From 94a0819fe3a0d679c3042a77bfe6a2afc505daea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Daniel Baumann Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 14:11:28 +0200 Subject: Adding upstream version 1.66.0+dfsg1. Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann --- src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md | 292 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 292 insertions(+) create mode 100644 src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md (limited to 'src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md') diff --git a/src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md b/src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..001f96483 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/doc/book/nostarch/frontmatter.md @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ + +## About the Authors + +Carol Nichols is a member of the Rust Crates.io Team and a former member of the +Rust Core Team. She’s a co-founder of Integer 32, LLC, the world’s first +Rust-focused software consultancy. Nichols has also organized the Rust Belt +Rust Conference. + +Steve Klabnik was the lead for the Rust documentation team and was one of +Rust’s core developers. A frequent speaker and a prolific open source +contributor, he previously worked on projects such as Ruby and Ruby on Rails. + +## About the Technical Reviewer + +JT is a Rust core team member and the co-creator of the Rust error message +format, Rust Language Server (RLS), and Nushell. They first started using Rust +in 2011, and in 2016 joined Mozilla to work on Rust full time, helping to shape +its direction for widespread use. These days, they are a freelance Rust trainer +and advocate for safe systems programming. + +## Brief Contents + +## Contents in Detail + +## Foreword + +It wasn’t always so clear, but the Rust programming language is fundamentally +about *empowerment*: no matter what kind of code you are writing now, Rust +empowers you to reach further, to program with confidence in a wider variety of +domains than you did before. + +Take, for example, “systems-level” work that deals with low-level details of +memory management, data representation, and concurrency. Traditionally, this +realm of programming is seen as arcane, accessible to only a select few who +have devoted the necessary years learning it to avoid its infamous pitfalls. +And even those who practice it do so with caution, lest their code be open to +exploits, crashes, or corruption. + +Rust breaks down these barriers by eliminating the old pitfalls and providing a +friendly, polished set of tools to help you along the way. Programmers who need +to “dip down” into lower-level control can do so with Rust, without taking on +the customary risk of crashes or security holes and without having to learn the +fine points of a fickle toolchain. Better yet, the language is designed to +guide you naturally toward reliable code that is efficient in terms of speed +and memory usage. + +Programmers who are already working with low-level code can use Rust to raise +their ambitions. For example, introducing parallelism in Rust is a relatively +low-risk operation: the compiler will catch the classical mistakes for you. And +you can tackle more aggressive optimizations in your code with the confidence +that you won’t accidentally introduce crashes or vulnerabilities. + +But Rust isn’t limited to low-level systems programming. It’s expressive and +ergonomic enough to make CLI apps, web servers, and many other kinds of code +quite pleasant to write—you’ll find simple examples later in the book. Working +with Rust allows you to build skills that transfer from one domain to another; +you can learn Rust by writing a web app, then apply those same skills to target +your Raspberry Pi. + +This book fully embraces the potential of Rust to empower its users. It’s a +friendly and approachable text intended to help you level up not just your +knowledge of Rust, but also your reach and confidence as a programmer in +general. So dive in, get ready to learn—and welcome to the Rust community! + +Nicholas Matsakis and Aaron Turon + +## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + +We would like to thank everyone who has worked on the Rust language for +creating an amazing language worth writing a book about. We’re grateful to +everyone in the Rust community for being welcoming and creating an environment +worth welcoming more folks into. + +We’re especially thankful for everyone who read early versions of this book +online and provided feedback, bug reports, and pull requests. Special thanks to +Eduard-Mihai Burtescu, Alex Crichton, and JT for providing technical review, +and to Karen Rustad Tölva for the cover art. Thank you to our team at No +Starch, including Bill Pollock, Liz Chadwick, and Janelle Ludowise, for +improving this book and bringing it to print. + +Carol is grateful for the opportunity to work on this book. She thanks her +family for their constant love and support, especially her husband, Jake +Goulding, and her daughter, Vivian. + +## Preface + +This version of the text assumes you’re using Rust 1.62.0 (released 2022-06-30) +or later with `edition="2021"` in the *Cargo.toml* file of all projects to +configure them to use Rust 2021 edition idioms. See “Installation” on page XX +for instructions on installing or updating Rust, and see Appendix E for +information on editions. + +The 2021 edition of the Rust language includes a number of improvements that +make Rust more ergonomic and that correct some inconsistencies. On top of a +general update to reflect these improvements, this rendition of the book has a +number of improvements to address specific feedback: + +* Chapter 7 contains a new quick reference section on organizing your code into +multiple files with modules. +* Chapter 13 has new and improved closure examples that more clearly illustrate +captures, the `move` keyword, and the `Fn` traits. +* We fixed a number of small errors and imprecise wording throughout the book. +Thank you to the readers who reported them! + +Note that any code from earlier renditions of this book that compiled will +continue to compile with the relevant edition in the project’s *Cargo.toml*, +even as you update the Rust compiler version you’re using. That’s Rust’s +backward-compatibility guarantees at work! + +## Introduction + +Welcome to *The Rust Programming Language*, an introductory book about Rust. +The Rust programming language helps you write faster, more reliable software. +High-level ergonomics and low-level control are often at odds in programming +language design; Rust challenges that conflict. Through balancing powerful +technical capacity and a great developer experience, Rust gives you the option +to control low-level details (such as memory usage) without all the hassle +traditionally associated with such control. + +## Who Rust Is For + +Rust is ideal for many people for a variety of reasons. Let’s look at a few of +the most important groups. + +### Teams of Developers + +Rust is proving to be a productive tool for collaborating among large teams of +developers with varying levels of systems programming knowledge. Low-level code +is prone to various subtle bugs, which in most other languages can only be +caught through extensive testing and careful code review by experienced +developers. In Rust, the compiler plays a gatekeeper role by refusing to +compile code with these elusive bugs, including concurrency bugs. By working +alongside the compiler, the team can spend their time focusing on the program’s +logic rather than chasing down bugs. + +Rust also brings contemporary developer tools to the systems programming world: + +* Cargo, the included dependency manager and build tool, makes adding, +compiling, and managing dependencies painless and consistent across the Rust +ecosystem. +* The `rustfmt` formatting tool ensures a consistent coding style across +developers. +* The Rust Language Server powers integrated development environment (IDE) +integration for code completion and inline error messages. + +By using these and other tools in the Rust ecosystem, developers can be +productive while writing systems-level code. + +### Students + +Rust is for students and those who are interested in learning about systems +concepts. Using Rust, many people have learned about topics like operating +systems development. The community is very welcoming and happy to answer +students’ questions. Through efforts such as this book, the Rust teams want to +make systems concepts more accessible to more people, especially those new to +programming. + +### Companies + +Hundreds of companies, large and small, use Rust in production for a variety of +tasks, including command line tools, web services, DevOps tooling, embedded +devices, audio and video analysis and transcoding, cryptocurrencies, +bioinformatics, search engines, Internet of Things applications, machine +learning, and even major parts of the Firefox web browser. + +### Open Source Developers + +Rust is for people who want to build the Rust programming language, community, +developer tools, and libraries. We’d love to have you contribute to the Rust +language. + +### People Who Value Speed and Stability + +Rust is for people who crave speed and stability in a language. By speed, we +mean both how quickly Rust code can run and the speed at which Rust lets you +write programs. The Rust compiler’s checks ensure stability through feature +additions and refactoring. This is in contrast to the brittle legacy code in +languages without these checks, which developers are often afraid to modify. By +striving for zero-cost abstractions, higher-level features that compile to +lower-level code as fast as code written manually, Rust endeavors to make safe +code be fast code as well. + +The Rust language hopes to support many other users as well; those mentioned +here are merely some of the biggest stakeholders. Overall, Rust’s greatest +ambition is to eliminate the trade-offs that programmers have accepted for +decades by providing safety *and* productivity, speed *and* ergonomics. Give +Rust a try and see if its choices work for you. + +## Who This Book Is For + +This book assumes that you’ve written code in another programming language, but +doesn’t make any assumptions about which one. We’ve tried to make the material +broadly accessible to those from a wide variety of programming backgrounds. We +don’t spend a lot of time talking about what programming *is* or how to think +about it. If you’re entirely new to programming, you would be better served by +reading a book that specifically provides an introduction to programming. + +## How to Use This Book + +In general, this book assumes that you’re reading it in sequence from front to +back. Later chapters build on concepts in earlier chapters, and earlier +chapters might not delve into details on a particular topic but will revisit +the topic in a later chapter. + +You’ll find two kinds of chapters in this book: concept chapters and project +chapters. In concept chapters, you’ll learn about an aspect of Rust. In project +chapters, we’ll build small programs together, applying what you’ve learned so +far. Chapter 2, Chapter 12, and Chapter 20 are project chapters; the rest are +concept chapters. + +**Chapter 1** explains how to install Rust, how to write a “Hello, world!” +program, and how to use Cargo, Rust’s package manager and build tool. **Chapter +2** is a hands-on introduction to writing a program in Rust, having you build +up a number-guessing game. Here, we cover concepts at a high level, and later +chapters will provide additional detail. If you want to get your hands dirty +right away, Chapter 2 is the place for that. **Chapter 3** covers Rust features +that are similar to those of other programming languages, and in **Chapter 4** +you’ll learn about Rust’s ownership system. If you’re a particularly meticulous +learner who prefers to learn every detail before moving on to the next, you +might want to skip Chapter 2 and go straight to Chapter 3, returning to Chapter +2 when you’d like to work on a project applying the details you’ve learned. + +**Chapter 5** discusses structs and methods, and **Chapter 6** covers enums, +`match` expressions, and the `if let` control flow construct. You’ll use +structs and enums to make custom types in Rust. + +In **Chapter 7**, you’ll learn about Rust’s module system and about privacy +rules for organizing your code and its public application programming interface +(API). **Chapter 8** discusses some common collection data structures that the +standard library provides, such as vectors, strings, and hash maps. **Chapter +9** explores Rust’s error-handling philosophy and techniques. + +**Chapter 10** digs into generics, traits, and lifetimes, which give you the +power to define code that applies to multiple types. **Chapter 11** is all +about testing, which even with Rust’s safety guarantees is necessary to ensure +your program’s logic is correct. In **Chapter 12**, we’ll build our own +implementation of a subset of functionality from the `grep` command line tool +that searches for text within files. For this, we’ll use many of the concepts +we discussed in the previous chapters. + +**Chapter 13** explores closures and iterators: features of Rust that come from +functional programming languages. In **Chapter 14**, we’ll examine Cargo in +more depth and talk about best practices for sharing your libraries with +others. **Chapter 15** discusses smart pointers that the standard library +provides and the traits that enable their functionality. + +In **Chapter 16**, we’ll walk through different models of concurrent +programming and talk about how Rust helps you program in multiple threads +fearlessly. **Chapter 17** looks at how Rust idioms compare to object-oriented +programming principles you might be familiar with. + +**Chapter 18** is a reference on patterns and pattern matching, which are +powerful ways of expressing ideas throughout Rust programs. **Chapter 19** +contains a smorgasbord of advanced topics of interest, including unsafe Rust, +macros, and more about lifetimes, traits, types, functions, and closures. + +In **Chapter 20**, we’ll complete a project in which we’ll implement a +low-level multithreaded web server! + +Finally, some appendices contain useful information about the language in a +more reference-like format**. Appendix A** covers Rust’s keywords, **Appendix +B** covers Rust’s operators and symbols, **Appendix C** covers derivable traits +provided by the standard library, **Appendix D** covers some useful development +tools, and **Appendix E** explains Rust editions. + +There is no wrong way to read this book: if you want to skip ahead, go for it! +You might have to jump back to earlier chapters if you experience any +confusion. But do whatever works for you. + +An important part of the process of learning Rust is learning how to read the +error messages the compiler displays: these will guide you toward working code. +As such, we’ll provide many examples that don’t compile along with the error +message the compiler will show you in each situation. Know that if you enter +and run a random example, it may not compile! Make sure you read the +surrounding text to see whether the example you’re trying to run is meant to +error. In most situations, we’ll lead you to the correct version of any code +that doesn’t compile. + +## Resources and How to Contribute to This Book + +This book is open source. If you find an error, please don’t hesitate to file +an issue or send a pull request on GitHub at +*https://github.com/rust-lang/book*. Please see *CONTRIBUTING.md* at +*https://github.com/rust-lang/book/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md* for more details. + +The source code for the examples in this book, errata, and other information +are available at *https://www.nostarch.com/Rust2021*. + -- cgit v1.2.3