Adding upstream version 1.64.0+dfsg1.upstream/1.64.0+dfsg1

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

12 files changed, 926 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/vendor/xflags/.cargo-checksum.json b/vendor/xflags/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c5fd48200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.lock":"76747bdf0a7c1643e62a7c8db6e65572906908415ba87daaa7444917cdf1d35b","Cargo.toml":"32dc60919f757b61d4a6602da24bdd59b77b76f284a1b55712a78e1159e2d249","LICENSE-APACHE":"a60eea817514531668d7e00765731449fe14d059d3249e0bc93b36de45f759f2","LICENSE-MIT":"23f18e03dc49df91622fe2a76176497404e46ced8a715d9d2b67a7446571cca3","README.md":"d34d354ca65973ca9120ed16af11e188c91af2ede6894e0e842c10c874780f7b","examples/hello-generated.rs":"ac2d4864e238e664fb1b18db66aed75ac5a425877bc00729fed1135fb410b969","examples/hello.rs":"c1a5656bee529c3ef96a3afc3531e02bc9d5d309e1bcd60b76e6758fb4c2a95d","examples/longer.rs":"18ad0d00215fdf245830a581df32fbf9533f5ab47e736659e598b4ecd2d96e1a","examples/non-utf8.rs":"a9d4a03adb05c8b46c3251647b8dbf4e860277db995e14192cd8d445f3434186","src/lib.rs":"21843e64aba8010dcc877418927e5b0ad3615ff6e18020285849bbf4391f4ed0","src/rt.rs":"c3cb2d6c80ec9c0586a6e64441cee4c237d2fb420891dec2acb96d5b0c7d6937"},"package":"3f14fe1ed41a5a2b5ef3f565586c4a8a559ee55d3953faab360a771135bdee00"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/Cargo.lock b/vendor/xflags/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..37ff98bb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xflags"
+version = "0.2.4"
+dependencies = [
+ "xflags-macros",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "xflags-macros"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "45d11d5fc2a97287eded8b170ca80533b3c42646dd7fa386a5eb045817921022"
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/Cargo.toml b/vendor/xflags/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..542701052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2018"
+name = "xflags"
+version = "0.2.4"
+authors = ["Aleksey Kladov <aleksey.kladov@gmail.com>"]
+exclude = [".github/", "bors.toml", "rustfmt.toml"]
+description = "Moderately simple command line arguments parser."
+categories = ["command-line-interface"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/matklad/xflags"
+[dependencies.xflags-macros]
+version = "=0.2.4"
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-APACHE b/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16fe87b06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
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diff --git a/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-MIT b/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31aa79387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/README.md b/vendor/xflags/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfebfb0c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+[![API reference](https://docs.rs/once_cell/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/xflags/)
+
+# xflags
+
+Moderately simple command line arguments parsing:
+
+```rust
+mod flags {
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    xflags::xflags! {
+        src "./examples/basic.rs"
+
+        cmd my-command
+            required path: PathBuf
+        {
+            optional -v, --verbose
+        }
+    }
+
+    // generated start
+    // The following code is generated by `xflags` macro.
+    // Run `env UPDATE_XFLAGS=1 cargo build` to regenerate.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct MyCommand {
+        pub path: PathBuf,
+
+        pub verbose: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl MyCommand {
+        pub const HELP: &'static str = Self::HELP_;
+
+        pub fn from_env() -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_env_()
+        }
+
+        pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>) -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_vec_(args)
+        }
+    }
+    // generated end
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let flags = flags::MyCommand::from_env();
+    println!("{:#?}", flags);
+}
+```
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/examples/hello-generated.rs b/vendor/xflags/examples/hello-generated.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b82884859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/examples/hello-generated.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+mod flags {
+    #![allow(unused)]
+
+    xflags::xflags! {
+        src "./examples/hello-generated.rs"
+
+        /// Prints a greeting.
+        cmd hello
+            /// Whom to greet.
+            required name: String
+        {
+            /// Use non-ascii symbols in the output.
+            optional -e, --emoji
+        }
+    }
+
+    // generated start
+    // The following code is generated by `xflags` macro.
+    // Run `env UPDATE_XFLAGS=1 cargo build` to regenerate.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct Hello {
+        pub name: String,
+
+        pub emoji: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl Hello {
+        pub const HELP: &'static str = Self::HELP_;
+
+        pub fn from_env() -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_env_()
+        }
+
+        pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>) -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_vec_(args)
+        }
+    }
+    // generated end
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match flags::Hello::from_env() {
+        Ok(flags) => {
+            let bang = if flags.emoji { "❣️" } else { "!" };
+            println!("Hello {}{}", flags.name, bang);
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!("{}\n\n{}", err, flags::Hello::HELP);
+            std::process::exit(1)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/examples/hello.rs b/vendor/xflags/examples/hello.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..98a19099f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/examples/hello.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+mod flags {
+    xflags::xflags! {
+        cmd hello
+            required name: String
+        {
+            optional -e, --emoji
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match flags::Hello::from_env() {
+        Ok(flags) => {
+            let bang = if flags.emoji { "❣️" } else { "!" };
+            println!("Hello {}{}", flags.name, bang);
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            eprintln!("{}", err);
+            std::process::exit(1)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/examples/longer.rs b/vendor/xflags/examples/longer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ea9e18d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/examples/longer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+mod flags {
+    #![allow(unused)]
+
+    use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+    xflags::xflags! {
+        src "./examples/longer.rs"
+
+        cmd rust-analyzer {
+            /// Set verbosity level
+            repeated -v, --verbose
+            /// Log to the specified file instead of stderr.
+            optional --log-file path: PathBuf
+
+            default cmd run-server {
+                /// Print version
+                optional --version
+            }
+
+            /// Parse tree
+            cmd parse {
+                /// Suppress printing
+                optional --no-dump
+            }
+
+            /// Benchmark specific analysis operation
+            cmd analysis-bench
+                /// Directory with Cargo.toml
+                optional path: PathBuf
+            {
+                /// Compute syntax highlighting for this file
+                required --highlight path: PathBuf
+                /// Compute highlighting for this line
+                optional --line num: u32
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // generated start
+    // The following code is generated by `xflags` macro.
+    // Run `env UPDATE_XFLAGS=1 cargo build` to regenerate.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct RustAnalyzer {
+        pub verbose: u32,
+        pub log_file: Option<PathBuf>,
+        pub subcommand: RustAnalyzerCmd,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub enum RustAnalyzerCmd {
+        RunServer(RunServer),
+        Parse(Parse),
+        AnalysisBench(AnalysisBench),
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct RunServer {
+        pub version: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct Parse {
+        pub no_dump: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct AnalysisBench {
+        pub path: Option<PathBuf>,
+
+        pub highlight: PathBuf,
+        pub line: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    impl RustAnalyzer {
+        pub const HELP: &'static str = Self::HELP_;
+
+        pub fn from_env() -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_env_()
+        }
+
+        pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>) -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+            Self::from_vec_(args)
+        }
+    }
+    // generated end
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match flags::RustAnalyzer::from_env() {
+        Ok(flags) => eprintln!("{:#?}", flags),
+        Err(err) => eprintln!("{}", err),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/examples/non-utf8.rs b/vendor/xflags/examples/non-utf8.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d355b24f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/examples/non-utf8.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+mod flags {
+    use std::{ffi::OsString, path::PathBuf};
+
+    xflags::xflags! {
+        cmd Cmd
+            required a: OsString
+            required b: PathBuf
+            required c: String
+        {
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(unix)]
+fn main() {
+    use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+    let flags = flags::Cmd::from_vec(vec![
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![254].into()),
+        OsString::from_vec(vec![255].into()),
+        "utf8".into(),
+    ]);
+
+    eprintln!("flags = {:?}", flags);
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn main() {
+    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
+
+    let flags = flags::Cmd::from_vec(vec![
+        OsString::from_wide(&[0xD800]),
+        OsString::from_wide(&[0xDC00]),
+        "utf8".into(),
+    ]);
+
+    eprintln!("flags = {:?}", flags);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/src/lib.rs b/vendor/xflags/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ae347f511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+//! This crates provides a procedural macro for parsing command line arguments.
+//!
+//! It is intended for use in development tools, so it emphasizes fast compile
+//! times and convenience at the expense of features.
+//!
+//! If you need something more fancy, consider using
+//! [`clap`](https://docs.rs/clap/2.33.3/clap/) instead.
+//!
+//! ## Example
+//!
+//! ```
+//! mod flags {
+//!     use std::path::PathBuf;
+//!
+//!     xflags::xflags! {
+//!         src "./examples/basic.rs"
+//!
+//!         cmd my-command
+//!             required path: PathBuf
+//!         {
+//!             optional -v, --verbose
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     // generated start
+//!     // The following code is generated by `xflags` macro.
+//!     // Run `env UPDATE_XFLAGS=1 cargo build` to regenerate.
+//!     #[derive(Debug)]
+//!     pub struct MyCommand {
+//!         pub path: PathBuf,
+//!
+//!         pub verbose: bool,
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     impl MyCommand {
+//!         pub const HELP: &'static str = Self::HELP_;
+//!
+//!         pub fn from_env() -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+//!             Self::from_env_()
+//!         }
+//!
+//!         pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>) -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+//!             Self::from_vec_(args)
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//!    // generated end
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     let flags = flags::MyCommand::from_env();
+//!     println!("{:#?}", flags);
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! To make the macro less opaque, `xflag` can generate `struct` describing the
+//! CLI in-place. To disable this behavior, omit the `src` attribute.
+//!
+//! xflags correctly handles non-utf8 arguments.
+//!
+//! ## Syntax Reference
+//!
+//! The **cmd** keyword introduces a command that accepts positional arguments
+//! and switches.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     cmd command-name { }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Switches are specified inside the curly braces. Long names (`--switch`) are
+//! mandatory, short names (`-s`) are optional. Each switch can be **optional**,
+//! **required**, or **repeated**. Dashes are allowed in switch names.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     cmd switches {
+//!         optional -h, --help
+//!         repeated --verbose
+//!         required --pass-me
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Switches can also take values. If the value type is `OsString` or `PathBuf`,
+//! it is created directly from the underlying argument. Otherwise, `FromStr` is
+//! used for parsing
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use std::{path::PathBuf, ffi::OsString};
+//!
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     cmd switches-with-values {
+//!         optional --config path: PathBuf
+//!         repeated --data val: OsString
+//!         optional -j, --jobs n: u32
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Positional arguments are specified before the opening curly brace:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use std::{path::PathBuf, ffi::OsString};
+//!
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     cmd positional-arguments
+//!         required program: PathBuf
+//!         repeated args: OsString
+//!     { }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Nesting **cmd** is allowed:
+//!
+//! ```ignore
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     src "./examples/subcommands.rs"
+//!     cmd app {
+//!         repeated -v, --verbose
+//!         cmd foo { optional -s, --switch }
+//!         cmd bar {}
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! // generated start
+//! // The following code is generated by `xflags` macro.
+//! // Run `env UPDATE_XFLAGS=1 cargo build` to regenerate.
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! pub struct App {
+//!     pub verbose: u32,
+//!     pub subcommand: AppCmd,
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! pub enum AppCmd {
+//!     Foo(Foo),
+//!     Bar(Bar),
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! pub struct Foo {
+//!     pub switch: bool,
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[derive(Debug)]
+//! pub struct Bar {
+//! }
+//!
+//! impl App {
+//!     pub const HELP: &'static str = Self::HELP_;
+//!
+//!     pub fn from_env() -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+//!         Self::from_env_()
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     pub fn from_vec(args: Vec<std::ffi::OsString>) -> xflags::Result<Self> {
+//!         Self::from_vec_(args)
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! // generated end
+//! ```
+//!
+//! To make subcommand name optional use the **default** keyword to mark a
+//! subcommand to select if no subcommand name is passed. The name of the
+//! default subcommand affects only the name of the generated Rust struct, it
+//! can't be specified explicitly on the command line.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! xflags::xflags! {
+//!     cmd app {
+//!         repeated -v, --verbose
+//!         default cmd foo { optional -s, --switch }
+//!         cmd bar {}
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Commands, arguments, and switches can documented. Doc comments become a part
+//! of generated help:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! mod flags {
+//!     use std::path::PathBuf;
+//!
+//!     xflags::xflags! {
+//!         /// Run basic system diagnostics.
+//!         cmd healthck
+//!             /// Optional configuration file.
+//!             optional config: PathBuf
+//!         {
+//!             /// Verbosity level, can be repeated multiple times.
+//!             repeated -v, --verbose
+//!             /// Print the help message.
+//!             optional -h, --help
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     match flags::Healthck::from_env() {
+//!         Ok(flags) => {
+//!             if flags.help {
+//!                 println!("{}", flags::Healthck::HELP);
+//!                 return;
+//!             }
+//!             run_checks(flags.config, flags.verbose);
+//!         }
+//!         Err(err) => {
+//!             eprintln!("{}", err);
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! # fn run_checks(_config: Option<std::path::PathBuf>, _verbosity: u32) {}
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The **src** keyword controlls how the code generation works. If it is
+//! absent, `xflags` acts as a typical procedure macro, which generates a bunch
+//! of structs and impls.
+//!
+//! If the **src** keyword is present, it should specify the path to the file
+//! with `xflags!` invocation. The path should be relative to the directory with
+//! Cargo.toml. The macro then will avoid generating the structs. Instead, if
+//! the `UPDATE_XFLAGS` environmental variable is set, the macro will write them
+//! directly to the specified file.
+//!
+//! By convention, `xflag!` macro should be invoked from the `flags` submodule.
+//! The `flags::` preffix should be used to refer to command names. Additional
+//! validation logic can go to the `flags` module:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! mod flags {
+//!     xflags::xflags! {
+//!         cmd my-command {
+//!             repeated -v, --verbose
+//!             optional -q, --quiet
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//!
+//!     impl MyCommand {
+//!         fn validate(&self) -> xflags::Result<()> {
+//!             if self.quiet && self.verbose > 0 {
+//!                 return Err(xflags::Error::new(
+//!                     "`-q` and `-v` can't be specified at the same time"
+//!                 ));
+//!             }
+//!             Ok(())
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Generates a parser for command line arguments from a DSL.
+///
+/// See the module-level for detailed syntax specification.
+pub use xflags_macros::xflags;
+
+pub type Result<T, E = Error> = std::result::Result<T, E>;
+
+/// This type represents an error that can occur during command line argument
+/// parsing.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Error {
+    msg: String,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Error {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&self.msg, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Error {}
+
+impl Error {
+    /// Creates a new `Error` from a given message.
+    ///
+    /// Use this to report custom validation errors.
+    pub fn new(message: impl Into<String>) -> Error {
+        Error { msg: message.into() }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Private impl details for macros.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod rt;
diff --git a/vendor/xflags/src/rt.rs b/vendor/xflags/src/rt.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c33196af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vendor/xflags/src/rt.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use std::{ffi::OsString, fmt, str::FromStr};
+
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+
+macro_rules! format_err {
+    ($($tt:tt)*) => {
+        Error { msg: format!($($tt)*) }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! bail {
+    ($($tt:tt)*) => {
+        return Err(format_err!($($tt)*))
+    };
+}
+
+pub struct Parser {
+    rargs: Vec<OsString>,
+}
+
+impl Parser {
+    pub fn new(mut args: Vec<OsString>) -> Self {
+        args.reverse();
+        Self { rargs: args }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_from_env() -> Self {
+        let mut args = std::env::args_os().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        args.reverse();
+        args.pop();
+        Self { rargs: args }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.rargs.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn peek_flag(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.rargs.last().and_then(|it| it.to_str()).filter(|it| it.starts_with('-'))
+    }
+    pub fn pop_flag(&mut self) -> Option<Result<String, OsString>> {
+        if self.peek_flag().is_some() {
+            self.next().map(|it| it.into_string())
+        } else {
+            self.next().map(Err)
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn push_back(&mut self, arg: Result<String, OsString>) {
+        let arg = match arg {
+            Ok(it) => it.into(),
+            Err(it) => it,
+        };
+        self.rargs.push(arg)
+    }
+
+    pub fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {
+        self.rargs.pop()
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_value(&mut self, flag: &str) -> Result<OsString> {
+        if self.peek_flag().is_some() {
+            bail!("expected a value for `{}`", flag)
+        }
+        self.next().ok_or_else(|| format_err!("expected a value for `{}`", flag))
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_value_from_str<T: FromStr>(&mut self, flag: &str) -> Result<T>
+    where
+        T::Err: fmt::Display,
+    {
+        let value = self.next_value(flag)?;
+        self.value_from_str(flag, value)
+    }
+
+    pub fn value_from_str<T: FromStr>(&mut self, flag: &str, value: OsString) -> Result<T>
+    where
+        T::Err: fmt::Display,
+    {
+        match value.into_string() {
+            Ok(str) => {
+                str.parse::<T>().map_err(|err| format_err!("can't parse `{}`, {}", flag, err))
+            }
+            Err(it) => {
+                bail!("can't parse `{}`, invalid utf8: {:?}", flag, it)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn unexpected_flag(&self, flag: &str) -> Error {
+        format_err!("unexpected flag: `{}`", flag)
+    }
+
+    pub fn unexpected_arg(&self, arg: OsString) -> Error {
+        format_err!("unexpected argument: {:?}", arg)
+    }
+
+    pub fn optional<T>(&self, flag: &str, mut vals: Vec<T>) -> Result<Option<T>> {
+        if vals.len() > 1 {
+            bail!("flag specified more than once: `{}`", flag)
+        }
+        Ok(vals.pop())
+    }
+
+    pub fn required<T>(&self, flag: &str, mut vals: Vec<T>) -> Result<T> {
+        if vals.len() > 1 {
+            bail!("flag specified more than once: `{}`", flag)
+        }
+        vals.pop().ok_or_else(|| format_err!("flag is required: `{}`", flag))
+    }
+
+    pub fn subcommand<T>(&self, cmd: Option<T>) -> Result<T> {
+        cmd.ok_or_else(|| format_err!("subcommand is required"))
+    }
+}