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+<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
+<title>Architecture of SQLite</title>
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+<div class=nosearch>
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+<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
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+<div class=fancy>
+<div class=nosearch>
+<div class="fancy_title">
+Architecture of SQLite
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>Introduction</h1>
+
+
+<p>This document describes the architecture of the SQLite library.
+The information here is useful to those who want to understand or
+modify the inner workings of SQLite.
+</p>
+
+<div class="rightsidebar imgcontainer">
+<div style="max-width:367px;"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" width="367" height="453" viewBox="0 0 490.32 605.52">
+<path d="M2,293L236,293L236,2L2,2Z" style="fill:rgb(216,236,208);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M2,603L236,603L236,311L2,311Z" style="fill:rgb(208,236,232);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M254,347L488,347L488,2L254,2Z" style="fill:rgb(232,216,208);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M254,603L488,603L488,394L254,394Z" style="fill:rgb(224,236,200);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,92L200,92L200,38L38,38Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="65" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Interface</text>
+<polygon points="119,120 114,109 123,109" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M119,92L119,115" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,174L200,174L200,120L38,120Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="135" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">SQL Command</text>
+<text x="119" y="160" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Processor</text>
+<polygon points="119,203 114,192 123,192" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M119,174L119,198" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,257L200,257L200,203L38,203Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="230" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Virtual Machine</text>
+<polygon points="119,347 114,336 123,336" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M119,257L119,342" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,401L200,401L200,347L38,347Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="374" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">B-Tree</text>
+<polygon points="119,430 114,419 123,419" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M119,401L119,424" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,484L200,484L200,430L38,430Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="457" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Pager</text>
+<polygon points="119,513 114,501 123,501" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M119,484L119,507" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M38,567L200,567L200,513L38,513Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="119" y="540" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">OS Interface</text>
+<path d="M290,92L452,92L452,38L290,38Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="371" y="65" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Tokenizer</text>
+<polygon points="371,120 366,109 375,109" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M371,92L371,115" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M290,174L452,174L452,120L290,120Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="371" y="147" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Parser</text>
+<polygon points="371,203 366,192 375,192" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M371,174L371,198" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M290,311L452,311L452,203L290,203Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="371" y="245" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Code</text>
+<text x="371" y="270" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Generator</text>
+<path d="M290,484L452,484L452,430L290,430Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="371" y="457" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Utilities</text>
+<path d="M290,567L452,567L452,513L290,513Z" style="fill:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="371" y="540" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" dominant-baseline="central">Test Code</text>
+<polygon points="290,78 281,87 277,79" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M200,120L284,81" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="200,174 212,178 206,185" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M290,239L204,178" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="20" y="147" text-anchor="middle" font-style="italic" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" transform="rotate(-90 20,147)" dominant-baseline="central">Core</text>
+<text x="20" y="457" text-anchor="middle" font-style="italic" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" transform="rotate(-90 20,457)" dominant-baseline="central">Backend</text>
+<text x="470" y="174" text-anchor="middle" font-style="italic" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" transform="rotate(-90 470,174)" dominant-baseline="central">SQL Compiler</text>
+<text x="470" y="498" text-anchor="middle" font-style="italic" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" font-size="110%" transform="rotate(-90 470,498)" dominant-baseline="central">Accessories</text>
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+A nearby diagram shows the main components of SQLite
+and how they interoperate. The text below
+explains the roles of the various components.
+</p>
+
+<h1>Overview</h1>
+
+<p>SQLite works by compiling SQL text into <a href="opcode.html">bytecode</a>, then running
+that bytecode using a virtual machine.
+
+<p>The <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> and related interfaces act as a compiler
+for converting SQL text into bytecode. The <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">sqlite3_stmt</a> object is
+a container for a single bytecode program that implements a single
+SQL statement. The <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> interface passes a bytecode program
+into the virtual machine, and runs the program until it either completes,
+or forms a row of result to be returned, or hits a fatal error, or is
+<a href="c3ref/interrupt.html">interrupted</a>.
+
+<h1>Interface</h1>
+
+<p>Much of the <a href="c3ref/intro.html">C-language Interface</a> is found in source
+files <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/main.c'>main.c</a>, <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/legacy.c'>legacy.c</a>, and
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbeapi.c'>vdbeapi.c</a>
+though some routines are
+scattered about in other files where they can have access to data
+structures with file scope.
+The <a href="c3ref/free_table.html">sqlite3_get_table()</a> routine is implemented in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/table.c'>table.c</a>.
+The <a href="c3ref/mprintf.html">sqlite3_mprintf()</a> routine is found in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/printf.c'>printf.c</a>.
+The <a href="c3ref/complete.html">sqlite3_complete()</a> interface is in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/complete.c'>complete.c</a>.
+The <a href="tclsqlite.html">TCL Interface</a> is implemented by <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/tclsqlite.c'>tclsqlite.c</a>.
+
+<p>To avoid name collisions, all external
+symbols in the SQLite library begin with the prefix <b>sqlite3</b>.
+Those symbols that are intended for external use (in other words,
+those symbols which form the API for SQLite) add an underscore, and
+thus begin with <b>sqlite3_</b>. Extension APIs sometimes add the
+extension name prior to the underscore; for example:
+<b>sqlite3rbu_</b> or <b>sqlite3session_</b>.</p>
+
+<h1>Tokenizer</h1>
+
+<p>When a string containing SQL statements is to be evaluated it is
+first sent to the tokenizer.
+The tokenizer breaks
+the SQL text into tokens and hands those tokens
+one by one to the parser. The tokenizer is hand-coded in
+the file <file>tokenize.c</b>.
+
+<p>Note that in this design, the tokenizer calls the parser. People
+who are familiar with YACC and BISON may be accustomed to doing things the
+other way around &mdash; having the parser call the tokenizer. Having
+the tokenizer call the parser is better, though, because it can be made
+threadsafe and it runs faster.</p>
+
+<h1>Parser</h1>
+
+<p>The parser assigns meaning to tokens based on
+their context. The parser for SQLite is generated using the
+<a href="lemon.html">Lemon parser generator</a>.
+Lemon does the same job as YACC/BISON, but it uses
+a different input syntax which is less error-prone.
+Lemon also generates a parser which is reentrant and thread-safe.
+And Lemon defines the concept of a non-terminal destructor so
+that it does not leak memory when syntax errors are encountered.
+The grammar file that drives Lemon and that defines the SQL language
+that SQLite understands is found in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/parse.y'>parse.y</a>.
+
+<p>Because
+Lemon is a program not normally found on development machines, the
+complete source code to Lemon (just one C file) is included in the
+SQLite distribution in the "tool" subdirectory.
+</p>
+
+<h1>Code Generator</h1>
+
+<p>After the parser assembles tokens into a parse tree,
+the code generator runs to analyze the parse tree and generate
+<a href="opcode.html">bytecode</a> that performs the work of the SQL statement.
+The <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> object is a container for this bytecode.
+There are many files in the code generator, including:
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/attach.c'>attach.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/auth.c'>auth.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/build.c'>build.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/delete.c'>delete.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/expr.c'>expr.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/insert.c'>insert.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/pragma.c'>pragma.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/select.c'>select.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/trigger.c'>trigger.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/update.c'>update.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vacuum.c'>vacuum.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/where.c'>where.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/wherecode.c'>wherecode.c</a>, and
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/whereexpr.c'>whereexpr.c</a>.
+In these files is where most of the serious magic happens.
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/expr.c'>expr.c</a> handles code generation for expressions.
+<b>where*.c</b> handles code generation for WHERE clauses on
+SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE statements. The files <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/attach.c'>attach.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/delete.c'>delete.c</a>, <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/insert.c'>insert.c</a>, <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/select.c'>select.c</a>,
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/trigger.c'>trigger.c</a>
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/update.c'>update.c</a>, and <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vacuum.c'>vacuum.c</a> handle the code generation
+for SQL statements with the same names. (Each of these files calls routines
+in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/expr.c'>expr.c</a> and <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/where.c'>where.c</a> as necessary.) All other
+SQL statements are coded out of <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/build.c'>build.c</a>.
+The <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/auth.c'>auth.c</a> file implements the functionality of
+<a href="c3ref/set_authorizer.html">sqlite3_set_authorizer()</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The code generator, and especially the logic in <b>where*.c</b>
+and in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/select.c'>select.c</a>, is sometimes called the
+<a href="optoverview.html">query planner</a>. For any particular SQL statement, there might be
+hundreds, thousands, or millions of different algorithms to compute
+the answer. The query planner is an AI that strives to select the
+best algorithm from these millions of choices.
+
+<h1>Bytecode Engine</h1>
+
+<p>The <a href="opcode.html">bytecode</a> program created by the code generator is run by
+a virtual machine.
+
+<p>The virtual machine itself is entirely contained in a single
+source file <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbe.c'>vdbe.c</a>. The
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbe.h'>vdbe.h</a> header file defines an interface
+between the virtual machine and the rest of the SQLite library and
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbeInt.h'>vdbeInt.h</a> which defines structures and interfaces that
+are private to the virtual machine itself.
+Various other <b>vdbe*.c</b> files are helpers to the virtual machine.
+The <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbeaux.c'>vdbeaux.c</a> file contains utilities used by the virtual
+machine and interface modules used by the rest of the library to
+construct VM programs. The <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbeapi.c'>vdbeapi.c</a> file contains external
+interfaces to the virtual machine such as the
+<a href="c3ref/bind_blob.html">sqlite3_bind_int()</a> and <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a>. Individual values
+(strings, integer, floating point numbers, and BLOBs) are stored
+in an internal object named "Mem" which is implemented by
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/vdbemem.c'>vdbemem.c</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+SQLite implements SQL functions using callbacks to C-language routines.
+Even the built-in SQL functions are implemented this way. Most of
+the built-in SQL functions (ex: <a href="lang_corefunc.html#abs">abs()</a>, <a href="lang_aggfunc.html#count">count()</a>,
+<a href="lang_corefunc.html#substr">substr()</a>, and so forth) can be found in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/func.c'>func.c</a> source
+file.
+Date and time conversion functions are found in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/date.c'>date.c</a>.
+Some functions such as <a href="lang_corefunc.html#coalesce">coalesce()</a> and <a href="lang_corefunc.html#typeof">typeof()</a> are implemented
+as bytecode directly by the code generator.
+</p>
+
+<h1>B-Tree</h1>
+
+<p>An SQLite database is maintained on disk using a B-tree implementation
+found in the <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/btree.c'>btree.c</a> source file. Separate B-trees are used for
+each table and each index in the database. All B-trees are stored in the
+same disk file. The <a href="fileformat2.html">file format</a> details are stable and well-defined and
+are guaranteed to be compatible moving forward.</p>
+
+<p>The interface to the B-tree subsystem and the rest of the SQLite library
+is defined by the header file <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/btree.h'>btree.h</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h1>Page Cache</h1>
+
+<p>The B-tree module requests information from the disk in fixed-size
+pages. The default <a href="pragma.html#pragma_page_size">page_size</a> is 4096 bytes but can be any power of
+two between 512 and 65536 bytes.
+The page cache is responsible for reading, writing, and
+caching these pages.
+The page cache also provides the rollback and atomic commit abstraction
+and takes care of locking of the database file. The
+B-tree driver requests particular pages from the page cache and notifies
+the page cache when it wants to modify pages or commit or rollback
+changes. The page cache handles all the messy details of making sure
+the requests are handled quickly, safely, and efficiently.</p>
+
+<p>The primary page cache implementation is in the
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/pager.c'>pager.c</a> file. <a href="wal.html">WAL mode</a> logic is in the separate
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/wal.c'>wal.c</a>. In-memory caching is implemented by the
+<a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/pcache.c'>pcache.c</a> and <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/pcache1.c'>pcache1.c</a> files.
+The interface between page cache subsystem
+and the rest of SQLite is defined by the header file <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/pager.h'>pager.h</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h1>OS Interface</h1>
+
+<p>
+In order to provide portability across operating systems,
+SQLite uses an abstract object called the <a href="vfs.html">VFS</a>. Each VFS provides methods
+for opening, reading, writing, and closing files on disk, and for other
+OS-specific tasks such as finding the current time, or obtaining randomness
+to initialize the built-in pseudo-random number generator.
+SQLite currently provides VFSes for unix (in the <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/os_unix.c'>os_unix.c</a>
+file) and Windows (in the <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/os_win.c'>os_win.c</a> file).
+</p>
+
+<h1>Utilities</h1>
+
+<p>
+Memory allocation, caseless string comparison routines,
+portable text-to-number conversion routines, and other utilities
+are located in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/util.c'>util.c</a>.
+Symbol tables used by the parser are maintained by hash tables found
+in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/hash.c'>hash.c</a>. The <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/utf.c'>utf.c</a> source file contains Unicode
+conversion subroutines.
+SQLite has its own private implementation of
+<a href="printf.html">printf()</a> (with
+some extensions) in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/printf.c'>printf.c</a> and its own
+pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) in <a href='https://sqlite.org/src/file/src/random.c'>random.c</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h1>Test Code</h1>
+
+<p>
+Files in the "src/" folder of the source tree whose names begin with
+<b>test</b> are for testing only and are not included in a standard
+build of the library.
+</p>
+
+<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/arch.in?m=5dd2504487">2022-04-18 02:55:50</a> UTC </small></i></p>
+