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diff --git a/www/lang_altertable.html b/www/lang_altertable.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6efb79f --- /dev/null +++ b/www/lang_altertable.html @@ -0,0 +1,3430 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>ALTER TABLE</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. 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+if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){ +document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none"; +} +/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */ +function hideorshow(btn,obj){ +var x = document.getElementById(obj); +var b = document.getElementById(btn); +if( x.style.display!='none' ){ +x.style.display = 'none'; +b.innerHTML='show'; +}else{ +x.style.display = ''; +b.innerHTML='hide'; +} +return false; +} +var antiRobot = 0; +function antiRobotGo(){ +if( antiRobot!=3 ) return; +antiRobot = 7; +var j = document.getElementById("mtimelink"); +if(j && j.hasAttribute("data-href")) j.href=j.getAttribute("data-href"); +} +function antiRobotDefense(){ +document.body.onmousedown=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousedown=null; +} +document.body.onmousemove=function(){ +antiRobot |= 2; +antiRobotGo(); +document.body.onmousemove=null; +} +setTimeout(function(){ +antiRobot |= 1; +antiRobotGo(); +}, 100) +antiRobotGo(); +} +antiRobotDefense(); +</script> +<div class=fancy> +<div class=nosearch> +<div class="fancy_title"> +ALTER TABLE +</div> +</div> + + + + + +<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1> + +<p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b> +<button id='x991b9c08' onclick='hideorshow("x991b9c08","x568da75f")'>hide</button></p> + <div id='x568da75f' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:754px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 754.521 320.904"> +<circle cx="5" cy="32" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="37,32 26,37 26,28" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,32L31,32" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M37,32L59,32" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M74,47L113,47A15 15 0 0 0 129 32A15 15 0 0 0 113 17L74,17A15 15 0 0 0 59 32A15 15 0 0 0 74 47Z" 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style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/function-arguments.html">function-arguments:</a></b> +<button id='xa8394118' onclick='hideorshow("xa8394118","x88161a76")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x88161a76' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:456px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 456.566 223.344"> +<circle cx="5" cy="56" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="32,56 20,60 20,52" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,56L26,56" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="66,26 55,30 55,22" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M32,56 L 38,56 Q 43,56 43,41 L 43,41 Q 43,26 52,26 L 61,26" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M82,41L150,41A15 15 0 0 0 165 26L165,26A15 15 0 0 0 150 11L82,11A15 15 0 0 0 66 26L66,26A15 15 0 0 0 82 41Z" 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d="M350,92L362,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M382,108A15 15 0 0 0 398 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 77A15 15 0 0 0 367 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="382" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text> +<polygon points="415,92 403,97 403,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M398,92L409,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M415,108L553,108L553,77L415,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="484" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text> +<polygon points="570,92 558,97 558,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M553,92L564,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="585" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text> +<polygon points="651,17 640,21 640,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M600,92 L 608,92 Q 615,92 615,77 L 615,32 Q 615,17 630,17 L 630,17 L 645,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<circle cx="655" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="165,55 153,59 153,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,40 Q 138,55 149,55 L 159,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="180" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text> +<polygon points="212,55 201,59 201,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M195,55L207,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="281" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text> +<polygon points="367,55 356,59 356,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M350,55L362,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text> +<polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M398,55L594,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b> +<button id='xad4d1b3a' onclick='hideorshow("xad4d1b3a","x8f88f095")'>show</button></p> + <div id='x8f88f095' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'> + <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576"> +<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text> +<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text> +<polygon points="282,17 271,21 271,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M259,17L276,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text> +<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/> +<path d="M9,17L60,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +<path d="M66,17L111,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" /> +</svg> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> + + +<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE. +The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows +these alterations of an existing table: +it can be renamed; +a column can be renamed; +a column can be added to it; +or +a column can be dropped from it. + +<a name="altertabrename"></a> + +</p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1> + +<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> +to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>. +This command +cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename +a table within the same database. +If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain +attached to the table after it has been renamed. + +</p><blockquote style="background-color: #ffd0d0;"> +<b>Compatibility Note:</b> +The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced +in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01) +in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and +views that reference the renamed table. This is considered an +improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and +arguably buggy) behavior can use the +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> statement or the +<a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> configuration parameter +on <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface to make ALTER TABLE RENAME +behave as it did prior to version 3.25.0. +</blockquote> + +<p> +Beginning with release 3.25.0 (2018-09-15), references to the table +within trigger bodies and view definitions are also renamed. +</p> + +<p> Prior to version 3.26.0 (2018-12-01), FOREIGN KEY references +to a table that is renamed were only edited if the +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON</a>, or in other words if +<a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> were being enforced. With +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>, FOREIGN KEY constraints would not be changed +when the table that the foreign key referred to (the "<a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent table</a>") +was renamed. Beginning with version 3.26.0, FOREIGN KEY constraints +are always converted when a table is renamed, unless the +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged. The following +table summarizes the difference:</p> + +<blockquote> +<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys +</th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table +</th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a> +references are updated +</th><th>SQLite version +</th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">< 3.26.0 +</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">>= 3.26.0 +</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all +</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all +</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all +</td></tr></table> +</blockquote> + +<a name="altertabmvcol"></a> + +<h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1> + +<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the +<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span> +into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>. The column name is changed both +within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers, +and views that reference the column. If the column name change would +result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME +COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied. + +<a name="altertabaddcol"></a> + +</p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1> + +<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax +is used to add a new column to an existing table. +The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns. +The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column. +The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> +statement, with the following restrictions: +</p><ul> +<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li> +<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, + CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li> +<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a + default value other than NULL. +</li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and + a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a> + is added, the column must have a default value of NULL. +</li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>, +though VIRTUAL columns are allowed. +</li></ul> + +<p>When adding a column with a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, or a NOT NULL constraint +on a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>, the added constraints are tested against all +preexisting rows in the table and the ADD COLUMN fails +if any constraint fails. The testing of added constraints +against preexisting rows is a new enhancement as of SQLite version +3.37.0 (2021-11-27).</p> + +<p>The ALTER TABLE command works by modifying the SQL text of the schema +stored in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>. +No changes are made to table content for renames or column addition without +constraints. +Because of this, +the execution time of such ALTER TABLE commands is independent of +the amount of data in the table and such commands will +run as quickly on a table with 10 million rows as on a table with 1 row. +When adding new columns that have CHECK constraints, or adding generated +columns with NOT NULL constraints, or when deleting columns, then all +existing data in the table must be either read (to test new constraints +against existing rows) or written (to remove deleted columns). In those +cases, the ALTER TABLE command takes time that is proportional to the +amount of content in the table being altered. +</p> + +<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not +be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p> + +<a name="altertabdropcol"></a> + +<h1 id="alter_table_drop_column"><span>5. </span>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</h1> + +<p> The DROP COLUMN syntax +is used to remove an existing column from a table. +The DROP COLUMN command removes the named column from the table, +and rewrites its content to purge the data associated +with that column. +The DROP COLUMN command only works if the column is not referenced +by any other parts of the schema and is not a PRIMARY KEY and +does not have a UNIQUE constraint. +Possible reasons why the DROP COLUMN command can fail include: +</p><ul> +<li>The column is a PRIMARY KEY or part of one. +</li><li>The column has a UNIQUE constraint. +</li><li>The column is indexed. +</li><li>The column is named in the WHERE clause of a <a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>. +</li><li>The column is named in a table or column <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a> +not associated with the column being dropped. +</li><li>The column is used in a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a>. +</li><li>The column is used in the expression of a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>. +</li><li>The column appears in a trigger or view. +</li></ul> + +<h2 id="how_it_works"><span>5.1. </span>How It Works</h2> + +<p>SQLite stores the schema as plain text in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>. +The DROP COLUMN command (and all of the other variations of ALTER TABLE +as well) modify that text and then attempt to reparse the entire schema. +The command is only successful if the schema is still valid after the +text has been modified. In the case of the DROP COLUMN command, the +only text modified is that the column definition is removed from the +CREATE TABLE statement. The DROP COLUMN command will fail if there +are any traces of the column in other parts of the schema that will +prevent the schema from parsing after the CREATE TABLE statement has +been modified. + +</p><h1 id="disable_error_checking_using_pragma_writable_schema_on"><span>6. </span>Disable Error Checking Using PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</h1> + +<p>ALTER TABLE will normally fail and make no changes if it encounters +any entries in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a> that do not parse. For +example, if there is a malformed VIEW or TRIGGER associated with +table named "tbl1", then an attempt to rename "tbl1" to "tbl1neo" will +fail because the associated views and triggers could not be parsed. + +</p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.38.0 (2022-02-22), this error checking +can be disabled by setting "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;</a>". When +the schema is writable, ALTER TABLE silently ignores any rows of the +sqlite_schema table that do not parse. + +<a name="otheralter"></a> + +</p><h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>7. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1> + +<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the +"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabdropcol">drop column</a>" +commands shown above. However, applications +can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple +sequence of operations. +The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X +are as follows: + +</p><ol> +<li><p> +If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> +Start a transaction. + +</p></li><li><p> +Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X. +This information will be needed in step 8 below. One way to do this is +to run a query like the following: +SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_schema WHERE tbl_name='X'. + +</p></li><li><p> +Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired +revised format of table X. Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide +with any existing table name, of course. + +</p></li><li><p> +Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement +like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X. + +</p></li><li><p> +Drop the old table X: <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> +Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X. + +</p></li><li><p> +Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a> +to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views +associated with table X. Perhaps use the old format of the triggers, +indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes +as appropriate for the alteration. + +</p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the +schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them +with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change +using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> +If foreign key constraints were originally enabled +then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema +change did not break any foreign key constraints. + + +</p></li><li><p> +Commit the transaction started in step 2. + +</p></li><li><p> +If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now. +</p></li></ol> + +<a name="caution"></a> + +<p> +<b>Caution:</b> +Take care to follow the procedure above precisely. The boxes below +summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition. At first +glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing. However, the +procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the +enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and +3.26.0. In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the +table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in +triggers, views, and foreign key constraints. The safe procedure on +the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary +name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break +links. + +</p><center> +<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0"> +<tr> +<td valign="top"> +<ol> +<li>Create new table +</li><li>Copy data +</li><li>Drop old table +</li><li>Rename new into old +</li></ol> +</td><td valign="top"> +<ol> +<li>Rename old table +</li><li>Create new table +</li><li>Copy data +</li><li>Drop old table +</li></ol> +</td></tr><tr> +<th>↑<br>Correct +</th><th>↑<br>Incorrect +</th></tr></table> +</center> + +<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a> +above will work even if the +schema change causes the information stored in the table to change. +So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column, +changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint +or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints, +or changing the datatype for a column, for example. However, a simpler +and faster procedure can optionally be used for +some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way. +The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing +CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints, +or adding, removing, or changing default values on +a column. + +</p><ol> +<li><p> Start a transaction. + +</p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema +version number. This number will be needed for step 6 below. + +</p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X +in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>: +UPDATE sqlite_schema SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X'; +</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Making a change to the sqlite_schema table like this will +render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains +a syntax error. It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE +statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on +a database containing important data. + +</p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or +triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify +those other tables indexes and views too. For example, if the name of +a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and +views that refer to that column must be modified. +</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Once again, making changes to the sqlite_schema +table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the +change contains an error. Carefully test this entire procedure +on a separate test database prior to using it on +a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of +important databases prior to running this procedure. + +</p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one +more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above. + +</p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using +<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>. + +</p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the +schema changes did not damage the database. + +</p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above. +</p></li></ol> + +<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities, +those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures +outlined above. + +<a name="altertableishard"></a> + +</p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>8. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1> + +<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into +various system tables. On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely +has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables. + +</p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema +in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema</a> table as the original text of the CREATE +statements that define the schema. Hence ALTER TABLE needs +to revise the text of the CREATE statement. Doing +so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs. + +</p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages +for an embedded relational database. For one, it means that the +schema takes up less space in the database file. This is important +since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small, +separate database files instead of putting everything in one +big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server +database engines. +Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is +important to keep the schema representation compact. + +</p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also +give flexibility to the implementation. Since the internal parse +of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the +internal representation of the schema can change from one release +to the next. This is important, as sometimes new features require +enhancements to the internal schema representation. Changing the +internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the +schema representation was exposed in the database file. So, in other +words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards +compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be +read and written by newer versions of SQLite. + +</p><p>Storing the schema as text also makes the +<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and +understand. This helps make SQLite database files a +<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data. + +</p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make +the schema tricky to modify. And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE +support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL +database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables +that are easier to modify. + + + + +</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_altertable.in?m=7d2205713a">2022-08-10 18:45:48</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |