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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html><head>
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+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
+<title>ALTER TABLE</title>
+<!-- path= -->
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class=nosearch>
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+ALTER TABLE
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
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+<button id='x89f1f161' onclick='hideorshow("x89f1f161","x45d49345")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x45d49345' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+ <div id='x88161a76' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+ <div id='x2a4bc58b' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='xc758de75' onclick='hideorshow("xc758de75","x80011b25")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x80011b25' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="714" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LAST</text>
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+<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
+<button id='x3d791b7e' onclick='hideorshow("x3d791b7e","x6cb8cd4a")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x6cb8cd4a' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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+<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M135,32L135,32A15 15 0 0 0 150 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 2L135,2A15 15 0 0 0 120 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M579,32A15 15 0 0 0 594 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 2A15 15 0 0 0 564 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M456,17L553,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M300,92 L 307,92 Q 315,92 315,77 L 315,70 Q 315,55 322,55 L 330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
+<button id='x4ea3c336' onclick='hideorshow("x4ea3c336","xeda0b6a3")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='xeda0b6a3' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='xc855258b' onclick='hideorshow("xc855258b","x4cba43c7")'>show</button></p>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
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+<path d="M483,77 L 247,77 Q 232,77 232,62 L 232,62 Q 232,47 246,47 L 259,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x6dcd3d62' onclick='hideorshow("x6dcd3d62","x3186fc63")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x3186fc63' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+<path d="M66,70L104,70A15 15 0 0 0 120 55L120,55A15 15 0 0 0 104 39L66,39A15 15 0 0 0 50 55L50,55A15 15 0 0 0 66 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x2f3e3894' onclick='hideorshow("x2f3e3894","x3ae2e43c")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x3ae2e43c' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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+<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x5703d930' onclick='hideorshow("x5703d930","xaba99b57")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='xaba99b57' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x29c2e12a' onclick='hideorshow("x29c2e12a","x203ecbb3")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x203ecbb3' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
+<button id='x9fc0104d' onclick='hideorshow("x9fc0104d","x24c08160")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x24c08160' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='xad4d1b3a' onclick='hideorshow("xad4d1b3a","x8f88f095")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x8f88f095' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
+<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
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+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
+The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows
+these alterations of an existing table:
+it can be renamed;
+a column can be renamed;
+a column can be added to it;
+or
+a column can be dropped from it.
+
+<a name="altertabrename"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1>
+
+<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
+to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
+This command
+cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename
+a table within the same database.
+If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
+attached to the table after it has been renamed.
+
+</p><blockquote style="background-color: #ffd0d0;">
+<b>Compatibility Note:</b>
+The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced
+in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01)
+in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and
+views that reference the renamed table. This is considered an
+improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and
+arguably buggy) behavior can use the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> statement or the
+<a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> configuration parameter
+on <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface to make ALTER TABLE RENAME
+behave as it did prior to version 3.25.0.
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Beginning with release 3.25.0 (2018-09-15), references to the table
+within trigger bodies and view definitions are also renamed.
+</p>
+
+<p> Prior to version 3.26.0 (2018-12-01), FOREIGN KEY references
+to a table that is renamed were only edited if the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON</a>, or in other words if
+<a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> were being enforced. With
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>, FOREIGN KEY constraints would not be changed
+when the table that the foreign key referred to (the "<a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent table</a>")
+was renamed. Beginning with version 3.26.0, FOREIGN KEY constraints
+are always converted when a table is renamed, unless the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged. The following
+table summarizes the difference:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys
+</th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table
+</th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a>
+references are updated
+</th><th>SQLite version
+</th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">&lt; 3.26.0
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">&gt;= 3.26.0
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr></table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<a name="altertabmvcol"></a>
+
+<h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
+<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
+into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>. The column name is changed both
+within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
+and views that reference the column. If the column name change would
+result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME
+COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.
+
+<a name="altertabaddcol"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
+is used to add a new column to an existing table.
+The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
+The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
+The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
+statement, with the following restrictions:
+</p><ul>
+<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li>
+<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE,
+ CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li>
+<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a
+ default value other than NULL.
+</li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and
+ a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a>
+ is added, the column must have a default value of NULL.
+</li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>,
+though VIRTUAL columns are allowed.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>When adding a column with a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, or a NOT NULL constraint
+on a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>, the added constraints are tested against all
+preexisting rows in the table and the ADD COLUMN fails
+if any constraint fails. The testing of added constraints
+against preexisting rows is a new enhancement as of SQLite version
+3.37.0 (2021-11-27).</p>
+
+<p>The ALTER TABLE command works by modifying the SQL text of the schema
+stored in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
+No changes are made to table content for renames or column addition without
+constraints.
+Because of this,
+the execution time of such ALTER TABLE commands is independent of
+the amount of data in the table and such commands will
+run as quickly on a table with 10 million rows as on a table with 1 row.
+When adding new columns that have CHECK constraints, or adding generated
+columns with NOT NULL constraints, or when deleting columns, then all
+existing data in the table must be either read (to test new constraints
+against existing rows) or written (to remove deleted columns). In those
+cases, the ALTER TABLE command takes time that is proportional to the
+amount of content in the table being altered.
+</p>
+
+<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
+be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>
+
+<a name="altertabdropcol"></a>
+
+<h1 id="alter_table_drop_column"><span>5. </span>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The DROP COLUMN syntax
+is used to remove an existing column from a table.
+The DROP COLUMN command removes the named column from the table,
+and rewrites its content to purge the data associated
+with that column.
+The DROP COLUMN command only works if the column is not referenced
+by any other parts of the schema and is not a PRIMARY KEY and
+does not have a UNIQUE constraint.
+Possible reasons why the DROP COLUMN command can fail include:
+</p><ul>
+<li>The column is a PRIMARY KEY or part of one.
+</li><li>The column has a UNIQUE constraint.
+</li><li>The column is indexed.
+</li><li>The column is named in the WHERE clause of a <a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>.
+</li><li>The column is named in a table or column <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>
+not associated with the column being dropped.
+</li><li>The column is used in a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a>.
+</li><li>The column is used in the expression of a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>.
+</li><li>The column appears in a trigger or view.
+</li></ul>
+
+<h2 id="how_it_works"><span>5.1. </span>How It Works</h2>
+
+<p>SQLite stores the schema as plain text in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
+The DROP COLUMN command (and all of the other variations of ALTER TABLE
+as well) modify that text and then attempt to reparse the entire schema.
+The command is only successful if the schema is still valid after the
+text has been modified. In the case of the DROP COLUMN command, the
+only text modified is that the column definition is removed from the
+CREATE TABLE statement. The DROP COLUMN command will fail if there
+are any traces of the column in other parts of the schema that will
+prevent the schema from parsing after the CREATE TABLE statement has
+been modified.
+
+</p><h1 id="disable_error_checking_using_pragma_writable_schema_on"><span>6. </span>Disable Error Checking Using PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</h1>
+
+<p>ALTER TABLE will normally fail and make no changes if it encounters
+any entries in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a> that do not parse. For
+example, if there is a malformed VIEW or TRIGGER associated with
+table named "tbl1", then an attempt to rename "tbl1" to "tbl1neo" will
+fail because the associated views and triggers could not be parsed.
+
+</p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.38.0 (2022-02-22), this error checking
+can be disabled by setting "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;</a>". When
+the schema is writable, ALTER TABLE silently ignores any rows of the
+sqlite_schema table that do not parse.
+
+<a name="otheralter"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>7. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1>
+
+<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
+"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabdropcol">drop column</a>"
+commands shown above. However, applications
+can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
+sequence of operations.
+The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
+are as follows:
+
+</p><ol>
+<li><p>
+If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Start a transaction.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X.
+This information will be needed in step 8 below. One way to do this is
+to run a query like the following:
+SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_schema WHERE tbl_name='X'.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired
+revised format of table X. Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide
+with any existing table name, of course.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement
+like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Drop the old table X: <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>
+to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views
+associated with table X. Perhaps use the old format of the triggers,
+indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes
+as appropriate for the alteration.
+
+</p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the
+schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them
+with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change
+using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+If foreign key constraints were originally enabled
+then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema
+change did not break any foreign key constraints.
+
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Commit the transaction started in step 2.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<a name="caution"></a>
+
+<p>
+<b>Caution:</b>
+Take care to follow the procedure above precisely. The boxes below
+summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition. At first
+glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing. However, the
+procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the
+enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and
+3.26.0. In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the
+table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in
+triggers, views, and foreign key constraints. The safe procedure on
+the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary
+name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break
+links.
+
+</p><center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top">
+<ol>
+<li>Create new table
+</li><li>Copy data
+</li><li>Drop old table
+</li><li>Rename new into old
+</li></ol>
+</td><td valign="top">
+<ol>
+<li>Rename old table
+</li><li>Create new table
+</li><li>Copy data
+</li><li>Drop old table
+</li></ol>
+</td></tr><tr>
+<th>&uarr;<br>Correct
+</th><th>&uarr;<br>Incorrect
+</th></tr></table>
+</center>
+
+<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a>
+above will work even if the
+schema change causes the information stored in the table to change.
+So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column,
+changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
+or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
+or changing the datatype for a column, for example. However, a simpler
+and faster procedure can optionally be used for
+some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
+The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
+CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
+or adding, removing, or changing default values on
+a column.
+
+</p><ol>
+<li><p> Start a transaction.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
+version number. This number will be needed for step 6 below.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X
+in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>:
+UPDATE sqlite_schema SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X';
+</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Making a change to the sqlite_schema table like this will
+render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains
+a syntax error. It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE
+statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on
+a database containing important data.
+
+</p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
+triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
+those other tables indexes and views too. For example, if the name of
+a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
+views that refer to that column must be modified.
+</p><p><em>Caution:</em> Once again, making changes to the sqlite_schema
+table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the
+change contains an error. Carefully test this entire procedure
+on a separate test database prior to using it on
+a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
+important databases prior to running this procedure.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
+more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the
+schema changes did not damage the database.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities,
+those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures
+outlined above.
+
+<a name="altertableishard"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>8. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1>
+
+<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into
+various system tables. On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely
+has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables.
+
+</p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema
+in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema</a> table as the original text of the CREATE
+statements that define the schema. Hence ALTER TABLE needs
+to revise the text of the CREATE statement. Doing
+so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs.
+
+</p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages
+for an embedded relational database. For one, it means that the
+schema takes up less space in the database file. This is important
+since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small,
+separate database files instead of putting everything in one
+big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server
+database engines.
+Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is
+important to keep the schema representation compact.
+
+</p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also
+give flexibility to the implementation. Since the internal parse
+of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the
+internal representation of the schema can change from one release
+to the next. This is important, as sometimes new features require
+enhancements to the internal schema representation. Changing the
+internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the
+schema representation was exposed in the database file. So, in other
+words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards
+compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be
+read and written by newer versions of SQLite.
+
+</p><p>Storing the schema as text also makes the
+<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and
+understand. This helps make SQLite database files a
+<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data.
+
+</p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make
+the schema tricky to modify. And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE
+support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL
+database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables
+that are easier to modify.
+
+
+
+
+</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_altertable.in?m=7d2205713a">2022-08-10 18:45:48</a> UTC </small></i></p>
+