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+<!-- keywords: SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC SQLITE_DIRECTONLY SQLITE_INNOCUOUS SQLITE_RESULT_SUBTYPE SQLITE_SUBTYPE -->
+<div class=nosearch>
+<a href="../c3ref/intro.html"><h2>SQLite C Interface</h2></a>
+<h2>Function Flags</h2>
+</div>
+<blockquote><pre>
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC    0x000000800
+#define SQLITE_DIRECTONLY       0x000080000
+#define SQLITE_SUBTYPE          0x000100000
+#define SQLITE_INNOCUOUS        0x000200000
+#define SQLITE_RESULT_SUBTYPE   0x001000000
+</pre></blockquote>
+<p>
+These constants may be ORed together with the
+<a href="../c3ref/c_any.html">preferred text encoding</a> as the fourth argument
+to <a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a>, <a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function16()</a>, or
+<a href="../c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function_v2()</a>.</p>
+
+<p><dl>
+<a name="sqlitedeterministic"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC flag means that the new function always gives
+the same output when the input parameters are the same.
+The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#abs">abs() function</a> is deterministic, for example, but
+<a href="../lang_corefunc.html#randomblob">randomblob()</a> is not.  Functions must
+be deterministic in order to be used in certain contexts such as
+with the WHERE clause of <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a> or in <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a>.
+SQLite might also optimize deterministic functions by factoring them
+out of inner loops.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqlitedirectonly"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_DIRECTONLY</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flag means that the function may only be invoked
+from top-level SQL, and cannot be used in VIEWs or TRIGGERs nor in
+schema structures such as <a href="../lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraints</a>, <a href="../lang_createtable.html#dfltval">DEFAULT clauses</a>,
+<a href="../expridx.html">expression indexes</a>, <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a>, or <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a>.
+<p>
+The SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flag is recommended for any
+<a href="../appfunc.html">application-defined SQL function</a>
+that has side-effects or that could potentially leak sensitive information.
+This will prevent attacks in which an application is tricked
+into using a database file that has had its schema surreptitiously
+modified to invoke the application-defined function in ways that are
+harmful.
+<p>
+Some people say it is good practice to set SQLITE_DIRECTONLY on all
+<a href="../appfunc.html">application-defined SQL functions</a>, regardless of whether or not they
+are security sensitive, as doing so prevents those functions from being used
+inside of the database schema, and thus ensures that the database
+can be inspected and modified using generic tools (such as the <a href="../cli.html">CLI</a>)
+that do not have access to the application-defined functions.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqliteinnocuous"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_INNOCUOUS</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_INNOCUOUS flag means that the function is unlikely
+to cause problems even if misused.  An innocuous function should have
+no side effects and should not depend on any values other than its
+input parameters. The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#abs">abs() function</a> is an example of an
+innocuous function.
+The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#load_extension">load_extension() SQL function</a> is not innocuous because of its
+side effects.
+<p> SQLITE_INNOCUOUS is similar to SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, but is not
+exactly the same.  The <a href="../lang_corefunc.html#random">random() function</a> is an example of a
+function that is innocuous but not deterministic.
+<p>Some heightened security settings
+(<a href="../c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfigtrustedschema">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_TRUSTED_SCHEMA</a> and <a href="../pragma.html#pragma_trusted_schema">PRAGMA trusted_schema=OFF</a>)
+disable the use of SQL functions inside views and triggers and in
+schema structures such as <a href="../lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraints</a>, <a href="../lang_createtable.html#dfltval">DEFAULT clauses</a>,
+<a href="../expridx.html">expression indexes</a>, <a href="../partialindex.html">partial indexes</a>, and <a href="../gencol.html">generated columns</a> unless
+the function is tagged with SQLITE_INNOCUOUS.  Most built-in functions
+are innocuous.  Developers are advised to avoid using the
+SQLITE_INNOCUOUS flag for application-defined functions unless the
+function has been carefully audited and found to be free of potentially
+security-adverse side-effects and information-leaks.
+</dd></p>
+
+<p><a name="sqlitesubtype"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_SUBTYPE</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_SUBTYPE flag indicates to SQLite that a function might call
+<a href="../c3ref/value_subtype.html">sqlite3_value_subtype()</a> to inspect the sub-types of its arguments.
+This flag instructs SQLite to omit some corner-case optimizations that
+might disrupt the operation of the <a href="../c3ref/value_subtype.html">sqlite3_value_subtype()</a> function,
+causing it to return zero rather than the correct subtype().
+SQL functions that invokes <a href="../c3ref/value_subtype.html">sqlite3_value_subtype()</a> should have this
+property.  If the SQLITE_SUBTYPE property is omitted, then the return
+value from <a href="../c3ref/value_subtype.html">sqlite3_value_subtype()</a> might sometimes be zero even though
+a non-zero subtype was specified by the function argument expression.</p>
+
+<p><a name="sqliteresultsubtype"></a>
+ <dt>SQLITE_RESULT_SUBTYPE</dt><dd>
+The SQLITE_RESULT_SUBTYPE flag indicates to SQLite that a function might call
+<a href="../c3ref/result_subtype.html">sqlite3_result_subtype()</a> to cause a sub-type to be associated with its
+result.
+Every function that invokes <a href="../c3ref/result_subtype.html">sqlite3_result_subtype()</a> should have this
+property.  If it does not, then the call to <a href="../c3ref/result_subtype.html">sqlite3_result_subtype()</a>
+might become a no-op if the function is used as term in an
+<a href="../expridx.html">expression index</a>.  On the other hand, SQL functions that never invoke
+<a href="../c3ref/result_subtype.html">sqlite3_result_subtype()</a> should avoid setting this property, as the
+purpose of this property is to disable certain optimizations that are
+incompatible with subtypes.
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</p><p>See also lists of
+  <a href="../c3ref/objlist.html">Objects</a>,
+  <a href="../c3ref/constlist.html">Constants</a>, and
+  <a href="../c3ref/funclist.html">Functions</a>.</p>
+