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diff --git a/vendor/serde_json/README.md b/vendor/serde_json/README.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..df58a47e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/vendor/serde_json/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,390 @@ +# Serde JSON   [![Build Status]][travis] [![Latest Version]][crates.io] [![Rustc Version 1.36+]][rustc] + +[Build Status]: https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/serde-rs/json/CI/master +[travis]: https://github.com/serde-rs/json/actions?query=branch%3Amaster +[Latest Version]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/serde_json.svg +[crates.io]: https://crates.io/crates/serde\_json +[Rustc Version 1.36+]: https://img.shields.io/badge/rustc-1.36+-lightgray.svg +[rustc]: https://blog.rust-lang.org/2019/07/04/Rust-1.36.0.html + +**Serde is a framework for *ser*ializing and *de*serializing Rust data structures efficiently and generically.** + +--- + +```toml +[dependencies] +serde_json = "1.0" +``` + +You may be looking for: + +- [JSON API documentation](https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/) +- [Serde API documentation](https://docs.serde.rs/serde/) +- [Detailed documentation about Serde](https://serde.rs/) +- [Setting up `#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]`](https://serde.rs/derive.html) +- [Release notes](https://github.com/serde-rs/json/releases) + +JSON is a ubiquitous open-standard format that uses human-readable text to +transmit data objects consisting of key-value pairs. + +```json +{ + "name": "John Doe", + "age": 43, + "address": { + "street": "10 Downing Street", + "city": "London" + }, + "phones": [ + "+44 1234567", + "+44 2345678" + ] +} +``` + +There are three common ways that you might find yourself needing to work with +JSON data in Rust. + + - **As text data.** An unprocessed string of JSON data that you receive on an + HTTP endpoint, read from a file, or prepare to send to a remote server. + - **As an untyped or loosely typed representation.** Maybe you want to check + that some JSON data is valid before passing it on, but without knowing the + structure of what it contains. Or you want to do very basic manipulations + like insert a key in a particular spot. + - **As a strongly typed Rust data structure.** When you expect all or most of + your data to conform to a particular structure and want to get real work done + without JSON's loosey-goosey nature tripping you up. + +Serde JSON provides efficient, flexible, safe ways of converting data between +each of these representations. + +## Operating on untyped JSON values + +Any valid JSON data can be manipulated in the following recursive enum +representation. This data structure is [`serde_json::Value`][value]. + +```rust +enum Value { + Null, + Bool(bool), + Number(Number), + String(String), + Array(Vec<Value>), + Object(Map<String, Value>), +} +``` + +A string of JSON data can be parsed into a `serde_json::Value` by the +[`serde_json::from_str`][from_str] function. There is also +[`from_slice`][from_slice] for parsing from a byte slice &[u8] and +[`from_reader`][from_reader] for parsing from any `io::Read` like a File or a +TCP stream. + +<div align="right"> +<a href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?edition=2018&gist=d69d8e3156d4bb81c4461b60b772ab72" target="_blank"> +<img align="center" width="85" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serde-rs/serde-rs.github.io/master/img/runtab.png"> +</a> +</div> + +```rust +use serde_json::{Result, Value}; + +fn untyped_example() -> Result<()> { + // Some JSON input data as a &str. Maybe this comes from the user. + let data = r#" + { + "name": "John Doe", + "age": 43, + "phones": [ + "+44 1234567", + "+44 2345678" + ] + }"#; + + // Parse the string of data into serde_json::Value. + let v: Value = serde_json::from_str(data)?; + + // Access parts of the data by indexing with square brackets. + println!("Please call {} at the number {}", v["name"], v["phones"][0]); + + Ok(()) +} +``` + +The result of square bracket indexing like `v["name"]` is a borrow of the data +at that index, so the type is `&Value`. A JSON map can be indexed with string +keys, while a JSON array can be indexed with integer keys. If the type of the +data is not right for the type with which it is being indexed, or if a map does +not contain the key being indexed, or if the index into a vector is out of +bounds, the returned element is `Value::Null`. + +When a `Value` is printed, it is printed as a JSON string. So in the code above, +the output looks like `Please call "John Doe" at the number "+44 1234567"`. The +quotation marks appear because `v["name"]` is a `&Value` containing a JSON +string and its JSON representation is `"John Doe"`. Printing as a plain string +without quotation marks involves converting from a JSON string to a Rust string +with [`as_str()`] or avoiding the use of `Value` as described in the following +section. + +[`as_str()`]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/enum.Value.html#method.as_str + +The `Value` representation is sufficient for very basic tasks but can be tedious +to work with for anything more significant. Error handling is verbose to +implement correctly, for example imagine trying to detect the presence of +unrecognized fields in the input data. The compiler is powerless to help you +when you make a mistake, for example imagine typoing `v["name"]` as `v["nmae"]` +in one of the dozens of places it is used in your code. + +## Parsing JSON as strongly typed data structures + +Serde provides a powerful way of mapping JSON data into Rust data structures +largely automatically. + +<div align="right"> +<a href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?edition=2018&gist=15cfab66d38ff8a15a9cf1d8d897ac68" target="_blank"> +<img align="center" width="85" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serde-rs/serde-rs.github.io/master/img/runtab.png"> +</a> +</div> + +```rust +use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; +use serde_json::Result; + +#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)] +struct Person { + name: String, + age: u8, + phones: Vec<String>, +} + +fn typed_example() -> Result<()> { + // Some JSON input data as a &str. Maybe this comes from the user. + let data = r#" + { + "name": "John Doe", + "age": 43, + "phones": [ + "+44 1234567", + "+44 2345678" + ] + }"#; + + // Parse the string of data into a Person object. This is exactly the + // same function as the one that produced serde_json::Value above, but + // now we are asking it for a Person as output. + let p: Person = serde_json::from_str(data)?; + + // Do things just like with any other Rust data structure. + println!("Please call {} at the number {}", p.name, p.phones[0]); + + Ok(()) +} +``` + +This is the same `serde_json::from_str` function as before, but this time we +assign the return value to a variable of type `Person` so Serde will +automatically interpret the input data as a `Person` and produce informative +error messages if the layout does not conform to what a `Person` is expected to +look like. + +Any type that implements Serde's `Deserialize` trait can be deserialized this +way. This includes built-in Rust standard library types like `Vec<T>` and +`HashMap<K, V>`, as well as any structs or enums annotated with +`#[derive(Deserialize)]`. + +Once we have `p` of type `Person`, our IDE and the Rust compiler can help us use +it correctly like they do for any other Rust code. The IDE can autocomplete +field names to prevent typos, which was impossible in the `serde_json::Value` +representation. And the Rust compiler can check that when we write +`p.phones[0]`, then `p.phones` is guaranteed to be a `Vec<String>` so indexing +into it makes sense and produces a `String`. + +The necessary setup for using Serde's derive macros is explained on the *[Using +derive]* page of the Serde site. + +[Using derive]: https://serde.rs/derive.html + +## Constructing JSON values + +Serde JSON provides a [`json!` macro][macro] to build `serde_json::Value` +objects with very natural JSON syntax. + +<div align="right"> +<a href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?edition=2018&gist=6ccafad431d72b62e77cc34c8e879b24" target="_blank"> +<img align="center" width="85" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serde-rs/serde-rs.github.io/master/img/runtab.png"> +</a> +</div> + +```rust +use serde_json::json; + +fn main() { + // The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value` + let john = json!({ + "name": "John Doe", + "age": 43, + "phones": [ + "+44 1234567", + "+44 2345678" + ] + }); + + println!("first phone number: {}", john["phones"][0]); + + // Convert to a string of JSON and print it out + println!("{}", john.to_string()); +} +``` + +The `Value::to_string()` function converts a `serde_json::Value` into a `String` +of JSON text. + +One neat thing about the `json!` macro is that variables and expressions can be +interpolated directly into the JSON value as you are building it. Serde will +check at compile time that the value you are interpolating is able to be +represented as JSON. + +<div align="right"> +<a href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?edition=2018&gist=f9101a6e61dfc9e02c6a67f315ed24f2" target="_blank"> +<img align="center" width="85" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serde-rs/serde-rs.github.io/master/img/runtab.png"> +</a> +</div> + +```rust +let full_name = "John Doe"; +let age_last_year = 42; + +// The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value` +let john = json!({ + "name": full_name, + "age": age_last_year + 1, + "phones": [ + format!("+44 {}", random_phone()) + ] +}); +``` + +This is amazingly convenient, but we have the problem we had before with +`Value`: the IDE and Rust compiler cannot help us if we get it wrong. Serde JSON +provides a better way of serializing strongly-typed data structures into JSON +text. + +## Creating JSON by serializing data structures + +A data structure can be converted to a JSON string by +[`serde_json::to_string`][to_string]. There is also +[`serde_json::to_vec`][to_vec] which serializes to a `Vec<u8>` and +[`serde_json::to_writer`][to_writer] which serializes to any `io::Write` +such as a File or a TCP stream. + +<div align="right"> +<a href="https://play.rust-lang.org/?edition=2018&gist=3472242a08ed2ff88a944f2a2283b0ee" target="_blank"> +<img align="center" width="85" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serde-rs/serde-rs.github.io/master/img/runtab.png"> +</a> +</div> + +```rust +use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize}; +use serde_json::Result; + +#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)] +struct Address { + street: String, + city: String, +} + +fn print_an_address() -> Result<()> { + // Some data structure. + let address = Address { + street: "10 Downing Street".to_owned(), + city: "London".to_owned(), + }; + + // Serialize it to a JSON string. + let j = serde_json::to_string(&address)?; + + // Print, write to a file, or send to an HTTP server. + println!("{}", j); + + Ok(()) +} +``` + +Any type that implements Serde's `Serialize` trait can be serialized this way. +This includes built-in Rust standard library types like `Vec<T>` and `HashMap<K, +V>`, as well as any structs or enums annotated with `#[derive(Serialize)]`. + +## Performance + +It is fast. You should expect in the ballpark of 500 to 1000 megabytes per +second deserialization and 600 to 900 megabytes per second serialization, +depending on the characteristics of your data. This is competitive with the +fastest C and C++ JSON libraries or even 30% faster for many use cases. +Benchmarks live in the [serde-rs/json-benchmark] repo. + +[serde-rs/json-benchmark]: https://github.com/serde-rs/json-benchmark + +## Getting help + +Serde is one of the most widely used Rust libraries, so any place that +Rustaceans congregate will be able to help you out. For chat, consider trying +the [#rust-questions] or [#rust-beginners] channels of the unofficial community +Discord (invite: <https://discord.gg/rust-lang-community>), the [#rust-usage] or +[#beginners] channels of the official Rust Project Discord (invite: +<https://discord.gg/rust-lang>), or the [#general][zulip] stream in Zulip. For +asynchronous, consider the [\[rust\] tag on StackOverflow][stackoverflow], the +[/r/rust] subreddit which has a pinned weekly easy questions post, or the Rust +[Discourse forum][discourse]. It's acceptable to file a support issue in this +repo, but they tend not to get as many eyes as any of the above and may get +closed without a response after some time. + +[#rust-questions]: https://discord.com/channels/273534239310479360/274215136414400513 +[#rust-beginners]: https://discord.com/channels/273534239310479360/273541522815713281 +[#rust-usage]: https://discord.com/channels/442252698964721669/443150878111694848 +[#beginners]: https://discord.com/channels/442252698964721669/448238009733742612 +[zulip]: https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/#narrow/stream/122651-general +[stackoverflow]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/rust +[/r/rust]: https://www.reddit.com/r/rust +[discourse]: https://users.rust-lang.org + +## No-std support + +As long as there is a memory allocator, it is possible to use serde_json without +the rest of the Rust standard library. This is supported on Rust 1.36+. Disable +the default "std" feature and enable the "alloc" feature: + +```toml +[dependencies] +serde_json = { version = "1.0", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"] } +``` + +For JSON support in Serde without a memory allocator, please see the +[`serde-json-core`] crate. + +[`serde-json-core`]: https://github.com/rust-embedded-community/serde-json-core + +[value]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/value/enum.Value.html +[from_str]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_str.html +[from_slice]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_slice.html +[from_reader]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_reader.html +[to_string]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_string.html +[to_vec]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_vec.html +[to_writer]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_writer.html +[macro]: https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/macro.json.html + +<br> + +#### License + +<sup> +Licensed under either of <a href="LICENSE-APACHE">Apache License, Version +2.0</a> or <a href="LICENSE-MIT">MIT license</a> at your option. +</sup> + +<br> + +<sub> +Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted +for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall +be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions. +</sub> |