// run-pass struct X { val: i32 } impl std::ops::Deref for X { type Target = i32; fn deref(&self) -> &i32 { &self.val } } trait M { fn m(self); } impl M for i32 { fn m(self) { println!("i32::m()"); } } impl M for X { fn m(self) { println!("X::m()"); } } impl<'a> M for &'a X { fn m(self) { println!("&X::m()"); } } impl<'a, 'b> M for &'a &'b X { fn m(self) { println!("&&X::m()"); } } impl<'a, 'b, 'c> M for &'a &'b &'c X { fn m(self) { println!("&&&X::m()"); } } trait RefM { fn refm(&self); } impl RefM for i32 { fn refm(&self) { println!("i32::refm()"); } } impl RefM for X { fn refm(&self) { println!("X::refm()"); } } impl<'a> RefM for &'a X { fn refm(&self) { println!("&X::refm()"); } } impl<'a, 'b> RefM for &'a &'b X { fn refm(&self) { println!("&&X::refm()"); } } impl<'a, 'b, 'c> RefM for &'a &'b &'c X { fn refm(&self) { println!("&&&X::refm()"); } } struct Y { val: i32 } impl std::ops::Deref for Y { type Target = i32; fn deref(&self) -> &i32 { &self.val } } struct Z { val: Y } impl std::ops::Deref for Z { type Target = Y; fn deref(&self) -> &Y { &self.val } } struct A; impl std::marker::Copy for A {} impl Clone for A { fn clone(&self) -> Self { *self } } impl M for A { fn m(self) { println!("A::m()"); } } impl<'a, 'b, 'c> M for &'a &'b &'c A { fn m(self) { println!("&&&A::m()"); } } impl RefM for A { fn refm(&self) { println!("A::refm()"); } } impl<'a, 'b, 'c> RefM for &'a &'b &'c A { fn refm(&self) { println!("&&&A::refm()"); } } fn main() { // I'll use @ to denote left side of the dot operator (*X{val:42}).m(); // i32::refm() , self == @ X{val:42}.m(); // X::m() , self == @ (&X{val:42}).m(); // &X::m() , self == @ (&&X{val:42}).m(); // &&X::m() , self == @ (&&&X{val:42}).m(); // &&&X:m() , self == @ (&&&&X{val:42}).m(); // &&&X::m() , self == *@ (&&&&&X{val:42}).m(); // &&&X::m() , self == **@ (*X{val:42}).refm(); // i32::refm() , self == @ X{val:42}.refm(); // X::refm() , self == @ (&X{val:42}).refm(); // X::refm() , self == *@ (&&X{val:42}).refm(); // &X::refm() , self == *@ (&&&X{val:42}).refm(); // &&X::refm() , self == *@ (&&&&X{val:42}).refm(); // &&&X::refm(), self == *@ (&&&&&X{val:42}).refm(); // &&&X::refm(), self == **@ Y{val:42}.refm(); // i32::refm() , self == *@ Z{val:Y{val:42}}.refm(); // i32::refm() , self == **@ A.m(); // A::m() , self == @ // without the Copy trait, (&A).m() would be a compilation error: // cannot move out of borrowed content (&A).m(); // A::m() , self == *@ (&&A).m(); // &&&A::m() , self == &@ (&&&A).m(); // &&&A::m() , self == @ A.refm(); // A::refm() , self == @ (&A).refm(); // A::refm() , self == *@ (&&A).refm(); // A::refm() , self == **@ (&&&A).refm(); // &&&A::refm(), self == @ }