Adding upstream version 7.4.upstream/7.4upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3637 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/os_linux.cpp b/os_linux.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa6ac4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/os_linux.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,3637 @@
+/*
+ * os_linux.cpp
+ *
+ * Home page of code is: https://www.smartmontools.org
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2003-11 Bruce Allen
+ * Copyright (C) 2003-11 Doug Gilbert <dgilbert@interlog.com>
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-22 Christian Franke
+ *
+ * Original AACRaid code:
+ *  Copyright (C) 2014    Raghava Aditya <raghava.aditya@pmcs.com>
+ *
+ * Original Areca code:
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008-12 Hank Wu <hank@areca.com.tw>
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008    Oliver Bock <brevilo@users.sourceforge.net>
+ *
+ * Original MegaRAID code:
+ *  Copyright (C) 2008    Jordan Hargrave <jordan_hargrave@dell.com>
+ *
+ * 3ware code was derived from code that was:
+ *
+ *  Written By: Adam Radford <linux@3ware.com>
+ *  Modifications By: Joel Jacobson <linux@3ware.com>
+ *                    Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@conectiva.com.br>
+ *                    Brad Strand <linux@3ware.com>
+ *
+ *  Copyright (C) 1999-2003 3ware Inc.
+ *
+ *  Kernel compatibility By:    Andre Hedrick <andre@suse.com>
+ *  Non-Copyright (C) 2000      Andre Hedrick <andre@suse.com>
+ *
+ * Other ars of this file are derived from code that was
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 1999-2000 Michael Cornwell <cornwell@acm.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2000 Andre Hedrick <andre@linux-ide.org>
+ *
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <glob.h>
+
+#include <scsi/scsi.h>
+#include <scsi/scsi_ioctl.h>
+#include <scsi/sg.h>
+#include <linux/bsg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stddef.h>  // for offsetof()
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SYSMACROS_H
+// glibc 2.25: The inclusion of <sys/sysmacros.h> by <sys/types.h> is
+// deprecated.  A warning is printed if major(), minor() or makedev()
+// is used but <sys/sysmacros.h> is not included.
+#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "atacmds.h"
+#include "os_linux.h"
+#include "scsicmds.h"
+#include "utility.h"
+#include "cciss.h"
+#include "megaraid.h"
+#include "sssraid.h"
+#include "aacraid.h"
+#include "nvmecmds.h"
+
+#include "dev_interface.h"
+#include "dev_ata_cmd_set.h"
+#include "dev_areca.h"
+
+// "include/uapi/linux/nvme_ioctl.h" from Linux kernel sources
+#include "linux_nvme_ioctl.h" // nvme_passthru_cmd, NVME_IOCTL_ADMIN_CMD
+
+#ifndef ENOTSUP
+#define ENOTSUP ENOSYS
+#endif
+
+#define ARGUSED(x) ((void)(x))
+
+const char * os_linux_cpp_cvsid = "$Id: os_linux.cpp 5457 2023-02-17 16:21:30Z chrfranke $"
+  OS_LINUX_H_CVSID;
+extern unsigned char failuretest_permissive;
+
+namespace os_linux { // No need to publish anything, name provided for Doxygen
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Shared open/close routines
+
+class linux_smart_device
+: virtual public /*implements*/ smart_device
+{
+public:
+  explicit linux_smart_device(int flags, int retry_flags = -1)
+    : smart_device(never_called),
+      m_fd(-1),
+      m_flags(flags), m_retry_flags(retry_flags)
+      { }
+
+  virtual ~linux_smart_device();
+
+  virtual bool is_open() const override;
+
+  virtual bool open() override;
+
+  virtual bool close() override;
+
+protected:
+  /// Return filedesc for derived classes.
+  int get_fd() const
+    { return m_fd; }
+
+  void set_fd(int fd)
+    { m_fd = fd; }
+
+private:
+  int m_fd; ///< filedesc, -1 if not open.
+  int m_flags; ///< Flags for ::open()
+  int m_retry_flags; ///< Flags to retry ::open(), -1 if no retry
+};
+
+linux_smart_device::~linux_smart_device()
+{
+  if (m_fd >= 0)
+    ::close(m_fd);
+}
+
+bool linux_smart_device::is_open() const
+{
+  return (m_fd >= 0);
+}
+
+bool linux_smart_device::open()
+{
+  m_fd = ::open(get_dev_name(), m_flags);
+
+  if (m_fd < 0 && errno == EROFS && m_retry_flags != -1)
+    // Retry
+    m_fd = ::open(get_dev_name(), m_retry_flags);
+
+  if (m_fd < 0) {
+    if (errno == EBUSY && (m_flags & O_EXCL))
+      // device is locked
+      return set_err(EBUSY,
+        "The requested controller is used exclusively by another process!\n"
+        "(e.g. smartctl or smartd)\n"
+        "Please quit the impeding process or try again later...");
+    return set_err((errno==ENOENT || errno==ENOTDIR) ? ENODEV : errno);
+  }
+
+  if (m_fd >= 0) {
+    // sets FD_CLOEXEC on the opened device file descriptor.  The
+    // descriptor is otherwise leaked to other applications (mail
+    // sender) which may be considered a security risk and may result
+    // in AVC messages on SELinux-enabled systems.
+    if (-1 == fcntl(m_fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC))
+      // TODO: Provide an error printing routine in class smart_interface
+      pout("fcntl(set  FD_CLOEXEC) failed, errno=%d [%s]\n", errno, strerror(errno));
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// equivalent to close(file descriptor)
+bool linux_smart_device::close()
+{
+  int fd = m_fd; m_fd = -1;
+  if (::close(fd) < 0)
+    return set_err(errno);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// examples for smartctl
+static const char  smartctl_examples[] =
+                  "=================================================== SMARTCTL EXAMPLES =====\n\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all /dev/sda                    (Prints all SMART information)\n\n"
+                  "  smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on /dev/sda\n"
+                  "                                              (Enables SMART on first disk)\n\n"
+                  "  smartctl --test=long /dev/sda          (Executes extended disk self-test)\n\n"
+                  "  smartctl --attributes --log=selftest --quietmode=errorsonly /dev/sda\n"
+                  "                                      (Prints Self-Test & Attribute errors)\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/sda\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twe0\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twa0\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twl0\n"
+                  "          (Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk on 3ware RAID controller)\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=hpt,1/1/3 /dev/sda\n"
+                  "          (Prints all SMART info for the SATA disk attached to the 3rd PMPort\n"
+                  "           of the 1st channel on the 1st HighPoint RAID controller)\n"
+                  "  smartctl --all --device=areca,3/1 /dev/sg2\n"
+                  "          (Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk of the 1st enclosure\n"
+                  "           on Areca RAID controller)\n"
+  ;
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Linux ATA support
+
+class linux_ata_device
+: public /*implements*/ ata_device_with_command_set,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_ata_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, const char * req_type);
+
+protected:
+  virtual int ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data) override;
+};
+
+linux_ata_device::linux_ata_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, const char * req_type)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "ata", req_type),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+}
+
+// PURPOSE
+//   This is an interface routine meant to isolate the OS dependent
+//   parts of the code, and to provide a debugging interface.  Each
+//   different port and OS needs to provide it's own interface.  This
+//   is the linux one.
+// DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ARGUMENTS
+//   device: is the file descriptor provided by open()
+//   command: defines the different operations.
+//   select: additional input data if needed (which log, which type of
+//           self-test).
+//   data:   location to write output data, if needed (512 bytes).
+//   Note: not all commands use all arguments.
+// RETURN VALUES
+//  -1 if the command failed
+//   0 if the command succeeded,
+//   STATUS_CHECK routine:
+//  -1 if the command failed
+//   0 if the command succeeded and disk SMART status is "OK"
+//   1 if the command succeeded and disk SMART status is "FAILING"
+
+#define BUFFER_LENGTH (4+512)
+
+int linux_ata_device::ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data)
+{
+  unsigned char buff[BUFFER_LENGTH];
+  // positive: bytes to write to caller.  negative: bytes to READ from
+  // caller. zero: non-data command
+  int copydata=0;
+
+  const int HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET = 4;
+
+  // See struct hd_drive_cmd_hdr in hdreg.h.  Before calling ioctl()
+  // buff[0]: ATA COMMAND CODE REGISTER
+  // buff[1]: ATA SECTOR NUMBER REGISTER == LBA LOW REGISTER
+  // buff[2]: ATA FEATURES REGISTER
+  // buff[3]: ATA SECTOR COUNT REGISTER
+
+  // Note that on return:
+  // buff[2] contains the ATA SECTOR COUNT REGISTER
+
+  // clear out buff.  Large enough for HDIO_DRIVE_CMD (4+512 bytes)
+  memset(buff, 0, BUFFER_LENGTH);
+
+  buff[0]=ATA_SMART_CMD;
+  switch (command){
+  case CHECK_POWER_MODE:
+    buff[0]=ATA_CHECK_POWER_MODE;
+    copydata=1;
+    break;
+  case READ_VALUES:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_VALUES;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case READ_THRESHOLDS:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_THRESHOLDS;
+    buff[1]=buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case READ_LOG:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_LOG_SECTOR;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case WRITE_LOG:
+    break;
+  case IDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case PIDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_PACKET_DEVICE;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case ENABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_ENABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case DISABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_DISABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case STATUS:
+    // this command only says if SMART is working.  It could be
+    // replaced with STATUS_CHECK below.
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_STATUS;
+    break;
+  case AUTO_OFFLINE:
+    // NOTE: According to ATAPI 4 and UP, this command is obsolete
+    // select == 241 for enable but no data transfer.  Use TASK ioctl.
+    buff[1]=ATA_SMART_AUTO_OFFLINE;
+    buff[2]=select;
+    break;
+  case AUTOSAVE:
+    // select == 248 for enable but no data transfer.  Use TASK ioctl.
+    buff[1]=ATA_SMART_AUTOSAVE;
+    buff[2]=select;
+    break;
+  case IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    break;
+  case STATUS_CHECK:
+    // This command uses HDIO_DRIVE_TASK and has different syntax than
+    // the other commands.
+    buff[1]=ATA_SMART_STATUS;
+    break;
+  default:
+    pout("Unrecognized command %d in linux_ata_command_interface()\n"
+         "Please contact " PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "\n", command);
+    errno=ENOSYS;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // This command uses the HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE ioctl(). This is the
+  // only ioctl() that can be used to WRITE data to the disk.
+  if (command==WRITE_LOG) {
+    unsigned char task[sizeof(ide_task_request_t)+512];
+    ide_task_request_t *reqtask=(ide_task_request_t *) task;
+    task_struct_t      *taskfile=(task_struct_t *) reqtask->io_ports;
+
+    memset(task,      0, sizeof(task));
+
+    taskfile->data           = 0;
+    taskfile->feature        = ATA_SMART_WRITE_LOG_SECTOR;
+    taskfile->sector_count   = 1;
+    taskfile->sector_number  = select;
+    taskfile->low_cylinder   = 0x4f;
+    taskfile->high_cylinder  = 0xc2;
+    taskfile->device_head    = 0;
+    taskfile->command        = ATA_SMART_CMD;
+
+    reqtask->data_phase      = TASKFILE_OUT;
+    reqtask->req_cmd         = IDE_DRIVE_TASK_OUT;
+    reqtask->out_size        = 512;
+    reqtask->in_size         = 0;
+
+    // copy user data into the task request structure
+    memcpy(task+sizeof(ide_task_request_t), data, 512);
+
+    if (ioctl(get_fd(), HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE, task)) {
+      if (errno==EINVAL)
+        pout("Kernel lacks HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE support; compile kernel with CONFIG_IDE_TASK_IOCTL set\n");
+      return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // There are two different types of ioctls().  The HDIO_DRIVE_TASK
+  // one is this:
+  if (command==STATUS_CHECK || command==AUTOSAVE || command==AUTO_OFFLINE){
+    // NOT DOCUMENTED in /usr/src/linux/include/linux/hdreg.h. You
+    // have to read the IDE driver source code.  Sigh.
+    // buff[0]: ATA COMMAND CODE REGISTER
+    // buff[1]: ATA FEATURES REGISTER
+    // buff[2]: ATA SECTOR_COUNT
+    // buff[3]: ATA SECTOR NUMBER
+    // buff[4]: ATA CYL LO REGISTER
+    // buff[5]: ATA CYL HI REGISTER
+    // buff[6]: ATA DEVICE HEAD
+
+    unsigned const char normal_lo=0x4f, normal_hi=0xc2;
+    unsigned const char failed_lo=0xf4, failed_hi=0x2c;
+    buff[4]=normal_lo;
+    buff[5]=normal_hi;
+
+    if (ioctl(get_fd(), HDIO_DRIVE_TASK, buff)) {
+      if (errno==EINVAL) {
+        pout("Error SMART Status command via HDIO_DRIVE_TASK failed");
+        pout("Rebuild older linux 2.2 kernels with HDIO_DRIVE_TASK support added\n");
+      }
+      else
+        syserror("Error SMART Status command failed");
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    // Cyl low and Cyl high unchanged means "Good SMART status"
+    if (buff[4]==normal_lo && buff[5]==normal_hi)
+      return 0;
+
+    // These values mean "Bad SMART status"
+    if (buff[4]==failed_lo && buff[5]==failed_hi)
+      return 1;
+
+    // We haven't gotten output that makes sense; print out some debugging info
+    syserror("Error SMART Status command failed");
+    pout("Please get assistance from " PACKAGE_URL "\n");
+    pout("Register values returned from SMART Status command are:\n");
+    pout("ST =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[0]);
+    pout("ERR=0x%02x\n",(int)buff[1]);
+    pout("NS =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[2]);
+    pout("SC =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[3]);
+    pout("CL =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[4]);
+    pout("CH =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[5]);
+    pout("SEL=0x%02x\n",(int)buff[6]);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+#if 1
+  // Note to people doing ports to other OSes -- don't worry about
+  // this block -- you can safely ignore it.  I have put it here
+  // because under linux when you do IDENTIFY DEVICE to a packet
+  // device, it generates an ugly kernel syslog error message.  This
+  // is harmless but frightens users.  So this block detects packet
+  // devices and make IDENTIFY DEVICE fail "nicely" without a syslog
+  // error message.
+  //
+  // If you read only the ATA specs, it appears as if a packet device
+  // *might* respond to the IDENTIFY DEVICE command.  This is
+  // misleading - it's because around the time that SFF-8020 was
+  // incorporated into the ATA-3/4 standard, the ATA authors were
+  // sloppy. See SFF-8020 and you will see that ATAPI devices have
+  // *always* had IDENTIFY PACKET DEVICE as a mandatory part of their
+  // command set, and return 'Command Aborted' to IDENTIFY DEVICE.
+  if (command==IDENTIFY || command==PIDENTIFY){
+    unsigned short deviceid[256];
+    // check the device identity, as seen when the system was booted
+    // or the device was FIRST registered.  This will not be current
+    // if the user has subsequently changed some of the parameters. If
+    // device is a packet device, swap the command interpretations.
+    if (!ioctl(get_fd(), HDIO_GET_IDENTITY, deviceid) && (deviceid[0] & 0x8000))
+      buff[0]=(command==IDENTIFY)?ATA_IDENTIFY_PACKET_DEVICE:ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // We are now doing the HDIO_DRIVE_CMD type ioctl.
+  if ((ioctl(get_fd(), HDIO_DRIVE_CMD, buff)))
+    return -1;
+
+  // CHECK POWER MODE command returns information in the Sector Count
+  // register (buff[3]).  Copy to return data buffer.
+  if (command==CHECK_POWER_MODE)
+    buff[HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET]=buff[2];
+
+  // if the command returns data then copy it back
+  if (copydata)
+    memcpy(data, buff+HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET, copydata);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// >>>>>> Start of general SCSI specific linux code
+
+/* Linux specific code.
+ * Historically smartmontools (and smartsuite before it) used the
+ * SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND ioctl which is available to all linux device
+ * nodes that use the SCSI subsystem. A better interface has been available
+ * via the SCSI generic (sg) driver but this involves the extra step of
+ * mapping disk devices (e.g. /dev/sda) to the corresponding sg device
+ * (e.g. /dev/sg2). In the linux kernel 2.6 series most of the facilities of
+ * the sg driver have become available via the SG_IO ioctl which is available
+ * on all SCSI devices (on SCSI tape devices from lk 2.6.6). Now in lk 5.17
+ * the SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND ioctl is still present but deprecated sending
+ * a warning to the log the first time (after power up) it is used. The SG_IO
+ * Version 3 interface is the most widely used (circa lk 5.17 in 2022) and is
+ * available on the primary block device name (e.g. /dev/sdc) for all SCSI
+ * disks (and tapes) including all USB attached storage and all ATA/SATA
+ * storage. */
+
+#define MAX_DXFER_LEN 1024      /* can be increased if necessary */
+#define SEND_IOCTL_RESP_SENSE_LEN 16    /* ioctl limitation */
+#define SG_IO_RESP_SENSE_LEN 64 /* large enough see buffer */
+#define LSCSI_DRIVER_MASK  0xf /* mask out "suggestions" */
+#define LSCSI_DRIVER_SENSE  0x8 /* alternate CHECK CONDITION indication */
+#define LSCSI_DID_ERROR 0x7 /* Need to work around aacraid driver quirk */
+#define LSCSI_DRIVER_TIMEOUT  0x6
+#define LSCSI_DID_TIME_OUT  0x3
+#define LSCSI_DID_BUS_BUSY  0x2
+#define LSCSI_DID_NO_CONNECT  0x1
+
+
+enum lk_sg_io_ifc_t {
+    SG_IO_USE_DETECT = 0,
+    SG_IO_UNSUPP = 1,
+    SG_IO_USE_V3 = 3,
+    SG_IO_USE_V4 = 4,
+};
+
+static enum lk_sg_io_ifc_t sg_io_interface = SG_IO_USE_DETECT;
+
+
+/* Preferred implementation for issuing SCSI commands in linux. This
+ * function uses the SG_IO ioctl. Return 0 if command issued successfully
+ * (various status values should still be checked). If the SCSI command
+ * cannot be issued then a negative errno value is returned. */
+static int sg_io_cmnd_io(int dev_fd, struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop, int report,
+                         enum lk_sg_io_ifc_t sg_io_ifc)
+{
+    /* we are filling structures for both versions, but using only one requested */
+    struct sg_io_hdr io_hdr_v3;
+    struct sg_io_v4  io_hdr_v4;
+
+#ifdef SCSI_CDB_CHECK
+    bool ok = is_scsi_cdb(iop->cmnd, iop->cmnd_len);
+    if (! ok) {
+        int n = iop->cmnd_len;
+        const unsigned char * ucp = iop->cmnd;
+
+        pout(">>>>>>>> %s: cdb seems invalid, opcode=0x%x, len=%d, cdb:\n",
+             __func__, ((n > 0) ? ucp[0] : 0), n);
+        if (n > 0) {
+            if (n > 16)
+                pout("  <<truncating to first 16 bytes>>\n");
+            dStrHex((const uint8_t *)ucp, ((n > 16) ? 16 : n), 1);
+        }
+     }
+#endif
+
+#if 0
+    if (report > 0) {
+        int k, j;
+        const unsigned char * ucp = iop->cmnd;
+        const char * np;
+        char buff[256];
+        const int sz = (int)sizeof(buff);
+
+        pout(">>>> %s: sg_io_ifc=%d\n", __func__, (int)sg_io_ifc);
+        np = scsi_get_opcode_name(ucp);
+        j = snprintf(buff, sz, " [%s: ", np ? np : "<unknown opcode>");
+        for (k = 0; k < (int)iop->cmnd_len; ++k)
+            j += snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "%02x ", ucp[k]);
+        if ((report > 1) &&
+            (DXFER_TO_DEVICE == iop->dxfer_dir) && (iop->dxferp)) {
+            int trunc = (iop->dxfer_len > 256) ? 1 : 0;
+
+            snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n  Outgoing "
+                     "data, len=%d%s:\n", (int)iop->dxfer_len,
+                     (trunc ? " [only first 256 bytes shown]" : ""));
+            dStrHex(iop->dxferp, (trunc ? 256 : iop->dxfer_len) , 1);
+        }
+        else
+            snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n");
+        pout("%s", buff);
+        pout("%s\n", buff);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    memset(&io_hdr_v3, 0, sizeof(struct sg_io_hdr));
+    memset(&io_hdr_v4, 0, sizeof(struct sg_io_v4));
+
+    io_hdr_v3.interface_id =       'S';
+    io_hdr_v3.cmd_len =            iop->cmnd_len;
+    io_hdr_v3.mx_sb_len =          iop->max_sense_len;
+    io_hdr_v3.dxfer_len =          iop->dxfer_len;
+    io_hdr_v3.dxferp =             iop->dxferp;
+    io_hdr_v3.cmdp =               iop->cmnd;
+    io_hdr_v3.sbp =                iop->sensep;
+    /* sg_io_hdr interface timeout has millisecond units. Timeout of 0
+       defaults to 60 seconds. */
+    io_hdr_v3.timeout =         ((0 == iop->timeout) ? 60 : iop->timeout) * 1000;
+
+    io_hdr_v4.guard =              'Q';
+    io_hdr_v4.request_len =        iop->cmnd_len;
+    io_hdr_v4.request =            __u64(iop->cmnd);
+    io_hdr_v4.max_response_len =   iop->max_sense_len;
+    io_hdr_v4.response =           __u64(iop->sensep);
+    io_hdr_v4.timeout =            ((0 == iop->timeout) ? 60 : iop->timeout) * 1000; // msec
+
+    switch (iop->dxfer_dir) {
+        case DXFER_NONE:
+            io_hdr_v3.dxfer_direction = SG_DXFER_NONE;
+            break;
+        case DXFER_FROM_DEVICE:
+            io_hdr_v3.dxfer_direction = SG_DXFER_FROM_DEV;
+            io_hdr_v4.din_xfer_len =    iop->dxfer_len;
+            io_hdr_v4.din_xferp =       __u64(iop->dxferp);
+            break;
+        case DXFER_TO_DEVICE:
+            io_hdr_v3.dxfer_direction = SG_DXFER_TO_DEV;
+            io_hdr_v4.dout_xfer_len =   iop->dxfer_len;
+            io_hdr_v4.dout_xferp =      __u64(iop->dxferp);
+            break;
+        default:
+            pout("do_scsi_cmnd_io: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+            return -EINVAL;
+    }
+
+    iop->resp_sense_len = 0;
+    iop->scsi_status = 0;
+    iop->resid = 0;
+
+    void * io_hdr = NULL;
+
+    switch (sg_io_ifc) {
+      case SG_IO_USE_V3:
+          io_hdr = &io_hdr_v3;
+          break;
+      case SG_IO_USE_V4:
+          io_hdr = &io_hdr_v4;
+          break;
+      default:
+          // should never be reached
+          errno = EOPNOTSUPP;
+          return -errno;
+    }
+
+    if (ioctl(dev_fd, SG_IO, io_hdr) < 0) {
+        if (report)
+            pout("  SG_IO ioctl failed, errno=%d [%s], SG_IO_V%d\n", errno,
+                 strerror(errno), (int)sg_io_ifc);
+        return -errno;
+    }
+
+    unsigned int sg_driver_status = 0,  sg_transport_status = 0, sg_info = 0,
+        sg_duration = 0;
+
+    if (sg_io_ifc == SG_IO_USE_V3) {
+        iop->resid =            io_hdr_v3.resid;
+        iop->scsi_status =      io_hdr_v3.status;
+        sg_driver_status =      io_hdr_v3.driver_status;
+        sg_transport_status =   io_hdr_v3.host_status;
+        sg_info =               io_hdr_v3.info;
+        iop->resp_sense_len =   io_hdr_v3.sb_len_wr;
+        sg_duration =           io_hdr_v3.duration;
+    }
+
+    if (sg_io_ifc == SG_IO_USE_V4) {
+       switch (iop->dxfer_dir) {
+           case DXFER_NONE:
+               iop->resid = 0;
+               break;
+           case DXFER_FROM_DEVICE:
+               iop->resid = io_hdr_v4.din_resid;
+               break;
+           case DXFER_TO_DEVICE:
+               iop->resid = io_hdr_v4.dout_resid;
+               break;
+       }
+       iop->scsi_status =       io_hdr_v4.device_status;
+       sg_driver_status =       io_hdr_v4.driver_status;
+       sg_transport_status =    io_hdr_v4.transport_status;
+       sg_info =                io_hdr_v4.info;
+       iop->resp_sense_len =    io_hdr_v4.response_len;
+       sg_duration =            io_hdr_v4.duration;
+    }
+    if (sg_duration) { }	// silence warning
+
+#if 0
+    if (report > 0) {
+        pout("  scsi_status=0x%x, sg_transport_status=0x%x, sg_driver_status=0x%x\n"
+             "  sg_info=0x%x  sg_duration=%d milliseconds  resid=%d\n", iop->scsi_status,
+             sg_transport_status, sg_driver_status, sg_info,
+             sg_duration, iop->resid);
+
+        if (report > 1) {
+            if (DXFER_FROM_DEVICE == iop->dxfer_dir) {
+                int trunc, len;
+
+                len = iop->dxfer_len - iop->resid;
+                trunc = (len > 256) ? 1 : 0;
+                if (len > 0) {
+                    pout("  Incoming data, len=%d%s:\n", len,
+                         (trunc ? " [only first 256 bytes shown]" : ""));
+                    dStrHex(iop->dxferp, (trunc ? 256 : len), 1);
+                } else
+                    pout("  Incoming data trimmed to nothing by resid\n");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (sg_info & SG_INFO_CHECK) { /* error or warning */
+        int masked_driver_status = (LSCSI_DRIVER_MASK & sg_driver_status);
+
+        if (0 != sg_transport_status) {
+            if ((LSCSI_DID_NO_CONNECT == sg_transport_status) ||
+                (LSCSI_DID_BUS_BUSY == sg_transport_status) ||
+                (LSCSI_DID_TIME_OUT == sg_transport_status))
+                return -ETIMEDOUT;
+            else
+               /* Check for DID_ERROR - workaround for aacraid driver quirk */
+               if (LSCSI_DID_ERROR != sg_transport_status) {
+                       return -EIO; /* catch all if not DID_ERR */
+               }
+        }
+        if (0 != masked_driver_status) {
+            if (LSCSI_DRIVER_TIMEOUT == masked_driver_status)
+                return -ETIMEDOUT;
+            else if (LSCSI_DRIVER_SENSE != masked_driver_status)
+                return -EIO;
+        }
+        if (LSCSI_DRIVER_SENSE == masked_driver_status)
+            iop->scsi_status = SCSI_STATUS_CHECK_CONDITION;
+        if ((SCSI_STATUS_CHECK_CONDITION == iop->scsi_status) &&
+            iop->sensep && (iop->resp_sense_len > 0)) {
+            if (report > 1) {
+                pout("  >>> Sense buffer, len=%d:\n",
+                     (int)iop->resp_sense_len);
+                dStrHex(iop->sensep, iop->resp_sense_len , 1);
+            }
+        }
+        if (report) {
+            if (SCSI_STATUS_CHECK_CONDITION == iop->scsi_status && iop->sensep) {
+                if ((iop->sensep[0] & 0x7f) > 0x71)
+                    pout("  status=%x: [desc] sense_key=%x asc=%x ascq=%x\n",
+                         iop->scsi_status, iop->sensep[1] & 0xf,
+                         iop->sensep[2], iop->sensep[3]);
+                else
+                    pout("  status=%x: sense_key=%x asc=%x ascq=%x\n",
+                         iop->scsi_status, iop->sensep[2] & 0xf,
+                         iop->sensep[12], iop->sensep[13]);
+            }
+            else
+                pout("  status=0x%x\n", iop->scsi_status);
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* SCSI command transmission interface function, linux version.
+ * Returns 0 if SCSI command successfully launched and response
+ * received. Even when 0 is returned the caller should check
+ * scsi_cmnd_io::scsi_status for SCSI defined errors and warnings
+ * (e.g. CHECK CONDITION). If the SCSI command could not be issued
+ * (e.g. device not present or timeout) or some other problem
+ * (e.g. timeout) then returns a negative errno value */
+static int do_normal_scsi_cmnd_io(int dev_fd, struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop,
+                                  int report)
+{
+    int res;
+
+    /* implementation relies on static sg_io_interface variable. If not
+     * previously set tries the SG_IO ioctl. If that succeeds assume
+     * that SG_IO ioctl functional. If it fails with an errno value
+     * other than ENODEV (no device) or a permissions problem then
+     * assume the SG_IO_USE_V3 interface. */
+    switch (sg_io_interface) {
+    case SG_IO_USE_DETECT:
+        /* ignore report argument */
+        /* Try SG_IO V3 first */
+        if (0 == (res = sg_io_cmnd_io(dev_fd, iop, report, SG_IO_USE_V3))) {
+            sg_io_interface = SG_IO_USE_V3;
+            return 0;
+        } else if ((-ENODEV == res) || (-EACCES == res) || (-EPERM == res))
+            return res;         /* wait until we see a device */
+        /* See if we can use SG_IO V4 * */
+        if (0 == (res = sg_io_cmnd_io(dev_fd, iop, report, SG_IO_USE_V4))) {
+            sg_io_interface = SG_IO_USE_V4;
+            return 0;
+        } else if ((-ENODEV == res) || (-EACCES == res) || (-EPERM == res))
+            return res;         /* wait until we see a device */
+        sg_io_interface = SG_IO_UNSUPP;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case SG_IO_UNSUPP:
+        /* previously called SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND ioctl which has now
+         * been removed. The SG_IO_USE_V3 is most widely used now in Linux
+         * (circa 2022), try it again. */
+        sg_io_interface = SG_IO_USE_V3;
+        /* FALLTHRU */
+    case SG_IO_USE_V3:
+    case SG_IO_USE_V4:
+        /* use SG_IO V3 or V4 ioctl, depending on availabiliy */
+        return sg_io_cmnd_io(dev_fd, iop, report, sg_io_interface);
+    default:
+        pout(">>>> do_scsi_cmnd_io: bad sg_io_interface=%d\n",
+             (int)sg_io_interface);
+        sg_io_interface = SG_IO_USE_DETECT;
+        return -EIO;    /* report error and reset state */
+    }
+}
+
+// >>>>>> End of general SCSI specific linux code
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Standard SCSI support
+
+class linux_scsi_device
+: public /*implements*/ scsi_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_scsi_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+                    const char * req_type, bool scanning = false);
+
+  virtual smart_device * autodetect_open() override;
+
+  virtual bool scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io * iop) override;
+
+private:
+  bool m_scanning; ///< true if created within scan_smart_devices
+};
+
+linux_scsi_device::linux_scsi_device(smart_interface * intf,
+  const char * dev_name, const char * req_type, bool scanning /*= false*/)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "scsi", req_type),
+  // If opened with O_RDWR, a SATA disk in standby mode
+  // may spin-up after device close().
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK),
+  m_scanning(scanning)
+{
+}
+
+bool linux_scsi_device::scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io * iop)
+{
+  int status = do_normal_scsi_cmnd_io(get_fd(), iop, scsi_debugmode);
+  if (status < 0)
+      return set_err(-status);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// PMC AacRAID support
+
+class linux_aacraid_device
+:public   scsi_device,
+ public /*extends */   linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_aacraid_device(smart_interface *intf, const char *dev_name,
+    unsigned int host, unsigned int channel, unsigned int device);
+
+  virtual ~linux_aacraid_device();
+
+  virtual bool open() override;
+
+  virtual bool scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop) override;
+
+private:
+  //Device Host number
+  int aHost;
+
+  //Channel(Lun) of the device
+  int aLun;
+
+  //Id of the device
+  int aId;
+
+};
+
+linux_aacraid_device::linux_aacraid_device(smart_interface *intf,
+  const char *dev_name, unsigned int host, unsigned int channel, unsigned int device)
+   : smart_device(intf,dev_name,"aacraid","aacraid"),
+     linux_smart_device(O_RDWR|O_NONBLOCK),
+     aHost(host), aLun(channel), aId(device)
+{
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [aacraid_disk_%02d_%02d_%d]",dev_name,aHost,aLun,aId);
+  set_info().dev_type  = strprintf("aacraid,%d,%d,%d",aHost,aLun,aId);
+}
+
+linux_aacraid_device::~linux_aacraid_device()
+{
+}
+
+bool linux_aacraid_device::open()
+{
+  //Create the character device name based on the host number
+  //Required for get stats from disks connected to different controllers
+  char dev_name[128];
+  snprintf(dev_name, sizeof(dev_name), "/dev/aac%d", aHost);
+
+  //Initial open of dev name to check if it exists
+  int afd = ::open(dev_name,O_RDWR);
+
+  if(afd < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
+
+    FILE *fp = fopen("/proc/devices","r");
+    if(NULL == fp)
+      return set_err(errno,"cannot open /proc/devices:%s",
+                     strerror(errno));
+
+    char line[256];
+    int mjr = -1;
+
+    while(fgets(line,sizeof(line),fp) !=NULL) {
+      int nc = -1;
+      if(sscanf(line,"%d aac%n",&mjr,&nc) == 1
+                && nc > 0 && '\n' == line[nc])
+        break;
+      mjr = -1;
+    }
+
+    //work with /proc/devices is done
+    fclose(fp);
+
+    if (mjr < 0)
+      return set_err(ENOENT, "aac entry not found in /proc/devices");
+
+    //Create misc device file in /dev/ used for communication with driver
+    if(mknod(dev_name, S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(mjr,aHost)))
+      return set_err(errno,"cannot create %s:%s",dev_name,strerror(errno));
+
+    afd = ::open(dev_name,O_RDWR);
+  }
+
+  if(afd < 0)
+    return set_err(errno,"cannot open %s:%s",dev_name,strerror(errno));
+
+  set_fd(afd);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_aacraid_device::scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop)
+{
+  int report = scsi_debugmode;
+
+  if (report > 0) {
+    int k, j;
+    const unsigned char * ucp = iop->cmnd;
+    const char * np;
+    char buff[256];
+    const int sz = (int)sizeof(buff);
+
+    np = scsi_get_opcode_name(ucp);
+    j  = snprintf(buff, sz, " [%s: ", np ? np : "<unknown opcode>");
+    for (k = 0; k < (int)iop->cmnd_len; ++k)
+      j += snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "%02x ", ucp[k]);
+    if ((report > 1) &&
+        (DXFER_TO_DEVICE == iop->dxfer_dir) && (iop->dxferp)) {
+        int trunc = (iop->dxfer_len > 256) ? 1 : 0;
+
+        snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n  Outgoing "
+                 "data, len=%d%s:\n", (int)iop->dxfer_len,
+                 (trunc ? " [only first 256 bytes shown]" : ""));
+        dStrHex(iop->dxferp, (trunc ? 256 : iop->dxfer_len) , 1);
+    }
+    else
+      snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n");
+
+    pout("%s", buff);
+  }
+
+
+  //return test commands
+  if (iop->cmnd[0] == 0x00)
+    return true;
+
+  user_aac_reply *pReply;
+
+  #ifdef ENVIRONMENT64
+    // Create user 64 bit request
+    user_aac_srb64  *pSrb;
+    uint8_t aBuff[sizeof(user_aac_srb64) + sizeof(user_aac_reply)] = {0,};
+
+    pSrb    = (user_aac_srb64*)aBuff;
+    pSrb->count = sizeof(user_aac_srb64) - sizeof(user_sgentry64);
+
+ #elif defined(ENVIRONMENT32)
+    //Create user 32 bit request
+    user_aac_srb32  *pSrb;
+    uint8_t aBuff[sizeof(user_aac_srb32) + sizeof(user_aac_reply)] = {0,};
+
+    pSrb    = (user_aac_srb32*)aBuff;
+    pSrb->count = sizeof(user_aac_srb32) - sizeof(user_sgentry32);
+ #endif
+
+  pSrb->function = SRB_FUNCTION_EXECUTE_SCSI;
+  //channel is 0 always
+  pSrb->channel  = 0;
+  pSrb->id       = aId;
+  pSrb->lun      = aLun;
+  pSrb->timeout  = 0;
+
+  pSrb->retry_limit = 0;
+  pSrb->cdb_size    = iop->cmnd_len;
+
+  switch(iop->dxfer_dir) {
+    case DXFER_NONE:
+      pSrb->flags = SRB_NoDataXfer;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_FROM_DEVICE:
+      pSrb->flags = SRB_DataIn;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_TO_DEVICE:
+      pSrb->flags = SRB_DataOut;
+      break;
+    default:
+      pout("aacraid: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+      return set_err(EINVAL, "aacraid: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+  }
+
+  if(iop->dxfer_len > 0) {
+
+    #ifdef ENVIRONMENT64
+      pSrb->sg64.count = 1;
+      pSrb->sg64.sg64[0].addr64.lo32 = ((intptr_t)iop->dxferp) &
+                                         0x00000000ffffffff;
+      pSrb->sg64.sg64[0].addr64.hi32 = ((intptr_t)iop->dxferp) >> 32;
+
+      pSrb->sg64.sg64[0].length = (uint32_t)iop->dxfer_len;
+      pSrb->count += pSrb->sg64.count * sizeof(user_sgentry64);
+    #elif defined(ENVIRONMENT32)
+      pSrb->sg32.count = 1;
+      pSrb->sg32.sg32[0].addr32 = (intptr_t)iop->dxferp;
+
+      pSrb->sg32.sg32[0].length = (uint32_t)iop->dxfer_len;
+      pSrb->count += pSrb->sg32.count * sizeof(user_sgentry32);
+    #endif
+
+  }
+
+  pReply  = (user_aac_reply*)(aBuff+pSrb->count);
+
+  memcpy(pSrb->cdb,iop->cmnd,iop->cmnd_len);
+
+  int rc = 0;
+  errno = 0;
+  rc = ioctl(get_fd(),FSACTL_SEND_RAW_SRB,pSrb);
+
+  if (rc != 0)
+    return set_err(errno, "aacraid send_raw_srb: %d.%d = %s",
+                   aLun, aId, strerror(errno));
+
+/* see kernel aacraid.h and MSDN SCSI_REQUEST_BLOCK documentation */
+#define SRB_STATUS_SUCCESS            0x1
+#define SRB_STATUS_ERROR              0x4
+#define SRB_STATUS_NO_DEVICE         0x08
+#define SRB_STATUS_SELECTION_TIMEOUT 0x0a
+#define SRB_STATUS_AUTOSENSE_VALID   0x80
+
+  iop->scsi_status = pReply->scsi_status;
+
+  if (pReply->srb_status == (SRB_STATUS_AUTOSENSE_VALID | SRB_STATUS_ERROR)
+      && iop->scsi_status == SCSI_STATUS_CHECK_CONDITION) {
+    memcpy(iop->sensep, pReply->sense_data, pReply->sense_data_size);
+    iop->resp_sense_len = pReply->sense_data_size;
+    return true; /* request completed with sense data */
+  }
+
+  switch (pReply->srb_status & 0x3f) {
+
+    case SRB_STATUS_SUCCESS:
+      return true; /* request completed successfully */
+
+    case SRB_STATUS_NO_DEVICE:
+      return set_err(EIO, "aacraid: Device %d %d does not exist", aLun, aId);
+
+    case SRB_STATUS_SELECTION_TIMEOUT:
+      return set_err(EIO, "aacraid: Device %d %d not responding", aLun, aId);
+
+    default:
+      return set_err(EIO, "aacraid result: %d.%d = 0x%x",
+                     aLun, aId, pReply->srb_status);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// LSI MegaRAID support
+
+class linux_megaraid_device
+: public /* implements */ scsi_device,
+  public /* extends */ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_megaraid_device(smart_interface *intf, const char *name, 
+    unsigned int tgt);
+
+  virtual ~linux_megaraid_device();
+
+  virtual smart_device * autodetect_open() override;
+
+  virtual bool open() override;
+  virtual bool close() override;
+
+  virtual bool scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop) override;
+
+private:
+  unsigned int m_disknum;
+  unsigned int m_hba;
+  int m_fd;
+
+  bool (linux_megaraid_device::*pt_cmd)(int cdblen, void *cdb, int dataLen, void *data,
+    int senseLen, void *sense, int report, int direction);
+  bool megasas_cmd(int cdbLen, void *cdb, int dataLen, void *data,
+    int senseLen, void *sense, int report, int direction);
+  bool megadev_cmd(int cdbLen, void *cdb, int dataLen, void *data,
+    int senseLen, void *sense, int report, int direction);
+};
+
+linux_megaraid_device::linux_megaraid_device(smart_interface *intf,
+  const char *dev_name, unsigned int tgt)
+ : smart_device(intf, dev_name, "megaraid", "megaraid"),
+   linux_smart_device(O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK),
+   m_disknum(tgt), m_hba(0),
+   m_fd(-1), pt_cmd(0)
+{
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [megaraid_disk_%02d]", dev_name, m_disknum);
+  set_info().dev_type = strprintf("megaraid,%d", tgt);
+}
+
+linux_megaraid_device::~linux_megaraid_device()
+{
+  if (m_fd >= 0)
+    ::close(m_fd);
+}
+
+smart_device * linux_megaraid_device::autodetect_open()
+{
+  int report = scsi_debugmode;
+
+  // Open device
+  if (!open())
+    return this;
+
+  // The code below is based on smartd.cpp:SCSIFilterKnown()
+  if (strcmp(get_req_type(), "megaraid"))
+    return this;
+
+  // Get INQUIRY
+  unsigned char req_buff[64] = {0, };
+  int req_len = 36;
+  if (scsiStdInquiry(this, req_buff, req_len)) {
+      close();
+      set_err(EIO, "INQUIRY failed");
+      return this;
+  }
+
+  int avail_len = req_buff[4] + 5;
+  int len = (avail_len < req_len ? avail_len : req_len);
+  if (len < 36)
+      return this;
+
+  if (report)
+    pout("Got MegaRAID inquiry.. %s\n", req_buff+8);
+
+  // Use INQUIRY to detect type
+  {
+    // SAT?
+    ata_device * newdev = smi()->autodetect_sat_device(this, req_buff, len);
+    if (newdev) // NOTE: 'this' is now owned by '*newdev'
+      return newdev;
+  }
+
+  // Nothing special found
+  return this;
+}
+
+bool linux_megaraid_device::open()
+{
+  int   mjr;
+  int report = scsi_debugmode;
+
+  if (sscanf(get_dev_name(), "/dev/bus/%u", &m_hba) == 0) {
+    if (!linux_smart_device::open())
+      return false;
+    /* Get device HBA */
+    struct sg_scsi_id sgid;
+    if (ioctl(get_fd(), SG_GET_SCSI_ID, &sgid) == 0) {
+      m_hba = sgid.host_no;
+    }
+    else if (ioctl(get_fd(), SCSI_IOCTL_GET_BUS_NUMBER, &m_hba) != 0) {
+      int err = errno;
+      linux_smart_device::close();
+      return set_err(err, "can't get bus number");
+    } // we don't need this device anymore
+    linux_smart_device::close();
+  }
+  /* Perform mknod of device ioctl node */
+  FILE * fp = fopen("/proc/devices", "r");
+  if (fp) {
+    char line[128];
+    while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) != NULL) {
+      int n1 = 0;
+      if (sscanf(line, "%d megaraid_sas_ioctl%n", &mjr, &n1) == 1 && n1 == 22) {
+        n1=mknod("/dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node", S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(mjr, 0));
+        if(report > 0)
+          pout("Creating /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node = %d\n", n1 >= 0 ? 0 : errno);
+        if (n1 >= 0 || errno == EEXIST)
+          break;
+      }
+      else if (sscanf(line, "%d megadev%n", &mjr, &n1) == 1 && n1 == 11) {
+        n1=mknod("/dev/megadev0", S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(mjr, 0));
+        if(report > 0)
+          pout("Creating /dev/megadev0 = %d\n", n1 >= 0 ? 0 : errno);
+        if (n1 >= 0 || errno == EEXIST)
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    fclose(fp);
+  }
+
+  /* Open Device IOCTL node */
+  if ((m_fd = ::open("/dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node", O_RDWR)) >= 0) {
+    pt_cmd = &linux_megaraid_device::megasas_cmd;
+  }
+  else if ((m_fd = ::open("/dev/megadev0", O_RDWR)) >= 0) {
+    pt_cmd = &linux_megaraid_device::megadev_cmd;
+  }
+  else {
+    int err = errno;
+    linux_smart_device::close();
+    return set_err(err, "cannot open /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node or /dev/megadev0");
+  }
+  set_fd(m_fd);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_megaraid_device::close()
+{
+  if (m_fd >= 0)
+    ::close(m_fd);
+  m_fd = -1; m_hba = 0; pt_cmd = 0;
+  set_fd(m_fd);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_megaraid_device::scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop)
+{
+  int report = scsi_debugmode;
+
+  if (report > 0) {
+        int k, j;
+        const unsigned char * ucp = iop->cmnd;
+        const char * np;
+        char buff[256];
+        const int sz = (int)sizeof(buff);
+
+        np = scsi_get_opcode_name(ucp);
+        j = snprintf(buff, sz, " [%s: ", np ? np : "<unknown opcode>");
+        for (k = 0; k < (int)iop->cmnd_len; ++k)
+            j += snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "%02x ", ucp[k]);
+        if ((report > 1) &&
+            (DXFER_TO_DEVICE == iop->dxfer_dir) && (iop->dxferp)) {
+            int trunc = (iop->dxfer_len > 256) ? 1 : 0;
+
+            snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n  Outgoing "
+                     "data, len=%d%s:\n", (int)iop->dxfer_len,
+                     (trunc ? " [only first 256 bytes shown]" : ""));
+            dStrHex(iop->dxferp, (trunc ? 256 : iop->dxfer_len) , 1);
+        }
+        else
+            snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n");
+        pout("%s", buff);
+  }
+
+  // Controller rejects Test Unit Ready
+  if (iop->cmnd[0] == 0x00)
+    return true;
+
+  if (iop->cmnd[0] == SAT_ATA_PASSTHROUGH_12 || iop->cmnd[0] == SAT_ATA_PASSTHROUGH_16) { 
+    // Controller does not return ATA output registers in SAT sense data
+    if (iop->cmnd[2] & (1 << 5)) // chk_cond
+      return set_err(ENOSYS, "ATA return descriptor not supported by controller firmware");
+  }
+  // SMART WRITE LOG SECTOR causing media errors
+  if ((iop->cmnd[0] == SAT_ATA_PASSTHROUGH_16 // SAT16 WRITE LOG
+      && iop->cmnd[14] == ATA_SMART_CMD && iop->cmnd[3]==0 && iop->cmnd[4] == ATA_SMART_WRITE_LOG_SECTOR) ||
+      (iop->cmnd[0] == SAT_ATA_PASSTHROUGH_12 // SAT12 WRITE LOG
+       && iop->cmnd[9] == ATA_SMART_CMD && iop->cmnd[3] == ATA_SMART_WRITE_LOG_SECTOR)) 
+  {
+    if(!failuretest_permissive)
+       return set_err(ENOSYS, "SMART WRITE LOG SECTOR may cause problems, try with -T permissive to force"); 
+  }
+  if (pt_cmd == NULL)
+    return false;
+  return (this->*pt_cmd)(iop->cmnd_len, iop->cmnd,
+    iop->dxfer_len, iop->dxferp,
+    iop->max_sense_len, iop->sensep, report, iop->dxfer_dir);
+}
+
+/* Issue passthrough scsi command to PERC5/6 controllers */
+bool linux_megaraid_device::megasas_cmd(int cdbLen, void *cdb, 
+  int dataLen, void *data,
+  int /*senseLen*/, void * /*sense*/, int /*report*/, int dxfer_dir)
+{
+  struct megasas_pthru_frame    *pthru;
+  struct megasas_iocpacket      uio;
+
+  memset(&uio, 0, sizeof(uio));
+  pthru = &uio.frame.pthru;
+  pthru->cmd = MFI_CMD_PD_SCSI_IO;
+  pthru->cmd_status = 0xFF;
+  pthru->scsi_status = 0x0;
+  pthru->target_id = m_disknum;
+  pthru->lun = 0;
+  pthru->cdb_len = cdbLen;
+  pthru->timeout = 0;
+  switch (dxfer_dir) {
+    case DXFER_NONE:
+      pthru->flags = MFI_FRAME_DIR_NONE;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_FROM_DEVICE:
+      pthru->flags = MFI_FRAME_DIR_READ;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_TO_DEVICE:
+      pthru->flags = MFI_FRAME_DIR_WRITE;
+      break;
+    default:
+      pout("megasas_cmd: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+      return set_err(EINVAL, "megasas_cmd: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+  }
+
+  if (dataLen > 0) {
+    pthru->sge_count = 1;
+    pthru->data_xfer_len = dataLen;
+    pthru->sgl.sge32[0].phys_addr = (intptr_t)data;
+    pthru->sgl.sge32[0].length = (uint32_t)dataLen;
+  }
+  memcpy(pthru->cdb, cdb, cdbLen);
+
+  uio.host_no = m_hba;
+  if (dataLen > 0) {
+    uio.sge_count = 1;
+    uio.sgl_off = offsetof(struct megasas_pthru_frame, sgl);
+    uio.sgl[0].iov_base = data;
+    uio.sgl[0].iov_len = dataLen;
+  }
+
+  errno = 0;
+  int rc = ioctl(m_fd, MEGASAS_IOC_FIRMWARE, &uio);
+  if (pthru->cmd_status || rc != 0) {
+    if (pthru->cmd_status == 12) {
+      return set_err(EIO, "megasas_cmd: Device %d does not exist\n", m_disknum);
+    }
+    return set_err((errno ? errno : EIO), "megasas_cmd result: %d.%d = %d/%d",
+                   m_hba, m_disknum, errno,
+                   pthru->cmd_status);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* Issue passthrough scsi commands to PERC2/3/4 controllers */
+bool linux_megaraid_device::megadev_cmd(int cdbLen, void *cdb, 
+  int dataLen, void *data,
+  int /*senseLen*/, void * /*sense*/, int /*report*/, int /* dir */)
+{
+  struct uioctl_t uio;
+  int rc;
+
+  /* Don't issue to the controller */
+  if (m_disknum == 7)
+    return false;
+
+  memset(&uio, 0, sizeof(uio));
+  uio.inlen  = dataLen;
+  uio.outlen = dataLen;
+
+  memset(data, 0, dataLen);
+  uio.ui.fcs.opcode = 0x80;             // M_RD_IOCTL_CMD
+  uio.ui.fcs.adapno = MKADAP(m_hba);
+
+  uio.data.pointer = (uint8_t *)data;
+
+  uio.mbox.cmd = MEGA_MBOXCMD_PASSTHRU;
+  uio.mbox.xferaddr = (intptr_t)&uio.pthru;
+
+  uio.pthru.ars     = 1;
+  uio.pthru.timeout = 2;
+  uio.pthru.channel = 0;
+  uio.pthru.target  = m_disknum;
+  uio.pthru.cdblen  = cdbLen;
+  uio.pthru.reqsenselen  = MAX_REQ_SENSE_LEN;
+  uio.pthru.dataxferaddr = (intptr_t)data;
+  uio.pthru.dataxferlen  = dataLen;
+  memcpy(uio.pthru.cdb, cdb, cdbLen);
+
+  rc=ioctl(m_fd, MEGAIOCCMD, &uio);
+  if (uio.pthru.scsistatus || rc != 0) {
+    return set_err((errno ? errno : EIO), "megadev_cmd result: %d.%d =  %d/%d",
+                   m_hba, m_disknum, errno,
+                   uio.pthru.scsistatus);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// 3SNIC RAID support
+
+class linux_sssraid_device
+: public /* implements */ scsi_device,
+  public /* extends */ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_sssraid_device(smart_interface *intf, const char *name,
+    unsigned int eid, unsigned int sid);
+
+  virtual bool scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop) override;
+
+private:
+  unsigned int m_eid;
+  unsigned int m_sid;
+
+  bool scsi_cmd(scsi_cmnd_io *iop);
+};
+
+linux_sssraid_device::linux_sssraid_device(smart_interface *intf,
+  const char *dev_name, unsigned int eid, unsigned int sid)
+ : smart_device(intf, dev_name, "sssraid", "sssraid"),
+   linux_smart_device(O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK),
+   m_eid(eid), m_sid(sid)
+{
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [sssraid_disk_%02d_%02d]", dev_name, eid, sid);
+  set_info().dev_type = strprintf("sssraid,%d,%d", eid, sid);
+}
+
+bool linux_sssraid_device::scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io *iop)
+{
+  int report = scsi_debugmode;
+  if (report > 0) {
+    int k, j;
+    const unsigned char * ucp = iop->cmnd;
+    const char * np;
+    char buff[256];
+    const int sz = (int)sizeof(buff);
+
+    np = scsi_get_opcode_name(ucp);
+    j = snprintf(buff, sz, " [%s: ", np ? np : "<unknown opcode>");
+    for (k = 0; k < (int)iop->cmnd_len; ++k)
+      j += snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "%02x ", ucp[k]);
+    if ((report > 1) && (DXFER_TO_DEVICE == iop->dxfer_dir) && (iop->dxferp)) {
+      int trunc = (iop->dxfer_len > 256) ? 1 : 0;
+
+      snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n  Outgoing "
+              "data, len=%d%s:\n", (int)iop->dxfer_len,
+              (trunc ? " [only first 256 bytes shown]" : ""));
+      dStrHex(iop->dxferp, (trunc ? 256 : iop->dxfer_len) , 1);
+    }
+    else
+      snprintf(&buff[j], (sz > j ? (sz - j) : 0), "]\n");
+    pout("%s", buff);
+  }
+
+  bool r = scsi_cmd(iop);
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* Issue passthrough scsi commands to sssraid controllers */
+bool linux_sssraid_device::scsi_cmd(scsi_cmnd_io *iop)
+{
+  struct sg_io_v4 io_hdr_v4{};
+  struct cmd_scsi_passthrough scsi_param{};
+  unsigned char sense_buff[96] = { 0 };
+  struct bsg_ioctl_cmd bsg_param{};
+  scsi_param.sense_buffer = sense_buff;
+  scsi_param.sense_buffer_len = 96;
+  scsi_param.cdb_len = iop->cmnd_len;
+  memcpy(scsi_param.cdb, iop->cmnd, iop->cmnd_len);
+  scsi_param.loc.enc_id = m_eid;
+  scsi_param.loc.slot_id = m_sid;
+
+  io_hdr_v4.guard = 'Q';
+  io_hdr_v4.protocol = BSG_PROTOCOL_SCSI;
+  io_hdr_v4.subprotocol = BSG_SUB_PROTOCOL_SCSI_TRANSPORT;
+  io_hdr_v4.response = (uintptr_t)sense_buff;
+  io_hdr_v4.max_response_len = ADM_SCSI_CDB_SENSE_MAX_LEN;
+  io_hdr_v4.request_len = sizeof(struct bsg_ioctl_cmd);
+  io_hdr_v4.request = (uintptr_t)(&bsg_param);
+  io_hdr_v4.timeout =  BSG_APPEND_TIMEOUT_MS + DEFAULT_CONMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS;
+
+  switch (iop->dxfer_dir) {
+    case DXFER_NONE:
+      bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.opcode = ADM_RAID_SET;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_FROM_DEVICE:
+      io_hdr_v4.din_xferp = (uintptr_t)iop->dxferp;
+      io_hdr_v4.din_xfer_len = iop->dxfer_len;
+      bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.opcode = ADM_RAID_READ;
+      break;
+    case DXFER_TO_DEVICE:
+      io_hdr_v4.dout_xferp = (uintptr_t)iop->dxferp;
+      io_hdr_v4.dout_xfer_len = iop->dxfer_len;
+      bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.opcode = ADM_RAID_WRITE;
+      break;
+    default:
+      pout("scsi_cmd: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+      return set_err(EINVAL, "scsi_cmd: bad dxfer_dir\n");
+  }
+
+  bsg_param.msgcode = ADM_BSG_MSGCODE_SCSI_PTHRU;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.timeout_ms = DEFAULT_CONMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_1.subopcode = ADM_CMD_SCSI_PASSTHROUGH;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.addr = (uintptr_t)iop->dxferp;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.data_len = iop->dxfer_len;
+
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_0.cdb_len = scsi_param.cdb_len;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.sense_addr = (uintptr_t)scsi_param.sense_buffer;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_0.res_sense_len = scsi_param.sense_buffer_len;
+  io_hdr_v4.response = (uintptr_t)scsi_param.sense_buffer;
+  io_hdr_v4.response_len = scsi_param.sense_buffer_len;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_3.eid = scsi_param.loc.enc_id;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_3.sid = scsi_param.loc.slot_id;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_4.did = scsi_param.loc.did;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.info_4.did_flag = scsi_param.loc.flag;
+
+  memcpy(&bsg_param.ioctl_pthru.cdw16, scsi_param.cdb, scsi_param.cdb_len);
+
+  int r = ioctl(get_fd(), SG_IO, &io_hdr_v4);
+  if (r != 0) {
+    return set_err((errno ? errno : EIO), "scsi_cmd ioctl failed: %d %d,%d",
+                   errno, scsi_param.loc.enc_id, scsi_param.loc.slot_id);
+  }
+
+  iop->scsi_status = io_hdr_v4.device_status;
+
+  int len =  ( iop->max_sense_len < io_hdr_v4.max_response_len ) ?
+               iop->max_sense_len : io_hdr_v4.max_response_len;
+
+  if (iop->sensep && len > 0) {
+    memcpy(iop->sensep, reinterpret_cast<void *>(io_hdr_v4.response), len);
+    iop->resp_sense_len = len;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// CCISS RAID support
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_CCISS_IOCTL_H
+
+class linux_cciss_device
+: public /*implements*/ scsi_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_cciss_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * name, unsigned char disknum);
+
+  virtual bool scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io * iop) override;
+
+private:
+  unsigned char m_disknum; ///< Disk number.
+};
+
+linux_cciss_device::linux_cciss_device(smart_interface * intf,
+  const char * dev_name, unsigned char disknum)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "cciss", "cciss"),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDWR | O_NONBLOCK),
+  m_disknum(disknum)
+{
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [cciss_disk_%02d]", dev_name, disknum);
+}
+
+bool linux_cciss_device::scsi_pass_through(scsi_cmnd_io * iop)
+{
+  int status = cciss_io_interface(get_fd(), m_disknum, iop, scsi_debugmode);
+  if (status < 0)
+      return set_err(-status);
+  return true;
+}
+
+#endif // HAVE_LINUX_CCISS_IOCTL_H
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// AMCC/3ware RAID support
+
+class linux_escalade_device
+: public /*implements*/ ata_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  enum escalade_type_t {
+    AMCC_3WARE_678K,
+    AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR,
+    AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR,
+    AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR
+  };
+
+  linux_escalade_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+    escalade_type_t escalade_type, int disknum);
+
+  virtual bool open() override;
+
+  virtual bool ata_pass_through(const ata_cmd_in & in, ata_cmd_out & out) override;
+
+private:
+  escalade_type_t m_escalade_type; ///< Controller type
+  int m_disknum; ///< Disk number.
+};
+
+linux_escalade_device::linux_escalade_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+    escalade_type_t escalade_type, int disknum)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "3ware", "3ware"),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK),
+  m_escalade_type(escalade_type), m_disknum(disknum)
+{
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [3ware_disk_%02d]", dev_name, disknum);
+}
+
+/* This function will setup and fix device nodes for a 3ware controller. */
+#define MAJOR_STRING_LENGTH 3
+#define DEVICE_STRING_LENGTH 32
+#define NODE_STRING_LENGTH 16
+static int setup_3ware_nodes(const char *nodename, const char *driver_name)
+{
+  int              tw_major      = 0;
+  int              index         = 0;
+  char             majorstring[MAJOR_STRING_LENGTH+1];
+  char             device_name[DEVICE_STRING_LENGTH+1];
+  char             nodestring[NODE_STRING_LENGTH];
+  struct stat      stat_buf;
+  FILE             *file;
+  int              retval = 0;
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+  security_context_t orig_context = NULL;
+  security_context_t node_context = NULL;
+  int                selinux_enabled  = is_selinux_enabled();
+  int                selinux_enforced = security_getenforce();
+#endif
+
+  /* First try to open up /proc/devices */
+  if (!(file = fopen("/proc/devices", "r"))) {
+    pout("Error opening /proc/devices to check/create 3ware device nodes\n");
+    syserror("fopen");
+    return 0;  // don't fail here: user might not have /proc !
+  }
+
+  /* Attempt to get device major number */
+  while (EOF != fscanf(file, "%3s %32s", majorstring, device_name)) {
+    majorstring[MAJOR_STRING_LENGTH]='\0';
+    device_name[DEVICE_STRING_LENGTH]='\0';
+    if (!strncmp(device_name, nodename, DEVICE_STRING_LENGTH)) {
+      tw_major = atoi(majorstring);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  fclose(file);
+
+  /* See if we found a major device number */
+  if (!tw_major) {
+    pout("No major number for /dev/%s listed in /proc/devices. Is the %s driver loaded?\n", nodename, driver_name);
+    return 2;
+  }
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+  /* Prepare a database of contexts for files in /dev
+   * and save the current context */
+  if (selinux_enabled) {
+    if (matchpathcon_init_prefix(NULL, "/dev") < 0)
+      pout("Error initializing contexts database for /dev");
+    if (getfscreatecon(&orig_context) < 0) {
+      pout("Error retrieving original SELinux fscreate context");
+      if (selinux_enforced) {
+        matchpathcon_fini();
+        return 6;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  /* Now check if nodes are correct */
+  for (index=0; index<16; index++) {
+    snprintf(nodestring, sizeof(nodestring), "/dev/%s%d", nodename, index);
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+    /* Get context of the node and set it as the default */
+    if (selinux_enabled) {
+      if (matchpathcon(nodestring, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR, &node_context) < 0) {
+        pout("Could not retrieve context for %s", nodestring);
+        if (selinux_enforced) {
+          retval = 6;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (setfscreatecon(node_context) < 0) {
+        pout ("Error setting default fscreate context");
+        if (selinux_enforced) {
+          retval = 6;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    /* Try to stat the node */
+    if ((stat(nodestring, &stat_buf))) {
+      pout("Node %s does not exist and must be created. Check the udev rules.\n", nodestring);
+      /* Create a new node if it doesn't exist */
+      if (mknod(nodestring, S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(tw_major, index))) {
+        pout("problem creating 3ware device nodes %s", nodestring);
+        syserror("mknod");
+        retval = 3;
+        break;
+      } else {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+        if (selinux_enabled && node_context) {
+          freecon(node_context);
+          node_context = NULL;
+        }
+#endif
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* See if nodes major and minor numbers are correct */
+    if ((tw_major != (int)(major(stat_buf.st_rdev))) ||
+        (index    != (int)(minor(stat_buf.st_rdev))) ||
+        (!S_ISCHR(stat_buf.st_mode))) {
+      pout("Node %s has wrong major/minor number and must be created anew."
+          " Check the udev rules.\n", nodestring);
+      /* Delete the old node */
+      if (unlink(nodestring)) {
+        pout("problem unlinking stale 3ware device node %s", nodestring);
+        syserror("unlink");
+        retval = 4;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* Make a new node */
+      if (mknod(nodestring, S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(tw_major, index))) {
+        pout("problem creating 3ware device nodes %s", nodestring);
+        syserror("mknod");
+        retval = 5;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+    if (selinux_enabled && node_context) {
+      freecon(node_context);
+      node_context = NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSELINUX
+  if (selinux_enabled) {
+    if(setfscreatecon(orig_context) < 0) {
+      pout("Error re-setting original fscreate context");
+      if (selinux_enforced)
+        retval = 6;
+    }
+    if(orig_context)
+      freecon(orig_context);
+    if(node_context)
+      freecon(node_context);
+    matchpathcon_fini();
+  }
+#endif
+  return retval;
+}
+
+bool linux_escalade_device::open()
+{
+  if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR ||
+      m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR) {
+    // the device nodes for these controllers are dynamically assigned,
+    // so we need to check that they exist with the correct major
+    // numbers and if not, create them
+    const char * node   = (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR ? "twl"     :
+                           m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR ? "twa"     :
+                                                                     "twe"      );
+    const char * driver = (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR ? "3w-sas"  :
+                           m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR ? "3w-9xxx" :
+                                                                     "3w-xxxx"  );
+    if (setup_3ware_nodes(node, driver))
+      return set_err((errno ? errno : ENXIO), "setup_3ware_nodes(\"%s\", \"%s\") failed", node, driver);
+  }
+  // Continue with default open
+  return linux_smart_device::open();
+}
+
+// TODO: Function no longer useful
+//void printwarning(smart_command_set command);
+
+#ifndef SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND
+#define SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND 1
+#endif
+
+// PURPOSE
+//   This is an interface routine meant to isolate the OS dependent
+//   parts of the code, and to provide a debugging interface.  Each
+//   different port and OS needs to provide it's own interface.  This
+//   is the linux interface to the 3ware 3w-xxxx driver.  It allows ATA
+//   commands to be passed through the SCSI driver.
+// DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ARGUMENTS
+//   fd: is the file descriptor provided by open()
+//   disknum is the disk number (0 to 15) in the RAID array
+//   escalade_type indicates the type of controller type, and if scsi or char interface is used
+//   command: defines the different operations.
+//   select: additional input data if needed (which log, which type of
+//           self-test).
+//   data:   location to write output data, if needed (512 bytes).
+//   Note: not all commands use all arguments.
+// RETURN VALUES
+//  -1 if the command failed
+//   0 if the command succeeded,
+//   STATUS_CHECK routine:
+//  -1 if the command failed
+//   0 if the command succeeded and disk SMART status is "OK"
+//   1 if the command succeeded and disk SMART status is "FAILING"
+
+/* 512 is the max payload size: increase if needed */
+#define BUFFER_LEN_678K      ( sizeof(TW_Ioctl)                  ) // 1044 unpacked, 1041 packed
+#define BUFFER_LEN_678K_CHAR ( sizeof(TW_New_Ioctl)+512-1        ) // 1539 unpacked, 1536 packed
+#define BUFFER_LEN_9000      ( sizeof(TW_Ioctl_Buf_Apache)+512-1 ) // 2051 unpacked, 2048 packed
+#define TW_IOCTL_BUFFER_SIZE ( MAX(MAX(BUFFER_LEN_678K, BUFFER_LEN_9000), BUFFER_LEN_678K_CHAR) )
+
+bool linux_escalade_device::ata_pass_through(const ata_cmd_in & in, ata_cmd_out & out)
+{
+  if (!ata_cmd_is_ok(in,
+    true, // data_out_support
+    false, // TODO: multi_sector_support
+    true) // ata_48bit_support
+  )
+    return false;
+
+  // Used by both the SCSI and char interfaces
+  TW_Passthru *passthru=NULL;
+  char ioctl_buffer[TW_IOCTL_BUFFER_SIZE];
+
+  // only used for SCSI device interface
+  TW_Ioctl   *tw_ioctl=NULL;
+  TW_Output *tw_output=NULL;
+
+  // only used for 6000/7000/8000 char device interface
+  TW_New_Ioctl *tw_ioctl_char=NULL;
+
+  // only used for 9000 character device interface
+  TW_Ioctl_Buf_Apache *tw_ioctl_apache=NULL;
+
+  memset(ioctl_buffer, 0, TW_IOCTL_BUFFER_SIZE);
+
+  // TODO: Handle controller differences by different classes
+  if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR) {
+    tw_ioctl_apache                               = (TW_Ioctl_Buf_Apache *)ioctl_buffer;
+    tw_ioctl_apache->driver_command.control_code  = TW_IOCTL_FIRMWARE_PASS_THROUGH;
+    tw_ioctl_apache->driver_command.buffer_length = 512; /* payload size */
+    passthru                                      = (TW_Passthru *)&(tw_ioctl_apache->firmware_command.command.oldcommand);
+  }
+  else if (m_escalade_type==AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR) {
+    tw_ioctl_char                                 = (TW_New_Ioctl *)ioctl_buffer;
+    tw_ioctl_char->data_buffer_length             = 512;
+    passthru                                      = (TW_Passthru *)&(tw_ioctl_char->firmware_command);
+  }
+  else if (m_escalade_type==AMCC_3WARE_678K) {
+    tw_ioctl                                      = (TW_Ioctl *)ioctl_buffer;
+    tw_ioctl->cdb[0]                              = TW_IOCTL;
+    tw_ioctl->opcode                              = TW_ATA_PASSTHRU;
+    tw_ioctl->input_length                        = 512; // correct even for non-data commands
+    tw_ioctl->output_length                       = 512; // correct even for non-data commands
+    tw_output                                     = (TW_Output *)tw_ioctl;
+    passthru                                      = (TW_Passthru *)&(tw_ioctl->input_data);
+  }
+  else {
+    return set_err(ENOSYS,
+      "Unrecognized escalade_type %d in linux_3ware_command_interface(disk %d)\n"
+      "Please contact " PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "\n", (int)m_escalade_type, m_disknum);
+  }
+
+  // Same for (almost) all commands - but some reset below
+  passthru->byte0.opcode  = TW_OP_ATA_PASSTHRU;
+  passthru->request_id    = 0xFF;
+  passthru->unit          = m_disknum;
+  passthru->status        = 0;
+  passthru->flags         = 0x1;
+
+  // Set registers
+  {
+    const ata_in_regs_48bit & r = in.in_regs;
+    passthru->features     = r.features_16;
+    passthru->sector_count = r.sector_count_16;
+    passthru->sector_num   = r.lba_low_16;
+    passthru->cylinder_lo  = r.lba_mid_16;
+    passthru->cylinder_hi  = r.lba_high_16;
+    passthru->drive_head   = r.device;
+    passthru->command      = r.command;
+  }
+
+  // Is this a command that reads or returns 512 bytes?
+  // passthru->param values are:
+  // 0x0 - non data command without TFR write check,
+  // 0x8 - non data command with TFR write check,
+  // 0xD - data command that returns data to host from device
+  // 0xF - data command that writes data from host to device
+  // passthru->size values are 0x5 for non-data and 0x07 for data
+  bool readdata = false;
+  if (in.direction == ata_cmd_in::data_in) {
+    readdata=true;
+    passthru->byte0.sgloff = 0x5;
+    passthru->size         = 0x7; // TODO: Other value for multi-sector ?
+    passthru->param        = 0xD;
+    // For 64-bit to work correctly, up the size of the command packet
+    // in dwords by 1 to account for the 64-bit single sgl 'address'
+    // field. Note that this doesn't agree with the typedefs but it's
+    // right (agree with kernel driver behavior/typedefs).
+    if ((m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR)
+        && sizeof(long) == 8)
+      passthru->size++;
+  }
+  else if (in.direction == ata_cmd_in::no_data) {
+    // Non data command -- but doesn't use large sector
+    // count register values.
+    passthru->byte0.sgloff = 0x0;
+    passthru->size         = 0x5;
+    passthru->param        = 0x8;
+    passthru->sector_count = 0x0;
+  }
+  else if (in.direction == ata_cmd_in::data_out) {
+    if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR)
+      memcpy(tw_ioctl_apache->data_buffer, in.buffer, in.size);
+    else if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR)
+      memcpy(tw_ioctl_char->data_buffer,   in.buffer, in.size);
+    else {
+      // COMMAND NOT SUPPORTED VIA SCSI IOCTL INTERFACE
+      // memcpy(tw_output->output_data, data, 512);
+      // printwarning(command); // TODO: Parameter no longer valid
+      return set_err(ENOTSUP, "DATA OUT not supported for this 3ware controller type");
+    }
+    passthru->byte0.sgloff = 0x5;
+    passthru->size         = 0x7;  // TODO: Other value for multi-sector ?
+    passthru->param        = 0xF;  // PIO data write
+    if ((m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR)
+        && sizeof(long) == 8)
+      passthru->size++;
+  }
+  else
+    return set_err(EINVAL);
+
+  // Now send the command down through an ioctl()
+  int ioctlreturn;
+  if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR)
+    ioctlreturn=ioctl(get_fd(), TW_IOCTL_FIRMWARE_PASS_THROUGH, tw_ioctl_apache);
+  else if (m_escalade_type==AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR)
+    ioctlreturn=ioctl(get_fd(), TW_CMD_PACKET_WITH_DATA, tw_ioctl_char);
+  else
+    ioctlreturn=ioctl(get_fd(), SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND, tw_ioctl);
+
+  // Deal with the different error cases
+  if (ioctlreturn) {
+    if (AMCC_3WARE_678K==m_escalade_type
+        && in.in_regs.command==ATA_SMART_CMD
+        && (   in.in_regs.features == ATA_SMART_AUTO_OFFLINE
+            || in.in_regs.features == ATA_SMART_AUTOSAVE    )
+        && in.in_regs.lba_low) {
+      // error here is probably a kernel driver whose version is too old
+      // printwarning(command); // TODO: Parameter no longer valid
+      return set_err(ENOTSUP, "Probably kernel driver too old");
+    }
+    return set_err(EIO);
+  }
+
+  // The passthru structure is valid after return from an ioctl if:
+  // - we are using the character interface OR
+  // - we are using the SCSI interface and this is a NON-READ-DATA command
+  // For SCSI interface, note that we set passthru to a different
+  // value after ioctl().
+  if (AMCC_3WARE_678K==m_escalade_type) {
+    if (readdata)
+      passthru=NULL;
+    else
+      passthru=(TW_Passthru *)&(tw_output->output_data);
+  }
+
+  // See if the ATA command failed.  Now that we have returned from
+  // the ioctl() call, if passthru is valid, then:
+  // - passthru->status contains the 3ware controller STATUS
+  // - passthru->command contains the ATA STATUS register
+  // - passthru->features contains the ATA ERROR register
+  //
+  // Check bits 0 (error bit) and 5 (device fault) of the ATA STATUS
+  // If bit 0 (error bit) is set, then ATA ERROR register is valid.
+  // While we *might* decode the ATA ERROR register, at the moment it
+  // doesn't make much sense: we don't care in detail why the error
+  // happened.
+
+  if (passthru && (passthru->status || (passthru->command & 0x21))) {
+    return set_err(EIO);
+  }
+
+  // If this is a read data command, copy data to output buffer
+  if (readdata) {
+    if (m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR || m_escalade_type == AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR)
+      memcpy(in.buffer, tw_ioctl_apache->data_buffer, in.size);
+    else if (m_escalade_type==AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR)
+      memcpy(in.buffer, tw_ioctl_char->data_buffer, in.size);
+    else
+      memcpy(in.buffer, tw_output->output_data, in.size);
+  }
+
+  // Return register values
+  if (passthru) {
+    ata_out_regs_48bit & r = out.out_regs;
+    r.error           = passthru->features;
+    r.sector_count_16 = passthru->sector_count;
+    r.lba_low_16      = passthru->sector_num;
+    r.lba_mid_16      = passthru->cylinder_lo;
+    r.lba_high_16     = passthru->cylinder_hi;
+    r.device          = passthru->drive_head;
+    r.status          = passthru->command;
+  }
+
+  // look for nonexistent devices/ports
+  if (   in.in_regs.command == ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE
+      && !nonempty(in.buffer, in.size)) {
+    return set_err(ENODEV, "No drive on port %d", m_disknum);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Areca RAID support
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SATA(ATA) device behind Areca RAID Controller
+class linux_areca_ata_device
+: public /*implements*/ areca_ata_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_areca_ata_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, int disknum, int encnum = 1);
+  virtual smart_device * autodetect_open() override;
+  virtual bool arcmsr_lock() override;
+  virtual bool arcmsr_unlock() override;
+  virtual int arcmsr_do_scsi_io(struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop) override;
+};
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// SAS(SCSI) device behind Areca RAID Controller
+class linux_areca_scsi_device
+: public /*implements*/ areca_scsi_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_areca_scsi_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, int disknum, int encnum = 1);
+  virtual smart_device * autodetect_open() override;
+  virtual bool arcmsr_lock() override;
+  virtual bool arcmsr_unlock() override;
+  virtual int arcmsr_do_scsi_io(struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop) override;
+};
+
+// Looks in /proc/scsi to suggest correct areca devices
+static int find_areca_in_proc()
+{
+    const char* proc_format_string="host\tchan\tid\tlun\ttype\topens\tqdepth\tbusy\tonline\n";
+
+    // check data formwat
+    FILE *fp=fopen("/proc/scsi/sg/device_hdr", "r");
+    if (!fp) {
+        pout("Unable to open /proc/scsi/sg/device_hdr for reading\n");
+        return 1;
+     }
+
+     // get line, compare to format
+     char linebuf[256];
+     linebuf[255]='\0';
+     char *out = fgets(linebuf, 256, fp);
+     fclose(fp);
+     if (!out) {
+         pout("Unable to read contents of /proc/scsi/sg/device_hdr\n");
+         return 2;
+     }
+
+     if (strcmp(linebuf, proc_format_string)) {
+        // wrong format!
+        // Fix this by comparing only tokens not white space!!
+        pout("Unexpected format %s in /proc/scsi/sg/device_hdr\n", proc_format_string);
+        return 3;
+     }
+
+    // Format is understood, now search for correct device
+    fp=fopen("/proc/scsi/sg/devices", "r");
+    if (!fp) return 1;
+    int host, chan, id, lun, type, opens, qdepth, busy, online;
+    int dev=-1;
+    // search all lines of /proc/scsi/sg/devices
+    while (9 == fscanf(fp, "%d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d %d", &host, &chan, &id, &lun, &type, &opens, &qdepth, &busy, &online)) {
+        dev++;
+        if (id == 16 && type == 3) {
+           // devices with id=16 and type=3 might be Areca controllers
+           pout("Device /dev/sg%d appears to be an Areca controller.\n", dev);
+        }
+    }
+    fclose(fp);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Areca RAID Controller(SATA Disk)
+linux_areca_ata_device::linux_areca_ata_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, int disknum, int encnum)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "areca", "areca"),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDWR | O_EXCL | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+  set_disknum(disknum);
+  set_encnum(encnum);
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [areca_disk#%02d_enc#%02d]", dev_name, disknum, encnum);
+}
+
+smart_device * linux_areca_ata_device::autodetect_open()
+{
+  // autodetect device type
+  int is_ata = arcmsr_get_dev_type();
+  if(is_ata < 0)
+  {
+    set_err(EIO);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  if(is_ata == 1)
+  {
+    // SATA device
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // SAS device
+  smart_device_auto_ptr newdev(new linux_areca_scsi_device(smi(), get_dev_name(), get_disknum(), get_encnum()));
+  close();
+  delete this;
+  newdev->open();       // TODO: Can possibly pass open fd
+
+  return newdev.release();
+}
+
+int linux_areca_ata_device::arcmsr_do_scsi_io(struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop)
+{
+  int ioctlreturn = 0;
+
+  if(!is_open()) {
+      if(!open()){
+          find_areca_in_proc();
+      }
+  }
+
+  ioctlreturn = do_normal_scsi_cmnd_io(get_fd(), iop, scsi_debugmode);
+  if ( ioctlreturn || iop->scsi_status )
+  {
+    // errors found
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return ioctlreturn;
+}
+
+bool linux_areca_ata_device::arcmsr_lock()
+{
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_areca_ata_device::arcmsr_unlock()
+{
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Areca RAID Controller(SAS Device)
+linux_areca_scsi_device::linux_areca_scsi_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, int disknum, int encnum)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "areca", "areca"),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDWR | O_EXCL | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+  set_disknum(disknum);
+  set_encnum(encnum);
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [areca_disk#%02d_enc#%02d]", dev_name, disknum, encnum);
+}
+
+smart_device * linux_areca_scsi_device::autodetect_open()
+{
+  return this;
+}
+
+int linux_areca_scsi_device::arcmsr_do_scsi_io(struct scsi_cmnd_io * iop)
+{
+  int ioctlreturn = 0;
+
+  if(!is_open()) {
+      if(!open()){
+          find_areca_in_proc();
+      }
+  }
+
+  ioctlreturn = do_normal_scsi_cmnd_io(get_fd(), iop, scsi_debugmode);
+  if ( ioctlreturn || iop->scsi_status )
+  {
+    // errors found
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return ioctlreturn;
+}
+
+bool linux_areca_scsi_device::arcmsr_lock()
+{
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_areca_scsi_device::arcmsr_unlock()
+{
+  return true;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Marvell support
+
+class linux_marvell_device
+: public /*implements*/ ata_device_with_command_set,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_marvell_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name, const char * req_type);
+
+protected:
+  virtual int ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data);
+};
+
+linux_marvell_device::linux_marvell_device(smart_interface * intf,
+  const char * dev_name, const char * req_type)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "marvell", req_type),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+}
+
+int linux_marvell_device::ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data)
+{
+  typedef struct {
+    int  inlen;
+    int  outlen;
+    char cmd[540];
+  } mvsata_scsi_cmd;
+
+  int copydata = 0;
+  mvsata_scsi_cmd  smart_command;
+  unsigned char *buff = (unsigned char *)&smart_command.cmd[6];
+  // See struct hd_drive_cmd_hdr in hdreg.h
+  // buff[0]: ATA COMMAND CODE REGISTER
+  // buff[1]: ATA SECTOR NUMBER REGISTER
+  // buff[2]: ATA FEATURES REGISTER
+  // buff[3]: ATA SECTOR COUNT REGISTER
+
+  // clear out buff.  Large enough for HDIO_DRIVE_CMD (4+512 bytes)
+  memset(&smart_command, 0, sizeof(smart_command));
+  smart_command.inlen = 540;
+  smart_command.outlen = 540;
+  smart_command.cmd[0] = 0xC;  //Vendor-specific code
+  smart_command.cmd[4] = 6;     //command length
+
+  buff[0] = ATA_SMART_CMD;
+  switch (command){
+  case CHECK_POWER_MODE:
+    buff[0]=ATA_CHECK_POWER_MODE;
+    break;
+  case READ_VALUES:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_VALUES;
+    copydata=buff[3]=1;
+    break;
+  case READ_THRESHOLDS:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_THRESHOLDS;
+    copydata=buff[1]=buff[3]=1;
+    break;
+  case READ_LOG:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_LOG_SECTOR;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    copydata=buff[3]=1;
+    break;
+  case IDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE;
+    copydata=buff[3]=1;
+    break;
+  case PIDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_PACKET_DEVICE;
+    copydata=buff[3]=1;
+    break;
+  case ENABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_ENABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case DISABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_DISABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case STATUS:
+  case STATUS_CHECK:
+    // this command only says if SMART is working.  It could be
+    // replaced with STATUS_CHECK below.
+    buff[2] = ATA_SMART_STATUS;
+    break;
+  case AUTO_OFFLINE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_AUTO_OFFLINE;
+    buff[3]=select;   // YET NOTE - THIS IS A NON-DATA COMMAND!!
+    break;
+  case AUTOSAVE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_AUTOSAVE;
+    buff[3]=select;   // YET NOTE - THIS IS A NON-DATA COMMAND!!
+    break;
+  case IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    break;
+  default:
+    pout("Unrecognized command %d in mvsata_os_specific_handler()\n", command);
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  // There are two different types of ioctls().  The HDIO_DRIVE_TASK
+  // one is this:
+  // We are now doing the HDIO_DRIVE_CMD type ioctl.
+  if (ioctl(get_fd(), SCSI_IOCTL_SEND_COMMAND, (void *)&smart_command))
+      return -1;
+
+  if (command==CHECK_POWER_MODE) {
+    // LEON -- CHECK THIS PLEASE.  THIS SHOULD BE THE SECTOR COUNT
+    // REGISTER, AND IT MIGHT BE buff[2] NOT buff[3].  Bruce
+    data[0]=buff[3];
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Always succeed on a SMART status, as a disk that failed returned
+  // buff[4]=0xF4, buff[5]=0x2C, i.e. "Bad SMART status" (see below).
+  if (command == STATUS)
+    return 0;
+  //Data returned is starting from 0 offset
+  if (command == STATUS_CHECK)
+  {
+    // Cyl low and Cyl high unchanged means "Good SMART status"
+    if (buff[4] == 0x4F && buff[5] == 0xC2)
+      return 0;
+    // These values mean "Bad SMART status"
+    if (buff[4] == 0xF4 && buff[5] == 0x2C)
+      return 1;
+    // We haven't gotten output that makes sense; print out some debugging info
+    syserror("Error SMART Status command failed");
+    pout("Please get assistance from %s\n",PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
+    pout("Register values returned from SMART Status command are:\n");
+    pout("CMD =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[0]);
+    pout("FR =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[1]);
+    pout("NS =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[2]);
+    pout("SC =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[3]);
+    pout("CL =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[4]);
+    pout("CH =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[5]);
+    pout("SEL=0x%02x\n",(int)buff[6]);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (copydata)
+    memcpy(data, buff, 512);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Highpoint RAID support
+
+class linux_highpoint_device
+: public /*implements*/ ata_device_with_command_set,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_highpoint_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+    unsigned char controller, unsigned char channel, unsigned char port);
+
+protected:
+  virtual int ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data);
+
+private:
+  unsigned char m_hpt_data[3]; ///< controller/channel/port
+};
+
+linux_highpoint_device::linux_highpoint_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+  unsigned char controller, unsigned char channel, unsigned char port)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "hpt", "hpt"),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+  m_hpt_data[0] = controller; m_hpt_data[1] = channel; m_hpt_data[2] = port;
+  set_info().info_name = strprintf("%s [hpt_disk_%u/%u/%u]", dev_name, m_hpt_data[0], m_hpt_data[1], m_hpt_data[2]);
+}
+
+// this implementation is derived from ata_command_interface with a header
+// packing for highpoint linux driver ioctl interface
+//
+// ioctl(fd,HPTIO_CTL,buff)
+//          ^^^^^^^^^
+//
+// structure of hpt_buff
+// +----+----+----+----+--------------------.....---------------------+
+// | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5                                            |
+// +----+----+----+----+--------------------.....---------------------+
+//
+// 1: The target controller                     [ int    ( 4 Bytes ) ]
+// 2: The channel of the target controllee      [ int    ( 4 Bytes ) ]
+// 3: HDIO_ ioctl call                          [ int    ( 4 Bytes ) ]
+//    available from ${LINUX_KERNEL_SOURCE}/Documentation/ioctl/hdio
+// 4: the pmport that disk attached,            [ int    ( 4 Bytes ) ]
+//    if no pmport device, set to 1 or leave blank
+// 5: data                                      [ void * ( var leangth ) ]
+//
+#define STRANGE_BUFFER_LENGTH (4+512*0xf8)
+
+int linux_highpoint_device::ata_command_interface(smart_command_set command, int select, char * data)
+{
+  unsigned char hpt_buff[4*sizeof(int) + STRANGE_BUFFER_LENGTH];
+  unsigned int *hpt = (unsigned int *)hpt_buff;
+  unsigned char *buff = &hpt_buff[4*sizeof(int)];
+  int copydata = 0;
+  const int HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET = 4;
+
+  memset(hpt_buff, 0, 4*sizeof(int) + STRANGE_BUFFER_LENGTH);
+  hpt[0] = m_hpt_data[0]; // controller id
+  hpt[1] = m_hpt_data[1]; // channel number
+  hpt[3] = m_hpt_data[2]; // pmport number
+
+  buff[0]=ATA_SMART_CMD;
+  switch (command){
+  case CHECK_POWER_MODE:
+    buff[0]=ATA_CHECK_POWER_MODE;
+    copydata=1;
+    break;
+  case READ_VALUES:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_VALUES;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case READ_THRESHOLDS:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_THRESHOLDS;
+    buff[1]=buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case READ_LOG:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_READ_LOG_SECTOR;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case WRITE_LOG:
+    break;
+  case IDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case PIDENTIFY:
+    buff[0]=ATA_IDENTIFY_PACKET_DEVICE;
+    buff[3]=1;
+    copydata=512;
+    break;
+  case ENABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_ENABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case DISABLE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_DISABLE;
+    buff[1]=1;
+    break;
+  case STATUS:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_STATUS;
+    break;
+  case AUTO_OFFLINE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_AUTO_OFFLINE;
+    buff[3]=select;
+    break;
+  case AUTOSAVE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_AUTOSAVE;
+    buff[3]=select;
+    break;
+  case IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE:
+    buff[2]=ATA_SMART_IMMEDIATE_OFFLINE;
+    buff[1]=select;
+    break;
+  case STATUS_CHECK:
+    buff[1]=ATA_SMART_STATUS;
+    break;
+  default:
+    pout("Unrecognized command %d in linux_highpoint_command_interface()\n"
+         "Please contact " PACKAGE_BUGREPORT "\n", command);
+    errno=ENOSYS;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  if (command==WRITE_LOG) {
+    unsigned char task[4*sizeof(int)+sizeof(ide_task_request_t)+512];
+    unsigned int *hpt_tf = (unsigned int *)task;
+    ide_task_request_t *reqtask = (ide_task_request_t *)(&task[4*sizeof(int)]);
+    task_struct_t *taskfile = (task_struct_t *)reqtask->io_ports;
+
+    memset(task, 0, sizeof(task));
+
+    hpt_tf[0] = m_hpt_data[0]; // controller id
+    hpt_tf[1] = m_hpt_data[1]; // channel number
+    hpt_tf[3] = m_hpt_data[2]; // pmport number
+    hpt_tf[2] = HDIO_DRIVE_TASKFILE; // real hd ioctl
+
+    taskfile->data           = 0;
+    taskfile->feature        = ATA_SMART_WRITE_LOG_SECTOR;
+    taskfile->sector_count   = 1;
+    taskfile->sector_number  = select;
+    taskfile->low_cylinder   = 0x4f;
+    taskfile->high_cylinder  = 0xc2;
+    taskfile->device_head    = 0;
+    taskfile->command        = ATA_SMART_CMD;
+
+    reqtask->data_phase      = TASKFILE_OUT;
+    reqtask->req_cmd         = IDE_DRIVE_TASK_OUT;
+    reqtask->out_size        = 512;
+    reqtask->in_size         = 0;
+
+    memcpy(task+sizeof(ide_task_request_t)+4*sizeof(int), data, 512);
+
+    if (ioctl(get_fd(), HPTIO_CTL, task))
+      return -1;
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (command==STATUS_CHECK){
+    unsigned const char normal_lo=0x4f, normal_hi=0xc2;
+    unsigned const char failed_lo=0xf4, failed_hi=0x2c;
+    buff[4]=normal_lo;
+    buff[5]=normal_hi;
+
+    hpt[2] = HDIO_DRIVE_TASK;
+
+    if (ioctl(get_fd(), HPTIO_CTL, hpt_buff))
+      return -1;
+
+    if (buff[4]==normal_lo && buff[5]==normal_hi)
+      return 0;
+
+    if (buff[4]==failed_lo && buff[5]==failed_hi)
+      return 1;
+
+    syserror("Error SMART Status command failed");
+    pout("Please get assistance from " PACKAGE_URL "\n");
+    pout("Register values returned from SMART Status command are:\n");
+    pout("CMD=0x%02x\n",(int)buff[0]);
+    pout("FR =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[1]);
+    pout("NS =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[2]);
+    pout("SC =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[3]);
+    pout("CL =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[4]);
+    pout("CH =0x%02x\n",(int)buff[5]);
+    pout("SEL=0x%02x\n",(int)buff[6]);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+#if 1
+  if (command==IDENTIFY || command==PIDENTIFY) {
+    unsigned char deviceid[4*sizeof(int)+512*sizeof(char)];
+    unsigned int *hpt_id = (unsigned int *)deviceid;
+
+    hpt_id[0] = m_hpt_data[0]; // controller id
+    hpt_id[1] = m_hpt_data[1]; // channel number
+    hpt_id[3] = m_hpt_data[2]; // pmport number
+
+    hpt_id[2] = HDIO_GET_IDENTITY;
+    if (!ioctl(get_fd(), HPTIO_CTL, deviceid) && (deviceid[4*sizeof(int)] & 0x8000))
+      buff[0]=(command==IDENTIFY)?ATA_IDENTIFY_PACKET_DEVICE:ATA_IDENTIFY_DEVICE;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  hpt[2] = HDIO_DRIVE_CMD;
+  if ((ioctl(get_fd(), HPTIO_CTL, hpt_buff)))
+    return -1;
+
+  if (command==CHECK_POWER_MODE)
+    buff[HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET]=buff[2];
+
+  if (copydata)
+    memcpy(data, buff+HDIO_DRIVE_CMD_OFFSET, copydata);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#if 0 // TODO: Migrate from 'smart_command_set' to 'ata_in_regs' OR remove the function
+// Utility function for printing warnings
+void printwarning(smart_command_set command){
+  static int printed[4]={0,0,0,0};
+  const char* message=
+    "can not be passed through the 3ware 3w-xxxx driver.  This can be fixed by\n"
+    "applying a simple 3w-xxxx driver patch that can be found here:\n"
+    PACKAGE_URL "\n"
+    "Alternatively, upgrade your 3w-xxxx driver to version 1.02.00.037 or greater.\n\n";
+
+  if (command==AUTO_OFFLINE && !printed[0]) {
+    printed[0]=1;
+    pout("The SMART AUTO-OFFLINE ENABLE command (smartmontools -o on option/Directive)\n%s", message);
+  }
+  else if (command==AUTOSAVE && !printed[1]) {
+    printed[1]=1;
+    pout("The SMART AUTOSAVE ENABLE command (smartmontools -S on option/Directive)\n%s", message);
+  }
+  else if (command==STATUS_CHECK && !printed[2]) {
+    printed[2]=1;
+    pout("The SMART RETURN STATUS return value (smartmontools -H option/Directive)\n%s", message);
+  }
+  else if (command==WRITE_LOG && !printed[3])  {
+    printed[3]=1;
+    pout("The SMART WRITE LOG command (smartmontools -t selective) only supported via char /dev/tw[ae] interface\n");
+  }
+
+  return;
+}
+#endif
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// SCSI open with autodetection support
+
+smart_device * linux_scsi_device::autodetect_open()
+{
+  // Open device
+  if (!open())
+    return this;
+
+  // No Autodetection if device type was specified by user
+  bool sat_only = false;
+  if (*get_req_type()) {
+    // Detect SAT if device object was created by scan_smart_devices().
+    if (!(m_scanning && !strcmp(get_req_type(), "sat")))
+      return this;
+    sat_only = true;
+  }
+
+  // The code below is based on smartd.cpp:SCSIFilterKnown()
+
+  // Get INQUIRY
+  unsigned char req_buff[64] = {0, };
+  int req_len = 36;
+  if (scsiStdInquiry(this, req_buff, req_len)) {
+    // Marvell controllers fail on a 36 bytes StdInquiry, but 64 suffices
+    // watch this spot ... other devices could lock up here
+    req_len = 64;
+    if (scsiStdInquiry(this, req_buff, req_len)) {
+      // device doesn't like INQUIRY commands
+      close();
+      set_err(EIO, "INQUIRY failed");
+      return this;
+    }
+  }
+
+  int avail_len = req_buff[4] + 5;
+  int len = (avail_len < req_len ? avail_len : req_len);
+  if (len < 36) {
+    if (sat_only) {
+      close();
+      set_err(EIO, "INQUIRY too short for SAT");
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  // Use INQUIRY to detect type
+  if (!sat_only) {
+
+    // 3ware ?
+    if (!memcmp(req_buff + 8, "3ware", 5) || !memcmp(req_buff + 8, "AMCC", 4)) {
+      close();
+      set_err(EINVAL, "AMCC/3ware controller, please try adding '-d 3ware,N',\n"
+                      "you may need to replace %s with /dev/twlN, /dev/twaN or /dev/tweN", get_dev_name());
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // DELL?
+    if (!memcmp(req_buff + 8, "DELL    PERC", 12) || !memcmp(req_buff + 8, "MegaRAID", 8)
+        || !memcmp(req_buff + 16, "PERC ", 5) || !memcmp(req_buff + 8, "LSI\0",4)
+    ) {
+      close();
+      set_err(EINVAL, "DELL or MegaRaid controller, please try adding '-d megaraid,N'");
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // Marvell ?
+    if (len >= 42 && !memcmp(req_buff + 36, "MVSATA", 6)) {
+      //pout("Device %s: using '-d marvell' for ATA disk with Marvell driver\n", get_dev_name());
+      close();
+      smart_device_auto_ptr newdev(
+        new linux_marvell_device(smi(), get_dev_name(), get_req_type())
+      );
+      newdev->open(); // TODO: Can possibly pass open fd
+      delete this;
+      return newdev.release();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // SAT or USB ?
+  {
+    smart_device * newdev = smi()->autodetect_sat_device(this, req_buff, len);
+    if (newdev)
+      // NOTE: 'this' is now owned by '*newdev'
+      return newdev;
+  }
+
+  // Nothing special found
+
+  if (sat_only) {
+    close();
+    set_err(EIO, "Not a SAT device");
+  }
+  return this;
+}
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// NVMe support
+
+class linux_nvme_device
+: public /*implements*/ nvme_device,
+  public /*extends*/ linux_smart_device
+{
+public:
+  linux_nvme_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+    const char * req_type, unsigned nsid);
+
+  virtual bool open() override;
+
+  virtual bool nvme_pass_through(const nvme_cmd_in & in, nvme_cmd_out & out) override;
+};
+
+linux_nvme_device::linux_nvme_device(smart_interface * intf, const char * dev_name,
+  const char * req_type, unsigned nsid)
+: smart_device(intf, dev_name, "nvme", req_type),
+  nvme_device(nsid),
+  linux_smart_device(O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK)
+{
+}
+
+bool linux_nvme_device::open()
+{
+  if (!linux_smart_device::open())
+    return false;
+
+  if (!get_nsid()) {
+    // Use actual NSID (/dev/nvmeXnN) if available,
+    // else use broadcast namespace (/dev/nvmeX)
+    int nsid = ioctl(get_fd(), NVME_IOCTL_ID, (void*)0);
+    set_nsid(nsid);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_nvme_device::nvme_pass_through(const nvme_cmd_in & in, nvme_cmd_out & out)
+{
+  nvme_passthru_cmd pt;
+  memset(&pt, 0, sizeof(pt));
+
+  pt.opcode = in.opcode;
+  pt.nsid = in.nsid;
+  pt.addr = (uint64_t)in.buffer;
+  pt.data_len = in.size;
+  pt.cdw10 = in.cdw10;
+  pt.cdw11 = in.cdw11;
+  pt.cdw12 = in.cdw12;
+  pt.cdw13 = in.cdw13;
+  pt.cdw14 = in.cdw14;
+  pt.cdw15 = in.cdw15;
+  // Kernel default for NVMe admin commands is 60 seconds
+  // pt.timeout_ms = 60 * 1000;
+
+  int status = ioctl(get_fd(), NVME_IOCTL_ADMIN_CMD, &pt);
+
+  if (status < 0)
+    return set_err(errno, "NVME_IOCTL_ADMIN_CMD: %s", strerror(errno));
+
+  if (status > 0)
+    return set_nvme_err(out, status);
+
+  out.result = pt.result;
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// USB bridge ID detection
+
+// Read USB ID from /sys file
+static bool read_id(const std::string & path, unsigned short & id)
+{
+  FILE * f = fopen(path.c_str(), "r");
+  if (!f)
+    return false;
+  int n = -1;
+  bool ok = (fscanf(f, "%hx%n", &id, &n) == 1 && n == 4);
+  fclose(f);
+  return ok;
+}
+
+// Get USB bridge ID for "sdX" or "sgN"
+static bool get_usb_id(const char * name, unsigned short & vendor_id,
+                       unsigned short & product_id, unsigned short & version)
+{
+  // Only "sdX" or "sgN" supported
+  if (!(name[0] == 's' && (name[1] == 'd' || name[1] == 'g') && !strchr(name, '/')))
+    return false;
+
+  // Start search at dir referenced by symlink
+  // "/sys/block/sdX/device" or
+  // "/sys/class/scsi_generic/sgN"
+  // -> "/sys/devices/.../usb*/.../host*/target*/..."
+  std::string dir = strprintf("/sys/%s/%s%s",
+    (name[1] == 'd' ? "block" : "class/scsi_generic"), name,
+    (name[1] == 'd' ? "/device" : ""));
+
+  // Stop search at "/sys/devices"
+  struct stat st;
+  if (stat("/sys/devices", &st))
+    return false;
+  ino_t stop_ino = st.st_ino;
+
+  // Search in parent directories until "idVendor" is found,
+  // fail if "/sys/devices" reached or too many iterations
+  int cnt = 0;
+  do {
+    dir += "/..";
+    if (!(++cnt < 10 && !stat(dir.c_str(), &st) && st.st_ino != stop_ino))
+      return false;
+  } while (access((dir + "/idVendor").c_str(), 0));
+
+  if (scsi_debugmode > 1) {
+    pout("Found idVendor in: %s\n", dir.c_str());
+    char * p = realpath(dir.c_str(), (char *)0);
+    if (p) {
+      pout("         realpath: %s\n", p);
+      free(p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Read IDs
+  if (!(   read_id(dir + "/idVendor", vendor_id)
+        && read_id(dir + "/idProduct", product_id)
+        && read_id(dir + "/bcdDevice", version)   ))
+    return false;
+
+  if (scsi_debugmode > 1)
+    pout("USB ID = 0x%04x:0x%04x (0x%03x)\n", vendor_id, product_id, version);
+  return true;
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Linux interface
+
+class linux_smart_interface
+: public /*implements*/ smart_interface
+{
+public:
+  virtual std::string get_os_version_str() override;
+
+  virtual std::string get_app_examples(const char * appname) override;
+
+  virtual bool scan_smart_devices(smart_device_list & devlist,
+    const smart_devtype_list & types, const char * pattern = 0) override;
+
+protected:
+  virtual ata_device * get_ata_device(const char * name, const char * type) override;
+
+  virtual scsi_device * get_scsi_device(const char * name, const char * type) override;
+
+  virtual nvme_device * get_nvme_device(const char * name, const char * type,
+    unsigned nsid) override;
+
+  virtual smart_device * autodetect_smart_device(const char * name) override;
+
+  virtual smart_device * get_custom_smart_device(const char * name, const char * type) override;
+
+  virtual std::string get_valid_custom_dev_types_str() override;
+
+private:
+  static constexpr int devxy_to_n_max = 701; // "/dev/sdzz"
+  static int devxy_to_n(const char * name, bool debug);
+
+  void get_dev_list(smart_device_list & devlist, const char * pattern,
+    bool scan_scsi, bool (* p_dev_sdxy_seen)[devxy_to_n_max+1],
+    bool scan_nvme, const char * req_type, bool autodetect);
+
+  bool get_dev_megasas(smart_device_list & devlist);
+  smart_device * missing_option(const char * opt);
+  int megasas_dcmd_cmd(int bus_no, uint32_t opcode, void *buf,
+    size_t bufsize, uint8_t *mbox, size_t mboxlen, uint8_t *statusp);
+  int megasas_pd_add_list(int bus_no, smart_device_list & devlist);
+  bool get_dev_sssraid(smart_device_list & devlist);
+  int sssraid_pd_add_list(int bus_no, smart_device_list & devlist);
+  int sssraid_pdlist_cmd(int bus_no, uint16_t start_idx, void *buf, size_t bufsize, uint8_t *statusp);
+};
+
+std::string linux_smart_interface::get_os_version_str()
+{
+  struct utsname u;
+  if (!uname(&u))
+    return strprintf("%s-linux-%s", u.machine, u.release);
+  else
+    return SMARTMONTOOLS_BUILD_HOST;
+}
+
+std::string linux_smart_interface::get_app_examples(const char * appname)
+{
+  if (!strcmp(appname, "smartctl"))
+    return smartctl_examples;
+  return "";
+}
+
+// "/dev/sdXY" -> 0-devxy_to_n_max
+// "/dev/disk/by-id/NAME" -> "../../sdXY" -> 0-devxy_to_n_max
+// Other -> -1
+int linux_smart_interface::devxy_to_n(const char * name, bool debug)
+{
+  const char * xy;
+  char dest[256];
+  if (str_starts_with(name, "/dev/sd")) {
+    // Assume "/dev/sdXY"
+    xy = name + sizeof("/dev/sd") - 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    // Assume "/dev/disk/by-id/NAME", check link target
+    int sz = readlink(name, dest, sizeof(dest)-1);
+    if (!(0 < sz && sz < (int)sizeof(dest)))
+      return -1;
+    dest[sz] = 0;
+    if (!str_starts_with(dest, "../../sd"))
+      return -1;
+    if (debug)
+      pout("%s -> %s\n", name, dest);
+    xy = dest + sizeof("../../sd") - 1;
+  }
+
+  char x = xy[0];
+  if (!('a' <= x && x <= 'z'))
+    return -1;
+  char y = xy[1];
+  if (!y)
+    // "[a-z]" -> 0-25
+    return x - 'a';
+
+  if (!('a' <= y && y <= 'z' && !xy[2]))
+    return -1;
+  // "[a-z][a-z]" -> 26-701
+  STATIC_ASSERT((('z' - 'a' + 1) * ('z' - 'a' + 1) + ('z' - 'a')) == devxy_to_n_max);
+  return (x - 'a' + 1) * ('z' - 'a' + 1) + (y - 'a');
+}
+
+void linux_smart_interface::get_dev_list(smart_device_list & devlist,
+  const char * pattern, bool scan_scsi, bool (* p_dev_sdxy_seen)[devxy_to_n_max+1],
+  bool scan_nvme, const char * req_type, bool autodetect)
+{
+  bool debug = (ata_debugmode || scsi_debugmode || nvme_debugmode);
+
+  // Use glob to look for any directory entries matching the pattern
+  glob_t globbuf;
+  memset(&globbuf, 0, sizeof(globbuf));
+  int retglob = glob(pattern, GLOB_ERR, NULL, &globbuf);
+  if (retglob) {
+    // glob failed: free memory and return
+    globfree(&globbuf);
+
+    if (debug)
+      pout("glob(3) error %d for pattern %s\n", retglob, pattern);
+
+    if (retglob == GLOB_NOSPACE)
+      throw std::bad_alloc();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // did we find too many paths?
+  const int max_pathc = 1024;
+  int n = (int)globbuf.gl_pathc;
+  if (n > max_pathc) {
+    pout("glob(3) found %d > MAX=%d devices matching pattern %s: ignoring %d paths\n",
+         n, max_pathc, pattern, n - max_pathc);
+    n = max_pathc;
+  }
+
+  // now step through the list returned by glob.
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    const char * name = globbuf.gl_pathv[i];
+
+    if (p_dev_sdxy_seen) {
+      // Follow "/dev/disk/by-id/*" symlink and check for duplicate "/dev/sdXY"
+      int dev_n = devxy_to_n(name, debug);
+      if (!(0 <= dev_n && dev_n <= devxy_to_n_max))
+        continue;
+      if ((*p_dev_sdxy_seen)[dev_n]) {
+        if (debug)
+          pout("%s: duplicate, ignored\n", name);
+        continue;
+      }
+      (*p_dev_sdxy_seen)[dev_n] = true;
+    }
+
+    smart_device * dev;
+    if (autodetect) {
+      dev = autodetect_smart_device(name);
+      if (!dev)
+        continue;
+    }
+    else if (scan_scsi)
+      dev = new linux_scsi_device(this, name, req_type, true /*scanning*/);
+    else if (scan_nvme)
+      dev = new linux_nvme_device(this, name, req_type, 0 /* use default nsid */);
+    else
+      dev = new linux_ata_device(this, name, req_type);
+    devlist.push_back(dev);
+  }
+
+  // free memory
+  globfree(&globbuf);
+}
+
+// getting devices from LSI SAS MegaRaid, if available
+bool linux_smart_interface::get_dev_megasas(smart_device_list & devlist)
+{
+  /* Scanning of disks on MegaRaid device */
+  /* Perform mknod of device ioctl node */
+  int   mjr, n1;
+  char line[128];
+  bool scan_megasas = false;
+  FILE * fp = fopen("/proc/devices", "r");
+  if (!fp)
+    return false;
+  while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) != NULL) {
+    n1=0;
+    if (sscanf(line, "%d megaraid_sas_ioctl%n", &mjr, &n1) == 1 && n1 == 22) {
+      scan_megasas = true;
+      n1=mknod("/dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node", S_IFCHR|0600, makedev(mjr, 0));
+      if(scsi_debugmode > 0)
+        pout("Creating /dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node = %d\n", n1 >= 0 ? 0 : errno);
+      if (n1 >= 0 || errno == EEXIST)
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  fclose(fp);
+
+  if(!scan_megasas)
+    return false;
+
+  // getting bus numbers with megasas devices
+  // we are using sysfs to get list of all scsi hosts
+  DIR * dp = opendir ("/sys/class/scsi_host/");
+  if (dp != NULL)
+  {
+    struct dirent *ep;
+    while ((ep = readdir (dp)) != NULL) {
+      unsigned int host_no = 0;
+      if (!sscanf(ep->d_name, "host%u", &host_no))
+        continue;
+      /* proc_name should be megaraid_sas */
+      char sysfsdir[256];
+      snprintf(sysfsdir, sizeof(sysfsdir) - 1,
+        "/sys/class/scsi_host/host%u/proc_name", host_no);
+      if((fp = fopen(sysfsdir, "r")) == NULL)
+        continue;
+      if(fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) != NULL && !strncmp(line,"megaraid_sas",12)) {
+        megasas_pd_add_list(host_no, devlist);
+      }
+      fclose(fp);
+    }
+    (void) closedir (dp);
+  } else { /* sysfs not mounted ? */
+    for(unsigned i = 0; i <=16; i++) // trying to add devices on first 16 buses
+      megasas_pd_add_list(i, devlist);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// getting devices from 3SNIC Raid, if available
+bool linux_smart_interface::get_dev_sssraid(smart_device_list & devlist)
+{
+  /* Scanning of disks on sssraid device */
+  char line[128];
+  FILE * fp = NULL;
+
+  // getting bus numbers with 3snic sas devices
+  // we are using sysfs to get list of all scsi hosts
+  DIR * dp = opendir ("/sys/class/scsi_host/");
+  if (dp != NULL)
+  {
+    struct dirent *ep;
+    while ((ep = readdir (dp)) != NULL) {
+      unsigned int host_no = 0;
+      if (!sscanf(ep->d_name, "host%u", &host_no))
+        continue;
+      /* proc_name should be sssraid */
+      char sysfsdir[256];
+      snprintf(sysfsdir, sizeof(sysfsdir) - 1,
+        "/sys/class/scsi_host/host%u/proc_name", host_no);
+      if((fp = fopen(sysfsdir, "r")) == NULL)
+        continue;
+      if(fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) != NULL && !strncmp(line,"sssraid",7)) {
+        sssraid_pd_add_list(host_no, devlist);
+      }
+      fclose(fp);
+    }
+    (void) closedir (dp);
+  } else { /* sysfs not mounted ? */
+    for(unsigned i = 0; i <=16; i++) // trying to add devices on first 16 buses
+      sssraid_pd_add_list(i, devlist);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool linux_smart_interface::scan_smart_devices(smart_device_list & devlist,
+  const smart_devtype_list & types, const char * pattern /*= 0*/)
+{
+  if (pattern)
+    return set_err(EINVAL, "DEVICESCAN with pattern not implemented yet");
+
+  // Scan type list
+  bool by_id = false;
+  const char * type_ata = 0, * type_scsi = 0, * type_sat = 0, * type_nvme = 0;
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < types.size(); i++) {
+    const char * type = types[i].c_str();
+    if (!strcmp(type, "by-id"))
+      by_id = true;
+    else if (!strcmp(type, "ata"))
+      type_ata = "ata";
+    else if (!strcmp(type, "scsi"))
+      type_scsi = "scsi";
+    else if (!strcmp(type, "sat"))
+      type_sat = "sat";
+    else if (!strcmp(type, "nvme"))
+      type_nvme = "nvme";
+    else
+      return set_err(EINVAL, "Invalid type '%s', valid arguments are: by-id, ata, scsi, sat, nvme",
+                     type);
+  }
+  // Use default if no type specified
+  if (!(type_ata || type_scsi || type_sat || type_nvme)) {
+     type_ata = type_scsi = type_sat = "";
+#ifdef WITH_NVME_DEVICESCAN // TODO: Remove when NVMe support is no longer EXPERIMENTAL
+     type_nvme = "";
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if (type_ata)
+    get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/hd[a-t]", false, 0, false, type_ata, false);
+
+  if (type_scsi || type_sat) {
+    // "sat" detection will be later handled in linux_scsi_device::autodetect_open()
+    const char * type_scsi_sat = ((type_scsi && type_sat) ? "" // detect both
+                                  : (type_scsi ? type_scsi : type_sat));
+    bool autodetect = !*type_scsi_sat; // If no type specified, detect USB also
+
+    bool dev_sdxy_seen[devxy_to_n_max+1] = {false, };
+    bool (*p_dev_sdxy_seen)[devxy_to_n_max+1] = 0;
+    if (by_id) {
+      // Scan unique symlinks first
+      get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/disk/by-id/*", true, &dev_sdxy_seen, false,
+                   type_scsi_sat, autodetect);
+      p_dev_sdxy_seen = &dev_sdxy_seen; // Check for duplicates below
+    }
+
+    get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/sd[a-z]", true, p_dev_sdxy_seen, false, type_scsi_sat, autodetect);
+    get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/sd[a-z][a-z]", true, p_dev_sdxy_seen, false, type_scsi_sat, autodetect);
+
+    // get device list from the megaraid device
+    get_dev_megasas(devlist);
+    // get device list from the sssraid device
+    get_dev_sssraid(devlist);
+  }
+
+  if (type_nvme) {
+    get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/nvme[0-9]", false, 0, true, type_nvme, false);
+    get_dev_list(devlist, "/dev/nvme[1-9][0-9]", false, 0, true, type_nvme, false);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+ata_device * linux_smart_interface::get_ata_device(const char * name, const char * type)
+{
+  return new linux_ata_device(this, name, type);
+}
+
+scsi_device * linux_smart_interface::get_scsi_device(const char * name, const char * type)
+{
+  return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, type);
+}
+
+nvme_device * linux_smart_interface::get_nvme_device(const char * name, const char * type,
+  unsigned nsid)
+{
+  return new linux_nvme_device(this, name, type, nsid);
+}
+
+smart_device * linux_smart_interface::missing_option(const char * opt)
+{
+  return set_err_np(EINVAL, "requires option '%s'", opt);
+}
+
+int
+linux_smart_interface::megasas_dcmd_cmd(int bus_no, uint32_t opcode, void *buf,
+  size_t bufsize, uint8_t *mbox, size_t mboxlen, uint8_t *statusp)
+{
+  struct megasas_iocpacket ioc;
+
+  if ((mbox != NULL && (mboxlen == 0 || mboxlen > MFI_MBOX_SIZE)) ||
+    (mbox == NULL && mboxlen != 0)) 
+  {
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return (-1);
+  }
+
+  memset(&ioc, 0, sizeof(ioc));
+  struct megasas_dcmd_frame * dcmd = &ioc.frame.dcmd;
+  ioc.host_no = bus_no;
+  if (mbox)
+    memcpy(dcmd->mbox.w, mbox, mboxlen);
+  dcmd->cmd = MFI_CMD_DCMD;
+  dcmd->timeout = 0;
+  dcmd->flags = 0;
+  dcmd->data_xfer_len = bufsize;
+  dcmd->opcode = opcode;
+
+  if (bufsize > 0) {
+    dcmd->sge_count = 1;
+    dcmd->data_xfer_len = bufsize;
+    dcmd->sgl.sge32[0].phys_addr = (intptr_t)buf;
+    dcmd->sgl.sge32[0].length = (uint32_t)bufsize;
+    ioc.sge_count = 1;
+    ioc.sgl_off = offsetof(struct megasas_dcmd_frame, sgl);
+    ioc.sgl[0].iov_base = buf;
+    ioc.sgl[0].iov_len = bufsize;
+  }
+
+  int fd;
+  if ((fd = ::open("/dev/megaraid_sas_ioctl_node", O_RDWR)) < 0) {
+    return (errno);
+  }
+
+  int r = ioctl(fd, MEGASAS_IOC_FIRMWARE, &ioc);
+  ::close(fd);
+  if (r < 0) {
+    return (r);
+  }
+
+  if (statusp != NULL)
+    *statusp = dcmd->cmd_status;
+  else if (dcmd->cmd_status != MFI_STAT_OK) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "command %x returned error status %x\n",
+      opcode, dcmd->cmd_status);
+    errno = EIO;
+    return (-1);
+  }
+  return (0);
+}
+
+int
+linux_smart_interface::megasas_pd_add_list(int bus_no, smart_device_list & devlist)
+{
+  /*
+  * Keep fetching the list in a loop until we have a large enough
+  * buffer to hold the entire list.
+  */
+  megasas_pd_list * list = 0;
+  for (unsigned list_size = 1024; ; ) {
+    list = reinterpret_cast<megasas_pd_list *>(realloc(list, list_size));
+    if (!list)
+      throw std::bad_alloc();
+    memset(list, 0, list_size);
+    if (megasas_dcmd_cmd(bus_no, MFI_DCMD_PD_GET_LIST, list, list_size, NULL, 0,
+      NULL) < 0) 
+    {
+      free(list);
+      return (-1);
+    }
+    if (list->size <= list_size)
+      break;
+    list_size = list->size;
+  }
+
+  // adding all SCSI devices
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < list->count; i++) {
+    if(list->addr[i].scsi_dev_type)
+      continue; /* non disk device found */
+    char line[128];
+    snprintf(line, sizeof(line) - 1, "/dev/bus/%d", bus_no);
+    smart_device * dev = new linux_megaraid_device(this, line, list->addr[i].device_id);
+    devlist.push_back(dev);
+  }
+  free(list);
+  return (0);
+}
+
+int
+linux_smart_interface::sssraid_pdlist_cmd(int bus_no, uint16_t start_idx_param, void *buf, size_t bufsize, uint8_t *statusp)
+{
+  struct sg_io_v4 io_hdr_v4{};
+  unsigned char sense_buff[ADM_SCSI_CDB_SENSE_MAX_LEN] = { 0 };
+  struct bsg_ioctl_cmd bsg_param{};
+  u8 cmd_param[24] = { 0 };
+
+  io_hdr_v4.guard = 'Q';
+  io_hdr_v4.protocol = BSG_PROTOCOL_SCSI;
+  io_hdr_v4.subprotocol = BSG_SUB_PROTOCOL_SCSI_TRANSPORT;
+  io_hdr_v4.response = (uintptr_t)sense_buff;
+  io_hdr_v4.max_response_len = ADM_SCSI_CDB_SENSE_MAX_LEN;
+  io_hdr_v4.request_len = sizeof(struct bsg_ioctl_cmd);
+  io_hdr_v4.request = (uintptr_t)(&bsg_param);
+  io_hdr_v4.timeout = BSG_APPEND_TIMEOUT_MS + DEFAULT_CONMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS;
+
+  if (bufsize >0)  {
+    io_hdr_v4.din_xferp = (uintptr_t)buf;
+    io_hdr_v4.din_xfer_len = bufsize;
+  }
+
+  bsg_param.msgcode = 0;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.opcode = ADM_RAID_READ;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.timeout_ms = DEFAULT_CONMMAND_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.info_0.subopcode = ADM_CMD_SHOW_PDLIST;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.addr = (uintptr_t)buf;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.info_1.data_len = bufsize;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.data_len = bufsize;
+  bsg_param.ioctl_r64.info_1.param_len = sizeof(struct cmd_pdlist_idx);
+
+  struct cmd_pdlist_idx *p_cmd_param = (struct cmd_pdlist_idx *)(&cmd_param);
+  p_cmd_param->start_idx = start_idx_param;
+  p_cmd_param->count = CMD_PDLIST_ONCE_NUM;
+  memcpy((u32*)&bsg_param.ioctl_r64.cdw10, cmd_param, sizeof(struct cmd_pdlist_idx));
+
+  int fd;
+  char line[128];
+  snprintf(line, sizeof(line) - 1, "/dev/bsg/sssraid%d", bus_no);
+  if ((fd = ::open(line, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+    pout("open %s error %d\n", line, fd);
+    return (errno);
+  }
+
+  int r = ioctl(fd, SG_IO, &io_hdr_v4);
+  ::close(fd);
+  if (r < 0) {
+    return (r);
+  }
+
+  if (statusp != NULL) {
+    *statusp = (io_hdr_v4.transport_status << 0x8) | io_hdr_v4.device_status;
+    pout("statusp = 0x%x\n", *statusp);
+    if (*statusp) {
+      pout("controller returns an error - 0x%x", *statusp);
+      return (-1);
+    }
+  }
+  return (0);
+}
+
+int
+linux_smart_interface::sssraid_pd_add_list(int bus_no, smart_device_list & devlist)
+{
+  unsigned disk_num = 0;
+  struct cmd_pdlist_entry pdlist[CMD_PDS_MAX_NUM]{};
+  while (disk_num < CMD_PDS_MAX_NUM) {
+    struct cmd_show_pdlist list{};
+    if (sssraid_pdlist_cmd(bus_no, disk_num, &list, sizeof(struct cmd_show_pdlist), NULL) < 0)
+    {
+      return (-1);
+    }
+    if (list.num == 0)
+      break;
+    memcpy(&pdlist[disk_num], list.disks, list.num * sizeof(struct cmd_pdlist_entry));
+    disk_num += list.num;
+    if (list.num < CMD_PDLIST_ONCE_NUM)
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // adding all SCSI devices
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < disk_num; i++) {
+    if(!(pdlist[i].interface == ADM_DEVICE_TYPE_SATA || pdlist[i].interface == ADM_DEVICE_TYPE_SAS
+        || pdlist[i].interface == ADM_DEVICE_TYPE_NVME))
+      continue; /* non disk device found */
+    char line[128];
+    snprintf(line, sizeof(line) - 1, "/dev/bsg/sssraid%d", bus_no);
+    smart_device * dev = new linux_sssraid_device(this, line, (unsigned int)pdlist[i].enc_id, (unsigned int)pdlist[i].slot_id);
+    devlist.push_back(dev);
+  }
+  return (0);
+}
+
+// Return kernel release as integer ("2.6.31" -> 206031)
+static unsigned get_kernel_release()
+{
+  struct utsname u;
+  if (uname(&u))
+    return 0;
+  unsigned x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;
+  if (!(sscanf(u.release, "%u.%u.%u", &x, &y, &z) == 3
+        && x < 100 && y < 100 && z < 1000             ))
+    return 0;
+  return x * 100000 + y * 1000 + z;
+}
+
+// Check for SCSI host proc_name "hpsa" and HPSA raid_level
+static bool is_hpsa_in_raid_mode(const char * name)
+{
+  char path[128];
+  snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/block/%s/device", name);
+  char * syshostpath = realpath(path, (char *)0);
+  if (!syshostpath)
+    return false;
+
+  char * syshost = strrchr(syshostpath, '/');
+  if (!syshost) {
+    free(syshostpath);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  char * hostsep = strchr(++syshost, ':');
+  if (hostsep)
+    *hostsep = 0;
+
+  snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/class/scsi_host/host%s/proc_name", syshost);
+  free(syshostpath);
+  int fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+  if (fd < 0)
+    return false;
+
+  char proc_name[32];
+  ssize_t n = read(fd, proc_name, sizeof(proc_name) - 1);
+  close(fd);
+  if (n < 4)
+    return false;
+
+  proc_name[n] = 0;
+  if (proc_name[n - 1] == '\n')
+    proc_name[n - 1] = 0;
+
+  if (scsi_debugmode > 1)
+    pout("%s -> %s: \"%s\"\n", name, path, proc_name);
+
+  if (strcmp(proc_name, "hpsa"))
+    return false;
+
+  // See: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/scsi/hpsa.c?id=6417f03132a6952cd17ddd8eaddbac92b61b17e0#n693
+  snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/sys/block/%s/device/raid_level", name);
+  fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+  if (fd < 0)
+    return false;
+
+  char raid_level[4];
+  n = read(fd, raid_level, sizeof(raid_level) - 1);
+  close(fd);
+  if (n < 3)
+    return false;
+  raid_level[n] = 0;
+
+  if (strcmp(raid_level, "N/A"))
+    return true;
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Guess device type (ata or scsi) based on device name (Linux
+// specific) SCSI device name in linux can be sd, sr, scd, st, nst,
+// osst, nosst and sg.
+smart_device * linux_smart_interface::autodetect_smart_device(const char * name)
+{
+  const char * test_name = name;
+
+  // Dereference symlinks
+  struct stat st;
+  std::string pathbuf;
+  if (!lstat(name, &st) && S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)) {
+    char * p = realpath(name, (char *)0);
+    if (p) {
+      pathbuf = p;
+      free(p);
+      test_name = pathbuf.c_str();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Remove the leading /dev/... if it's there
+  static const char dev_prefix[] = "/dev/";
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, dev_prefix))
+    test_name += strlen(dev_prefix);
+
+  // form /dev/h* or h*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "h"))
+    return new linux_ata_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/ide/* or ide/*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "ide/"))
+    return new linux_ata_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/s* or s*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "s")) {
+
+    // Try to detect possible USB->(S)ATA bridge
+    unsigned short vendor_id = 0, product_id = 0, version = 0;
+    if (get_usb_id(test_name, vendor_id, product_id, version)) {
+      const char * usbtype = get_usb_dev_type_by_id(vendor_id, product_id, version);
+      if (!usbtype)
+        return nullptr;
+
+      // Kernels before 2.6.29 do not support the sense data length
+      // required for SAT ATA PASS-THROUGH(16)
+      if (!strcmp(usbtype, "sat") && get_kernel_release() < 206029)
+        usbtype = "sat,12";
+
+      // Return SAT/USB device for this type
+      // (Note: linux_scsi_device::autodetect_open() will not be called in this case)
+      return get_scsi_passthrough_device(usbtype, new linux_scsi_device(this, name, ""));
+    }
+
+    // Fail if hpsa driver and device is using RAID
+    if (is_hpsa_in_raid_mode(test_name))
+      return missing_option("-d cciss,N");
+
+    // No USB bridge or hpsa driver found, assume regular SCSI device
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+  }
+
+  // form /dev/scsi/* or scsi/*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "scsi/"))
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/bsg/* or bsg/*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "bsg/"))
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/ns* or ns*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "ns"))
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/os* or os*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "os"))
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/nos* or nos*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "nos"))
+    return new linux_scsi_device(this, name, "");
+
+  // form /dev/nvme* or nvme*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "nvme"))
+    return new linux_nvme_device(this, name, "", 0 /* use default nsid */);
+
+  // form /dev/tw[ael]* or tw[ael]*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "tw") && strchr("ael", test_name[2]))
+    return missing_option("-d 3ware,N");
+
+  // form /dev/cciss/* or cciss/*
+  if (str_starts_with(test_name, "cciss/"))
+    return missing_option("-d cciss,N");
+
+  // we failed to recognize any of the forms
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+smart_device * linux_smart_interface::get_custom_smart_device(const char * name, const char * type)
+{
+  // Marvell ?
+  // TODO: Remove after smartmontools 7.4
+  if (!strcmp(type, "marvell"))
+    return set_err_np(EINVAL,
+      "The device type 'marvell' is deprecated and will be removed in a\n"
+      "future version of smartmontools.  If you still need this device type, please\n"
+      "use '-d marvell,force' and inform " PACKAGE_BUGREPORT                          );
+  if (!strcmp(type, "marvell,force"))
+    return new linux_marvell_device(this, name, type);
+
+  // 3Ware ?
+  int disknum = -1, n1 = -1, n2 = -1;
+  if (sscanf(type, "3ware,%n%d%n", &n1, &disknum, &n2) == 1 || n1 == 6) {
+    if (n2 != (int)strlen(type))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d 3ware,N requires N to be a non-negative integer");
+    if (!(0 <= disknum && disknum <= 127))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d 3ware,N (N=%d) must have 0 <= N <= 127", disknum);
+
+    if (!strncmp(name, "/dev/twl", 8))
+      return new linux_escalade_device(this, name, linux_escalade_device::AMCC_3WARE_9700_CHAR, disknum);
+    else if (!strncmp(name, "/dev/twa", 8))
+      return new linux_escalade_device(this, name, linux_escalade_device::AMCC_3WARE_9000_CHAR, disknum);
+    else if (!strncmp(name, "/dev/twe", 8))
+      return new linux_escalade_device(this, name, linux_escalade_device::AMCC_3WARE_678K_CHAR, disknum);
+    else
+      return new linux_escalade_device(this, name, linux_escalade_device::AMCC_3WARE_678K, disknum);
+  }
+
+  // Areca?
+  disknum = n1 = n2 = -1;
+  int encnum = 1;
+  if (sscanf(type, "areca,%n%d/%d%n", &n1, &disknum, &encnum, &n2) >= 1 || n1 == 6) {
+    if (!(1 <= disknum && disknum <= 128))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d areca,N/E (N=%d) must have 1 <= N <= 128", disknum);
+    if (!(1 <= encnum && encnum <= 8))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d areca,N/E (E=%d) must have 1 <= E <= 8", encnum);
+    return new linux_areca_ata_device(this, name, disknum, encnum);
+  }
+
+  // Highpoint ?
+  int controller = -1, channel = -1; disknum = 1;
+  n1 = n2 = -1; int n3 = -1;
+  if (sscanf(type, "hpt,%n%d/%d%n/%d%n", &n1, &controller, &channel, &n2, &disknum, &n3) >= 2 || n1 == 4) {
+    int len = strlen(type);
+    if (!(n2 == len || n3 == len))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option '-d hpt,L/M/N' supports 2-3 items");
+    if (!(1 <= controller && controller <= 8))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option '-d hpt,L/M/N' invalid controller id L supplied");
+    if (!(1 <= channel && channel <= 128))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option '-d hpt,L/M/N' invalid channel number M supplied");
+    if (!(1 <= disknum && disknum <= 15))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option '-d hpt,L/M/N' invalid pmport number N supplied");
+    return new linux_highpoint_device(this, name, controller, channel, disknum);
+  }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_CCISS_IOCTL_H
+  // CCISS ?
+  disknum = n1 = n2 = -1;
+  if (sscanf(type, "cciss,%n%d%n", &n1, &disknum, &n2) == 1 || n1 == 6) {
+    if (n2 != (int)strlen(type))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d cciss,N requires N to be a non-negative integer");
+    if (!(0 <= disknum && disknum <= 127))
+      return set_err_np(EINVAL, "Option -d cciss,N (N=%d) must have 0 <= N <= 127", disknum);
+    return get_sat_device("sat,auto", new linux_cciss_device(this, name, disknum));
+  }
+#endif // HAVE_LINUX_CCISS_IOCTL_H
+
+  // MegaRAID ?
+  if (sscanf(type, "megaraid,%d", &disknum) == 1) {
+    return new linux_megaraid_device(this, name, disknum);
+  }
+
+  // SSSRAID
+  unsigned eid = -1, sid = -1;
+  if (sscanf(type, "sssraid,%u,%u", &eid, &sid) == 2) {
+    return get_sat_device("sat,auto", new linux_sssraid_device(this, name, eid, sid));
+  }
+
+  //aacraid?
+  unsigned host, chan, device;
+  if (sscanf(type, "aacraid,%u,%u,%u", &host, &chan, &device) == 3) {
+    //return new linux_aacraid_device(this,name,channel,device);
+    return get_sat_device("sat,auto",
+      new linux_aacraid_device(this, name, host, chan, device));
+
+  }
+
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+std::string linux_smart_interface::get_valid_custom_dev_types_str()
+{
+  return "areca,N/E, 3ware,N, hpt,L/M/N, megaraid,N, aacraid,H,L,ID, sssraid,E,S"
+#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_CCISS_IOCTL_H
+                                                                                ", cciss,N"
+#endif
+    ;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+/// Initialize platform interface and register with smi()
+
+void smart_interface::init()
+{
+  static os_linux::linux_smart_interface the_interface;
+  smart_interface::set(&the_interface);
+}