path: root/man/it/man1/passwd.1

'\" t
.\"     Title: passwd
.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 21/06/2024
.\"    Manual: User Commands
.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.15.2
.\"  Language: Italian
.\"
.TH "PASSWD" "1" "21/06/2024" "shadow\-utils 4\&.15\&.2" "User Commands"
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.SH "NOME"
passwd \- cambia la password utente
.SH "SINOSSI"
.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
\fBpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
.PP
The
\fBpasswd\fR
command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
\fBpasswd\fR
also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
.SS "Modifiche delle password"
.PP
All\*(Aqutente viene prima chiesta la propria password attuale, se presente\&. Questa password viene cifrata e confrontata con quella memorizzata\&. All\*(Aqutente viene data solo una possibilit\(`a di inserire la password corretta\&. Il super utente salta questo passo in modo da poter modificare password dimenticate\&.
.PP
After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
\fBpasswd\fR
refuses to change the password and exits\&.
.PP
All\*(Aqutente viene quindi chiesto di inserire la nuova password due volte\&. Le due password sono confrontate e devono essere uguali affinch\('e la password venga accettata\&.
.PP
Then, the password is tested for complexity\&.
\fBpasswd\fR
will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&. Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
.SS "Suggerimenti per password utente"
.PP
The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
\fIUNIX\fR
System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
.PP
La compromissione di una password avviene normalmente a seguito di incuria nella scelta o nella gestione della password\&. Per questo motivo non si devono utilizzare password che appaiono nei dizionari o che devono essere scritte\&. La password non deve essere uno nome proprio, il numero della patente, la data di nascita o l\*(Aqindirizzo\&. Uno qualunque di questi potrebbe essere indovinato per violare la sicurezza del sistema\&.
.PP
As a general guideline, passwords should be long and random\&. It\*(Aqs fine to use simple character sets, such as passwords consisting only of lowercase letters, if that helps memorizing longer passwords\&. For a password consisting only of lowercase English letters randomly chosen, and a length of 32, there are 26^32 (approximately 2^150) different possible combinations\&. Being an exponential equation, it\*(Aqs apparent that the exponent (the length) is more important than the base (the size of the character set)\&.
.PP
You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
.SH "OPZIONI"
.PP
The options which apply to the
\fBpasswd\fR
command are:
.PP
\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
.RS 4
This option can be used only with
\fB\-S\fR
and causes show status for all users\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
.RS 4
Cancella la password utente (la rende vuota)\&. Questo \(`e un metodo veloce per disabilitare la password per l\*(Aqaccount\&. Imposta l\*(Aqaccount indicato come senza password\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
.RS 4
Fa scadere subito la password dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il che ha l\*(Aqeffetto di forzare un cambio password al successivo accesso da parte dell\*(Aqutente\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
.RS 4
This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
\fIINACTIVE\fR
days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
.RS 4
Indica che il cambio password va effettuato solo per i token (password) di autenticazione scaduti\&. L\*(Aqutente vuole mantenere inalterati i token non scaduti\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
.RS 4
Blocca la password dell\*(Aqaccount indicato\&. Questa opzione disabilita una password modificandola in modo che non corrisponda a nessun valore cifrato (aggiunge un \(Fo!\(Fc all\*(Aqinizio della password)\&.
.sp
Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
.sp
Gli utenti con password bloccata non la possono cambiare\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
.RS 4
Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
.RS 4
Modalit\(`a silenziosa\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
.RS 4
change password in
\fIREPOSITORY\fR
repository
.RE
.PP
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
.RS 4
Apply changes in the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory and use the configuration files from the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory\&. Only absolute paths are supported\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
.RS 4
Apply changes to configuration files under the root filesystem found under the directory
\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
.RS 4
Visualizza le informazioni sullo stato di un account\&. Lo stato consiste di 7 campi\&. Il primo campo \(`e il nome dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il secondo campo indica se l\*(Aqaccount ha una password bloccata (L), non ha password (NP) o ha una password valida (P)\&. Il terzo campo contiene la data di ultima modifica della password\&. I successivi quattro campi sono l\*(Aqet\(`a minima, la massima, il periodo di avviso e quello di inattivit\(`a\&. Queste et\(`a sono espresse in giorni\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
.RS 4
Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
\fB\-l\fR
option)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
.RS 4
Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
.RS 4
Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
.sp
Passing the number
\fI\-1\fR
as
\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-stdin\fR
.RS 4
This option is used to indicate that passwd should read the new password from standard input, which can be a pipe\&.
.RE
.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
.PP
Il controllo della complessit\(`a delle password varia da sistema a sistema\&. All\*(Aqutente \(`e caldamente consigliato si utilizzare una password che ritenga sufficientemente complessa\&.
.PP
Gli utenti possono non essere in grado di cambiare la propria password se NIS \(`e abilitato ed essi non sono collegati al server NIS\&.
.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
.PP
The following configuration variables in
/etc/login\&.defs
change the behavior of this tool:
.SH "FILE"
.PP
/etc/passwd
.RS 4
Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/shadow
.RS 4
Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/login\&.defs
.RS 4
Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
.RE
.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
.PP
The
\fBpasswd\fR
command exits with the following values:
.PP
\fI0\fR
.RS 4
success
.RE
.PP
\fI1\fR
.RS 4
permission denied
.RE
.PP
\fI2\fR
.RS 4
invalid combination of options
.RE
.PP
\fI3\fR
.RS 4
unexpected failure, nothing done
.RE
.PP
\fI4\fR
.RS 4
unexpected failure,
passwd
file missing
.RE
.PP
\fI5\fR
.RS 4
passwd
file busy, try again
.RE
.PP
\fI6\fR
.RS 4
invalid argument to option
.RE
.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
.PP
\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
\fBmakepasswd\fR(1),
\fBpasswd\fR(5),
\fBshadow\fR(5),
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
.PP
The following web page comically (yet correctly) compares the strength of two different methods for choosing a password: "https://xkcd\&.com/936/"