#[doc = include_str!("panic.md")] #[macro_export] #[rustc_builtin_macro(core_panic)] #[allow_internal_unstable(edition_panic)] #[stable(feature = "core", since = "1.6.0")] #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "core_panic_macro"] macro_rules! panic { // Expands to either `$crate::panic::panic_2015` or `$crate::panic::panic_2021` // depending on the edition of the caller. ($($arg:tt)*) => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other (using [`PartialEq`]). /// /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their /// debug representations. /// /// Like [`assert!`], this macro has a second form, where a custom /// panic message can be provided. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let a = 3; /// let b = 1 + 2; /// assert_eq!(a, b); /// /// assert_eq!(a, b, "we are testing addition with {} and {}", a, b); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "assert_eq_macro")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic)] macro_rules! assert_eq { ($left:expr, $right:expr $(,)?) => { match (&$left, &$right) { (left_val, right_val) => { if !(*left_val == *right_val) { let kind = $crate::panicking::AssertKind::Eq; // The reborrows below are intentional. Without them, the stack slot for the // borrow is initialized even before the values are compared, leading to a // noticeable slow down. $crate::panicking::assert_failed(kind, &*left_val, &*right_val, $crate::option::Option::None); } } } }; ($left:expr, $right:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => { match (&$left, &$right) { (left_val, right_val) => { if !(*left_val == *right_val) { let kind = $crate::panicking::AssertKind::Eq; // The reborrows below are intentional. Without them, the stack slot for the // borrow is initialized even before the values are compared, leading to a // noticeable slow down. $crate::panicking::assert_failed(kind, &*left_val, &*right_val, $crate::option::Option::Some($crate::format_args!($($arg)+))); } } } }; } /// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other (using [`PartialEq`]). /// /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their /// debug representations. /// /// Like [`assert!`], this macro has a second form, where a custom /// panic message can be provided. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let a = 3; /// let b = 2; /// assert_ne!(a, b); /// /// assert_ne!(a, b, "we are testing that the values are not equal"); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.13.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "assert_ne_macro")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic)] macro_rules! assert_ne { ($left:expr, $right:expr $(,)?) => { match (&$left, &$right) { (left_val, right_val) => { if *left_val == *right_val { let kind = $crate::panicking::AssertKind::Ne; // The reborrows below are intentional. Without them, the stack slot for the // borrow is initialized even before the values are compared, leading to a // noticeable slow down. $crate::panicking::assert_failed(kind, &*left_val, &*right_val, $crate::option::Option::None); } } } }; ($left:expr, $right:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => { match (&($left), &($right)) { (left_val, right_val) => { if *left_val == *right_val { let kind = $crate::panicking::AssertKind::Ne; // The reborrows below are intentional. Without them, the stack slot for the // borrow is initialized even before the values are compared, leading to a // noticeable slow down. $crate::panicking::assert_failed(kind, &*left_val, &*right_val, $crate::option::Option::Some($crate::format_args!($($arg)+))); } } } }; } /// Asserts that an expression matches any of the given patterns. /// /// Like in a `match` expression, the pattern can be optionally followed by `if` /// and a guard expression that has access to names bound by the pattern. /// /// On panic, this macro will print the value of the expression with its /// debug representation. /// /// Like [`assert!`], this macro has a second form, where a custom /// panic message can be provided. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// #![feature(assert_matches)] /// /// use std::assert_matches::assert_matches; /// /// let a = 1u32.checked_add(2); /// let b = 1u32.checked_sub(2); /// assert_matches!(a, Some(_)); /// assert_matches!(b, None); /// /// let c = Ok("abc".to_string()); /// assert_matches!(c, Ok(x) | Err(x) if x.len() < 100); /// ``` #[unstable(feature = "assert_matches", issue = "82775")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic)] #[rustc_macro_transparency = "semitransparent"] pub macro assert_matches { ($left:expr, $(|)? $( $pattern:pat_param )|+ $( if $guard: expr )? $(,)?) => { match $left { $( $pattern )|+ $( if $guard )? => {} ref left_val => { $crate::panicking::assert_matches_failed( left_val, $crate::stringify!($($pattern)|+ $(if $guard)?), $crate::option::Option::None ); } } }, ($left:expr, $(|)? $( $pattern:pat_param )|+ $( if $guard: expr )?, $($arg:tt)+) => { match $left { $( $pattern )|+ $( if $guard )? => {} ref left_val => { $crate::panicking::assert_matches_failed( left_val, $crate::stringify!($($pattern)|+ $(if $guard)?), $crate::option::Option::Some($crate::format_args!($($arg)+)) ); } } }, } /// Asserts that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime. /// /// This will invoke the [`panic!`] macro if the provided expression cannot be /// evaluated to `true` at runtime. /// /// Like [`assert!`], this macro also has a second version, where a custom panic /// message can be provided. /// /// # Uses /// /// Unlike [`assert!`], `debug_assert!` statements are only enabled in non /// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will not execute /// `debug_assert!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the /// compiler. This makes `debug_assert!` useful for checks that are too /// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during /// development. The result of expanding `debug_assert!` is always type checked. /// /// An unchecked assertion allows a program in an inconsistent state to keep /// running, which might have unexpected consequences but does not introduce /// unsafety as long as this only happens in safe code. The performance cost /// of assertions, however, is not measurable in general. Replacing [`assert!`] /// with `debug_assert!` is thus only encouraged after thorough profiling, and /// more importantly, only in safe code! /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the /// // expression given. /// debug_assert!(true); /// /// fn some_expensive_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function /// debug_assert!(some_expensive_computation()); /// /// // assert with a custom message /// let x = true; /// debug_assert!(x, "x wasn't true!"); /// /// let a = 3; let b = 27; /// debug_assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "debug_assert_macro"] #[allow_internal_unstable(edition_panic)] macro_rules! debug_assert { ($($arg:tt)*) => { if $crate::cfg!(debug_assertions) { $crate::assert!($($arg)*); } }; } /// Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other. /// /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their /// debug representations. /// /// Unlike [`assert_eq!`], `debug_assert_eq!` statements are only enabled in non /// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will not execute /// `debug_assert_eq!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the /// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_eq!` useful for checks that are too /// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during /// development. The result of expanding `debug_assert_eq!` is always type checked. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let a = 3; /// let b = 1 + 2; /// debug_assert_eq!(a, b); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "debug_assert_eq_macro")] macro_rules! debug_assert_eq { ($($arg:tt)*) => { if $crate::cfg!(debug_assertions) { $crate::assert_eq!($($arg)*); } }; } /// Asserts that two expressions are not equal to each other. /// /// On panic, this macro will print the values of the expressions with their /// debug representations. /// /// Unlike [`assert_ne!`], `debug_assert_ne!` statements are only enabled in non /// optimized builds by default. An optimized build will not execute /// `debug_assert_ne!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is passed to the /// compiler. This makes `debug_assert_ne!` useful for checks that are too /// expensive to be present in a release build but may be helpful during /// development. The result of expanding `debug_assert_ne!` is always type checked. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let a = 3; /// let b = 2; /// debug_assert_ne!(a, b); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "assert_ne", since = "1.13.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "debug_assert_ne_macro")] macro_rules! debug_assert_ne { ($($arg:tt)*) => { if $crate::cfg!(debug_assertions) { $crate::assert_ne!($($arg)*); } }; } /// Asserts that an expression matches any of the given patterns. /// /// Like in a `match` expression, the pattern can be optionally followed by `if` /// and a guard expression that has access to names bound by the pattern. /// /// On panic, this macro will print the value of the expression with its /// debug representation. /// /// Unlike [`assert_matches!`], `debug_assert_matches!` statements are only /// enabled in non optimized builds by default. An optimized build will not /// execute `debug_assert_matches!` statements unless `-C debug-assertions` is /// passed to the compiler. This makes `debug_assert_matches!` useful for /// checks that are too expensive to be present in a release build but may be /// helpful during development. The result of expanding `debug_assert_matches!` /// is always type checked. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// #![feature(assert_matches)] /// /// use std::assert_matches::debug_assert_matches; /// /// let a = 1u32.checked_add(2); /// let b = 1u32.checked_sub(2); /// debug_assert_matches!(a, Some(_)); /// debug_assert_matches!(b, None); /// /// let c = Ok("abc".to_string()); /// debug_assert_matches!(c, Ok(x) | Err(x) if x.len() < 100); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[unstable(feature = "assert_matches", issue = "82775")] #[allow_internal_unstable(assert_matches)] #[rustc_macro_transparency = "semitransparent"] pub macro debug_assert_matches($($arg:tt)*) { if $crate::cfg!(debug_assertions) { $crate::assert_matches::assert_matches!($($arg)*); } } /// Returns whether the given expression matches any of the given patterns. /// /// Like in a `match` expression, the pattern can be optionally followed by `if` /// and a guard expression that has access to names bound by the pattern. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let foo = 'f'; /// assert!(matches!(foo, 'A'..='Z' | 'a'..='z')); /// /// let bar = Some(4); /// assert!(matches!(bar, Some(x) if x > 2)); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "matches_macro", since = "1.42.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "matches_macro")] macro_rules! matches { ($expression:expr, $(|)? $( $pattern:pat_param )|+ $( if $guard: expr )? $(,)?) => { match $expression { $( $pattern )|+ $( if $guard )? => true, _ => false } }; } /// Unwraps a result or propagates its error. /// /// The [`?` operator][propagating-errors] was added to replace `try!` /// and should be used instead. Furthermore, `try` is a reserved word /// in Rust 2018, so if you must use it, you will need to use the /// [raw-identifier syntax][ris]: `r#try`. /// /// [propagating-errors]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator /// [ris]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rust-by-example/compatibility/raw_identifiers.html /// /// `try!` matches the given [`Result`]. In case of the `Ok` variant, the /// expression has the value of the wrapped value. /// /// In case of the `Err` variant, it retrieves the inner error. `try!` then /// performs conversion using `From`. This provides automatic conversion /// between specialized errors and more general ones. The resulting /// error is then immediately returned. /// /// Because of the early return, `try!` can only be used in functions that /// return [`Result`]. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::io; /// use std::fs::File; /// use std::io::prelude::*; /// /// enum MyError { /// FileWriteError /// } /// /// impl From for MyError { /// fn from(e: io::Error) -> MyError { /// MyError::FileWriteError /// } /// } /// /// // The preferred method of quick returning Errors /// fn write_to_file_question() -> Result<(), MyError> { /// let mut file = File::create("my_best_friends.txt")?; /// file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.")?; /// Ok(()) /// } /// /// // The previous method of quick returning Errors /// fn write_to_file_using_try() -> Result<(), MyError> { /// let mut file = r#try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt")); /// r#try!(file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.")); /// Ok(()) /// } /// /// // This is equivalent to: /// fn write_to_file_using_match() -> Result<(), MyError> { /// let mut file = r#try!(File::create("my_best_friends.txt")); /// match file.write_all(b"This is a list of my best friends.") { /// Ok(v) => v, /// Err(e) => return Err(From::from(e)), /// } /// Ok(()) /// } /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[deprecated(since = "1.39.0", note = "use the `?` operator instead")] #[doc(alias = "?")] macro_rules! r#try { ($expr:expr $(,)?) => { match $expr { $crate::result::Result::Ok(val) => val, $crate::result::Result::Err(err) => { return $crate::result::Result::Err($crate::convert::From::from(err)); } } }; } /// Writes formatted data into a buffer. /// /// This macro accepts a 'writer', a format string, and a list of arguments. Arguments will be /// formatted according to the specified format string and the result will be passed to the writer. /// The writer may be any value with a `write_fmt` method; generally this comes from an /// implementation of either the [`fmt::Write`] or the [`io::Write`] trait. The macro /// returns whatever the `write_fmt` method returns; commonly a [`fmt::Result`], or an /// [`io::Result`]. /// /// See [`std::fmt`] for more information on the format string syntax. /// /// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html /// [`fmt::Write`]: crate::fmt::Write /// [`io::Write`]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html /// [`fmt::Result`]: crate::fmt::Result /// [`io::Result`]: ../std/io/type.Result.html /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::io::Write; /// /// fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> { /// let mut w = Vec::new(); /// write!(&mut w, "test")?; /// write!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments")?; /// /// assert_eq!(w, b"testformatted arguments"); /// Ok(()) /// } /// ``` /// /// A module can import both `std::fmt::Write` and `std::io::Write` and call `write!` on objects /// implementing either, as objects do not typically implement both. However, the module must /// avoid conflict between the trait names, such as by importing them as `_` or otherwise renaming /// them: /// /// ``` /// use std::fmt::Write as _; /// use std::io::Write as _; /// /// fn main() -> Result<(), Box> { /// let mut s = String::new(); /// let mut v = Vec::new(); /// /// write!(&mut s, "{} {}", "abc", 123)?; // uses fmt::Write::write_fmt /// write!(&mut v, "s = {:?}", s)?; // uses io::Write::write_fmt /// assert_eq!(v, b"s = \"abc 123\""); /// Ok(()) /// } /// ``` /// /// If you also need the trait names themselves, such as to implement one or both on your types, /// import the containing module and then name them with a prefix: /// /// ``` /// # #![allow(unused_imports)] /// use std::fmt::{self, Write as _}; /// use std::io::{self, Write as _}; /// /// struct Example; /// /// impl fmt::Write for Example { /// fn write_str(&mut self, _s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result { /// unimplemented!(); /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// Note: This macro can be used in `no_std` setups as well. /// In a `no_std` setup you are responsible for the implementation details of the components. /// /// ```no_run /// # extern crate core; /// use core::fmt::Write; /// /// struct Example; /// /// impl Write for Example { /// fn write_str(&mut self, _s: &str) -> core::fmt::Result { /// unimplemented!(); /// } /// } /// /// let mut m = Example{}; /// write!(&mut m, "Hello World").expect("Not written"); /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "write_macro")] macro_rules! write { ($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { $dst.write_fmt($crate::format_args!($($arg)*)) }; } /// Write formatted data into a buffer, with a newline appended. /// /// On all platforms, the newline is the LINE FEED character (`\n`/`U+000A`) alone /// (no additional CARRIAGE RETURN (`\r`/`U+000D`). /// /// For more information, see [`write!`]. For information on the format string syntax, see /// [`std::fmt`]. /// /// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::io::{Write, Result}; /// /// fn main() -> Result<()> { /// let mut w = Vec::new(); /// writeln!(&mut w)?; /// writeln!(&mut w, "test")?; /// writeln!(&mut w, "formatted {}", "arguments")?; /// /// assert_eq!(&w[..], "\ntest\nformatted arguments\n".as_bytes()); /// Ok(()) /// } /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "writeln_macro")] #[allow_internal_unstable(format_args_nl)] macro_rules! writeln { ($dst:expr $(,)?) => { $crate::write!($dst, "\n") }; ($dst:expr, $($arg:tt)*) => { $dst.write_fmt($crate::format_args_nl!($($arg)*)) }; } /// Indicates unreachable code. /// /// This is useful any time that the compiler can't determine that some code is unreachable. For /// example: /// /// * Match arms with guard conditions. /// * Loops that dynamically terminate. /// * Iterators that dynamically terminate. /// /// If the determination that the code is unreachable proves incorrect, the /// program immediately terminates with a [`panic!`]. /// /// The unsafe counterpart of this macro is the [`unreachable_unchecked`] function, which /// will cause undefined behavior if the code is reached. /// /// [`unreachable_unchecked`]: crate::hint::unreachable_unchecked /// /// # Panics /// /// This will always [`panic!`] because `unreachable!` is just a shorthand for `panic!` with a /// fixed, specific message. /// /// Like `panic!`, this macro has a second form for displaying custom values. /// /// # Examples /// /// Match arms: /// /// ``` /// # #[allow(dead_code)] /// fn foo(x: Option) { /// match x { /// Some(n) if n >= 0 => println!("Some(Non-negative)"), /// Some(n) if n < 0 => println!("Some(Negative)"), /// Some(_) => unreachable!(), // compile error if commented out /// None => println!("None") /// } /// } /// ``` /// /// Iterators: /// /// ``` /// # #[allow(dead_code)] /// fn divide_by_three(x: u32) -> u32 { // one of the poorest implementations of x/3 /// for i in 0.. { /// if 3*i < i { panic!("u32 overflow"); } /// if x < 3*i { return i-1; } /// } /// unreachable!("The loop should always return"); /// } /// ``` #[macro_export] #[rustc_builtin_macro(unreachable)] #[allow_internal_unstable(edition_panic)] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "unreachable_macro")] macro_rules! unreachable { // Expands to either `$crate::panic::unreachable_2015` or `$crate::panic::unreachable_2021` // depending on the edition of the caller. ($($arg:tt)*) => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Indicates unimplemented code by panicking with a message of "not implemented". /// /// This allows your code to type-check, which is useful if you are prototyping or /// implementing a trait that requires multiple methods which you don't plan to use all of. /// /// The difference between `unimplemented!` and [`todo!`] is that while `todo!` /// conveys an intent of implementing the functionality later and the message is "not yet /// implemented", `unimplemented!` makes no such claims. Its message is "not implemented". /// Also some IDEs will mark `todo!`s. /// /// # Panics /// /// This will always [`panic!`] because `unimplemented!` is just a shorthand for `panic!` with a /// fixed, specific message. /// /// Like `panic!`, this macro has a second form for displaying custom values. /// /// [`todo!`]: crate::todo /// /// # Examples /// /// Say we have a trait `Foo`: /// /// ``` /// trait Foo { /// fn bar(&self) -> u8; /// fn baz(&self); /// fn qux(&self) -> Result; /// } /// ``` /// /// We want to implement `Foo` for 'MyStruct', but for some reason it only makes sense /// to implement the `bar()` function. `baz()` and `qux()` will still need to be defined /// in our implementation of `Foo`, but we can use `unimplemented!` in their definitions /// to allow our code to compile. /// /// We still want to have our program stop running if the unimplemented methods are /// reached. /// /// ``` /// # trait Foo { /// # fn bar(&self) -> u8; /// # fn baz(&self); /// # fn qux(&self) -> Result; /// # } /// struct MyStruct; /// /// impl Foo for MyStruct { /// fn bar(&self) -> u8 { /// 1 + 1 /// } /// /// fn baz(&self) { /// // It makes no sense to `baz` a `MyStruct`, so we have no logic here /// // at all. /// // This will display "thread 'main' panicked at 'not implemented'". /// unimplemented!(); /// } /// /// fn qux(&self) -> Result { /// // We have some logic here, /// // We can add a message to unimplemented! to display our omission. /// // This will display: /// // "thread 'main' panicked at 'not implemented: MyStruct isn't quxable'". /// unimplemented!("MyStruct isn't quxable"); /// } /// } /// /// fn main() { /// let s = MyStruct; /// s.bar(); /// } /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "unimplemented_macro")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic)] macro_rules! unimplemented { () => { $crate::panicking::panic("not implemented") }; ($($arg:tt)+) => { $crate::panic!("not implemented: {}", $crate::format_args!($($arg)+)) }; } /// Indicates unfinished code. /// /// This can be useful if you are prototyping and are just looking to have your /// code typecheck. /// /// The difference between [`unimplemented!`] and `todo!` is that while `todo!` conveys /// an intent of implementing the functionality later and the message is "not yet /// implemented", `unimplemented!` makes no such claims. Its message is "not implemented". /// Also some IDEs will mark `todo!`s. /// /// # Panics /// /// This will always [`panic!`]. /// /// # Examples /// /// Here's an example of some in-progress code. We have a trait `Foo`: /// /// ``` /// trait Foo { /// fn bar(&self); /// fn baz(&self); /// } /// ``` /// /// We want to implement `Foo` on one of our types, but we also want to work on /// just `bar()` first. In order for our code to compile, we need to implement /// `baz()`, so we can use `todo!`: /// /// ``` /// # trait Foo { /// # fn bar(&self); /// # fn baz(&self); /// # } /// struct MyStruct; /// /// impl Foo for MyStruct { /// fn bar(&self) { /// // implementation goes here /// } /// /// fn baz(&self) { /// // let's not worry about implementing baz() for now /// todo!(); /// } /// } /// /// fn main() { /// let s = MyStruct; /// s.bar(); /// /// // we aren't even using baz(), so this is fine. /// } /// ``` #[macro_export] #[stable(feature = "todo_macro", since = "1.40.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "todo_macro")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic)] macro_rules! todo { () => { $crate::panicking::panic("not yet implemented") }; ($($arg:tt)+) => { $crate::panic!("not yet implemented: {}", $crate::format_args!($($arg)+)) }; } /// Definitions of built-in macros. /// /// Most of the macro properties (stability, visibility, etc.) are taken from the source code here, /// with exception of expansion functions transforming macro inputs into outputs, /// those functions are provided by the compiler. pub(crate) mod builtin { /// Causes compilation to fail with the given error message when encountered. /// /// This macro should be used when a crate uses a conditional compilation strategy to provide /// better error messages for erroneous conditions. It's the compiler-level form of [`panic!`], /// but emits an error during *compilation* rather than at *runtime*. /// /// # Examples /// /// Two such examples are macros and `#[cfg]` environments. /// /// Emit a better compiler error if a macro is passed invalid values. Without the final branch, /// the compiler would still emit an error, but the error's message would not mention the two /// valid values. /// /// ```compile_fail /// macro_rules! give_me_foo_or_bar { /// (foo) => {}; /// (bar) => {}; /// ($x:ident) => { /// compile_error!("This macro only accepts `foo` or `bar`"); /// } /// } /// /// give_me_foo_or_bar!(neither); /// // ^ will fail at compile time with message "This macro only accepts `foo` or `bar`" /// ``` /// /// Emit a compiler error if one of a number of features isn't available. /// /// ```compile_fail /// #[cfg(not(any(feature = "foo", feature = "bar")))] /// compile_error!("Either feature \"foo\" or \"bar\" must be enabled for this crate."); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "compile_error_macro", since = "1.20.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "compile_error_macro")] macro_rules! compile_error { ($msg:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Constructs parameters for the other string-formatting macros. /// /// This macro functions by taking a formatting string literal containing /// `{}` for each additional argument passed. `format_args!` prepares the /// additional parameters to ensure the output can be interpreted as a string /// and canonicalizes the arguments into a single type. Any value that implements /// the [`Display`] trait can be passed to `format_args!`, as can any /// [`Debug`] implementation be passed to a `{:?}` within the formatting string. /// /// This macro produces a value of type [`fmt::Arguments`]. This value can be /// passed to the macros within [`std::fmt`] for performing useful redirection. /// All other formatting macros ([`format!`], [`write!`], [`println!`], etc) are /// proxied through this one. `format_args!`, unlike its derived macros, avoids /// heap allocations. /// /// You can use the [`fmt::Arguments`] value that `format_args!` returns /// in `Debug` and `Display` contexts as seen below. The example also shows /// that `Debug` and `Display` format to the same thing: the interpolated /// format string in `format_args!`. /// /// ```rust /// let debug = format!("{:?}", format_args!("{} foo {:?}", 1, 2)); /// let display = format!("{}", format_args!("{} foo {:?}", 1, 2)); /// assert_eq!("1 foo 2", display); /// assert_eq!(display, debug); /// ``` /// /// For more information, see the documentation in [`std::fmt`]. /// /// [`Display`]: crate::fmt::Display /// [`Debug`]: crate::fmt::Debug /// [`fmt::Arguments`]: crate::fmt::Arguments /// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html /// [`format!`]: ../std/macro.format.html /// [`println!`]: ../std/macro.println.html /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use std::fmt; /// /// let s = fmt::format(format_args!("hello {}", "world")); /// assert_eq!(s, format!("hello {}", "world")); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "format_args_macro")] #[allow_internal_unsafe] #[allow_internal_unstable(fmt_internals)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! format_args { ($fmt:expr) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Same as [`format_args`], but can be used in some const contexts. /// /// This macro is used by the panic macros for the `const_panic` feature. /// /// This macro will be removed once `format_args` is allowed in const contexts. #[unstable(feature = "const_format_args", issue = "none")] #[allow_internal_unstable(fmt_internals, const_fmt_arguments_new)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! const_format_args { ($fmt:expr) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Same as [`format_args`], but adds a newline in the end. #[unstable( feature = "format_args_nl", issue = "none", reason = "`format_args_nl` is only for internal \ language use and is subject to change" )] #[allow_internal_unstable(fmt_internals)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! format_args_nl { ($fmt:expr) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; ($fmt:expr, $($args:tt)*) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Inspects an environment variable at compile time. /// /// This macro will expand to the value of the named environment variable at /// compile time, yielding an expression of type `&'static str`. Use /// [`std::env::var`] instead if you want to read the value at runtime. /// /// [`std::env::var`]: ../std/env/fn.var.html /// /// If the environment variable is not defined, then a compilation error /// will be emitted. To not emit a compile error, use the [`option_env!`] /// macro instead. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let path: &'static str = env!("PATH"); /// println!("the $PATH variable at the time of compiling was: {path}"); /// ``` /// /// You can customize the error message by passing a string as the second /// parameter: /// /// ```compile_fail /// let doc: &'static str = env!("documentation", "what's that?!"); /// ``` /// /// If the `documentation` environment variable is not defined, you'll get /// the following error: /// /// ```text /// error: what's that?! /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "env_macro")] macro_rules! env { ($name:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; ($name:expr, $error_msg:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Optionally inspects an environment variable at compile time. /// /// If the named environment variable is present at compile time, this will /// expand into an expression of type `Option<&'static str>` whose value is /// `Some` of the value of the environment variable. If the environment /// variable is not present, then this will expand to `None`. See /// [`Option`][Option] for more information on this type. Use /// [`std::env::var`] instead if you want to read the value at runtime. /// /// [`std::env::var`]: ../std/env/fn.var.html /// /// A compile time error is never emitted when using this macro regardless /// of whether the environment variable is present or not. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let key: Option<&'static str> = option_env!("SECRET_KEY"); /// println!("the secret key might be: {key:?}"); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "option_env_macro")] macro_rules! option_env { ($name:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Concatenates identifiers into one identifier. /// /// This macro takes any number of comma-separated identifiers, and /// concatenates them all into one, yielding an expression which is a new /// identifier. Note that hygiene makes it such that this macro cannot /// capture local variables. Also, as a general rule, macros are only /// allowed in item, statement or expression position. That means while /// you may use this macro for referring to existing variables, functions or /// modules etc, you cannot define a new one with it. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// #![feature(concat_idents)] /// /// # fn main() { /// fn foobar() -> u32 { 23 } /// /// let f = concat_idents!(foo, bar); /// println!("{}", f()); /// /// // fn concat_idents!(new, fun, name) { } // not usable in this way! /// # } /// ``` #[unstable( feature = "concat_idents", issue = "29599", reason = "`concat_idents` is not stable enough for use and is subject to change" )] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! concat_idents { ($($e:ident),+ $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Concatenates literals into a byte slice. /// /// This macro takes any number of comma-separated literals, and concatenates them all into /// one, yielding an expression of type `&[u8; _]`, which represents all of the literals /// concatenated left-to-right. The literals passed can be any combination of: /// /// - byte literals (`b'r'`) /// - byte strings (`b"Rust"`) /// - arrays of bytes/numbers (`[b'A', 66, b'C']`) /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// #![feature(concat_bytes)] /// /// # fn main() { /// let s: &[u8; 6] = concat_bytes!(b'A', b"BC", [68, b'E', 70]); /// assert_eq!(s, b"ABCDEF"); /// # } /// ``` #[unstable(feature = "concat_bytes", issue = "87555")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! concat_bytes { ($($e:literal),+ $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Concatenates literals into a static string slice. /// /// This macro takes any number of comma-separated literals, yielding an /// expression of type `&'static str` which represents all of the literals /// concatenated left-to-right. /// /// Integer and floating point literals are stringified in order to be /// concatenated. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let s = concat!("test", 10, 'b', true); /// assert_eq!(s, "test10btrue"); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "concat_macro")] macro_rules! concat { ($($e:expr),* $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Expands to the line number on which it was invoked. /// /// With [`column!`] and [`file!`], these macros provide debugging information for /// developers about the location within the source. /// /// The expanded expression has type `u32` and is 1-based, so the first line /// in each file evaluates to 1, the second to 2, etc. This is consistent /// with error messages by common compilers or popular editors. /// The returned line is *not necessarily* the line of the `line!` invocation itself, /// but rather the first macro invocation leading up to the invocation /// of the `line!` macro. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let current_line = line!(); /// println!("defined on line: {current_line}"); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "line_macro")] macro_rules! line { () => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Expands to the column number at which it was invoked. /// /// With [`line!`] and [`file!`], these macros provide debugging information for /// developers about the location within the source. /// /// The expanded expression has type `u32` and is 1-based, so the first column /// in each line evaluates to 1, the second to 2, etc. This is consistent /// with error messages by common compilers or popular editors. /// The returned column is *not necessarily* the line of the `column!` invocation itself, /// but rather the first macro invocation leading up to the invocation /// of the `column!` macro. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let current_col = column!(); /// println!("defined on column: {current_col}"); /// ``` /// /// `column!` counts Unicode code points, not bytes or graphemes. As a result, the first two /// invocations return the same value, but the third does not. /// /// ``` /// let a = ("foobar", column!()).1; /// let b = ("人之初性本善", column!()).1; /// let c = ("f̅o̅o̅b̅a̅r̅", column!()).1; // Uses combining overline (U+0305) /// /// assert_eq!(a, b); /// assert_ne!(b, c); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "column_macro")] macro_rules! column { () => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Expands to the file name in which it was invoked. /// /// With [`line!`] and [`column!`], these macros provide debugging information for /// developers about the location within the source. /// /// The expanded expression has type `&'static str`, and the returned file /// is not the invocation of the `file!` macro itself, but rather the /// first macro invocation leading up to the invocation of the `file!` /// macro. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let this_file = file!(); /// println!("defined in file: {this_file}"); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "file_macro")] macro_rules! file { () => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Stringifies its arguments. /// /// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static str` which is the /// stringification of all the tokens passed to the macro. No restrictions /// are placed on the syntax of the macro invocation itself. /// /// Note that the expanded results of the input tokens may change in the /// future. You should be careful if you rely on the output. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let one_plus_one = stringify!(1 + 1); /// assert_eq!(one_plus_one, "1 + 1"); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "stringify_macro")] macro_rules! stringify { ($($t:tt)*) => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Includes a UTF-8 encoded file as a string. /// /// The file is located relative to the current file (similarly to how /// modules are found). The provided path is interpreted in a platform-specific /// way at compile time. So, for instance, an invocation with a Windows path /// containing backslashes `\` would not compile correctly on Unix. /// /// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static str` which is the /// contents of the file. /// /// # Examples /// /// Assume there are two files in the same directory with the following /// contents: /// /// File 'spanish.in': /// /// ```text /// adiós /// ``` /// /// File 'main.rs': /// /// ```ignore (cannot-doctest-external-file-dependency) /// fn main() { /// let my_str = include_str!("spanish.in"); /// assert_eq!(my_str, "adiós\n"); /// print!("{my_str}"); /// } /// ``` /// /// Compiling 'main.rs' and running the resulting binary will print "adiós". #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "include_str_macro")] macro_rules! include_str { ($file:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Includes a file as a reference to a byte array. /// /// The file is located relative to the current file (similarly to how /// modules are found). The provided path is interpreted in a platform-specific /// way at compile time. So, for instance, an invocation with a Windows path /// containing backslashes `\` would not compile correctly on Unix. /// /// This macro will yield an expression of type `&'static [u8; N]` which is /// the contents of the file. /// /// # Examples /// /// Assume there are two files in the same directory with the following /// contents: /// /// File 'spanish.in': /// /// ```text /// adiós /// ``` /// /// File 'main.rs': /// /// ```ignore (cannot-doctest-external-file-dependency) /// fn main() { /// let bytes = include_bytes!("spanish.in"); /// assert_eq!(bytes, b"adi\xc3\xb3s\n"); /// print!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(bytes)); /// } /// ``` /// /// Compiling 'main.rs' and running the resulting binary will print "adiós". #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "include_bytes_macro")] macro_rules! include_bytes { ($file:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Expands to a string that represents the current module path. /// /// The current module path can be thought of as the hierarchy of modules /// leading back up to the crate root. The first component of the path /// returned is the name of the crate currently being compiled. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// mod test { /// pub fn foo() { /// assert!(module_path!().ends_with("test")); /// } /// } /// /// test::foo(); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "module_path_macro")] macro_rules! module_path { () => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Evaluates boolean combinations of configuration flags at compile-time. /// /// In addition to the `#[cfg]` attribute, this macro is provided to allow /// boolean expression evaluation of configuration flags. This frequently /// leads to less duplicated code. /// /// The syntax given to this macro is the same syntax as the [`cfg`] /// attribute. /// /// `cfg!`, unlike `#[cfg]`, does not remove any code and only evaluates to true or false. For /// example, all blocks in an if/else expression need to be valid when `cfg!` is used for /// the condition, regardless of what `cfg!` is evaluating. /// /// [`cfg`]: ../reference/conditional-compilation.html#the-cfg-attribute /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// let my_directory = if cfg!(windows) { /// "windows-specific-directory" /// } else { /// "unix-directory" /// }; /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "cfg_macro")] macro_rules! cfg { ($($cfg:tt)*) => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Parses a file as an expression or an item according to the context. /// /// The file is located relative to the current file (similarly to how /// modules are found). The provided path is interpreted in a platform-specific /// way at compile time. So, for instance, an invocation with a Windows path /// containing backslashes `\` would not compile correctly on Unix. /// /// Using this macro is often a bad idea, because if the file is /// parsed as an expression, it is going to be placed in the /// surrounding code unhygienically. This could result in variables /// or functions being different from what the file expected if /// there are variables or functions that have the same name in /// the current file. /// /// # Examples /// /// Assume there are two files in the same directory with the following /// contents: /// /// File 'monkeys.in': /// /// ```ignore (only-for-syntax-highlight) /// ['🙈', '🙊', '🙉'] /// .iter() /// .cycle() /// .take(6) /// .collect::() /// ``` /// /// File 'main.rs': /// /// ```ignore (cannot-doctest-external-file-dependency) /// fn main() { /// let my_string = include!("monkeys.in"); /// assert_eq!("🙈🙊🙉🙈🙊🙉", my_string); /// println!("{my_string}"); /// } /// ``` /// /// Compiling 'main.rs' and running the resulting binary will print /// "🙈🙊🙉🙈🙊🙉". #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "include_macro")] macro_rules! include { ($file:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Asserts that a boolean expression is `true` at runtime. /// /// This will invoke the [`panic!`] macro if the provided expression cannot be /// evaluated to `true` at runtime. /// /// # Uses /// /// Assertions are always checked in both debug and release builds, and cannot /// be disabled. See [`debug_assert!`] for assertions that are not enabled in /// release builds by default. /// /// Unsafe code may rely on `assert!` to enforce run-time invariants that, if /// violated could lead to unsafety. /// /// Other use-cases of `assert!` include testing and enforcing run-time /// invariants in safe code (whose violation cannot result in unsafety). /// /// # Custom Messages /// /// This macro has a second form, where a custom panic message can /// be provided with or without arguments for formatting. See [`std::fmt`] /// for syntax for this form. Expressions used as format arguments will only /// be evaluated if the assertion fails. /// /// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// // the panic message for these assertions is the stringified value of the /// // expression given. /// assert!(true); /// /// fn some_computation() -> bool { true } // a very simple function /// /// assert!(some_computation()); /// /// // assert with a custom message /// let x = true; /// assert!(x, "x wasn't true!"); /// /// let a = 3; let b = 27; /// assert!(a + b == 30, "a = {}, b = {}", a, b); /// ``` #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] #[rustc_diagnostic_item = "assert_macro"] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_panic, edition_panic)] macro_rules! assert { ($cond:expr $(,)?) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; ($cond:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Prints passed tokens into the standard output. #[unstable( feature = "log_syntax", issue = "29598", reason = "`log_syntax!` is not stable enough for use and is subject to change" )] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! log_syntax { ($($arg:tt)*) => { /* compiler built-in */ }; } /// Enables or disables tracing functionality used for debugging other macros. #[unstable( feature = "trace_macros", issue = "29598", reason = "`trace_macros` is not stable enough for use and is subject to change" )] #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[macro_export] macro_rules! trace_macros { (true) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; (false) => {{ /* compiler built-in */ }}; } /// Attribute macro used to apply derive macros. /// /// See [the reference] for more info. /// /// [the reference]: ../../../reference/attributes/derive.html #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro derive($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Attribute macro applied to a function to turn it into a unit test. /// /// See [the reference] for more info. /// /// [the reference]: ../../../reference/attributes/testing.html#the-test-attribute #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[allow_internal_unstable(test, rustc_attrs)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro test($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Attribute macro applied to a function to turn it into a benchmark test. #[unstable( feature = "test", issue = "50297", soft, reason = "`bench` is a part of custom test frameworks which are unstable" )] #[allow_internal_unstable(test, rustc_attrs)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro bench($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// An implementation detail of the `#[test]` and `#[bench]` macros. #[unstable( feature = "custom_test_frameworks", issue = "50297", reason = "custom test frameworks are an unstable feature" )] #[allow_internal_unstable(test, rustc_attrs)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro test_case($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Attribute macro applied to a static to register it as a global allocator. /// /// See also [`std::alloc::GlobalAlloc`](../../../std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html). #[stable(feature = "global_allocator", since = "1.28.0")] #[allow_internal_unstable(rustc_attrs)] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro global_allocator($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Keeps the item it's applied to if the passed path is accessible, and removes it otherwise. #[unstable( feature = "cfg_accessible", issue = "64797", reason = "`cfg_accessible` is not fully implemented" )] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro cfg_accessible($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Expands all `#[cfg]` and `#[cfg_attr]` attributes in the code fragment it's applied to. #[unstable( feature = "cfg_eval", issue = "82679", reason = "`cfg_eval` is a recently implemented feature" )] #[rustc_builtin_macro] pub macro cfg_eval($($tt:tt)*) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Unstable implementation detail of the `rustc` compiler, do not use. #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics, libstd_sys_internals, rt)] #[deprecated(since = "1.52.0", note = "rustc-serialize is deprecated and no longer supported")] #[doc(hidden)] // While technically stable, using it is unstable, and deprecated. Hide it. pub macro RustcDecodable($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } /// Unstable implementation detail of the `rustc` compiler, do not use. #[rustc_builtin_macro] #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] #[allow_internal_unstable(core_intrinsics, rt)] #[deprecated(since = "1.52.0", note = "rustc-serialize is deprecated and no longer supported")] #[doc(hidden)] // While technically stable, using it is unstable, and deprecated. Hide it. pub macro RustcEncodable($item:item) { /* compiler built-in */ } }