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+//! Utilities related to FFI bindings.
+//!
+//! This module provides utilities to handle data across non-Rust
+//! interfaces, like other programming languages and the underlying
+//! operating system. It is mainly of use for FFI (Foreign Function
+//! Interface) bindings and code that needs to exchange C-like strings
+//! with other languages.
+//!
+//! # Overview
+//!
+//! Rust represents owned strings with the [`String`] type, and
+//! borrowed slices of strings with the [`str`] primitive. Both are
+//! always in UTF-8 encoding, and may contain nul bytes in the middle,
+//! i.e., if you look at the bytes that make up the string, there may
+//! be a `\0` among them. Both `String` and `str` store their length
+//! explicitly; there are no nul terminators at the end of strings
+//! like in C.
+//!
+//! C strings are different from Rust strings:
+//!
+//! * **Encodings** - Rust strings are UTF-8, but C strings may use
+//! other encodings. If you are using a string from C, you should
+//! check its encoding explicitly, rather than just assuming that it
+//! is UTF-8 like you can do in Rust.
+//!
+//! * **Character size** - C strings may use `char` or `wchar_t`-sized
+//! characters; please **note** that C's `char` is different from Rust's.
+//! The C standard leaves the actual sizes of those types open to
+//! interpretation, but defines different APIs for strings made up of
+//! each character type. Rust strings are always UTF-8, so different
+//! Unicode characters will be encoded in a variable number of bytes
+//! each. The Rust type [`char`] represents a '[Unicode scalar
+//! value]', which is similar to, but not the same as, a '[Unicode
+//! code point]'.
+//!
+//! * **Nul terminators and implicit string lengths** - Often, C
+//! strings are nul-terminated, i.e., they have a `\0` character at the
+//! end. The length of a string buffer is not stored, but has to be
+//! calculated; to compute the length of a string, C code must
+//! manually call a function like `strlen()` for `char`-based strings,
+//! or `wcslen()` for `wchar_t`-based ones. Those functions return
+//! the number of characters in the string excluding the nul
+//! terminator, so the buffer length is really `len+1` characters.
+//! Rust strings don't have a nul terminator; their length is always
+//! stored and does not need to be calculated. While in Rust
+//! accessing a string's length is an *O*(1) operation (because the
+//! length is stored); in C it is an *O*(*n*) operation because the
+//! length needs to be computed by scanning the string for the nul
+//! terminator.
+//!
+//! * **Internal nul characters** - When C strings have a nul
+//! terminator character, this usually means that they cannot have nul
+//! characters in the middle — a nul character would essentially
+//! truncate the string. Rust strings *can* have nul characters in
+//! the middle, because nul does not have to mark the end of the
+//! string in Rust.
+//!
+//! # Representations of non-Rust strings
+//!
+//! [`CString`] and [`CStr`] are useful when you need to transfer
+//! UTF-8 strings to and from languages with a C ABI, like Python.
+//!
+//! * **From Rust to C:** [`CString`] represents an owned, C-friendly
+//! string: it is nul-terminated, and has no internal nul characters.
+//! Rust code can create a [`CString`] out of a normal string (provided
+//! that the string doesn't have nul characters in the middle), and
+//! then use a variety of methods to obtain a raw <code>\*mut [u8]</code> that can
+//! then be passed as an argument to functions which use the C
+//! conventions for strings.
+//!
+//! * **From C to Rust:** [`CStr`] represents a borrowed C string; it
+//! is what you would use to wrap a raw <code>\*const [u8]</code> that you got from
+//! a C function. A [`CStr`] is guaranteed to be a nul-terminated array
+//! of bytes. Once you have a [`CStr`], you can convert it to a Rust
+//! <code>&[str]</code> if it's valid UTF-8, or lossily convert it by adding
+//! replacement characters.
+//!
+//! [`OsString`] and [`OsStr`] are useful when you need to transfer
+//! strings to and from the operating system itself, or when capturing
+//! the output of external commands. Conversions between [`OsString`],
+//! [`OsStr`] and Rust strings work similarly to those for [`CString`]
+//! and [`CStr`].
+//!
+//! * [`OsString`] losslessly represents an owned platform string. However, this
+//! representation is not necessarily in a form native to the platform.
+//! In the Rust standard library, various APIs that transfer strings to/from the operating
+//! system use [`OsString`] instead of plain strings. For example,
+//! [`env::var_os()`] is used to query environment variables; it
+//! returns an <code>[Option]<[OsString]></code>. If the environment variable
+//! exists you will get a <code>[Some]\(os_string)</code>, which you can
+//! *then* try to convert to a Rust string. This yields a [`Result`], so that
+//! your code can detect errors in case the environment variable did
+//! not in fact contain valid Unicode data.
+//!
+//! * [`OsStr`] losslessly represents a borrowed reference to a platform string.
+//! However, this representation is not necessarily in a form native to the platform.
+//! It can be converted into a UTF-8 Rust string slice in a similar way to
+//! [`OsString`].
+//!
+//! # Conversions
+//!
+//! ## On Unix
+//!
+//! On Unix, [`OsStr`] implements the
+//! <code>std::os::unix::ffi::[OsStrExt][unix.OsStrExt]</code> trait, which
+//! augments it with two methods, [`from_bytes`] and [`as_bytes`].
+//! These do inexpensive conversions from and to byte slices.
+//!
+//! Additionally, on Unix [`OsString`] implements the
+//! <code>std::os::unix::ffi::[OsStringExt][unix.OsStringExt]</code> trait,
+//! which provides [`from_vec`] and [`into_vec`] methods that consume
+//! their arguments, and take or produce vectors of [`u8`].
+//!
+//! ## On Windows
+//!
+//! An [`OsStr`] can be losslessly converted to a native Windows string. And
+//! a native Windows string can be losslessly converted to an [`OsString`].
+//!
+//! On Windows, [`OsStr`] implements the
+//! <code>std::os::windows::ffi::[OsStrExt][windows.OsStrExt]</code> trait,
+//! which provides an [`encode_wide`] method. This provides an
+//! iterator that can be [`collect`]ed into a vector of [`u16`]. After a nul
+//! characters is appended, this is the same as a native Windows string.
+//!
+//! Additionally, on Windows [`OsString`] implements the
+//! <code>std::os::windows:ffi::[OsStringExt][windows.OsStringExt]</code>
+//! trait, which provides a [`from_wide`] method to convert a native Windows
+//! string (without the terminating nul character) to an [`OsString`].
+//!
+//! [Unicode scalar value]: https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#unicode_scalar_value
+//! [Unicode code point]: https://www.unicode.org/glossary/#code_point
+//! [`env::set_var()`]: crate::env::set_var "env::set_var"
+//! [`env::var_os()`]: crate::env::var_os "env::var_os"
+//! [unix.OsStringExt]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt "os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt"
+//! [`from_vec`]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt::from_vec "os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt::from_vec"
+//! [`into_vec`]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt::into_vec "os::unix::ffi::OsStringExt::into_vec"
+//! [unix.OsStrExt]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt "os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt"
+//! [`from_bytes`]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt::from_bytes "os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt::from_bytes"
+//! [`as_bytes`]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt::as_bytes "os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt::as_bytes"
+//! [`OsStrExt`]: crate::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt "os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt"
+//! [windows.OsStrExt]: crate::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt "os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt"
+//! [`encode_wide`]: crate::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt::encode_wide "os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt::encode_wide"
+//! [`collect`]: crate::iter::Iterator::collect "iter::Iterator::collect"
+//! [windows.OsStringExt]: crate::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt "os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt"
+//! [`from_wide`]: crate::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt::from_wide "os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt::from_wide"
+
+#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+
+#[stable(feature = "alloc_c_string", since = "1.64.0")]
+pub use alloc::ffi::{CString, FromVecWithNulError, IntoStringError, NulError};
+#[stable(feature = "core_c_str", since = "1.64.0")]
+pub use core::ffi::{CStr, FromBytesWithNulError};
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use self::os_str::{OsStr, OsString};
+
+#[stable(feature = "core_ffi_c", since = "1.64.0")]
+pub use core::ffi::{
+ c_char, c_double, c_float, c_int, c_long, c_longlong, c_schar, c_short, c_uchar, c_uint,
+ c_ulong, c_ulonglong, c_ushort,
+};
+
+#[stable(feature = "core_c_void", since = "1.30.0")]
+pub use core::ffi::c_void;
+
+#[unstable(
+ feature = "c_variadic",
+ reason = "the `c_variadic` feature has not been properly tested on \
+ all supported platforms",
+ issue = "44930"
+)]
+pub use core::ffi::{VaList, VaListImpl};
+
+mod os_str;