erased_regions() {
+            result = result.max(EvaluatedToOkModuloRegions);
+        }
+
+        debug!(?result);
+        Ok(result)
+    }
+
+    fn check_evaluation_cache(
+        &self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<EvaluationResult> {
+        // Neither the global nor local cache is aware of intercrate
+        // mode, so don't do any caching. In particular, we might
+        // re-use the same `InferCtxt` with both an intercrate
+        // and non-intercrate `SelectionContext`
+        if self.intercrate {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        if self.can_use_global_caches(param_env) {
+            if let Some(res) = tcx.evaluation_cache.get(&(param_env, trait_pred), tcx) {
+                return Some(res);
+            }
+        }
+        self.infcx.evaluation_cache.get(&(param_env, trait_pred), tcx)
+    }
+
+    fn insert_evaluation_cache(
+        &mut self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        dep_node: DepNodeIndex,
+        result: EvaluationResult,
+    ) {
+        // Avoid caching results that depend on more than just the trait-ref
+        // - the stack can create recursion.
+        if result.is_stack_dependent() {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Neither the global nor local cache is aware of intercrate
+        // mode, so don't do any caching. In particular, we might
+        // re-use the same `InferCtxt` with both an intercrate
+        // and non-intercrate `SelectionContext`
+        if self.intercrate {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if self.can_use_global_caches(param_env) {
+            if !trait_pred.needs_infer() {
+                debug!(?trait_pred, ?result, "insert_evaluation_cache global");
+                // This may overwrite the cache with the same value
+                // FIXME: Due to #50507 this overwrites the different values
+                // This should be changed to use HashMapExt::insert_same
+                // when that is fixed
+                self.tcx().evaluation_cache.insert((param_env, trait_pred), dep_node, result);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        debug!(?trait_pred, ?result, "insert_evaluation_cache");
+        self.infcx.evaluation_cache.insert((param_env, trait_pred), dep_node, result);
+    }
+
+    /// For various reasons, it's possible for a subobligation
+    /// to have a *lower* recursion_depth than the obligation used to create it.
+    /// Projection sub-obligations may be returned from the projection cache,
+    /// which results in obligations with an 'old' `recursion_depth`.
+    /// Additionally, methods like `InferCtxt.subtype_predicate` produce
+    /// subobligations without taking in a 'parent' depth, causing the
+    /// generated subobligations to have a `recursion_depth` of `0`.
+    ///
+    /// To ensure that obligation_depth never decreases, we force all subobligations
+    /// to have at least the depth of the original obligation.
+    fn add_depth<T: 'cx, I: Iterator<Item = &'cx mut Obligation<'tcx, T>>>(
+        &self,
+        it: I,
+        min_depth: usize,
+    ) {
+        it.for_each(|o| o.recursion_depth = cmp::max(min_depth, o.recursion_depth) + 1);
+    }
+
+    fn check_recursion_depth<T: Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &self,
+        depth: usize,
+        error_obligation: &Obligation<'tcx, T>,
+    ) -> Result<(), OverflowError> {
+        if !self.infcx.tcx.recursion_limit().value_within_limit(depth) {
+            match self.query_mode {
+                TraitQueryMode::Standard => {
+                    if self.infcx.is_tainted_by_errors() {
+                        return Err(OverflowError::Error(
+                            ErrorGuaranteed::unchecked_claim_error_was_emitted(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                    self.infcx.report_overflow_error(error_obligation, true);
+                }
+                TraitQueryMode::Canonical => {
+                    return Err(OverflowError::Canonical);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Checks that the recursion limit has not been exceeded.
+    ///
+    /// The weird return type of this function allows it to be used with the `try` (`?`)
+    /// operator within certain functions.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn check_recursion_limit<T: Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>, V: Display + TypeFoldable<'tcx>>(
+        &self,
+        obligation: &Obligation<'tcx, T>,
+        error_obligation: &Obligation<'tcx, V>,
+    ) -> Result<(), OverflowError> {
+        self.check_recursion_depth(obligation.recursion_depth, error_obligation)
+    }
+
+    fn in_task<OP, R>(&mut self, op: OP) -> (R, DepNodeIndex)
+    where
+        OP: FnOnce(&mut Self) -> R,
+    {
+        let (result, dep_node) =
+            self.tcx().dep_graph.with_anon_task(self.tcx(), DepKind::TraitSelect, || op(self));
+        self.tcx().dep_graph.read_index(dep_node);
+        (result, dep_node)
+    }
+
+    /// filter_impls filters constant trait obligations and candidates that have a positive impl
+    /// for a negative goal and a negative impl for a positive goal
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn filter_impls(
+        &mut self,
+        candidates: Vec<SelectionCandidate<'tcx>>,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(candidates.len());
+
+        for candidate in candidates {
+            // Respect const trait obligations
+            if obligation.is_const() {
+                match candidate {
+                    // const impl
+                    ImplCandidate(def_id) if tcx.constness(def_id) == hir::Constness::Const => {}
+                    // const param
+                    ParamCandidate(trait_pred) if trait_pred.is_const_if_const() => {}
+                    // auto trait impl
+                    AutoImplCandidate(..) => {}
+                    // generator, this will raise error in other places
+                    // or ignore error with const_async_blocks feature
+                    GeneratorCandidate => {}
+                    // FnDef where the function is const
+                    FnPointerCandidate { is_const: true } => {}
+                    ConstDestructCandidate(_) => {}
+                    _ => {
+                        // reject all other types of candidates
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if let ImplCandidate(def_id) = candidate {
+                if ty::ImplPolarity::Reservation == tcx.impl_polarity(def_id)
+                    || obligation.polarity() == tcx.impl_polarity(def_id)
+                {
+                    result.push(candidate);
+                }
+            } else {
+                result.push(candidate);
+            }
+        }
+
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// filter_reservation_impls filter reservation impl for any goal as ambiguous
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn filter_reservation_impls(
+        &mut self,
+        candidate: SelectionCandidate<'tcx>,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        // Treat reservation impls as ambiguity.
+        if let ImplCandidate(def_id) = candidate {
+            if let ty::ImplPolarity::Reservation = tcx.impl_polarity(def_id) {
+                if let Some(intercrate_ambiguity_clauses) = &mut self.intercrate_ambiguity_causes {
+                    let value = tcx
+                        .get_attr(def_id, sym::rustc_reservation_impl)
+                        .and_then(|a| a.value_str());
+                    if let Some(value) = value {
+                        debug!(
+                            "filter_reservation_impls: \
+                                 reservation impl ambiguity on {:?}",
+                            def_id
+                        );
+                        intercrate_ambiguity_clauses.insert(
+                            IntercrateAmbiguityCause::ReservationImpl {
+                                message: value.to_string(),
+                            },
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Some(candidate))
+    }
+
+    fn is_knowable<'o>(&mut self, stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>) -> Option<Conflict> {
+        debug!("is_knowable(intercrate={:?})", self.intercrate);
+
+        if !self.intercrate || stack.obligation.polarity() == ty::ImplPolarity::Negative {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let obligation = &stack.obligation;
+        let predicate = self.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+
+        // Okay to skip binder because of the nature of the
+        // trait-ref-is-knowable check, which does not care about
+        // bound regions.
+        let trait_ref = predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref;
+
+        coherence::trait_ref_is_knowable(self.tcx(), trait_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if the global caches can be used.
+    fn can_use_global_caches(&self, param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        // If there are any inference variables in the `ParamEnv`, then we
+        // always use a cache local to this particular scope. Otherwise, we
+        // switch to a global cache.
+        if param_env.needs_infer() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Avoid using the master cache during coherence and just rely
+        // on the local cache. This effectively disables caching
+        // during coherence. It is really just a simplification to
+        // avoid us having to fear that coherence results "pollute"
+        // the master cache. Since coherence executes pretty quickly,
+        // it's not worth going to more trouble to increase the
+        // hit-rate, I don't think.
+        if self.intercrate {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Otherwise, we can use the global cache.
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn check_candidate_cache(
+        &mut self,
+        mut param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cache_fresh_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>>> {
+        // Neither the global nor local cache is aware of intercrate
+        // mode, so don't do any caching. In particular, we might
+        // re-use the same `InferCtxt` with both an intercrate
+        // and non-intercrate `SelectionContext`
+        if self.intercrate {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        let mut pred = cache_fresh_trait_pred.skip_binder();
+        pred.remap_constness(&mut param_env);
+
+        if self.can_use_global_caches(param_env) {
+            if let Some(res) = tcx.selection_cache.get(&(param_env, pred), tcx) {
+                return Some(res);
+            }
+        }
+        self.infcx.selection_cache.get(&(param_env, pred), tcx)
+    }
+
+    /// Determines whether can we safely cache the result
+    /// of selecting an obligation. This is almost always `true`,
+    /// except when dealing with certain `ParamCandidate`s.
+    ///
+    /// Ordinarily, a `ParamCandidate` will contain no inference variables,
+    /// since it was usually produced directly from a `DefId`. However,
+    /// certain cases (currently only librustdoc's blanket impl finder),
+    /// a `ParamEnv` may be explicitly constructed with inference types.
+    /// When this is the case, we do *not* want to cache the resulting selection
+    /// candidate. This is due to the fact that it might not always be possible
+    /// to equate the obligation's trait ref and the candidate's trait ref,
+    /// if more constraints end up getting added to an inference variable.
+    ///
+    /// Because of this, we always want to re-run the full selection
+    /// process for our obligation the next time we see it, since
+    /// we might end up picking a different `SelectionCandidate` (or none at all).
+    fn can_cache_candidate(
+        &self,
+        result: &SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // Neither the global nor local cache is aware of intercrate
+        // mode, so don't do any caching. In particular, we might
+        // re-use the same `InferCtxt` with both an intercrate
+        // and non-intercrate `SelectionContext`
+        if self.intercrate {
+            return false;
+        }
+        match result {
+            Ok(Some(SelectionCandidate::ParamCandidate(trait_ref))) => !trait_ref.needs_infer(),
+            _ => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self, param_env, cache_fresh_trait_pred, dep_node), level = "debug")]
+    fn insert_candidate_cache(
+        &mut self,
+        mut param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cache_fresh_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        dep_node: DepNodeIndex,
+        candidate: SelectionResult<'tcx, SelectionCandidate<'tcx>>,
+    ) {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        let mut pred = cache_fresh_trait_pred.skip_binder();
+
+        pred.remap_constness(&mut param_env);
+
+        if !self.can_cache_candidate(&candidate) {
+            debug!(?pred, ?candidate, "insert_candidate_cache - candidate is not cacheable");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if self.can_use_global_caches(param_env) {
+            if let Err(Overflow(OverflowError::Canonical)) = candidate {
+                // Don't cache overflow globally; we only produce this in certain modes.
+            } else if !pred.needs_infer() {
+                if !candidate.needs_infer() {
+                    debug!(?pred, ?candidate, "insert_candidate_cache global");
+                    // This may overwrite the cache with the same value.
+                    tcx.selection_cache.insert((param_env, pred), dep_node, candidate);
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        debug!(?pred, ?candidate, "insert_candidate_cache local");
+        self.infcx.selection_cache.insert((param_env, pred), dep_node, candidate);
+    }
+
+    /// Matches a predicate against the bounds of its self type.
+    ///
+    /// Given an obligation like `<T as Foo>::Bar: Baz` where the self type is
+    /// a projection, look at the bounds of `T::Bar`, see if we can find a
+    /// `Baz` bound. We return indexes into the list returned by
+    /// `tcx.item_bounds` for any applicable bounds.
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn match_projection_obligation_against_definition_bounds(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> smallvec::SmallVec<[usize; 2]> {
+        let poly_trait_predicate = self.infcx().resolve_vars_if_possible(obligation.predicate);
+        let placeholder_trait_predicate =
+            self.infcx().replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(poly_trait_predicate);
+        debug!(?placeholder_trait_predicate);
+
+        let tcx = self.infcx.tcx;
+        let (def_id, substs) = match *placeholder_trait_predicate.trait_ref.self_ty().kind() {
+            ty::Projection(ref data) => (data.item_def_id, data.substs),
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => (def_id, substs),
+            _ => {
+                span_bug!(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    "match_projection_obligation_against_definition_bounds() called \
+                     but self-ty is not a projection: {:?}",
+                    placeholder_trait_predicate.trait_ref.self_ty()
+                );
+            }
+        };
+        let bounds = tcx.bound_item_bounds(def_id).subst(tcx, substs);
+
+        // The bounds returned by `item_bounds` may contain duplicates after
+        // normalization, so try to deduplicate when possible to avoid
+        // unnecessary ambiguity.
+        let mut distinct_normalized_bounds = FxHashSet::default();
+
+        let matching_bounds = bounds
+            .iter()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(idx, bound)| {
+                let bound_predicate = bound.kind();
+                if let ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred) = bound_predicate.skip_binder() {
+                    let bound = bound_predicate.rebind(pred.trait_ref);
+                    if self.infcx.probe(|_| {
+                        match self.match_normalize_trait_ref(
+                            obligation,
+                            bound,
+                            placeholder_trait_predicate.trait_ref,
+                        ) {
+                            Ok(None) => true,
+                            Ok(Some(normalized_trait))
+                                if distinct_normalized_bounds.insert(normalized_trait) =>
+                            {
+                                true
+                            }
+                            _ => false,
+                        }
+                    }) {
+                        return Some(idx);
+                    }
+                }
+                None
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        debug!(?matching_bounds);
+        matching_bounds
+    }
+
+    /// Equates the trait in `obligation` with trait bound. If the two traits
+    /// can be equated and the normalized trait bound doesn't contain inference
+    /// variables or placeholders, the normalized bound is returned.
+    fn match_normalize_trait_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        trait_bound: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+        placeholder_trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>>, ()> {
+        debug_assert!(!placeholder_trait_ref.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+        if placeholder_trait_ref.def_id != trait_bound.def_id() {
+            // Avoid unnecessary normalization
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        let Normalized { value: trait_bound, obligations: _ } = ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+            project::normalize_with_depth(
+                self,
+                obligation.param_env,
+                obligation.cause.clone(),
+                obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                trait_bound,
+            )
+        });
+        self.infcx
+            .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+            .define_opaque_types(false)
+            .sup(ty::Binder::dummy(placeholder_trait_ref), trait_bound)
+            .map(|InferOk { obligations: _, value: () }| {
+                // This method is called within a probe, so we can't have
+                // inference variables and placeholders escape.
+                if !trait_bound.needs_infer() && !trait_bound.has_placeholders() {
+                    Some(trait_bound)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .map_err(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    fn where_clause_may_apply<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        stack: &TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>,
+        where_clause_trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<EvaluationResult, OverflowError> {
+        self.evaluation_probe(|this| {
+            match this.match_where_clause_trait_ref(stack.obligation, where_clause_trait_ref) {
+                Ok(obligations) => this.evaluate_predicates_recursively(stack.list(), obligations),
+                Err(()) => Ok(EvaluatedToErr),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Return `Yes` if the obligation's predicate type applies to the env_predicate, and
+    /// `No` if it does not. Return `Ambiguous` in the case that the projection type is a GAT,
+    /// and applying this env_predicate constrains any of the obligation's GAT substitutions.
+    ///
+    /// This behavior is a somewhat of a hack to prevent over-constraining inference variables
+    /// in cases like #91762.
+    pub(super) fn match_projection_projections(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &ProjectionTyObligation<'tcx>,
+        env_predicate: PolyProjectionPredicate<'tcx>,
+        potentially_unnormalized_candidates: bool,
+    ) -> ProjectionMatchesProjection {
+        let mut nested_obligations = Vec::new();
+        let infer_predicate = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_fresh_vars(
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            LateBoundRegionConversionTime::HigherRankedType,
+            env_predicate,
+        );
+        let infer_projection = if potentially_unnormalized_candidates {
+            ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                project::normalize_with_depth_to(
+                    self,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    infer_predicate.projection_ty,
+                    &mut nested_obligations,
+                )
+            })
+        } else {
+            infer_predicate.projection_ty
+        };
+
+        let is_match = self
+            .infcx
+            .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+            .define_opaque_types(false)
+            .sup(obligation.predicate, infer_projection)
+            .map_or(false, |InferOk { obligations, value: () }| {
+                self.evaluate_predicates_recursively(
+                    TraitObligationStackList::empty(&ProvisionalEvaluationCache::default()),
+                    nested_obligations.into_iter().chain(obligations),
+                )
+                .map_or(false, |res| res.may_apply())
+            });
+
+        if is_match {
+            let generics = self.tcx().generics_of(obligation.predicate.item_def_id);
+            // FIXME(generic-associated-types): Addresses aggressive inference in #92917.
+            // If this type is a GAT, and of the GAT substs resolve to something new,
+            // that means that we must have newly inferred something about the GAT.
+            // We should give up in that case.
+            if !generics.params.is_empty()
+                && obligation.predicate.substs[generics.parent_count..]
+                    .iter()
+                    .any(|&p| p.has_infer_types_or_consts() && self.infcx.shallow_resolve(p) != p)
+            {
+                ProjectionMatchesProjection::Ambiguous
+            } else {
+                ProjectionMatchesProjection::Yes
+            }
+        } else {
+            ProjectionMatchesProjection::No
+        }
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // WINNOW
+    //
+    // Winnowing is the process of attempting to resolve ambiguity by
+    // probing further. During the winnowing process, we unify all
+    // type variables and then we also attempt to evaluate recursive
+    // bounds to see if they are satisfied.
+
+    /// Returns `true` if `victim` should be dropped in favor of
+    /// `other`. Generally speaking we will drop duplicate
+    /// candidates and prefer where-clause candidates.
+    ///
+    /// See the comment for "SelectionCandidate" for more details.
+    fn candidate_should_be_dropped_in_favor_of(
+        &mut self,
+        victim: &EvaluatedCandidate<'tcx>,
+        other: &EvaluatedCandidate<'tcx>,
+        needs_infer: bool,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if victim.candidate == other.candidate {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Check if a bound would previously have been removed when normalizing
+        // the param_env so that it can be given the lowest priority. See
+        // #50825 for the motivation for this.
+        let is_global = |cand: &ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>| {
+            cand.is_global() && !cand.has_late_bound_regions()
+        };
+
+        // (*) Prefer `BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: false }`, `PointeeCandidate`,
+        // `DiscriminantKindCandidate`, and `ConstDestructCandidate` to anything else.
+        //
+        // This is a fix for #53123 and prevents winnowing from accidentally extending the
+        // lifetime of a variable.
+        match (&other.candidate, &victim.candidate) {
+            (_, AutoImplCandidate(..)) | (AutoImplCandidate(..), _) => {
+                bug!(
+                    "default implementations shouldn't be recorded \
+                    when there are other valid candidates"
+                );
+            }
+
+            // FIXME(@jswrenn): this should probably be more sophisticated
+            (TransmutabilityCandidate, _) | (_, TransmutabilityCandidate) => false,
+
+            // (*)
+            (
+                BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: false }
+                | DiscriminantKindCandidate
+                | PointeeCandidate
+                | ConstDestructCandidate(_),
+                _,
+            ) => true,
+            (
+                _,
+                BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: false }
+                | DiscriminantKindCandidate
+                | PointeeCandidate
+                | ConstDestructCandidate(_),
+            ) => false,
+
+            (ParamCandidate(other), ParamCandidate(victim)) => {
+                let same_except_bound_vars = other.skip_binder().trait_ref
+                    == victim.skip_binder().trait_ref
+                    && other.skip_binder().constness == victim.skip_binder().constness
+                    && other.skip_binder().polarity == victim.skip_binder().polarity
+                    && !other.skip_binder().trait_ref.has_escaping_bound_vars();
+                if same_except_bound_vars {
+                    // See issue #84398. In short, we can generate multiple ParamCandidates which are
+                    // the same except for unused bound vars. Just pick the one with the fewest bound vars
+                    // or the current one if tied (they should both evaluate to the same answer). This is
+                    // probably best characterized as a "hack", since we might prefer to just do our
+                    // best to *not* create essentially duplicate candidates in the first place.
+                    other.bound_vars().len() <= victim.bound_vars().len()
+                } else if other.skip_binder().trait_ref == victim.skip_binder().trait_ref
+                    && victim.skip_binder().constness == ty::BoundConstness::NotConst
+                    && other.skip_binder().polarity == victim.skip_binder().polarity
+                {
+                    // Drop otherwise equivalent non-const candidates in favor of const candidates.
+                    true
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Drop otherwise equivalent non-const fn pointer candidates
+            (FnPointerCandidate { .. }, FnPointerCandidate { is_const: false }) => true,
+
+            // Global bounds from the where clause should be ignored
+            // here (see issue #50825). Otherwise, we have a where
+            // clause so don't go around looking for impls.
+            // Arbitrarily give param candidates priority
+            // over projection and object candidates.
+            (
+                ParamCandidate(ref cand),
+                ImplCandidate(..)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { .. }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..)
+                | ObjectCandidate(_)
+                | ProjectionCandidate(_),
+            ) => !is_global(cand),
+            (ObjectCandidate(_) | ProjectionCandidate(_), ParamCandidate(ref cand)) => {
+                // Prefer these to a global where-clause bound
+                // (see issue #50825).
+                is_global(cand)
+            }
+            (
+                ImplCandidate(_)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: true }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..),
+                ParamCandidate(ref cand),
+            ) => {
+                // Prefer these to a global where-clause bound
+                // (see issue #50825).
+                is_global(cand) && other.evaluation.must_apply_modulo_regions()
+            }
+
+            (ProjectionCandidate(i), ProjectionCandidate(j))
+            | (ObjectCandidate(i), ObjectCandidate(j)) => {
+                // Arbitrarily pick the lower numbered candidate for backwards
+                // compatibility reasons. Don't let this affect inference.
+                i < j && !needs_infer
+            }
+            (ObjectCandidate(_), ProjectionCandidate(_))
+            | (ProjectionCandidate(_), ObjectCandidate(_)) => {
+                bug!("Have both object and projection candidate")
+            }
+
+            // Arbitrarily give projection and object candidates priority.
+            (
+                ObjectCandidate(_) | ProjectionCandidate(_),
+                ImplCandidate(..)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { .. }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..),
+            ) => true,
+
+            (
+                ImplCandidate(..)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { .. }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..),
+                ObjectCandidate(_) | ProjectionCandidate(_),
+            ) => false,
+
+            (&ImplCandidate(other_def), &ImplCandidate(victim_def)) => {
+                // See if we can toss out `victim` based on specialization.
+                // This requires us to know *for sure* that the `other` impl applies
+                // i.e., `EvaluatedToOk`.
+                //
+                // FIXME(@lcnr): Using `modulo_regions` here seems kind of scary
+                // to me but is required for `std` to compile, so I didn't change it
+                // for now.
+                let tcx = self.tcx();
+                if other.evaluation.must_apply_modulo_regions() {
+                    if tcx.specializes((other_def, victim_def)) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if other.evaluation.must_apply_considering_regions() {
+                    match tcx.impls_are_allowed_to_overlap(other_def, victim_def) {
+                        Some(ty::ImplOverlapKind::Permitted { marker: true }) => {
+                            // Subtle: If the predicate we are evaluating has inference
+                            // variables, do *not* allow discarding candidates due to
+                            // marker trait impls.
+                            //
+                            // Without this restriction, we could end up accidentally
+                            // constraining inference variables based on an arbitrarily
+                            // chosen trait impl.
+                            //
+                            // Imagine we have the following code:
+                            //
+                            // ```rust
+                            // #[marker] trait MyTrait {}
+                            // impl MyTrait for u8 {}
+                            // impl MyTrait for bool {}
+                            // ```
+                            //
+                            // And we are evaluating the predicate `<_#0t as MyTrait>`.
+                            //
+                            // During selection, we will end up with one candidate for each
+                            // impl of `MyTrait`. If we were to discard one impl in favor
+                            // of the other, we would be left with one candidate, causing
+                            // us to "successfully" select the predicate, unifying
+                            // _#0t with (for example) `u8`.
+                            //
+                            // However, we have no reason to believe that this unification
+                            // is correct - we've essentially just picked an arbitrary
+                            // *possibility* for _#0t, and required that this be the *only*
+                            // possibility.
+                            //
+                            // Eventually, we will either:
+                            // 1) Unify all inference variables in the predicate through
+                            // some other means (e.g. type-checking of a function). We will
+                            // then be in a position to drop marker trait candidates
+                            // without constraining inference variables (since there are
+                            // none left to constrain)
+                            // 2) Be left with some unconstrained inference variables. We
+                            // will then correctly report an inference error, since the
+                            // existence of multiple marker trait impls tells us nothing
+                            // about which one should actually apply.
+                            !needs_infer
+                        }
+                        Some(_) => true,
+                        None => false,
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    false
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Everything else is ambiguous
+            (
+                ImplCandidate(_)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: true }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..),
+                ImplCandidate(_)
+                | ClosureCandidate
+                | GeneratorCandidate
+                | FnPointerCandidate { .. }
+                | BuiltinObjectCandidate
+                | BuiltinUnsizeCandidate
+                | TraitUpcastingUnsizeCandidate(_)
+                | BuiltinCandidate { has_nested: true }
+                | TraitAliasCandidate(..),
+            ) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sized_conditions(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> BuiltinImplConditions<'tcx> {
+        use self::BuiltinImplConditions::{Ambiguous, None, Where};
+
+        // NOTE: binder moved to (*)
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty());
+
+        match self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_) | ty::FloatVar(_))
+            | ty::Uint(_)
+            | ty::Int(_)
+            | ty::Bool
+            | ty::Float(_)
+            | ty::FnDef(..)
+            | ty::FnPtr(_)
+            | ty::RawPtr(..)
+            | ty::Char
+            | ty::Ref(..)
+            | ty::Generator(..)
+            | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+            | ty::Array(..)
+            | ty::Closure(..)
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Error(_) => {
+                // safe for everything
+                Where(ty::Binder::dummy(Vec::new()))
+            }
+
+            ty::Str | ty::Slice(_) | ty::Dynamic(..) | ty::Foreign(..) => None,
+
+            ty::Tuple(tys) => Where(
+                obligation.predicate.rebind(tys.last().map_or_else(Vec::new, |&last| vec![last])),
+            ),
+
+            ty::Adt(def, substs) => {
+                let sized_crit = def.sized_constraint(self.tcx());
+                // (*) binder moved here
+                Where(obligation.predicate.rebind({
+                    sized_crit
+                        .0
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|ty| sized_crit.rebind(*ty).subst(self.tcx(), substs))
+                        .collect()
+                }))
+            }
+
+            ty::Projection(_) | ty::Param(_) | ty::Opaque(..) => None,
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => Ambiguous,
+
+            ty::Placeholder(..)
+            | ty::Bound(..)
+            | ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
+                bug!("asked to assemble builtin bounds of unexpected type: {:?}", self_ty);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn copy_clone_conditions(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> BuiltinImplConditions<'tcx> {
+        // NOTE: binder moved to (*)
+        let self_ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty());
+
+        use self::BuiltinImplConditions::{Ambiguous, None, Where};
+
+        match *self_ty.kind() {
+            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_))
+            | ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(_))
+            | ty::FnDef(..)
+            | ty::FnPtr(_)
+            | ty::Error(_) => Where(ty::Binder::dummy(Vec::new())),
+
+            ty::Uint(_)
+            | ty::Int(_)
+            | ty::Bool
+            | ty::Float(_)
+            | ty::Char
+            | ty::RawPtr(..)
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Not)
+            | ty::Array(..) => {
+                // Implementations provided in libcore
+                None
+            }
+
+            ty::Dynamic(..)
+            | ty::Str
+            | ty::Slice(..)
+            | ty::Generator(..)
+            | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+            | ty::Foreign(..)
+            | ty::Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Mut) => None,
+
+            ty::Tuple(tys) => {
+                // (*) binder moved here
+                Where(obligation.predicate.rebind(tys.iter().collect()))
+            }
+
+            ty::Closure(_, substs) => {
+                // (*) binder moved here
+                let ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(substs.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty());
+                if let ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) = ty.kind() {
+                    // Not yet resolved.
+                    Ambiguous
+                } else {
+                    Where(obligation.predicate.rebind(substs.as_closure().upvar_tys().collect()))
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Adt(..) | ty::Projection(..) | ty::Param(..) | ty::Opaque(..) => {
+                // Fallback to whatever user-defined impls exist in this case.
+                None
+            }
+
+            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                // Unbound type variable. Might or might not have
+                // applicable impls and so forth, depending on what
+                // those type variables wind up being bound to.
+                Ambiguous
+            }
+
+            ty::Placeholder(..)
+            | ty::Bound(..)
+            | ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
+                bug!("asked to assemble builtin bounds of unexpected type: {:?}", self_ty);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// For default impls, we need to break apart a type into its
+    /// "constituent types" -- meaning, the types that it contains.
+    ///
+    /// Here are some (simple) examples:
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore (illustrative)
+    /// (i32, u32) -> [i32, u32]
+    /// Foo where struct Foo { x: i32, y: u32 } -> [i32, u32]
+    /// Bar<i32> where struct Bar<T> { x: T, y: u32 } -> [i32, u32]
+    /// Zed<i32> where enum Zed { A(T), B(u32) } -> [i32, u32]
+    /// ```
+    fn constituent_types_for_ty(
+        &self,
+        t: ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, Vec<Ty<'tcx>>> {
+        match *t.skip_binder().kind() {
+            ty::Uint(_)
+            | ty::Int(_)
+            | ty::Bool
+            | ty::Float(_)
+            | ty::FnDef(..)
+            | ty::FnPtr(_)
+            | ty::Str
+            | ty::Error(_)
+            | ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_) | ty::FloatVar(_))
+            | ty::Never
+            | ty::Char => ty::Binder::dummy(Vec::new()),
+
+            ty::Placeholder(..)
+            | ty::Dynamic(..)
+            | ty::Param(..)
+            | ty::Foreign(..)
+            | ty::Projection(..)
+            | ty::Bound(..)
+            | ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_) | ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
+                bug!("asked to assemble constituent types of unexpected type: {:?}", t);
+            }
+
+            ty::RawPtr(ty::TypeAndMut { ty: element_ty, .. }) | ty::Ref(_, element_ty, _) => {
+                t.rebind(vec![element_ty])
+            }
+
+            ty::Array(element_ty, _) | ty::Slice(element_ty) => t.rebind(vec![element_ty]),
+
+            ty::Tuple(ref tys) => {
+                // (T1, ..., Tn) -- meets any bound that all of T1...Tn meet
+                t.rebind(tys.iter().collect())
+            }
+
+            ty::Closure(_, ref substs) => {
+                let ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(substs.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty());
+                t.rebind(vec![ty])
+            }
+
+            ty::Generator(_, ref substs, _) => {
+                let ty = self.infcx.shallow_resolve(substs.as_generator().tupled_upvars_ty());
+                let witness = substs.as_generator().witness();
+                t.rebind([ty].into_iter().chain(iter::once(witness)).collect())
+            }
+
+            ty::GeneratorWitness(types) => {
+                debug_assert!(!types.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+                types.map_bound(|types| types.to_vec())
+            }
+
+            // For `PhantomData<T>`, we pass `T`.
+            ty::Adt(def, substs) if def.is_phantom_data() => t.rebind(substs.types().collect()),
+
+            ty::Adt(def, substs) => {
+                t.rebind(def.all_fields().map(|f| f.ty(self.tcx(), substs)).collect())
+            }
+
+            ty::Opaque(def_id, substs) => {
+                // We can resolve the `impl Trait` to its concrete type,
+                // which enforces a DAG between the functions requiring
+                // the auto trait bounds in question.
+                t.rebind(vec![self.tcx().bound_type_of(def_id).subst(self.tcx(), substs)])
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn collect_predicates_for_types(
+        &mut self,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        recursion_depth: usize,
+        trait_def_id: DefId,
+        types: ty::Binder<'tcx, Vec<Ty<'tcx>>>,
+    ) -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        // Because the types were potentially derived from
+        // higher-ranked obligations they may reference late-bound
+        // regions. For example, `for<'a> Foo<&'a i32> : Copy` would
+        // yield a type like `for<'a> &'a i32`. In general, we
+        // maintain the invariant that we never manipulate bound
+        // regions, so we have to process these bound regions somehow.
+        //
+        // The strategy is to:
+        //
+        // 1. Instantiate those regions to placeholder regions (e.g.,
+        //    `for<'a> &'a i32` becomes `&0 i32`.
+        // 2. Produce something like `&'0 i32 : Copy`
+        // 3. Re-bind the regions back to `for<'a> &'a i32 : Copy`
+
+        types
+            .as_ref()
+            .skip_binder() // binder moved -\
+            .iter()
+            .flat_map(|ty| {
+                let ty: ty::Binder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> = types.rebind(*ty); // <----/
+
+                let placeholder_ty = self.infcx.replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(ty);
+                let Normalized { value: normalized_ty, mut obligations } =
+                    ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                        project::normalize_with_depth(
+                            self,
+                            param_env,
+                            cause.clone(),
+                            recursion_depth,
+                            placeholder_ty,
+                        )
+                    });
+                let placeholder_obligation = predicate_for_trait_def(
+                    self.tcx(),
+                    param_env,
+                    cause.clone(),
+                    trait_def_id,
+                    recursion_depth,
+                    normalized_ty,
+                    &[],
+                );
+                obligations.push(placeholder_obligation);
+                obligations
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Matching
+    //
+    // Matching is a common path used for both evaluation and
+    // confirmation.  It basically unifies types that appear in impls
+    // and traits. This does affect the surrounding environment;
+    // therefore, when used during evaluation, match routines must be
+    // run inside of a `probe()` so that their side-effects are
+    // contained.
+
+    fn rematch_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Normalized<'tcx, SubstsRef<'tcx>> {
+        let impl_trait_ref = self.tcx().bound_impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+        match self.match_impl(impl_def_id, impl_trait_ref, obligation) {
+            Ok(substs) => substs,
+            Err(()) => {
+                self.infcx.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    obligation.cause.span,
+                    &format!(
+                        "Impl {:?} was matchable against {:?} but now is not",
+                        impl_def_id, obligation
+                    ),
+                );
+                let value = self.infcx.fresh_substs_for_item(obligation.cause.span, impl_def_id);
+                let err = self.tcx().ty_error();
+                let value = value.fold_with(&mut BottomUpFolder {
+                    tcx: self.tcx(),
+                    ty_op: |_| err,
+                    lt_op: |l| l,
+                    ct_op: |c| c,
+                });
+                Normalized { value, obligations: vec![] }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn match_impl(
+        &mut self,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        impl_trait_ref: EarlyBinder<ty::TraitRef<'tcx>>,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Normalized<'tcx, SubstsRef<'tcx>>, ()> {
+        let placeholder_obligation =
+            self.infcx().replace_bound_vars_with_placeholders(obligation.predicate);
+        let placeholder_obligation_trait_ref = placeholder_obligation.trait_ref;
+
+        let impl_substs = self.infcx.fresh_substs_for_item(obligation.cause.span, impl_def_id);
+
+        let impl_trait_ref = impl_trait_ref.subst(self.tcx(), impl_substs);
+
+        debug!(?impl_trait_ref);
+
+        let Normalized { value: impl_trait_ref, obligations: mut nested_obligations } =
+            ensure_sufficient_stack(|| {
+                project::normalize_with_depth(
+                    self,
+                    obligation.param_env,
+                    obligation.cause.clone(),
+                    obligation.recursion_depth + 1,
+                    impl_trait_ref,
+                )
+            });
+
+        debug!(?impl_trait_ref, ?placeholder_obligation_trait_ref);
+
+        let cause = ObligationCause::new(
+            obligation.cause.span,
+            obligation.cause.body_id,
+            ObligationCauseCode::MatchImpl(obligation.cause.clone(), impl_def_id),
+        );
+
+        let InferOk { obligations, .. } = self
+            .infcx
+            .at(&cause, obligation.param_env)
+            .define_opaque_types(false)
+            .eq(placeholder_obligation_trait_ref, impl_trait_ref)
+            .map_err(|e| debug!("match_impl: failed eq_trait_refs due to `{}`", e))?;
+        nested_obligations.extend(obligations);
+
+        if !self.intercrate
+            && self.tcx().impl_polarity(impl_def_id) == ty::ImplPolarity::Reservation
+        {
+            debug!("match_impl: reservation impls only apply in intercrate mode");
+            return Err(());
+        }
+
+        debug!(?impl_substs, ?nested_obligations, "match_impl: success");
+        Ok(Normalized { value: impl_substs, obligations: nested_obligations })
+    }
+
+    fn fast_reject_trait_refs(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        impl_trait_ref: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        // We can avoid creating type variables and doing the full
+        // substitution if we find that any of the input types, when
+        // simplified, do not match.
+        let drcx = DeepRejectCtxt { treat_obligation_params: TreatParams::AsPlaceholder };
+        iter::zip(obligation.predicate.skip_binder().trait_ref.substs, impl_trait_ref.substs)
+            .any(|(obl, imp)| !drcx.generic_args_may_unify(obl, imp))
+    }
+
+    /// Normalize `where_clause_trait_ref` and try to match it against
+    /// `obligation`. If successful, return any predicates that
+    /// result from the normalization.
+    fn match_where_clause_trait_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        where_clause_trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, ()> {
+        self.match_poly_trait_ref(obligation, where_clause_trait_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `Ok` if `poly_trait_ref` being true implies that the
+    /// obligation is satisfied.
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn match_poly_trait_ref(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        poly_trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>>, ()> {
+        self.infcx
+            .at(&obligation.cause, obligation.param_env)
+            // We don't want predicates for opaque types to just match all other types,
+            // if there is an obligation on the opaque type, then that obligation must be met
+            // opaquely. Otherwise we'd match any obligation to the opaque type and then error
+            // out later.
+            .define_opaque_types(false)
+            .sup(obligation.predicate.to_poly_trait_ref(), poly_trait_ref)
+            .map(|InferOk { obligations, .. }| obligations)
+            .map_err(|_| ())
+    }
+
+    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+    // Miscellany
+
+    fn match_fresh_trait_refs(
+        &self,
+        previous: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        current: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let mut matcher = ty::_match::Match::new(self.tcx(), param_env);
+        matcher.relate(previous, current).is_ok()
+    }
+
+    fn push_stack<'o>(
+        &mut self,
+        previous_stack: TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx>,
+        obligation: &'o TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+    ) -> TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx> {
+        let fresh_trait_pred = obligation.predicate.fold_with(&mut self.freshener);
+
+        let dfn = previous_stack.cache.next_dfn();
+        let depth = previous_stack.depth() + 1;
+        TraitObligationStack {
+            obligation,
+            fresh_trait_pred,
+            reached_depth: Cell::new(depth),
+            previous: previous_stack,
+            dfn,
+            depth,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(skip(self), level = "debug")]
+    fn closure_trait_ref_unnormalized(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx> {
+        let closure_sig = substs.as_closure().sig();
+
+        debug!(?closure_sig);
+
+        // (1) Feels icky to skip the binder here, but OTOH we know
+        // that the self-type is an unboxed closure type and hence is
+        // in fact unparameterized (or at least does not reference any
+        // regions bound in the obligation). Still probably some
+        // refactoring could make this nicer.
+        closure_trait_ref_and_return_type(
+            self.tcx(),
+            obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+            obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty(), // (1)
+            closure_sig,
+            util::TupleArgumentsFlag::No,
+        )
+        .map_bound(|(trait_ref, _)| trait_ref)
+    }
+
+    fn generator_trait_ref_unnormalized(
+        &mut self,
+        obligation: &TraitObligation<'tcx>,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx> {
+        let gen_sig = substs.as_generator().poly_sig();
+
+        // (1) Feels icky to skip the binder here, but OTOH we know
+        // that the self-type is an generator type and hence is
+        // in fact unparameterized (or at least does not reference any
+        // regions bound in the obligation). Still probably some
+        // refactoring could make this nicer.
+
+        super::util::generator_trait_ref_and_outputs(
+            self.tcx(),
+            obligation.predicate.def_id(),
+            obligation.predicate.skip_binder().self_ty(), // (1)
+            gen_sig,
+        )
+        .map_bound(|(trait_ref, ..)| trait_ref)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the obligations that are implied by instantiating an
+    /// impl or trait. The obligations are substituted and fully
+    /// normalized. This is used when confirming an impl or default
+    /// impl.
+    #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip(self, cause, param_env))]
+    fn impl_or_trait_obligations(
+        &mut self,
+        cause: &ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+        recursion_depth: usize,
+        param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+        def_id: DefId,           // of impl or trait
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>, // for impl or trait
+        parent_trait_pred: ty::Binder<'tcx, ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>>,
+    ) -> Vec<PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+
+        // To allow for one-pass evaluation of the nested obligation,
+        // each predicate must be preceded by the obligations required
+        // to normalize it.
+        // for example, if we have:
+        //    impl<U: Iterator<Item: Copy>, V: Iterator<Item = U>> Foo for V
+        // the impl will have the following predicates:
+        //    <V as Iterator>::Item = U,
+        //    U: Iterator, U: Sized,
+        //    V: Iterator, V: Sized,
+        //    <U as Iterator>::Item: Copy
+        // When we substitute, say, `V => IntoIter<u32>, U => $0`, the last
+        // obligation will normalize to `<$0 as Iterator>::Item = $1` and
+        // `$1: Copy`, so we must ensure the obligations are emitted in
+        // that order.
+        let predicates = tcx.bound_predicates_of(def_id);
+        debug!(?predicates);
+        assert_eq!(predicates.0.parent, None);
+        let mut obligations = Vec::with_capacity(predicates.0.predicates.len());
+        for (predicate, span) in predicates.0.predicates {
+            let span = *span;
+            let cause = cause.clone().derived_cause(parent_trait_pred, |derived| {
+                ImplDerivedObligation(Box::new(ImplDerivedObligationCause {
+                    derived,
+                    impl_def_id: def_id,
+                    span,
+                }))
+            });
+            let predicate = normalize_with_depth_to(
+                self,
+                param_env,
+                cause.clone(),
+                recursion_depth,
+                predicates.rebind(*predicate).subst(tcx, substs),
+                &mut obligations,
+            );
+            obligations.push(Obligation { cause, recursion_depth, param_env, predicate });
+        }
+
+        obligations
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'o, 'tcx> TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx> {
+    fn list(&'o self) -> TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+        TraitObligationStackList::with(self)
+    }
+
+    fn cache(&self) -> &'o ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx> {
+        self.previous.cache
+    }
+
+    fn iter(&'o self) -> TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+        self.list()
+    }
+
+    /// Indicates that attempting to evaluate this stack entry
+    /// required accessing something from the stack at depth `reached_depth`.
+    fn update_reached_depth(&self, reached_depth: usize) {
+        assert!(
+            self.depth >= reached_depth,
+            "invoked `update_reached_depth` with something under this stack: \
+             self.depth={} reached_depth={}",
+            self.depth,
+            reached_depth,
+        );
+        debug!(reached_depth, "update_reached_depth");
+        let mut p = self;
+        while reached_depth < p.depth {
+            debug!(?p.fresh_trait_pred, "update_reached_depth: marking as cycle participant");
+            p.reached_depth.set(p.reached_depth.get().min(reached_depth));
+            p = p.previous.head.unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The "provisional evaluation cache" is used to store intermediate cache results
+/// when solving auto traits. Auto traits are unusual in that they can support
+/// cycles. So, for example, a "proof tree" like this would be ok:
+///
+/// - `Foo<T>: Send` :-
+///   - `Bar<T>: Send` :-
+///     - `Foo<T>: Send` -- cycle, but ok
+///   - `Baz<T>: Send`
+///
+/// Here, to prove `Foo<T>: Send`, we have to prove `Bar<T>: Send` and
+/// `Baz<T>: Send`. Proving `Bar<T>: Send` in turn required `Foo<T>: Send`.
+/// For non-auto traits, this cycle would be an error, but for auto traits (because
+/// they are coinductive) it is considered ok.
+///
+/// However, there is a complication: at the point where we have
+/// "proven" `Bar<T>: Send`, we have in fact only proven it
+/// *provisionally*. In particular, we proved that `Bar<T>: Send`
+/// *under the assumption* that `Foo<T>: Send`. But what if we later
+/// find out this assumption is wrong?  Specifically, we could
+/// encounter some kind of error proving `Baz<T>: Send`. In that case,
+/// `Bar<T>: Send` didn't turn out to be true.
+///
+/// In Issue #60010, we found a bug in rustc where it would cache
+/// these intermediate results. This was fixed in #60444 by disabling
+/// *all* caching for things involved in a cycle -- in our example,
+/// that would mean we don't cache that `Bar<T>: Send`.  But this led
+/// to large slowdowns.
+///
+/// Specifically, imagine this scenario, where proving `Baz<T>: Send`
+/// first requires proving `Bar<T>: Send` (which is true:
+///
+/// - `Foo<T>: Send` :-
+///   - `Bar<T>: Send` :-
+///     - `Foo<T>: Send` -- cycle, but ok
+///   - `Baz<T>: Send`
+///     - `Bar<T>: Send` -- would be nice for this to be a cache hit!
+///     - `*const T: Send` -- but what if we later encounter an error?
+///
+/// The *provisional evaluation cache* resolves this issue. It stores
+/// cache results that we've proven but which were involved in a cycle
+/// in some way. We track the minimal stack depth (i.e., the
+/// farthest from the top of the stack) that we are dependent on.
+/// The idea is that the cache results within are all valid -- so long as
+/// none of the nodes in between the current node and the node at that minimum
+/// depth result in an error (in which case the cached results are just thrown away).
+///
+/// During evaluation, we consult this provisional cache and rely on
+/// it. Accessing a cached value is considered equivalent to accessing
+/// a result at `reached_depth`, so it marks the *current* solution as
+/// provisional as well. If an error is encountered, we toss out any
+/// provisional results added from the subtree that encountered the
+/// error.  When we pop the node at `reached_depth` from the stack, we
+/// can commit all the things that remain in the provisional cache.
+struct ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx> {
+    /// next "depth first number" to issue -- just a counter
+    dfn: Cell<usize>,
+
+    /// Map from cache key to the provisionally evaluated thing.
+    /// The cache entries contain the result but also the DFN in which they
+    /// were added. The DFN is used to clear out values on failure.
+    ///
+    /// Imagine we have a stack like:
+    ///
+    /// - `A B C` and we add a cache for the result of C (DFN 2)
+    /// - Then we have a stack `A B D` where `D` has DFN 3
+    /// - We try to solve D by evaluating E: `A B D E` (DFN 4)
+    /// - `E` generates various cache entries which have cyclic dependencies on `B`
+    ///   - `A B D E F` and so forth
+    ///   - the DFN of `F` for example would be 5
+    /// - then we determine that `E` is in error -- we will then clear
+    ///   all cache values whose DFN is >= 4 -- in this case, that
+    ///   means the cached value for `F`.
+    map: RefCell<FxHashMap<ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>, ProvisionalEvaluation>>,
+
+    /// The stack of args that we assume to be true because a `WF(arg)` predicate
+    /// is on the stack above (and because of wellformedness is coinductive).
+    /// In an "ideal" world, this would share a stack with trait predicates in
+    /// `TraitObligationStack`. However, trait predicates are *much* hotter than
+    /// `WellFormed` predicates, and it's very likely that the additional matches
+    /// will have a perf effect. The value here is the well-formed `GenericArg`
+    /// and the depth of the trait predicate *above* that well-formed predicate.
+    wf_args: RefCell<Vec<(ty::GenericArg<'tcx>, usize)>>,
+}
+
+/// A cache value for the provisional cache: contains the depth-first
+/// number (DFN) and result.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+struct ProvisionalEvaluation {
+    from_dfn: usize,
+    reached_depth: usize,
+    result: EvaluationResult,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Default for ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { dfn: Cell::new(0), map: Default::default(), wf_args: Default::default() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx> {
+    /// Get the next DFN in sequence (basically a counter).
+    fn next_dfn(&self) -> usize {
+        let result = self.dfn.get();
+        self.dfn.set(result + 1);
+        result
+    }
+
+    /// Check the provisional cache for any result for
+    /// `fresh_trait_ref`. If there is a hit, then you must consider
+    /// it an access to the stack slots at depth
+    /// `reached_depth` (from the returned value).
+    fn get_provisional(
+        &self,
+        fresh_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Option<ProvisionalEvaluation> {
+        debug!(
+            ?fresh_trait_pred,
+            "get_provisional = {:#?}",
+            self.map.borrow().get(&fresh_trait_pred),
+        );
+        Some(*self.map.borrow().get(&fresh_trait_pred)?)
+    }
+
+    /// Insert a provisional result into the cache. The result came
+    /// from the node with the given DFN. It accessed a minimum depth
+    /// of `reached_depth` to compute. It evaluated `fresh_trait_pred`
+    /// and resulted in `result`.
+    fn insert_provisional(
+        &self,
+        from_dfn: usize,
+        reached_depth: usize,
+        fresh_trait_pred: ty::PolyTraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+        result: EvaluationResult,
+    ) {
+        debug!(?from_dfn, ?fresh_trait_pred, ?result, "insert_provisional");
+
+        let mut map = self.map.borrow_mut();
+
+        // Subtle: when we complete working on the DFN `from_dfn`, anything
+        // that remains in the provisional cache must be dependent on some older
+        // stack entry than `from_dfn`. We have to update their depth with our transitive
+        // depth in that case or else it would be referring to some popped note.
+        //
+        // Example:
+        // A (reached depth 0)
+        //   ...
+        //      B // depth 1 -- reached depth = 0
+        //          C // depth 2 -- reached depth = 1 (should be 0)
+        //              B
+        //          A // depth 0
+        //   D (reached depth 1)
+        //      C (cache -- reached depth = 2)
+        for (_k, v) in &mut *map {
+            if v.from_dfn >= from_dfn {
+                v.reached_depth = reached_depth.min(v.reached_depth);
+            }
+        }
+
+        map.insert(fresh_trait_pred, ProvisionalEvaluation { from_dfn, reached_depth, result });
+    }
+
+    /// Invoked when the node with dfn `dfn` does not get a successful
+    /// result.  This will clear out any provisional cache entries
+    /// that were added since `dfn` was created. This is because the
+    /// provisional entries are things which must assume that the
+    /// things on the stack at the time of their creation succeeded --
+    /// since the failing node is presently at the top of the stack,
+    /// these provisional entries must either depend on it or some
+    /// ancestor of it.
+    fn on_failure(&self, dfn: usize) {
+        debug!(?dfn, "on_failure");
+        self.map.borrow_mut().retain(|key, eval| {
+            if !eval.from_dfn >= dfn {
+                debug!("on_failure: removing {:?}", key);
+                false
+            } else {
+                true
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    /// Invoked when the node at depth `depth` completed without
+    /// depending on anything higher in the stack (if that completion
+    /// was a failure, then `on_failure` should have been invoked
+    /// already).
+    ///
+    /// Note that we may still have provisional cache items remaining
+    /// in the cache when this is done. For example, if there is a
+    /// cycle:
+    ///
+    /// * A depends on...
+    ///     * B depends on A
+    ///     * C depends on...
+    ///         * D depends on C
+    ///     * ...
+    ///
+    /// Then as we complete the C node we will have a provisional cache
+    /// with results for A, B, C, and D. This method would clear out
+    /// the C and D results, but leave A and B provisional.
+    ///
+    /// This is determined based on the DFN: we remove any provisional
+    /// results created since `dfn` started (e.g., in our example, dfn
+    /// would be 2, representing the C node, and hence we would
+    /// remove the result for D, which has DFN 3, but not the results for
+    /// A and B, which have DFNs 0 and 1 respectively).
+    ///
+    /// Note that we *do not* attempt to cache these cycle participants
+    /// in the evaluation cache. Doing so would require carefully computing
+    /// the correct `DepNode` to store in the cache entry:
+    /// cycle participants may implicitly depend on query results
+    /// related to other participants in the cycle, due to our logic
+    /// which examines the evaluation stack.
+    ///
+    /// We used to try to perform this caching,
+    /// but it lead to multiple incremental compilation ICEs
+    /// (see #92987 and #96319), and was very hard to understand.
+    /// Fortunately, removing the caching didn't seem to
+    /// have a performance impact in practice.
+    fn on_completion(&self, dfn: usize) {
+        debug!(?dfn, "on_completion");
+
+        for (fresh_trait_pred, eval) in
+            self.map.borrow_mut().drain_filter(|_k, eval| eval.from_dfn >= dfn)
+        {
+            debug!(?fresh_trait_pred, ?eval, "on_completion");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+    cache: &'o ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx>,
+    head: Option<&'o TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>>,
+}
+
+impl<'o, 'tcx> TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+    fn empty(cache: &'o ProvisionalEvaluationCache<'tcx>) -> TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+        TraitObligationStackList { cache, head: None }
+    }
+
+    fn with(r: &'o TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>) -> TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+        TraitObligationStackList { cache: r.cache(), head: Some(r) }
+    }
+
+    fn head(&self) -> Option<&'o TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>> {
+        self.head
+    }
+
+    fn depth(&self) -> usize {
+        if let Some(head) = self.head { head.depth } else { 0 }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'o, 'tcx> Iterator for TraitObligationStackList<'o, 'tcx> {
+    type Item = &'o TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<&'o TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx>> {
+        let o = self.head?;
+        *self = o.previous;
+        Some(o)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'o, 'tcx> fmt::Debug for TraitObligationStack<'o, 'tcx> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "TraitObligationStack({:?})", self.obligation)
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum ProjectionMatchesProjection {
+    Yes,
+    Ambiguous,
+    No,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/mod.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6223c5ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+//! Logic and data structures related to impl specialization, explained in
+//! greater detail below.
+//!
+//! At the moment, this implementation support only the simple "chain" rule:
+//! If any two impls overlap, one must be a strict subset of the other.
+//!
+//! See the [rustc dev guide] for a bit more detail on how specialization
+//! fits together with the rest of the trait machinery.
+//!
+//! [rustc dev guide]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/traits/specialization.html
+
+pub mod specialization_graph;
+use specialization_graph::GraphExt;
+
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, InferOk, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use crate::traits::select::IntercrateAmbiguityCause;
+use crate::traits::{
+    self, coherence, FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind, ObligationCause, TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt,
+};
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::{FxHashSet, FxIndexSet};
+use rustc_errors::{struct_span_err, EmissionGuarantee, LintDiagnosticBuilder};
+use rustc_hir::def_id::{DefId, LocalDefId};
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{InternalSubsts, Subst, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ImplSubject, TyCtxt};
+use rustc_session::lint::builtin::COHERENCE_LEAK_CHECK;
+use rustc_session::lint::builtin::ORDER_DEPENDENT_TRAIT_OBJECTS;
+use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
+
+use super::SelectionContext;
+use super::{util, FulfillmentContext};
+
+/// Information pertinent to an overlapping impl error.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct OverlapError {
+    pub with_impl: DefId,
+    pub trait_desc: String,
+    pub self_desc: Option<String>,
+    pub intercrate_ambiguity_causes: FxIndexSet<IntercrateAmbiguityCause>,
+    pub involves_placeholder: bool,
+}
+
+/// Given a subst for the requested impl, translate it to a subst
+/// appropriate for the actual item definition (whether it be in that impl,
+/// a parent impl, or the trait).
+///
+/// When we have selected one impl, but are actually using item definitions from
+/// a parent impl providing a default, we need a way to translate between the
+/// type parameters of the two impls. Here the `source_impl` is the one we've
+/// selected, and `source_substs` is a substitution of its generics.
+/// And `target_node` is the impl/trait we're actually going to get the
+/// definition from. The resulting substitution will map from `target_node`'s
+/// generics to `source_impl`'s generics as instantiated by `source_subst`.
+///
+/// For example, consider the following scenario:
+///
+/// ```ignore (illustrative)
+/// trait Foo { ... }
+/// impl<T, U> Foo for (T, U) { ... }  // target impl
+/// impl<V> Foo for (V, V) { ... }     // source impl
+/// ```
+///
+/// Suppose we have selected "source impl" with `V` instantiated with `u32`.
+/// This function will produce a substitution with `T` and `U` both mapping to `u32`.
+///
+/// where-clauses add some trickiness here, because they can be used to "define"
+/// an argument indirectly:
+///
+/// ```ignore (illustrative)
+/// impl<'a, I, T: 'a> Iterator for Cloned<I>
+///    where I: Iterator<Item = &'a T>, T: Clone
+/// ```
+///
+/// In a case like this, the substitution for `T` is determined indirectly,
+/// through associated type projection. We deal with such cases by using
+/// *fulfillment* to relate the two impls, requiring that all projections are
+/// resolved.
+pub fn translate_substs<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    source_impl: DefId,
+    source_substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    target_node: specialization_graph::Node,
+) -> SubstsRef<'tcx> {
+    debug!(
+        "translate_substs({:?}, {:?}, {:?}, {:?})",
+        param_env, source_impl, source_substs, target_node
+    );
+    let source_trait_ref =
+        infcx.tcx.bound_impl_trait_ref(source_impl).unwrap().subst(infcx.tcx, &source_substs);
+
+    // translate the Self and Param parts of the substitution, since those
+    // vary across impls
+    let target_substs = match target_node {
+        specialization_graph::Node::Impl(target_impl) => {
+            // no need to translate if we're targeting the impl we started with
+            if source_impl == target_impl {
+                return source_substs;
+            }
+
+            fulfill_implication(infcx, param_env, source_trait_ref, target_impl).unwrap_or_else(
+                |_| {
+                    bug!(
+                        "When translating substitutions for specialization, the expected \
+                         specialization failed to hold"
+                    )
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        specialization_graph::Node::Trait(..) => source_trait_ref.substs,
+    };
+
+    // directly inherent the method generics, since those do not vary across impls
+    source_substs.rebase_onto(infcx.tcx, source_impl, target_substs)
+}
+
+/// Is `impl1` a specialization of `impl2`?
+///
+/// Specialization is determined by the sets of types to which the impls apply;
+/// `impl1` specializes `impl2` if it applies to a subset of the types `impl2` applies
+/// to.
+#[instrument(skip(tcx), level = "debug")]
+pub(super) fn specializes(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, (impl1_def_id, impl2_def_id): (DefId, DefId)) -> bool {
+    // The feature gate should prevent introducing new specializations, but not
+    // taking advantage of upstream ones.
+    let features = tcx.features();
+    let specialization_enabled = features.specialization || features.min_specialization;
+    if !specialization_enabled && (impl1_def_id.is_local() || impl2_def_id.is_local()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We determine whether there's a subset relationship by:
+    //
+    // - replacing bound vars with placeholders in impl1,
+    // - assuming the where clauses for impl1,
+    // - instantiating impl2 with fresh inference variables,
+    // - unifying,
+    // - attempting to prove the where clauses for impl2
+    //
+    // The last three steps are encapsulated in `fulfill_implication`.
+    //
+    // See RFC 1210 for more details and justification.
+
+    // Currently we do not allow e.g., a negative impl to specialize a positive one
+    if tcx.impl_polarity(impl1_def_id) != tcx.impl_polarity(impl2_def_id) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // create a parameter environment corresponding to a (placeholder) instantiation of impl1
+    let penv = tcx.param_env(impl1_def_id);
+    let impl1_trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl1_def_id).unwrap();
+
+    // Create an infcx, taking the predicates of impl1 as assumptions:
+    tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+        let impl1_trait_ref = match traits::fully_normalize(
+            &infcx,
+            FulfillmentContext::new(),
+            ObligationCause::dummy(),
+            penv,
+            impl1_trait_ref,
+        ) {
+            Ok(impl1_trait_ref) => impl1_trait_ref,
+            Err(_errors) => {
+                tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(
+                    tcx.def_span(impl1_def_id),
+                    format!("failed to fully normalize {impl1_trait_ref}"),
+                );
+                impl1_trait_ref
+            }
+        };
+
+        // Attempt to prove that impl2 applies, given all of the above.
+        fulfill_implication(&infcx, penv, impl1_trait_ref, impl2_def_id).is_ok()
+    })
+}
+
+/// Attempt to fulfill all obligations of `target_impl` after unification with
+/// `source_trait_ref`. If successful, returns a substitution for *all* the
+/// generics of `target_impl`, including both those needed to unify with
+/// `source_trait_ref` and those whose identity is determined via a where
+/// clause in the impl.
+fn fulfill_implication<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    source_trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    target_impl: DefId,
+) -> Result<SubstsRef<'tcx>, ()> {
+    debug!(
+        "fulfill_implication({:?}, trait_ref={:?} |- {:?} applies)",
+        param_env, source_trait_ref, target_impl
+    );
+
+    let source_trait = ImplSubject::Trait(source_trait_ref);
+
+    let selcx = &mut SelectionContext::new(&infcx);
+    let target_substs = infcx.fresh_substs_for_item(DUMMY_SP, target_impl);
+    let (target_trait, obligations) =
+        util::impl_subject_and_oblig(selcx, param_env, target_impl, target_substs);
+
+    // do the impls unify? If not, no specialization.
+    let Ok(InferOk { obligations: more_obligations, .. }) =
+        infcx.at(&ObligationCause::dummy(), param_env).eq(source_trait, target_trait)
+    else {
+        debug!(
+            "fulfill_implication: {:?} does not unify with {:?}",
+            source_trait, target_trait
+        );
+        return Err(());
+    };
+
+    // attempt to prove all of the predicates for impl2 given those for impl1
+    // (which are packed up in penv)
+
+    infcx.save_and_restore_in_snapshot_flag(|infcx| {
+        let mut fulfill_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+        for oblig in obligations.chain(more_obligations) {
+            fulfill_cx.register_predicate_obligation(&infcx, oblig);
+        }
+        match fulfill_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx).as_slice() {
+            [] => {
+                debug!(
+                    "fulfill_implication: an impl for {:?} specializes {:?}",
+                    source_trait, target_trait
+                );
+
+                // Now resolve the *substitution* we built for the target earlier, replacing
+                // the inference variables inside with whatever we got from fulfillment.
+                Ok(infcx.resolve_vars_if_possible(target_substs))
+            }
+            errors => {
+                // no dice!
+                debug!(
+                    "fulfill_implication: for impls on {:?} and {:?}, \
+                     could not fulfill: {:?} given {:?}",
+                    source_trait,
+                    target_trait,
+                    errors,
+                    param_env.caller_bounds()
+                );
+                Err(())
+            }
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+// Query provider for `specialization_graph_of`.
+pub(super) fn specialization_graph_provider(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    trait_id: DefId,
+) -> specialization_graph::Graph {
+    let mut sg = specialization_graph::Graph::new();
+    let overlap_mode = specialization_graph::OverlapMode::get(tcx, trait_id);
+
+    let mut trait_impls: Vec<_> = tcx.all_impls(trait_id).collect();
+
+    // The coherence checking implementation seems to rely on impls being
+    // iterated over (roughly) in definition order, so we are sorting by
+    // negated `CrateNum` (so remote definitions are visited first) and then
+    // by a flattened version of the `DefIndex`.
+    trait_impls
+        .sort_unstable_by_key(|def_id| (-(def_id.krate.as_u32() as i64), def_id.index.index()));
+
+    for impl_def_id in trait_impls {
+        if let Some(impl_def_id) = impl_def_id.as_local() {
+            // This is where impl overlap checking happens:
+            let insert_result = sg.insert(tcx, impl_def_id.to_def_id(), overlap_mode);
+            // Report error if there was one.
+            let (overlap, used_to_be_allowed) = match insert_result {
+                Err(overlap) => (Some(overlap), None),
+                Ok(Some(overlap)) => (Some(overlap.error), Some(overlap.kind)),
+                Ok(None) => (None, None),
+            };
+
+            if let Some(overlap) = overlap {
+                report_overlap_conflict(tcx, overlap, impl_def_id, used_to_be_allowed, &mut sg);
+            }
+        } else {
+            let parent = tcx.impl_parent(impl_def_id).unwrap_or(trait_id);
+            sg.record_impl_from_cstore(tcx, parent, impl_def_id)
+        }
+    }
+
+    sg
+}
+
+// This function is only used when
+// encountering errors and inlining
+// it negatively impacts perf.
+#[cold]
+#[inline(never)]
+fn report_overlap_conflict(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    overlap: OverlapError,
+    impl_def_id: LocalDefId,
+    used_to_be_allowed: Option<FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind>,
+    sg: &mut specialization_graph::Graph,
+) {
+    let impl_polarity = tcx.impl_polarity(impl_def_id.to_def_id());
+    let other_polarity = tcx.impl_polarity(overlap.with_impl);
+    match (impl_polarity, other_polarity) {
+        (ty::ImplPolarity::Negative, ty::ImplPolarity::Positive) => {
+            report_negative_positive_conflict(
+                tcx,
+                &overlap,
+                impl_def_id,
+                impl_def_id.to_def_id(),
+                overlap.with_impl,
+                sg,
+            );
+        }
+
+        (ty::ImplPolarity::Positive, ty::ImplPolarity::Negative) => {
+            report_negative_positive_conflict(
+                tcx,
+                &overlap,
+                impl_def_id,
+                overlap.with_impl,
+                impl_def_id.to_def_id(),
+                sg,
+            );
+        }
+
+        _ => {
+            report_conflicting_impls(tcx, overlap, impl_def_id, used_to_be_allowed, sg);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn report_negative_positive_conflict(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    overlap: &OverlapError,
+    local_impl_def_id: LocalDefId,
+    negative_impl_def_id: DefId,
+    positive_impl_def_id: DefId,
+    sg: &mut specialization_graph::Graph,
+) {
+    let impl_span = tcx.def_span(local_impl_def_id);
+
+    let mut err = struct_span_err!(
+        tcx.sess,
+        impl_span,
+        E0751,
+        "found both positive and negative implementation of trait `{}`{}:",
+        overlap.trait_desc,
+        overlap.self_desc.clone().map_or_else(String::new, |ty| format!(" for type `{}`", ty))
+    );
+
+    match tcx.span_of_impl(negative_impl_def_id) {
+        Ok(span) => {
+            err.span_label(span, "negative implementation here");
+        }
+        Err(cname) => {
+            err.note(&format!("negative implementation in crate `{}`", cname));
+        }
+    }
+
+    match tcx.span_of_impl(positive_impl_def_id) {
+        Ok(span) => {
+            err.span_label(span, "positive implementation here");
+        }
+        Err(cname) => {
+            err.note(&format!("positive implementation in crate `{}`", cname));
+        }
+    }
+
+    sg.has_errored = Some(err.emit());
+}
+
+fn report_conflicting_impls(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+    overlap: OverlapError,
+    impl_def_id: LocalDefId,
+    used_to_be_allowed: Option<FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind>,
+    sg: &mut specialization_graph::Graph,
+) {
+    let impl_span = tcx.def_span(impl_def_id);
+
+    // Work to be done after we've built the DiagnosticBuilder. We have to define it
+    // now because the struct_lint methods don't return back the DiagnosticBuilder
+    // that's passed in.
+    fn decorate<G: EmissionGuarantee>(
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+        overlap: OverlapError,
+        used_to_be_allowed: Option<FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind>,
+        impl_span: Span,
+        err: LintDiagnosticBuilder<'_, G>,
+    ) -> G {
+        let msg = format!(
+            "conflicting implementations of trait `{}`{}{}",
+            overlap.trait_desc,
+            overlap
+                .self_desc
+                .clone()
+                .map_or_else(String::new, |ty| { format!(" for type `{}`", ty) }),
+            match used_to_be_allowed {
+                Some(FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind::Issue33140) => ": (E0119)",
+                _ => "",
+            }
+        );
+        let mut err = err.build(&msg);
+        match tcx.span_of_impl(overlap.with_impl) {
+            Ok(span) => {
+                err.span_label(span, "first implementation here");
+
+                err.span_label(
+                    impl_span,
+                    format!(
+                        "conflicting implementation{}",
+                        overlap.self_desc.map_or_else(String::new, |ty| format!(" for `{}`", ty))
+                    ),
+                );
+            }
+            Err(cname) => {
+                let msg = match to_pretty_impl_header(tcx, overlap.with_impl) {
+                    Some(s) => format!("conflicting implementation in crate `{}`:\n- {}", cname, s),
+                    None => format!("conflicting implementation in crate `{}`", cname),
+                };
+                err.note(&msg);
+            }
+        }
+
+        for cause in &overlap.intercrate_ambiguity_causes {
+            cause.add_intercrate_ambiguity_hint(&mut err);
+        }
+
+        if overlap.involves_placeholder {
+            coherence::add_placeholder_note(&mut err);
+        }
+        err.emit()
+    }
+
+    match used_to_be_allowed {
+        None => {
+            let reported = if overlap.with_impl.is_local()
+                || tcx.orphan_check_impl(impl_def_id).is_ok()
+            {
+                let err = struct_span_err!(tcx.sess, impl_span, E0119, "");
+                Some(decorate(
+                    tcx,
+                    overlap,
+                    used_to_be_allowed,
+                    impl_span,
+                    LintDiagnosticBuilder::new(err),
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Some(tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(impl_span, "impl should have failed the orphan check"))
+            };
+            sg.has_errored = reported;
+        }
+        Some(kind) => {
+            let lint = match kind {
+                FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind::Issue33140 => ORDER_DEPENDENT_TRAIT_OBJECTS,
+                FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind::LeakCheck => COHERENCE_LEAK_CHECK,
+            };
+            tcx.struct_span_lint_hir(
+                lint,
+                tcx.hir().local_def_id_to_hir_id(impl_def_id),
+                impl_span,
+                |ldb| {
+                    decorate(tcx, overlap, used_to_be_allowed, impl_span, ldb);
+                },
+            );
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Recovers the "impl X for Y" signature from `impl_def_id` and returns it as a
+/// string.
+pub(crate) fn to_pretty_impl_header(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, impl_def_id: DefId) -> Option<String> {
+    use std::fmt::Write;
+
+    let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id)?;
+    let mut w = "impl".to_owned();
+
+    let substs = InternalSubsts::identity_for_item(tcx, impl_def_id);
+
+    // FIXME: Currently only handles ?Sized.
+    //        Needs to support ?Move and ?DynSized when they are implemented.
+    let mut types_without_default_bounds = FxHashSet::default();
+    let sized_trait = tcx.lang_items().sized_trait();
+
+    if !substs.is_empty() {
+        types_without_default_bounds.extend(substs.types());
+        w.push('<');
+        w.push_str(
+            &substs
+                .iter()
+                .map(|k| k.to_string())
+                .filter(|k| k != "'_")
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                .join(", "),
+        );
+        w.push('>');
+    }
+
+    write!(w, " {} for {}", trait_ref.print_only_trait_path(), tcx.type_of(impl_def_id)).unwrap();
+
+    // The predicates will contain default bounds like `T: Sized`. We need to
+    // remove these bounds, and add `T: ?Sized` to any untouched type parameters.
+    let predicates = tcx.predicates_of(impl_def_id).predicates;
+    let mut pretty_predicates =
+        Vec::with_capacity(predicates.len() + types_without_default_bounds.len());
+
+    for (mut p, _) in predicates {
+        if let Some(poly_trait_ref) = p.to_opt_poly_trait_pred() {
+            if Some(poly_trait_ref.def_id()) == sized_trait {
+                types_without_default_bounds.remove(&poly_trait_ref.self_ty().skip_binder());
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ty::BoundConstness::ConstIfConst == poly_trait_ref.skip_binder().constness {
+                let new_trait_pred = poly_trait_ref.map_bound(|mut trait_pred| {
+                    trait_pred.constness = ty::BoundConstness::NotConst;
+                    trait_pred
+                });
+
+                p = tcx.mk_predicate(new_trait_pred.map_bound(ty::PredicateKind::Trait))
+            }
+        }
+        pretty_predicates.push(p.to_string());
+    }
+
+    pretty_predicates
+        .extend(types_without_default_bounds.iter().map(|ty| format!("{}: ?Sized", ty)));
+
+    if !pretty_predicates.is_empty() {
+        write!(w, "\n  where {}", pretty_predicates.join(", ")).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    w.push(';');
+    Some(w)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/specialization_graph.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/specialization_graph.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fcb73b43f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/specialize/specialization_graph.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+use super::OverlapError;
+
+use crate::traits;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty::fast_reject::{self, SimplifiedType, TreatParams};
+use rustc_middle::ty::print::with_no_trimmed_paths;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+
+pub use rustc_middle::traits::specialization_graph::*;
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub enum FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind {
+    Issue33140,
+    LeakCheck,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct FutureCompatOverlapError {
+    pub error: OverlapError,
+    pub kind: FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind,
+}
+
+/// The result of attempting to insert an impl into a group of children.
+enum Inserted {
+    /// The impl was inserted as a new child in this group of children.
+    BecameNewSibling(Option<FutureCompatOverlapError>),
+
+    /// The impl should replace existing impls [X1, ..], because the impl specializes X1, X2, etc.
+    ReplaceChildren(Vec<DefId>),
+
+    /// The impl is a specialization of an existing child.
+    ShouldRecurseOn(DefId),
+}
+
+trait ChildrenExt<'tcx> {
+    fn insert_blindly(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, impl_def_id: DefId);
+    fn remove_existing(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, impl_def_id: DefId);
+
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        simplified_self: Option<SimplifiedType>,
+        overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    ) -> Result<Inserted, OverlapError>;
+}
+
+impl ChildrenExt<'_> for Children {
+    /// Insert an impl into this set of children without comparing to any existing impls.
+    fn insert_blindly(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, impl_def_id: DefId) {
+        let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+        if let Some(st) = fast_reject::simplify_type(tcx, trait_ref.self_ty(), TreatParams::AsInfer)
+        {
+            debug!("insert_blindly: impl_def_id={:?} st={:?}", impl_def_id, st);
+            self.non_blanket_impls.entry(st).or_default().push(impl_def_id)
+        } else {
+            debug!("insert_blindly: impl_def_id={:?} st=None", impl_def_id);
+            self.blanket_impls.push(impl_def_id)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Removes an impl from this set of children. Used when replacing
+    /// an impl with a parent. The impl must be present in the list of
+    /// children already.
+    fn remove_existing(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, impl_def_id: DefId) {
+        let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+        let vec: &mut Vec<DefId>;
+        if let Some(st) = fast_reject::simplify_type(tcx, trait_ref.self_ty(), TreatParams::AsInfer)
+        {
+            debug!("remove_existing: impl_def_id={:?} st={:?}", impl_def_id, st);
+            vec = self.non_blanket_impls.get_mut(&st).unwrap();
+        } else {
+            debug!("remove_existing: impl_def_id={:?} st=None", impl_def_id);
+            vec = &mut self.blanket_impls;
+        }
+
+        let index = vec.iter().position(|d| *d == impl_def_id).unwrap();
+        vec.remove(index);
+    }
+
+    /// Attempt to insert an impl into this set of children, while comparing for
+    /// specialization relationships.
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        simplified_self: Option<SimplifiedType>,
+        overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    ) -> Result<Inserted, OverlapError> {
+        let mut last_lint = None;
+        let mut replace_children = Vec::new();
+
+        debug!("insert(impl_def_id={:?}, simplified_self={:?})", impl_def_id, simplified_self,);
+
+        let possible_siblings = match simplified_self {
+            Some(st) => PotentialSiblings::Filtered(filtered_children(self, st)),
+            None => PotentialSiblings::Unfiltered(iter_children(self)),
+        };
+
+        for possible_sibling in possible_siblings {
+            debug!(
+                "insert: impl_def_id={:?}, simplified_self={:?}, possible_sibling={:?}",
+                impl_def_id, simplified_self, possible_sibling,
+            );
+
+            let create_overlap_error = |overlap: traits::coherence::OverlapResult<'_>| {
+                let trait_ref = overlap.impl_header.trait_ref.unwrap();
+                let self_ty = trait_ref.self_ty();
+
+                // FIXME: should postpone string formatting until we decide to actually emit.
+                with_no_trimmed_paths!({
+                    OverlapError {
+                        with_impl: possible_sibling,
+                        trait_desc: trait_ref.print_only_trait_path().to_string(),
+                        // Only report the `Self` type if it has at least
+                        // some outer concrete shell; otherwise, it's
+                        // not adding much information.
+                        self_desc: if self_ty.has_concrete_skeleton() {
+                            Some(self_ty.to_string())
+                        } else {
+                            None
+                        },
+                        intercrate_ambiguity_causes: overlap.intercrate_ambiguity_causes,
+                        involves_placeholder: overlap.involves_placeholder,
+                    }
+                })
+            };
+
+            let report_overlap_error = |overlap: traits::coherence::OverlapResult<'_>,
+                                        last_lint: &mut _| {
+                // Found overlap, but no specialization; error out or report future-compat warning.
+
+                // Do we *still* get overlap if we disable the future-incompatible modes?
+                let should_err = traits::overlapping_impls(
+                    tcx,
+                    possible_sibling,
+                    impl_def_id,
+                    traits::SkipLeakCheck::default(),
+                    overlap_mode,
+                    |_| true,
+                    || false,
+                );
+
+                let error = create_overlap_error(overlap);
+
+                if should_err {
+                    Err(error)
+                } else {
+                    *last_lint = Some(FutureCompatOverlapError {
+                        error,
+                        kind: FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind::LeakCheck,
+                    });
+
+                    Ok((false, false))
+                }
+            };
+
+            let last_lint_mut = &mut last_lint;
+            let (le, ge) = traits::overlapping_impls(
+                tcx,
+                possible_sibling,
+                impl_def_id,
+                traits::SkipLeakCheck::Yes,
+                overlap_mode,
+                |overlap| {
+                    if let Some(overlap_kind) =
+                        tcx.impls_are_allowed_to_overlap(impl_def_id, possible_sibling)
+                    {
+                        match overlap_kind {
+                            ty::ImplOverlapKind::Permitted { marker: _ } => {}
+                            ty::ImplOverlapKind::Issue33140 => {
+                                *last_lint_mut = Some(FutureCompatOverlapError {
+                                    error: create_overlap_error(overlap),
+                                    kind: FutureCompatOverlapErrorKind::Issue33140,
+                                });
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        return Ok((false, false));
+                    }
+
+                    let le = tcx.specializes((impl_def_id, possible_sibling));
+                    let ge = tcx.specializes((possible_sibling, impl_def_id));
+
+                    if le == ge {
+                        report_overlap_error(overlap, last_lint_mut)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok((le, ge))
+                    }
+                },
+                || Ok((false, false)),
+            )?;
+
+            if le && !ge {
+                debug!(
+                    "descending as child of TraitRef {:?}",
+                    tcx.impl_trait_ref(possible_sibling).unwrap()
+                );
+
+                // The impl specializes `possible_sibling`.
+                return Ok(Inserted::ShouldRecurseOn(possible_sibling));
+            } else if ge && !le {
+                debug!(
+                    "placing as parent of TraitRef {:?}",
+                    tcx.impl_trait_ref(possible_sibling).unwrap()
+                );
+
+                replace_children.push(possible_sibling);
+            } else {
+                // Either there's no overlap, or the overlap was already reported by
+                // `overlap_error`.
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !replace_children.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(Inserted::ReplaceChildren(replace_children));
+        }
+
+        // No overlap with any potential siblings, so add as a new sibling.
+        debug!("placing as new sibling");
+        self.insert_blindly(tcx, impl_def_id);
+        Ok(Inserted::BecameNewSibling(last_lint))
+    }
+}
+
+fn iter_children(children: &mut Children) -> impl Iterator<Item = DefId> + '_ {
+    let nonblanket = children.non_blanket_impls.iter().flat_map(|(_, v)| v.iter());
+    children.blanket_impls.iter().chain(nonblanket).cloned()
+}
+
+fn filtered_children(
+    children: &mut Children,
+    st: SimplifiedType,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = DefId> + '_ {
+    let nonblanket = children.non_blanket_impls.entry(st).or_default().iter();
+    children.blanket_impls.iter().chain(nonblanket).cloned()
+}
+
+// A custom iterator used by Children::insert
+enum PotentialSiblings<I, J>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = DefId>,
+    J: Iterator<Item = DefId>,
+{
+    Unfiltered(I),
+    Filtered(J),
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Iterator for PotentialSiblings<I, J>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = DefId>,
+    J: Iterator<Item = DefId>,
+{
+    type Item = DefId;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match *self {
+            PotentialSiblings::Unfiltered(ref mut iter) => iter.next(),
+            PotentialSiblings::Filtered(ref mut iter) => iter.next(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait GraphExt {
+    /// Insert a local impl into the specialization graph. If an existing impl
+    /// conflicts with it (has overlap, but neither specializes the other),
+    /// information about the area of overlap is returned in the `Err`.
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    ) -> Result<Option<FutureCompatOverlapError>, OverlapError>;
+
+    /// Insert cached metadata mapping from a child impl back to its parent.
+    fn record_impl_from_cstore(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, parent: DefId, child: DefId);
+}
+
+impl GraphExt for Graph {
+    /// Insert a local impl into the specialization graph. If an existing impl
+    /// conflicts with it (has overlap, but neither specializes the other),
+    /// information about the area of overlap is returned in the `Err`.
+    fn insert(
+        &mut self,
+        tcx: TyCtxt<'_>,
+        impl_def_id: DefId,
+        overlap_mode: OverlapMode,
+    ) -> Result<Option<FutureCompatOverlapError>, OverlapError> {
+        assert!(impl_def_id.is_local());
+
+        let trait_ref = tcx.impl_trait_ref(impl_def_id).unwrap();
+        let trait_def_id = trait_ref.def_id;
+
+        debug!(
+            "insert({:?}): inserting TraitRef {:?} into specialization graph",
+            impl_def_id, trait_ref
+        );
+
+        // If the reference itself contains an earlier error (e.g., due to a
+        // resolution failure), then we just insert the impl at the top level of
+        // the graph and claim that there's no overlap (in order to suppress
+        // bogus errors).
+        if trait_ref.references_error() {
+            debug!(
+                "insert: inserting dummy node for erroneous TraitRef {:?}, \
+                 impl_def_id={:?}, trait_def_id={:?}",
+                trait_ref, impl_def_id, trait_def_id
+            );
+
+            self.parent.insert(impl_def_id, trait_def_id);
+            self.children.entry(trait_def_id).or_default().insert_blindly(tcx, impl_def_id);
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+
+        let mut parent = trait_def_id;
+        let mut last_lint = None;
+        let simplified = fast_reject::simplify_type(tcx, trait_ref.self_ty(), TreatParams::AsInfer);
+
+        // Descend the specialization tree, where `parent` is the current parent node.
+        loop {
+            use self::Inserted::*;
+
+            let insert_result = self.children.entry(parent).or_default().insert(
+                tcx,
+                impl_def_id,
+                simplified,
+                overlap_mode,
+            )?;
+
+            match insert_result {
+                BecameNewSibling(opt_lint) => {
+                    last_lint = opt_lint;
+                    break;
+                }
+                ReplaceChildren(grand_children_to_be) => {
+                    // We currently have
+                    //
+                    //     P
+                    //     |
+                    //     G
+                    //
+                    // and we are inserting the impl N. We want to make it:
+                    //
+                    //     P
+                    //     |
+                    //     N
+                    //     |
+                    //     G
+
+                    // Adjust P's list of children: remove G and then add N.
+                    {
+                        let siblings = self.children.get_mut(&parent).unwrap();
+                        for &grand_child_to_be in &grand_children_to_be {
+                            siblings.remove_existing(tcx, grand_child_to_be);
+                        }
+                        siblings.insert_blindly(tcx, impl_def_id);
+                    }
+
+                    // Set G's parent to N and N's parent to P.
+                    for &grand_child_to_be in &grand_children_to_be {
+                        self.parent.insert(grand_child_to_be, impl_def_id);
+                    }
+                    self.parent.insert(impl_def_id, parent);
+
+                    // Add G as N's child.
+                    for &grand_child_to_be in &grand_children_to_be {
+                        self.children
+                            .entry(impl_def_id)
+                            .or_default()
+                            .insert_blindly(tcx, grand_child_to_be);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                ShouldRecurseOn(new_parent) => {
+                    parent = new_parent;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.parent.insert(impl_def_id, parent);
+        Ok(last_lint)
+    }
+
+    /// Insert cached metadata mapping from a child impl back to its parent.
+    fn record_impl_from_cstore(&mut self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, parent: DefId, child: DefId) {
+        if self.parent.insert(child, parent).is_some() {
+            bug!(
+                "When recording an impl from the crate store, information about its parent \
+                 was already present."
+            );
+        }
+
+        self.children.entry(parent).or_default().insert_blindly(tcx, child);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/structural_match.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/structural_match.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5829a0f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/structural_match.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+use crate::infer::{InferCtxt, TyCtxtInferExt};
+use crate::traits::ObligationCause;
+use crate::traits::{TraitEngine, TraitEngineExt};
+
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_middle::ty::query::Providers;
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeSuperVisitable, TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor};
+use rustc_span::Span;
+use std::ops::ControlFlow;
+
+/// This method traverses the structure of `ty`, trying to find an
+/// instance of an ADT (i.e. struct or enum) that doesn't implement
+/// the structural-match traits, or a generic type parameter
+/// (which cannot be determined to be structural-match).
+///
+/// The "structure of a type" includes all components that would be
+/// considered when doing a pattern match on a constant of that
+/// type.
+///
+///  * This means this method descends into fields of structs/enums,
+///    and also descends into the inner type `T` of `&T` and `&mut T`
+///
+///  * The traversal doesn't dereference unsafe pointers (`*const T`,
+///    `*mut T`), and it does not visit the type arguments of an
+///    instantiated generic like `PhantomData<T>`.
+///
+/// The reason we do this search is Rust currently require all ADTs
+/// reachable from a constant's type to implement the
+/// structural-match traits, which essentially say that
+/// the implementation of `PartialEq::eq` behaves *equivalently* to a
+/// comparison against the unfolded structure.
+///
+/// For more background on why Rust has this requirement, and issues
+/// that arose when the requirement was not enforced completely, see
+/// Rust RFC 1445, rust-lang/rust#61188, and rust-lang/rust#62307.
+pub fn search_for_structural_match_violation<'tcx>(
+    span: Span,
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
+    ty.visit_with(&mut Search { tcx, span, seen: FxHashSet::default(), adt_const_param: false })
+        .break_value()
+}
+
+/// This method traverses the structure of `ty`, trying to find any
+/// types that are not allowed to be used in a const generic.
+///
+/// This is either because the type does not implement `StructuralEq`
+/// and `StructuralPartialEq`, or because the type is intentionally
+/// not supported in const generics (such as floats and raw pointers,
+/// which are allowed in match blocks).
+pub fn search_for_adt_const_param_violation<'tcx>(
+    span: Span,
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
+    ty.visit_with(&mut Search { tcx, span, seen: FxHashSet::default(), adt_const_param: true })
+        .break_value()
+}
+
+/// This method returns true if and only if `adt_ty` itself has been marked as
+/// eligible for structural-match: namely, if it implements both
+/// `StructuralPartialEq` and `StructuralEq` (which are respectively injected by
+/// `#[derive(PartialEq)]` and `#[derive(Eq)]`).
+///
+/// Note that this does *not* recursively check if the substructure of `adt_ty`
+/// implements the traits.
+fn type_marked_structural<'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>,
+    adt_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+) -> bool {
+    let mut fulfillment_cx = <dyn TraitEngine<'tcx>>::new(infcx.tcx);
+    // require `#[derive(PartialEq)]`
+    let structural_peq_def_id =
+        infcx.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::StructuralPeq, Some(cause.span));
+    fulfillment_cx.register_bound(
+        infcx,
+        ty::ParamEnv::empty(),
+        adt_ty,
+        structural_peq_def_id,
+        cause.clone(),
+    );
+    // for now, require `#[derive(Eq)]`. (Doing so is a hack to work around
+    // the type `for<'a> fn(&'a ())` failing to implement `Eq` itself.)
+    let structural_teq_def_id =
+        infcx.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::StructuralTeq, Some(cause.span));
+    fulfillment_cx.register_bound(
+        infcx,
+        ty::ParamEnv::empty(),
+        adt_ty,
+        structural_teq_def_id,
+        cause,
+    );
+
+    // We deliberately skip *reporting* fulfillment errors (via
+    // `report_fulfillment_errors`), for two reasons:
+    //
+    // 1. The error messages would mention `std::marker::StructuralPartialEq`
+    //    (a trait which is solely meant as an implementation detail
+    //    for now), and
+    //
+    // 2. We are sometimes doing future-incompatibility lints for
+    //    now, so we do not want unconditional errors here.
+    fulfillment_cx.select_all_or_error(infcx).is_empty()
+}
+
+/// This implements the traversal over the structure of a given type to try to
+/// find instances of ADTs (specifically structs or enums) that do not implement
+/// the structural-match traits (`StructuralPartialEq` and `StructuralEq`).
+struct Search<'tcx> {
+    span: Span,
+
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+
+    /// Tracks ADTs previously encountered during search, so that
+    /// we will not recur on them again.
+    seen: FxHashSet<hir::def_id::DefId>,
+
+    // Additionally deny things that have been allowed in patterns,
+    // but are not allowed in adt const params, such as floats and
+    // fn ptrs.
+    adt_const_param: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Search<'tcx> {
+    fn type_marked_structural(&self, adt_ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        adt_ty.is_structural_eq_shallow(self.tcx)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<'tcx> for Search<'tcx> {
+    type BreakTy = Ty<'tcx>;
+
+    fn visit_ty(&mut self, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> ControlFlow<Self::BreakTy> {
+        debug!("Search visiting ty: {:?}", ty);
+
+        let (adt_def, substs) = match *ty.kind() {
+            ty::Adt(adt_def, substs) => (adt_def, substs),
+            ty::Param(_) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Dynamic(..) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Foreign(_) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Opaque(..) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Projection(..) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Closure(..) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::Generator(..) | ty::GeneratorWitness(..) => {
+                return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+            }
+            ty::FnDef(..) => {
+                // Types of formals and return in `fn(_) -> _` are also irrelevant;
+                // so we do not recur into them via `super_visit_with`
+                return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+            }
+            ty::Array(_, n)
+                if { n.try_eval_usize(self.tcx, ty::ParamEnv::reveal_all()) == Some(0) } =>
+            {
+                // rust-lang/rust#62336: ignore type of contents
+                // for empty array.
+                return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+            }
+            ty::Bool | ty::Char | ty::Int(_) | ty::Uint(_) | ty::Str | ty::Never => {
+                // These primitive types are always structural match.
+                //
+                // `Never` is kind of special here, but as it is not inhabitable, this should be fine.
+                return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+            }
+
+            ty::FnPtr(..) => {
+                if !self.adt_const_param {
+                    return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+                } else {
+                    return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::RawPtr(..) => {
+                if !self.adt_const_param {
+                    // structural-match ignores substructure of
+                    // `*const _`/`*mut _`, so skip `super_visit_with`.
+                    //
+                    // For example, if you have:
+                    // ```
+                    // struct NonStructural;
+                    // #[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+                    // struct T(*const NonStructural);
+                    // const C: T = T(std::ptr::null());
+                    // ```
+                    //
+                    // Even though `NonStructural` does not implement `PartialEq`,
+                    // structural equality on `T` does not recur into the raw
+                    // pointer. Therefore, one can still use `C` in a pattern.
+                    return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+                } else {
+                    return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Float(_) => {
+                if !self.adt_const_param {
+                    return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+                } else {
+                    return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ty::Array(..) | ty::Slice(_) | ty::Ref(..) | ty::Tuple(..) => {
+                // First check all contained types and then tell the caller to continue searching.
+                return ty.super_visit_with(self);
+            }
+            ty::Infer(_) | ty::Placeholder(_) | ty::Bound(..) => {
+                bug!("unexpected type during structural-match checking: {:?}", ty);
+            }
+            ty::Error(_) => {
+                self.tcx.sess.delay_span_bug(self.span, "ty::Error in structural-match check");
+                // We still want to check other types after encountering an error,
+                // as this may still emit relevant errors.
+                return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if !self.seen.insert(adt_def.did()) {
+            debug!("Search already seen adt_def: {:?}", adt_def);
+            return ControlFlow::CONTINUE;
+        }
+
+        if !self.type_marked_structural(ty) {
+            debug!("Search found ty: {:?}", ty);
+            return ControlFlow::Break(ty);
+        }
+
+        // structural-match does not care about the
+        // instantiation of the generics in an ADT (it
+        // instead looks directly at its fields outside
+        // this match), so we skip super_visit_with.
+        //
+        // (Must not recur on substs for `PhantomData<T>` cf
+        // rust-lang/rust#55028 and rust-lang/rust#55837; but also
+        // want to skip substs when only uses of generic are
+        // behind unsafe pointers `*const T`/`*mut T`.)
+
+        // even though we skip super_visit_with, we must recur on
+        // fields of ADT.
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        adt_def.all_fields().map(|field| field.ty(tcx, substs)).try_for_each(|field_ty| {
+            let ty = self.tcx.normalize_erasing_regions(ty::ParamEnv::empty(), field_ty);
+            debug!("structural-match ADT: field_ty={:?}, ty={:?}", field_ty, ty);
+            ty.visit_with(self)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn provide(providers: &mut Providers) {
+    providers.has_structural_eq_impls = |tcx, ty| {
+        tcx.infer_ctxt().enter(|infcx| {
+            let cause = ObligationCause::dummy();
+            type_marked_structural(&infcx, ty, cause)
+        })
+    };
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/util.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/util.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d25006016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+use rustc_errors::Diagnostic;
+use rustc_span::Span;
+use smallvec::smallvec;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+use rustc_data_structures::fx::FxHashSet;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, Subst, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ImplSubject, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+
+use super::{Normalized, Obligation, ObligationCause, PredicateObligation, SelectionContext};
+pub use rustc_infer::traits::{self, util::*};
+
+use std::iter;
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// `TraitAliasExpander` iterator
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// "Trait alias expansion" is the process of expanding a sequence of trait
+/// references into another sequence by transitively following all trait
+/// aliases. e.g. If you have bounds like `Foo + Send`, a trait alias
+/// `trait Foo = Bar + Sync;`, and another trait alias
+/// `trait Bar = Read + Write`, then the bounds would expand to
+/// `Read + Write + Sync + Send`.
+/// Expansion is done via a DFS (depth-first search), and the `visited` field
+/// is used to avoid cycles.
+pub struct TraitAliasExpander<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    stack: Vec<TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+/// Stores information about the expansion of a trait via a path of zero or more trait aliases.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx> {
+    pub path: SmallVec<[(ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, Span); 4]>,
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx> {
+    fn new(trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Self { path: smallvec![(trait_ref, span)] }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds diagnostic labels to `diag` for the expansion path of a trait through all intermediate
+    /// trait aliases.
+    pub fn label_with_exp_info(&self, diag: &mut Diagnostic, top_label: &str, use_desc: &str) {
+        diag.span_label(self.top().1, top_label);
+        if self.path.len() > 1 {
+            for (_, sp) in self.path.iter().rev().skip(1).take(self.path.len() - 2) {
+                diag.span_label(*sp, format!("referenced here ({})", use_desc));
+            }
+        }
+        if self.top().1 != self.bottom().1 {
+            // When the trait object is in a return type these two spans match, we don't want
+            // redundant labels.
+            diag.span_label(
+                self.bottom().1,
+                format!("trait alias used in trait object type ({})", use_desc),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trait_ref(&self) -> ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx> {
+        self.top().0
+    }
+
+    pub fn top(&self) -> &(ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, Span) {
+        self.path.last().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    pub fn bottom(&self) -> &(ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, Span) {
+        self.path.first().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn clone_and_push(&self, trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, span: Span) -> Self {
+        let mut path = self.path.clone();
+        path.push((trait_ref, span));
+
+        Self { path }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn expand_trait_aliases<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_refs: impl Iterator<Item = (ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>, Span)>,
+) -> TraitAliasExpander<'tcx> {
+    let items: Vec<_> =
+        trait_refs.map(|(trait_ref, span)| TraitAliasExpansionInfo::new(trait_ref, span)).collect();
+    TraitAliasExpander { tcx, stack: items }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> TraitAliasExpander<'tcx> {
+    /// If `item` is a trait alias and its predicate has not yet been visited, then expands `item`
+    /// to the definition, pushes the resulting expansion onto `self.stack`, and returns `false`.
+    /// Otherwise, immediately returns `true` if `item` is a regular trait, or `false` if it is a
+    /// trait alias.
+    /// The return value indicates whether `item` should be yielded to the user.
+    fn expand(&mut self, item: &TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx>) -> bool {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        let trait_ref = item.trait_ref();
+        let pred = trait_ref.without_const().to_predicate(tcx);
+
+        debug!("expand_trait_aliases: trait_ref={:?}", trait_ref);
+
+        // Don't recurse if this bound is not a trait alias.
+        let is_alias = tcx.is_trait_alias(trait_ref.def_id());
+        if !is_alias {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // Don't recurse if this trait alias is already on the stack for the DFS search.
+        let anon_pred = anonymize_predicate(tcx, pred);
+        if item.path.iter().rev().skip(1).any(|&(tr, _)| {
+            anonymize_predicate(tcx, tr.without_const().to_predicate(tcx)) == anon_pred
+        }) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Get components of trait alias.
+        let predicates = tcx.super_predicates_of(trait_ref.def_id());
+        debug!(?predicates);
+
+        let items = predicates.predicates.iter().rev().filter_map(|(pred, span)| {
+            pred.subst_supertrait(tcx, &trait_ref)
+                .to_opt_poly_trait_pred()
+                .map(|trait_ref| item.clone_and_push(trait_ref.map_bound(|t| t.trait_ref), *span))
+        });
+        debug!("expand_trait_aliases: items={:?}", items.clone().collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+        self.stack.extend(items);
+
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> Iterator for TraitAliasExpander<'tcx> {
+    type Item = TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx>;
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.stack.len(), None)
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<TraitAliasExpansionInfo<'tcx>> {
+        while let Some(item) = self.stack.pop() {
+            if self.expand(&item) {
+                return Some(item);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Iterator over def-IDs of supertraits
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+pub struct SupertraitDefIds<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    stack: Vec<DefId>,
+    visited: FxHashSet<DefId>,
+}
+
+pub fn supertrait_def_ids(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, trait_def_id: DefId) -> SupertraitDefIds<'_> {
+    SupertraitDefIds {
+        tcx,
+        stack: vec![trait_def_id],
+        visited: Some(trait_def_id).into_iter().collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for SupertraitDefIds<'_> {
+    type Item = DefId;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<DefId> {
+        let def_id = self.stack.pop()?;
+        let predicates = self.tcx.super_predicates_of(def_id);
+        let visited = &mut self.visited;
+        self.stack.extend(
+            predicates
+                .predicates
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|(pred, _)| pred.to_opt_poly_trait_pred())
+                .map(|trait_ref| trait_ref.def_id())
+                .filter(|&super_def_id| visited.insert(super_def_id)),
+        );
+        Some(def_id)
+    }
+}
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Other
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/// Instantiate all bound parameters of the impl subject with the given substs,
+/// returning the resulting subject and all obligations that arise.
+/// The obligations are closed under normalization.
+pub fn impl_subject_and_oblig<'a, 'tcx>(
+    selcx: &mut SelectionContext<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    impl_def_id: DefId,
+    impl_substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+) -> (ImplSubject<'tcx>, impl Iterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>>) {
+    let subject = selcx.tcx().bound_impl_subject(impl_def_id);
+    let subject = subject.subst(selcx.tcx(), impl_substs);
+    let Normalized { value: subject, obligations: normalization_obligations1 } =
+        super::normalize(selcx, param_env, ObligationCause::dummy(), subject);
+
+    let predicates = selcx.tcx().predicates_of(impl_def_id);
+    let predicates = predicates.instantiate(selcx.tcx(), impl_substs);
+    let Normalized { value: predicates, obligations: normalization_obligations2 } =
+        super::normalize(selcx, param_env, ObligationCause::dummy(), predicates);
+    let impl_obligations =
+        predicates_for_generics(ObligationCause::dummy(), 0, param_env, predicates);
+
+    let impl_obligations = impl_obligations
+        .chain(normalization_obligations1.into_iter())
+        .chain(normalization_obligations2.into_iter());
+
+    (subject, impl_obligations)
+}
+
+pub fn predicates_for_generics<'tcx>(
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    recursion_depth: usize,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    generic_bounds: ty::InstantiatedPredicates<'tcx>,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+    debug!("predicates_for_generics(generic_bounds={:?})", generic_bounds);
+
+    iter::zip(generic_bounds.predicates, generic_bounds.spans).map(move |(predicate, span)| {
+        let cause = match *cause.code() {
+            traits::ItemObligation(def_id) if !span.is_dummy() => traits::ObligationCause::new(
+                cause.span,
+                cause.body_id,
+                traits::BindingObligation(def_id, span),
+            ),
+            _ => cause.clone(),
+        };
+        Obligation { cause, recursion_depth, param_env, predicate }
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn predicate_for_trait_ref<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    recursion_depth: usize,
+) -> PredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+    Obligation {
+        cause,
+        param_env,
+        recursion_depth,
+        predicate: ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(tcx),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn predicate_for_trait_def<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    cause: ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    trait_def_id: DefId,
+    recursion_depth: usize,
+    self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    params: &[GenericArg<'tcx>],
+) -> PredicateObligation<'tcx> {
+    let trait_ref =
+        ty::TraitRef { def_id: trait_def_id, substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(self_ty, params) };
+    predicate_for_trait_ref(tcx, cause, param_env, trait_ref, recursion_depth)
+}
+
+/// Casts a trait reference into a reference to one of its super
+/// traits; returns `None` if `target_trait_def_id` is not a
+/// supertrait.
+pub fn upcast_choices<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    source_trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+    target_trait_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Vec<ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>> {
+    if source_trait_ref.def_id() == target_trait_def_id {
+        return vec![source_trait_ref]; // Shortcut the most common case.
+    }
+
+    supertraits(tcx, source_trait_ref).filter(|r| r.def_id() == target_trait_def_id).collect()
+}
+
+/// Given a trait `trait_ref`, returns the number of vtable entries
+/// that come from `trait_ref`, excluding its supertraits. Used in
+/// computing the vtable base for an upcast trait of a trait object.
+pub fn count_own_vtable_entries<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: ty::PolyTraitRef<'tcx>,
+) -> usize {
+    let existential_trait_ref =
+        trait_ref.map_bound(|trait_ref| ty::ExistentialTraitRef::erase_self_ty(tcx, trait_ref));
+    let existential_trait_ref = tcx.erase_regions(existential_trait_ref);
+    tcx.own_existential_vtable_entries(existential_trait_ref).len()
+}
+
+/// Given an upcast trait object described by `object`, returns the
+/// index of the method `method_def_id` (which should be part of
+/// `object.upcast_trait_ref`) within the vtable for `object`.
+pub fn get_vtable_index_of_object_method<'tcx, N>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    object: &super::ImplSourceObjectData<'tcx, N>,
+    method_def_id: DefId,
+) -> Option<usize> {
+    let existential_trait_ref = object
+        .upcast_trait_ref
+        .map_bound(|trait_ref| ty::ExistentialTraitRef::erase_self_ty(tcx, trait_ref));
+    let existential_trait_ref = tcx.erase_regions(existential_trait_ref);
+
+    // Count number of methods preceding the one we are selecting and
+    // add them to the total offset.
+    if let Some(index) = tcx
+        .own_existential_vtable_entries(existential_trait_ref)
+        .iter()
+        .copied()
+        .position(|def_id| def_id == method_def_id)
+    {
+        Some(object.vtable_base + index)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn closure_trait_ref_and_return_type<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    fn_trait_def_id: DefId,
+    self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    sig: ty::PolyFnSig<'tcx>,
+    tuple_arguments: TupleArgumentsFlag,
+) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, (ty::TraitRef<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
+    let arguments_tuple = match tuple_arguments {
+        TupleArgumentsFlag::No => sig.skip_binder().inputs()[0],
+        TupleArgumentsFlag::Yes => tcx.intern_tup(sig.skip_binder().inputs()),
+    };
+    debug_assert!(!self_ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+    let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+        def_id: fn_trait_def_id,
+        substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(self_ty, &[arguments_tuple.into()]),
+    };
+    sig.map_bound(|sig| (trait_ref, sig.output()))
+}
+
+pub fn generator_trait_ref_and_outputs<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    fn_trait_def_id: DefId,
+    self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    sig: ty::PolyGenSig<'tcx>,
+) -> ty::Binder<'tcx, (ty::TraitRef<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>)> {
+    debug_assert!(!self_ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+    let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+        def_id: fn_trait_def_id,
+        substs: tcx.mk_substs_trait(self_ty, &[sig.skip_binder().resume_ty.into()]),
+    };
+    sig.map_bound(|sig| (trait_ref, sig.yield_ty, sig.return_ty))
+}
+
+pub fn impl_item_is_final(tcx: TyCtxt<'_>, assoc_item: &ty::AssocItem) -> bool {
+    assoc_item.defaultness(tcx).is_final()
+        && tcx.impl_defaultness(assoc_item.container_id(tcx)).is_final()
+}
+
+pub enum TupleArgumentsFlag {
+    Yes,
+    No,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/wf.rs b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/wf.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..414857f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/rustc_trait_selection/src/traits/wf.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,888 @@
+use crate::infer::InferCtxt;
+use crate::traits;
+use rustc_hir as hir;
+use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
+use rustc_hir::lang_items::LangItem;
+use rustc_middle::ty::subst::{GenericArg, GenericArgKind, SubstsRef};
+use rustc_middle::ty::{self, ToPredicate, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeVisitable};
+use rustc_span::Span;
+
+use std::iter;
+/// Returns the set of obligations needed to make `arg` well-formed.
+/// If `arg` contains unresolved inference variables, this may include
+/// further WF obligations. However, if `arg` IS an unresolved
+/// inference variable, returns `None`, because we are not able to
+/// make any progress at all. This is to prevent "livelock" where we
+/// say "$0 is WF if $0 is WF".
+pub fn obligations<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    body_id: hir::HirId,
+    recursion_depth: usize,
+    arg: GenericArg<'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Option<Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>> {
+    // Handle the "livelock" case (see comment above) by bailing out if necessary.
+    let arg = match arg.unpack() {
+        GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => {
+            match ty.kind() {
+                ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
+                    let resolved_ty = infcx.shallow_resolve(ty);
+                    if resolved_ty == ty {
+                        // No progress, bail out to prevent "livelock".
+                        return None;
+                    }
+
+                    resolved_ty
+                }
+                _ => ty,
+            }
+            .into()
+        }
+        GenericArgKind::Const(ct) => {
+            match ct.kind() {
+                ty::ConstKind::Infer(infer) => {
+                    let resolved = infcx.shallow_resolve(infer);
+                    if resolved == infer {
+                        // No progress.
+                        return None;
+                    }
+
+                    infcx
+                        .tcx
+                        .mk_const(ty::ConstS { kind: ty::ConstKind::Infer(resolved), ty: ct.ty() })
+                }
+                _ => ct,
+            }
+            .into()
+        }
+        // There is nothing we have to do for lifetimes.
+        GenericArgKind::Lifetime(..) => return Some(Vec::new()),
+    };
+
+    let mut wf = WfPredicates {
+        tcx: infcx.tcx,
+        param_env,
+        body_id,
+        span,
+        out: vec![],
+        recursion_depth,
+        item: None,
+    };
+    wf.compute(arg);
+    debug!("wf::obligations({:?}, body_id={:?}) = {:?}", arg, body_id, wf.out);
+
+    let result = wf.normalize(infcx);
+    debug!("wf::obligations({:?}, body_id={:?}) ~~> {:?}", arg, body_id, result);
+    Some(result)
+}
+
+/// Returns the obligations that make this trait reference
+/// well-formed.  For example, if there is a trait `Set` defined like
+/// `trait Set<K:Eq>`, then the trait reference `Foo: Set<Bar>` is WF
+/// if `Bar: Eq`.
+pub fn trait_obligations<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    body_id: hir::HirId,
+    trait_pred: &ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+    item: &'tcx hir::Item<'tcx>,
+) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+    let mut wf = WfPredicates {
+        tcx: infcx.tcx,
+        param_env,
+        body_id,
+        span,
+        out: vec![],
+        recursion_depth: 0,
+        item: Some(item),
+    };
+    wf.compute_trait_pred(trait_pred, Elaborate::All);
+    debug!(obligations = ?wf.out);
+    wf.normalize(infcx)
+}
+
+pub fn predicate_obligations<'a, 'tcx>(
+    infcx: &InferCtxt<'a, 'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    body_id: hir::HirId,
+    predicate: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+    span: Span,
+) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+    let mut wf = WfPredicates {
+        tcx: infcx.tcx,
+        param_env,
+        body_id,
+        span,
+        out: vec![],
+        recursion_depth: 0,
+        item: None,
+    };
+
+    // It's ok to skip the binder here because wf code is prepared for it
+    match predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+        ty::PredicateKind::Trait(t) => {
+            wf.compute_trait_pred(&t, Elaborate::None);
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..) => {}
+        ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ty, _reg)) => {
+            wf.compute(ty.into());
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::Projection(t) => {
+            wf.compute_projection(t.projection_ty);
+            wf.compute(match t.term {
+                ty::Term::Ty(ty) => ty.into(),
+                ty::Term::Const(c) => c.into(),
+            })
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg) => {
+            wf.compute(arg);
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(_) => {}
+        ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..) => {}
+        ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(ty::SubtypePredicate { a, b, a_is_expected: _ }) => {
+            wf.compute(a.into());
+            wf.compute(b.into());
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(ty::CoercePredicate { a, b }) => {
+            wf.compute(a.into());
+            wf.compute(b.into());
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv) => {
+            let obligations = wf.nominal_obligations(uv.def.did, uv.substs);
+            wf.out.extend(obligations);
+
+            for arg in uv.substs.iter() {
+                wf.compute(arg);
+            }
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(c1, c2) => {
+            wf.compute(c1.into());
+            wf.compute(c2.into());
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => {
+            bug!("TypeWellFormedFromEnv is only used for Chalk")
+        }
+    }
+
+    wf.normalize(infcx)
+}
+
+struct WfPredicates<'tcx> {
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    param_env: ty::ParamEnv<'tcx>,
+    body_id: hir::HirId,
+    span: Span,
+    out: Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>>,
+    recursion_depth: usize,
+    item: Option<&'tcx hir::Item<'tcx>>,
+}
+
+/// Controls whether we "elaborate" supertraits and so forth on the WF
+/// predicates. This is a kind of hack to address #43784. The
+/// underlying problem in that issue was a trait structure like:
+///
+/// ```ignore (illustrative)
+/// trait Foo: Copy { }
+/// trait Bar: Foo { }
+/// impl<T: Bar> Foo for T { }
+/// impl<T> Bar for T { }
+/// ```
+///
+/// Here, in the `Foo` impl, we will check that `T: Copy` holds -- but
+/// we decide that this is true because `T: Bar` is in the
+/// where-clauses (and we can elaborate that to include `T:
+/// Copy`). This wouldn't be a problem, except that when we check the
+/// `Bar` impl, we decide that `T: Foo` must hold because of the `Foo`
+/// impl. And so nowhere did we check that `T: Copy` holds!
+///
+/// To resolve this, we elaborate the WF requirements that must be
+/// proven when checking impls. This means that (e.g.) the `impl Bar
+/// for T` will be forced to prove not only that `T: Foo` but also `T:
+/// Copy` (which it won't be able to do, because there is no `Copy`
+/// impl for `T`).
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone)]
+enum Elaborate {
+    All,
+    None,
+}
+
+fn extend_cause_with_original_assoc_item_obligation<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    trait_ref: &ty::TraitRef<'tcx>,
+    item: Option<&hir::Item<'tcx>>,
+    cause: &mut traits::ObligationCause<'tcx>,
+    pred: ty::Predicate<'tcx>,
+) {
+    debug!(
+        "extended_cause_with_original_assoc_item_obligation {:?} {:?} {:?} {:?}",
+        trait_ref, item, cause, pred
+    );
+    let (items, impl_def_id) = match item {
+        Some(hir::Item { kind: hir::ItemKind::Impl(impl_), def_id, .. }) => (impl_.items, *def_id),
+        _ => return,
+    };
+    let fix_span =
+        |impl_item_ref: &hir::ImplItemRef| match tcx.hir().impl_item(impl_item_ref.id).kind {
+            hir::ImplItemKind::Const(ty, _) | hir::ImplItemKind::TyAlias(ty) => ty.span,
+            _ => impl_item_ref.span,
+        };
+
+    // It is fine to skip the binder as we don't care about regions here.
+    match pred.kind().skip_binder() {
+        ty::PredicateKind::Projection(proj) => {
+            // The obligation comes not from the current `impl` nor the `trait` being implemented,
+            // but rather from a "second order" obligation, where an associated type has a
+            // projection coming from another associated type. See
+            // `src/test/ui/associated-types/point-at-type-on-obligation-failure.rs` and
+            // `traits-assoc-type-in-supertrait-bad.rs`.
+            if let Some(ty::Projection(projection_ty)) = proj.term.ty().map(|ty| ty.kind())
+                && let Some(&impl_item_id) =
+                    tcx.impl_item_implementor_ids(impl_def_id).get(&projection_ty.item_def_id)
+                && let Some(impl_item_span) = items
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|item| item.id.def_id.to_def_id() == impl_item_id)
+                    .map(fix_span)
+            {
+                cause.span = impl_item_span;
+            }
+        }
+        ty::PredicateKind::Trait(pred) => {
+            // An associated item obligation born out of the `trait` failed to be met. An example
+            // can be seen in `ui/associated-types/point-at-type-on-obligation-failure-2.rs`.
+            debug!("extended_cause_with_original_assoc_item_obligation trait proj {:?}", pred);
+            if let ty::Projection(ty::ProjectionTy { item_def_id, .. }) = *pred.self_ty().kind()
+                && let Some(&impl_item_id) =
+                    tcx.impl_item_implementor_ids(impl_def_id).get(&item_def_id)
+                && let Some(impl_item_span) = items
+                    .iter()
+                    .find(|item| item.id.def_id.to_def_id() == impl_item_id)
+                    .map(fix_span)
+            {
+                cause.span = impl_item_span;
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'tcx> WfPredicates<'tcx> {
+    fn tcx(&self) -> TyCtxt<'tcx> {
+        self.tcx
+    }
+
+    fn cause(&self, code: traits::ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>) -> traits::ObligationCause<'tcx> {
+        traits::ObligationCause::new(self.span, self.body_id, code)
+    }
+
+    fn normalize(self, infcx: &InferCtxt<'_, 'tcx>) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+        let param_env = self.param_env;
+        let mut obligations = Vec::with_capacity(self.out.len());
+        for mut obligation in self.out {
+            assert!(!obligation.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+            let mut selcx = traits::SelectionContext::new(infcx);
+            // Don't normalize the whole obligation, the param env is either
+            // already normalized, or we're currently normalizing the
+            // param_env. Either way we should only normalize the predicate.
+            let normalized_predicate = traits::project::normalize_with_depth_to(
+                &mut selcx,
+                param_env,
+                cause.clone(),
+                self.recursion_depth,
+                obligation.predicate,
+                &mut obligations,
+            );
+            obligation.predicate = normalized_predicate;
+            obligations.push(obligation);
+        }
+        obligations
+    }
+
+    /// Pushes the obligations required for `trait_ref` to be WF into `self.out`.
+    fn compute_trait_pred(&mut self, trait_pred: &ty::TraitPredicate<'tcx>, elaborate: Elaborate) {
+        let tcx = self.tcx;
+        let trait_ref = &trait_pred.trait_ref;
+
+        // if the trait predicate is not const, the wf obligations should not be const as well.
+        let obligations = if trait_pred.constness == ty::BoundConstness::NotConst {
+            self.nominal_obligations_without_const(trait_ref.def_id, trait_ref.substs)
+        } else {
+            self.nominal_obligations(trait_ref.def_id, trait_ref.substs)
+        };
+
+        debug!("compute_trait_pred obligations {:?}", obligations);
+        let param_env = self.param_env;
+        let depth = self.recursion_depth;
+
+        let item = self.item;
+
+        let extend = |traits::PredicateObligation { predicate, mut cause, .. }| {
+            if let Some(parent_trait_pred) = predicate.to_opt_poly_trait_pred() {
+                cause = cause.derived_cause(
+                    parent_trait_pred,
+                    traits::ObligationCauseCode::DerivedObligation,
+                );
+            }
+            extend_cause_with_original_assoc_item_obligation(
+                tcx, trait_ref, item, &mut cause, predicate,
+            );
+            traits::Obligation::with_depth(cause, depth, param_env, predicate)
+        };
+
+        if let Elaborate::All = elaborate {
+            let implied_obligations = traits::util::elaborate_obligations(tcx, obligations);
+            let implied_obligations = implied_obligations.map(extend);
+            self.out.extend(implied_obligations);
+        } else {
+            self.out.extend(obligations);
+        }
+
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        self.out.extend(
+            trait_ref
+                .substs
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .filter(|(_, arg)| {
+                    matches!(arg.unpack(), GenericArgKind::Type(..) | GenericArgKind::Const(..))
+                })
+                .filter(|(_, arg)| !arg.has_escaping_bound_vars())
+                .map(|(i, arg)| {
+                    let mut cause = traits::ObligationCause::misc(self.span, self.body_id);
+                    // The first subst is the self ty - use the correct span for it.
+                    if i == 0 {
+                        if let Some(hir::ItemKind::Impl(hir::Impl { self_ty, .. })) =
+                            item.map(|i| &i.kind)
+                        {
+                            cause.span = self_ty.span;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause,
+                        depth,
+                        param_env,
+                        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg)).to_predicate(tcx),
+                    )
+                }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Pushes the obligations required for `trait_ref::Item` to be WF
+    /// into `self.out`.
+    fn compute_projection(&mut self, data: ty::ProjectionTy<'tcx>) {
+        // A projection is well-formed if
+        //
+        // (a) its predicates hold (*)
+        // (b) its substs are wf
+        //
+        // (*) The predicates of an associated type include the predicates of
+        //     the trait that it's contained in. For example, given
+        //
+        // trait A<T>: Clone {
+        //     type X where T: Copy;
+        // }
+        //
+        // The predicates of `<() as A<i32>>::X` are:
+        // [
+        //     `(): Sized`
+        //     `(): Clone`
+        //     `(): A<i32>`
+        //     `i32: Sized`
+        //     `i32: Clone`
+        //     `i32: Copy`
+        // ]
+        let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(data.item_def_id, data.substs);
+        self.out.extend(obligations);
+
+        let tcx = self.tcx();
+        let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+        let param_env = self.param_env;
+        let depth = self.recursion_depth;
+
+        self.out.extend(
+            data.substs
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|arg| {
+                    matches!(arg.unpack(), GenericArgKind::Type(..) | GenericArgKind::Const(..))
+                })
+                .filter(|arg| !arg.has_escaping_bound_vars())
+                .map(|arg| {
+                    traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause.clone(),
+                        depth,
+                        param_env,
+                        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(arg)).to_predicate(tcx),
+                    )
+                }),
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn require_sized(&mut self, subty: Ty<'tcx>, cause: traits::ObligationCauseCode<'tcx>) {
+        if !subty.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
+            let cause = self.cause(cause);
+            let trait_ref = ty::TraitRef {
+                def_id: self.tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Sized, None),
+                substs: self.tcx.mk_substs_trait(subty, &[]),
+            };
+            self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                cause,
+                self.recursion_depth,
+                self.param_env,
+                ty::Binder::dummy(trait_ref).without_const().to_predicate(self.tcx),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Pushes all the predicates needed to validate that `ty` is WF into `out`.
+    fn compute(&mut self, arg: GenericArg<'tcx>) {
+        let mut walker = arg.walk();
+        let param_env = self.param_env;
+        let depth = self.recursion_depth;
+        while let Some(arg) = walker.next() {
+            let ty = match arg.unpack() {
+                GenericArgKind::Type(ty) => ty,
+
+                // No WF constraints for lifetimes being present, any outlives
+                // obligations are handled by the parent (e.g. `ty::Ref`).
+                GenericArgKind::Lifetime(_) => continue,
+
+                GenericArgKind::Const(constant) => {
+                    match constant.kind() {
+                        ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(uv) => {
+                            let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(uv.def.did, uv.substs);
+                            self.out.extend(obligations);
+
+                            let predicate =
+                                ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(uv.shrink()))
+                                    .to_predicate(self.tcx());
+                            let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+                            self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                                cause,
+                                self.recursion_depth,
+                                self.param_env,
+                                predicate,
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        ty::ConstKind::Infer(_) => {
+                            let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+
+                            self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                                cause,
+                                self.recursion_depth,
+                                self.param_env,
+                                ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(constant.into()))
+                                    .to_predicate(self.tcx()),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        ty::ConstKind::Error(_)
+                        | ty::ConstKind::Param(_)
+                        | ty::ConstKind::Bound(..)
+                        | ty::ConstKind::Placeholder(..) => {
+                            // These variants are trivially WF, so nothing to do here.
+                        }
+                        ty::ConstKind::Value(..) => {
+                            // FIXME: Enforce that values are structurally-matchable.
+                        }
+                    }
+                    continue;
+                }
+            };
+
+            match *ty.kind() {
+                ty::Bool
+                | ty::Char
+                | ty::Int(..)
+                | ty::Uint(..)
+                | ty::Float(..)
+                | ty::Error(_)
+                | ty::Str
+                | ty::GeneratorWitness(..)
+                | ty::Never
+                | ty::Param(_)
+                | ty::Bound(..)
+                | ty::Placeholder(..)
+                | ty::Foreign(..) => {
+                    // WfScalar, WfParameter, etc
+                }
+
+                // Can only infer to `ty::Int(_) | ty::Uint(_)`.
+                ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_)) => {}
+
+                // Can only infer to `ty::Float(_)`.
+                ty::Infer(ty::FloatVar(_)) => {}
+
+                ty::Slice(subty) => {
+                    self.require_sized(subty, traits::SliceOrArrayElem);
+                }
+
+                ty::Array(subty, _) => {
+                    self.require_sized(subty, traits::SliceOrArrayElem);
+                    // Note that we handle the len is implicitly checked while walking `arg`.
+                }
+
+                ty::Tuple(ref tys) => {
+                    if let Some((_last, rest)) = tys.split_last() {
+                        for &elem in rest {
+                            self.require_sized(elem, traits::TupleElem);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::RawPtr(_) => {
+                    // Simple cases that are WF if their type args are WF.
+                }
+
+                ty::Projection(data) => {
+                    walker.skip_current_subtree(); // Subtree handled by compute_projection.
+                    self.compute_projection(data);
+                }
+
+                ty::Adt(def, substs) => {
+                    // WfNominalType
+                    let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(def.did(), substs);
+                    self.out.extend(obligations);
+                }
+
+                ty::FnDef(did, substs) => {
+                    let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(did, substs);
+                    self.out.extend(obligations);
+                }
+
+                ty::Ref(r, rty, _) => {
+                    // WfReference
+                    if !r.has_escaping_bound_vars() && !rty.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
+                        let cause = self.cause(traits::ReferenceOutlivesReferent(ty));
+                        self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                            cause,
+                            depth,
+                            param_env,
+                            ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(
+                                ty::OutlivesPredicate(rty, r),
+                            ))
+                            .to_predicate(self.tcx()),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::Generator(did, substs, ..) => {
+                    // Walk ALL the types in the generator: this will
+                    // include the upvar types as well as the yield
+                    // type. Note that this is mildly distinct from
+                    // the closure case, where we have to be careful
+                    // about the signature of the closure. We don't
+                    // have the problem of implied bounds here since
+                    // generators don't take arguments.
+                    let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(did, substs);
+                    self.out.extend(obligations);
+                }
+
+                ty::Closure(did, substs) => {
+                    // Only check the upvar types for WF, not the rest
+                    // of the types within. This is needed because we
+                    // capture the signature and it may not be WF
+                    // without the implied bounds. Consider a closure
+                    // like `|x: &'a T|` -- it may be that `T: 'a` is
+                    // not known to hold in the creator's context (and
+                    // indeed the closure may not be invoked by its
+                    // creator, but rather turned to someone who *can*
+                    // verify that).
+                    //
+                    // The special treatment of closures here really
+                    // ought not to be necessary either; the problem
+                    // is related to #25860 -- there is no way for us
+                    // to express a fn type complete with the implied
+                    // bounds that it is assuming. I think in reality
+                    // the WF rules around fn are a bit messed up, and
+                    // that is the rot problem: `fn(&'a T)` should
+                    // probably always be WF, because it should be
+                    // shorthand for something like `where(T: 'a) {
+                    // fn(&'a T) }`, as discussed in #25860.
+                    walker.skip_current_subtree(); // subtree handled below
+                    // FIXME(eddyb) add the type to `walker` instead of recursing.
+                    self.compute(substs.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty().into());
+                    // Note that we cannot skip the generic types
+                    // types. Normally, within the fn
+                    // body where they are created, the generics will
+                    // always be WF, and outside of that fn body we
+                    // are not directly inspecting closure types
+                    // anyway, except via auto trait matching (which
+                    // only inspects the upvar types).
+                    // But when a closure is part of a type-alias-impl-trait
+                    // then the function that created the defining site may
+                    // have had more bounds available than the type alias
+                    // specifies. This may cause us to have a closure in the
+                    // hidden type that is not actually well formed and
+                    // can cause compiler crashes when the user abuses unsafe
+                    // code to procure such a closure.
+                    // See src/test/ui/type-alias-impl-trait/wf_check_closures.rs
+                    let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(did, substs);
+                    self.out.extend(obligations);
+                }
+
+                ty::FnPtr(_) => {
+                    // let the loop iterate into the argument/return
+                    // types appearing in the fn signature
+                }
+
+                ty::Opaque(did, substs) => {
+                    // All of the requirements on type parameters
+                    // have already been checked for `impl Trait` in
+                    // return position. We do need to check type-alias-impl-trait though.
+                    if ty::is_impl_trait_defn(self.tcx, did).is_none() {
+                        let obligations = self.nominal_obligations(did, substs);
+                        self.out.extend(obligations);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ty::Dynamic(data, r) => {
+                    // WfObject
+                    //
+                    // Here, we defer WF checking due to higher-ranked
+                    // regions. This is perhaps not ideal.
+                    self.from_object_ty(ty, data, r);
+
+                    // FIXME(#27579) RFC also considers adding trait
+                    // obligations that don't refer to Self and
+                    // checking those
+
+                    let defer_to_coercion = self.tcx().features().object_safe_for_dispatch;
+
+                    if !defer_to_coercion {
+                        let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+                        let component_traits = data.auto_traits().chain(data.principal_def_id());
+                        let tcx = self.tcx();
+                        self.out.extend(component_traits.map(|did| {
+                            traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                                cause.clone(),
+                                depth,
+                                param_env,
+                                ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(did))
+                                    .to_predicate(tcx),
+                            )
+                        }));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Inference variables are the complicated case, since we don't
+                // know what type they are. We do two things:
+                //
+                // 1. Check if they have been resolved, and if so proceed with
+                //    THAT type.
+                // 2. If not, we've at least simplified things (e.g., we went
+                //    from `Vec<$0>: WF` to `$0: WF`), so we can
+                //    register a pending obligation and keep
+                //    moving. (Goal is that an "inductive hypothesis"
+                //    is satisfied to ensure termination.)
+                // See also the comment on `fn obligations`, describing "livelock"
+                // prevention, which happens before this can be reached.
+                ty::Infer(_) => {
+                    let cause = self.cause(traits::WellFormed(None));
+                    self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                        cause,
+                        self.recursion_depth,
+                        param_env,
+                        ty::Binder::dummy(ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(ty.into()))
+                            .to_predicate(self.tcx()),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[instrument(level = "debug", skip(self))]
+    fn nominal_obligations_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+        remap_constness: bool,
+    ) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        let predicates = self.tcx.predicates_of(def_id);
+        let mut origins = vec![def_id; predicates.predicates.len()];
+        let mut head = predicates;
+        while let Some(parent) = head.parent {
+            head = self.tcx.predicates_of(parent);
+            origins.extend(iter::repeat(parent).take(head.predicates.len()));
+        }
+
+        let predicates = predicates.instantiate(self.tcx, substs);
+        trace!("{:#?}", predicates);
+        debug_assert_eq!(predicates.predicates.len(), origins.len());
+
+        iter::zip(iter::zip(predicates.predicates, predicates.spans), origins.into_iter().rev())
+            .map(|((mut pred, span), origin_def_id)| {
+                let code = if span.is_dummy() {
+                    traits::MiscObligation
+                } else {
+                    traits::BindingObligation(origin_def_id, span)
+                };
+                let cause = self.cause(code);
+                if remap_constness {
+                    pred = pred.without_const(self.tcx);
+                }
+                traits::Obligation::with_depth(cause, self.recursion_depth, self.param_env, pred)
+            })
+            .filter(|pred| !pred.has_escaping_bound_vars())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    fn nominal_obligations(
+        &mut self,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        self.nominal_obligations_inner(def_id, substs, false)
+    }
+
+    fn nominal_obligations_without_const(
+        &mut self,
+        def_id: DefId,
+        substs: SubstsRef<'tcx>,
+    ) -> Vec<traits::PredicateObligation<'tcx>> {
+        self.nominal_obligations_inner(def_id, substs, true)
+    }
+
+    fn from_object_ty(
+        &mut self,
+        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+        data: &'tcx ty::List<ty::Binder<'tcx, ty::ExistentialPredicate<'tcx>>>,
+        region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        // Imagine a type like this:
+        //
+        //     trait Foo { }
+        //     trait Bar<'c> : 'c { }
+        //
+        //     &'b (Foo+'c+Bar<'d>)
+        //         ^
+        //
+        // In this case, the following relationships must hold:
+        //
+        //     'b <= 'c
+        //     'd <= 'c
+        //
+        // The first conditions is due to the normal region pointer
+        // rules, which say that a reference cannot outlive its
+        // referent.
+        //
+        // The final condition may be a bit surprising. In particular,
+        // you may expect that it would have been `'c <= 'd`, since
+        // usually lifetimes of outer things are conservative
+        // approximations for inner things. However, it works somewhat
+        // differently with trait objects: here the idea is that if the
+        // user specifies a region bound (`'c`, in this case) it is the
+        // "master bound" that *implies* that bounds from other traits are
+        // all met. (Remember that *all bounds* in a type like
+        // `Foo+Bar+Zed` must be met, not just one, hence if we write
+        // `Foo<'x>+Bar<'y>`, we know that the type outlives *both* 'x and
+        // 'y.)
+        //
+        // Note: in fact we only permit builtin traits, not `Bar<'d>`, I
+        // am looking forward to the future here.
+        if !data.has_escaping_bound_vars() && !region.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
+            let implicit_bounds = object_region_bounds(self.tcx, data);
+
+            let explicit_bound = region;
+
+            self.out.reserve(implicit_bounds.len());
+            for implicit_bound in implicit_bounds {
+                let cause = self.cause(traits::ObjectTypeBound(ty, explicit_bound));
+                let outlives =
+                    ty::Binder::dummy(ty::OutlivesPredicate(explicit_bound, implicit_bound));
+                self.out.push(traits::Obligation::with_depth(
+                    cause,
+                    self.recursion_depth,
+                    self.param_env,
+                    outlives.to_predicate(self.tcx),
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Given an object type like `SomeTrait + Send`, computes the lifetime
+/// bounds that must hold on the elided self type. These are derived
+/// from the declarations of `SomeTrait`, `Send`, and friends -- if
+/// they declare `trait SomeTrait : 'static`, for example, then
+/// `'static` would appear in the list. The hard work is done by
+/// `infer::required_region_bounds`, see that for more information.
+pub fn object_region_bounds<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    existential_predicates: &'tcx ty::List<ty::Binder<'tcx, ty::ExistentialPredicate<'tcx>>>,
+) -> Vec<ty::Region<'tcx>> {
+    // Since we don't actually *know* the self type for an object,
+    // this "open(err)" serves as a kind of dummy standin -- basically
+    // a placeholder type.
+    let open_ty = tcx.mk_ty_infer(ty::FreshTy(0));
+
+    let predicates = existential_predicates.iter().filter_map(|predicate| {
+        if let ty::ExistentialPredicate::Projection(_) = predicate.skip_binder() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(predicate.with_self_ty(tcx, open_ty))
+        }
+    });
+
+    required_region_bounds(tcx, open_ty, predicates)
+}
+
+/// Given a set of predicates that apply to an object type, returns
+/// the region bounds that the (erased) `Self` type must
+/// outlive. Precisely *because* the `Self` type is erased, the
+/// parameter `erased_self_ty` must be supplied to indicate what type
+/// has been used to represent `Self` in the predicates
+/// themselves. This should really be a unique type; `FreshTy(0)` is a
+/// popular choice.
+///
+/// N.B., in some cases, particularly around higher-ranked bounds,
+/// this function returns a kind of conservative approximation.
+/// That is, all regions returned by this function are definitely
+/// required, but there may be other region bounds that are not
+/// returned, as well as requirements like `for<'a> T: 'a`.
+///
+/// Requires that trait definitions have been processed so that we can
+/// elaborate predicates and walk supertraits.
+#[instrument(skip(tcx, predicates), level = "debug")]
+pub(crate) fn required_region_bounds<'tcx>(
+    tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
+    erased_self_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    predicates: impl Iterator<Item = ty::Predicate<'tcx>>,
+) -> Vec<ty::Region<'tcx>> {
+    assert!(!erased_self_ty.has_escaping_bound_vars());
+
+    traits::elaborate_predicates(tcx, predicates)
+        .filter_map(|obligation| {
+            debug!(?obligation);
+            match obligation.predicate.kind().skip_binder() {
+                ty::PredicateKind::Projection(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Trait(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Subtype(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::Coerce(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::WellFormed(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ObjectSafe(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ClosureKind(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::RegionOutlives(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEvaluatable(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::ConstEquate(..)
+                | ty::PredicateKind::TypeWellFormedFromEnv(..) => None,
+                ty::PredicateKind::TypeOutlives(ty::OutlivesPredicate(ref t, ref r)) => {
+                    // Search for a bound of the form `erased_self_ty
+                    // : 'a`, but be wary of something like `for<'a>
+                    // erased_self_ty : 'a` (we interpret a
+                    // higher-ranked bound like that as 'static,
+                    // though at present the code in `fulfill.rs`
+                    // considers such bounds to be unsatisfiable, so
+                    // it's kind of a moot point since you could never
+                    // construct such an object, but this seems
+                    // correct even if that code changes).
+                    if t == &erased_self_ty && !r.has_escaping_bound_vars() {
+                        Some(*r)
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}